Countering the Radicalisation of Muslim Youth

Speech prepared by Keysar Trad

For the Open Forum

University of Western Sydney

6:00 PM Wednesday 8 April 2015

Parramatta South Campus, Building EZ (Female Orphan School).

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Introduction:

Australians, including myself, are concerned about radicalisation in society in general and radicalisation of Muslim youths in particular. This concern is the main reason that I agreed to prepare this research and present on this topic when I was asked by Dr. Sev Osdovski, the director of Equity and Diversity at the University of Western Sydney.

It is believed that as many as 90 Australians maybe involved in militant activities in Syria and Iraqi. Some reports suggest that as many as 150 to 200 Australians are or maybe in Declared Zones and maybe involved in militant activitiesii.

I hope today to have an honest discussion on the topic of countering radicalisation of Muslim youth. I do not aim to be politically correct this evening, some of what I am going to say is going to make some of you agree with the judge who declared me dangerous. If you do, then you are a “decent Australian with an average knowledge of the world”, but according to both the High Court and NSW the Court of Appeal, you would not be a “right thinking Australian”. Because our courts have made a clear statement that “decent Australians” are not “right thinking”iii.

I wish to make it very clear that as far as I am concerned, the group ISIS is neither Islamic nor can it be described as a State.

Methodology in addressing radicalisation

Turning to our issue of countering radicalisation of Muslim youth, I would like to turn our attention to the simple fact that under normal circumstances, before prescribing a remedy, we need to all understand the backdrop, the real catalyst for radicalisation, only when we acknowledge the reality of these catalysts can we truly prescribe the right treatment to counter this radicalisation. Denying

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the root causes is like applying a Band-Aid to an open wound before cleaning and disinfecting it.

What category of radicalisation are we addressing:

By using the term radicalisation, I am referring to the specific phenomenon of joining a militant group.

Is it fair to blame religion:

There are many pundits who blame Islam, in fact an Islamophobia industry has been built around this blame-shifting. This simplistic finger-pointing at religion will only serve to increase radicalisation, it will not reduce it. Finger-pointing at the religion of a quarter of humanity only reinforces feelings of victimisation and alienation.

A review of history will clearly show non-religious ideologies to have caused more deaths, more destruction and more bigotry than religion.

Here are a few examples:

Naziism (R. J. Rummel, in a study published by the University of Hawaii gives a figure of 20,946,000 people killed )iv

Communism under Stalin (estimated to have killed 20 million people and his involvement in the second world war cost another 20 million lives)v

The first and second world wars (approximately 70 million people)vi

The colonisation of the Americas – (Wikipedia)

Dobyns (1966) estimated a pre-contact population of 90-112 million. Denevan's more conservative estimate was 57.3 million.[18] Russell Thornton (1987) arrived at a figure around 70

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million.[19]Depending on the estimate of the initial population, by 1900 the indigenous population can be said to have declined by more than 80%, due mostly to the effects of diseases such as smallpox, measles and cholera, but also violence and warfare by colonizers against the Indians.vii

The enslavement of Africans and shipping them to the United States. Recently revised estimates report numbers of up to 12.5 million free human beings enslaved and transported to the New World with up to 20% that is 2.5 million dying on the way.viii

The “settling” of Australia. (to write up)ix

In modern times

The Human Trafficking industry (estimated up to 27 million today)x

Forced labour (21 million people according to the International Labour organisation)xi

The drug trade (UN Office on Drug and Crime estimates 200,000 Heroin, Cocaine and other drug related deaths a year)xii

Suicide (over one million people die from suicide each year according to Suicide.org)xiii

Passive smoking (according to the World Health Organisation kills 600,000 people a year including 165,000 children)xiv

And Alcohol kills 15 Australians each day (Victoria Health Study)xvand 2.5 million people a year worldwide (New York based National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence)xvi. Just as an aside before someone tells me that this is a choice: We force people to wear seatbelts for their “Safety”, we force people to drive slowly “for their safety”, we punish people who

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drink and drive for “safety”, but we don’t stop people from smoking and excessive drinking of alcohol.

Grievances affecting Muslims:

Now let’s turn to grievances specifically targeting Muslims:

The years of wars: Iraq’s first and second and most recent invasions, occupations and wholesale pillaging of the country. Figures vary widely depending on the source. Professor Francis Boyle in a statement before the Kuala Lumpar War Crimes Tribunal said: “Approximately 3.3 million Iraqis, including 750,000 children, were “exterminated” by economic sanctions and/or illegal wars conducted by the U.S. and Great Britain between 1990 and 2012”xvii. The invasions and mismanagement of Iraq have been described by author and former Office of Homeland Security staffer, Michael O’Brien as creating the ultimate breeding ground for the Islamic Statexviii.The scandalous crimes by Blackwater security contractors against the people of Iraq. Blackwater’s mercenary army is made up of former military personnel from a number of countries around the world. Blackwater has been accused of unprovoked massacre of at least 17 Iraqi civilians and other crimes.xix

The invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. It is so difficult to get actual numbers for Afghan casualties. Much of the information out there is dedicated to coalition casualties and not Afghan casualties, but estimated deaths = 21,000. The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (Unama) xx

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detailed 17774 death and 29971 wounded, with 2014 being the deadliest year where 3699 were killed and 6849 wounded. Coalition fatalities from Oct 2001 to 6 Dec 2012, according to the American Government’s Congressional Research Service xxi were 2156 US fatalities and 1059 Coalition partners. This same report gives a figure of Afghan fatalities over the same period as 18068 and many more wounded.

The notorious Gunatanamo Bay torture prison where prisoners were subjected to various forms of torture xxii , the US Centre for Constitutional Rights listed varied types of torture in a 2006 report, viz:

Psychological AbusePhysical AbuseMedical Abuse Sexual Provocation, Rape, and HarassmentReligious and Cultural Abuse Pre-Guantánamo Torture and Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment

This was institutionalised torture that was kept secret by force of law xxiii and when a victim of this torture included his account in a court case in Sydney, the judge refused to believe him xxiv and gave a judgement against him. This was the same judge who found me to be dangerous.xxv

The notorious tortures of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib by US troops are well documented with US male and female soldiers taking “selfies” xxvi with their victims stripped naked and smeared in faeces or blood and many horrific pictures that detail unspeakable xxvii acts of torture. (refer Major General Antonio Taguba’s report)xxviii

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The Incessant Israeli pogroms against Palestinians, the invasions, arbitrary arrests, home demolitions and illegal settlements and the invasion of neighbouring Lebanon. Israel ignoring UN resolutions and still getting blind support from key Western nations. Recently, the United Nations Office of Coordination and Humanitarian Affairs xxix found in 2014, the ongoing humanitarian crisis in the occupied Palestinian territories (oPt) saw the worst escalation of hostilities since 1967.xxx

The pogroms against the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, the UN listed them as one of the most persecuted minorities in the world xxxi , yet it would seem that nothing is done to stop this persecution. Out of their population of nearly 1 million, 140,000 have been displaced entire villages have been destroyed and the actual death toll is unknown to this day but is estimated to be over 15000 xxxii over the few months since the June 2012 outbreak in violence.xxxiii

The Oppression of Muslims in:

China (where Imams are forced to tell youths that prayer is harmful to health xxxiv ) refer also to Human Rights Watch’s report “Devastating Blows: Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang”xxxv, HRW reports that “ The Chinese government is directing a crushing campaign of religious repression against China’s Muslim Uighurs in the name of anti-separatism and counter-terrorism” xxxvi ),

Chechnya, The Russian persecution of Chechen is historic and continues unabated, from Stalin’s mass deportations to Syberia in 1944 where an estimated 1 million Chechen’s were packed into cattle cars xxxvii with many dying on route. xxxviii

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Kashmir. Human Rights Watch has documented Rapes, Torture, Disappearances and Extrajudicial Executions of Muslims including attacks on the media and the killings and threats against human rights workers. xxxix

The massacres against Muslims in the Central African Republic, refer Human Rights Watch report “They came to Kill”xl. Muslims were hacked to death, set on fire, raped, tortured and in some cases, eaten xli by Christians.xlii In its call for a Special Criminal Court, HRW states: “Since 2012, extremely serious crimes have been committed in the Central African Republic, constituting war crimes and crimes against humanity. They include murders – including some that were politically and ethnically motivated, massive displacement of the population, and the looting and wide-scale burning of villages.”xliii

The persecution of Muslims in Sri Lanka xliv by Sinhala Buddhists in recent years.

Somalia, where the US kept fighting unfriendly groups until they ended up creating the feared al-Shabab and where ordinary citizens continue to get persecuted. Whilst the media is quick to report al-Shabab atrocities, we hear nothing about Somali women and girls being sexually abused by African Union soldiers xlv on their bases. It would seem that Somalis aren’t even safe from the “peacekeeping” forces.. HRW also reports: “Both al-Shabaab and the forces arrayed against it—a combination of Somali government security forces, troops with the African Union Mission in Somalia, Ethiopian government forces, and allied militias—committed abuses, including

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indiscriminate attacks harming civilians and arbitrary arrests and detentions.”

The military coup in Egypt xlvi where civilian protestors were shot and killed by government forces and numerous protestors were arbitrarily arrested and incarcerated, where opposition supports are harassed, raped and killed. (and little over 2 decades earlier the military coup against the democratically elected government in Algeria xlvii ).

Uzbekistan, where a brutal dictator by the name of “Islam” Karimov, a friend to both George Bush xlviii and Barak Obama xlix , boils his opponents and is accused of massacring hundreds of peaceful protestors.l

The impunity enjoyed by the despots in these countries is probably what encouraged the leaders in Bangladesh li to suppress Muslim protestors leading to the death, arrests of many and the executions of political opponents.

Syria – the conflict that has drawn a number of Australians - has suffered the worst repression since the peaceful protests of 2011, the United Nations has described the situation in Syria as “the biggest humanitarian crisis in the world today” lii . This crisis has seen more than 9 million people internally displaced and several million taking refuge in neighbouring countries. According to the United Nations, 191,000 liii reported deaths. The Syrian Network for Human Rights estimates 85,000 cases liv of enforced disappearances, including women and children. The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights lv has found that some of the cases of enforced disappearance were of people taken out of medical facilities and others taken at checkpoints whilst they were on their way to seek

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medical attention. The inability of the international community to address this humanitarian Crisis has been a major driving factor in drawing young people from all around the world to address this crisis.

By now you get the picture of the inability of the international community to set its priorities when it comes to saving human lives. However, this is not my topic, this brief introduction is meant to outline some of the pressing problems that in one way or another contribute to the radicalisation of youths.

Having said this, I am not putting all the blame on Foreign policy, it is but one factor of many, I will address the main local factors now.

Australian Muslims do not want their children radicalised:

The families who have lost children to the modern paradigm of radicalisation are very very happy that our nation, like many other nations, has made this issue a higher priority than alcohol or passive smoking deaths, or even any of the atrocities that I had already mentioned. These families hope that this extra attention will somehow bring their children back.

Local factors as catalysts for radicalisation:

When we look to more local factors that feed into the Anger, the frustration, the inability to get an audience for your concerns, some real, some imagined – the general gloom and despair over an uncertain future – we find:

a growing sense of injustice, (examples provided later).

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a vitriolic medialvi, (of course not all the media is vitriolic, it is sections or segments, and not all shock jocks are vitriolic, it is some of them, but the vitriol has been used as a very effective tool in fear-mongering and thereby marginalisation).

opportunistic political commentarylvii,

the shortage of employment opportunities leading to a higher rate of unemployment amongst Muslim youths, (refer footnote xix)

regular reports of harassment of Muslim womenlviii, and

the years of systemic discrimination – some imagined – but much of it is real.

All the above factors compound to different extents the sense of victimisation and alienation amongst youths in general and Muslim youths in particular. All these factors compound to make people feel that they have been robbed of a sense of belonging and that their dignity has been severely threatened.

Q societylix, catch the fire ministrieslx or any other group that brings notorious Islamophobeslxi (such as Girt Wilders, Wafa Sultan, Ayaan Hirsi Ali to name a few) to Australia to speak about Islam is a group that ends up creating further division in Australian society, further misinformation and thereby ends up alienating Australians from other Australians, especially Muslims.

These groups, along with the radical elements in our media and political establishment have created an Islamophobic industry that generates a following for them and thereby a type of income. Their misinformation makes it clear that they are not interested in the facts about Islam. The fact that they distort realities to project a paradigm that this trickle of Muslims who are a minor fraction of 1% of the nearly 2 billion Muslims around the world is somehow the true representative this great religion and that the rest of the Muslims are

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waiting for an opportunity to do likewise. This is not true, but as untrue as this myth is, it does appeal to the lowest common denominator in society which ends up feeding into the cycle of division, mistrust, alienation and the loss of a sense of belonging.

Political sophistry is also a factor:

Further, when people in general see the extracts from the 251,287 leaked wikileaks cables lxii and the subsequent persecution of heroic whistle-blowers lxiii like Bradley Manning and Edward Snowden over their crucial revelations, people start to understand that our “free world” is governed through sophistry and deception. This is enough to make many people completely lose their trust in the systems around them.

Zero tolerance and double standards:

Add to the aforementioned, the authorities who for years practised zero tolerance up to mid 2000lxiv, the judiciary that sentences Muslims to extended prison time but ignores (the creator of Muslim Massacrelxv and the ADL (Australian Defence League) or its offshoots who published a kill list of five leading Australian Muslims, not one of these people has been charged or prosecuted over these crimes, but a Muslim producing a book of articles collected over the internet outlining that in times of war, the political leaders of the invading nation can be targeted is now languishing in gaol (Bilal Khazal)). The system that pursues Muslims over any whisper, but ignores the likes of talkback shock jocks and tabloid commentators who are constantly polarising views and dividing society and turning Australians against fellow Australians is a system that loses the confidence of its persecuted victims.

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Groups like the ADL, Reclaim Australia, the Q society, Catch the Fire Ministries and the Christian Democratic Party are all able to profit from the Islamophobia industry with complete impunity. Former or current members of the ADL are suspected of publishing a Youtube clip targeting 5 Australian Muslim leaders for elimination, a year later, we don’t hear of one person being prosecuted over this kill list. We kept this out of mainstream media to deny this group airtime, but the video clip is available.

Then there is the case of the medical studentlxvi for whom a new law was introduced with retrospective effect. He was incarcerated, kept in solitary for five weeks, eventually, the court threw out his case, but not before he endured the cruelty of an Islamophobic apparatus that operates with impunity.

Contrast his case with the former president of the Northern Territory Labor party who was released without charge on his return to Australia after he “joined Kurdish forces fighting the Islamic state”. This is a clear breach of the Foreign States Incursions Act. We don’t know if this person was paid for his services, if so, he is not ideological, but if he wasn’t, then the much more serious question arises: If this conflict can incite intelligent, educated grown men to go and fight, then its effect on victimised youth will be even greater. I have been condemned by a Kurdish Australian for calling for the law to be applied evenly in this case. Let me clarify, I support the human rights of the Kurdish people, but the issue is about the uneven application of our laws that feeds into the sense of injustice, alienation and marginalisation. Now the question, why is the Kurdish Australian who condemned me able to openly call for people to fight alongside the Kurds – who were a listed terrorist group only a short time ago – without being exposed to our new counterterrorism laws?

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These duplicitous standards in our various law enforcement apparatus in Australia add to the sense of victimisation and alienation amongst Muslims..

In the midst of this – we have young Muslims whose parents came to Australia either as part of the brain drain lxvii or that other category that can be described as “flight for your life” migrant or refugee. Many of these youths are left feeling that they had been robbed of nationality and the important sense of belonging – They look to fit in whilst searching to protect their dignity.

Try and develop an Islamic Centre to cater to the needs of Muslim youths and you find the invasion anxiety rearing its head, neighbourhoods mobilise, a simple development application that should be routine ends up stealing the imagination of communities and adding to the feelings of victimisation.lxviii

The arguments and the enticements:

It is hard to argue with a young person who starts to cite all these issues – you can see the fire in their bellies – you in fact feel the same fire yourself, but you have learnt that you can only quench it the hard way, the time-consuming, stress-filled way because you know that every arena has its unique terrain and its own terms of engagement.

This is not to suggest that young people, even adults fully comprehend these grievances, but this long list – which is by no means exhaustive – does raise numerous causes of concern for members of a beleaguered community who witness regular persecutions of varying natures.

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These are the very catalysts that groups like ISIS use to win recruits, ISIS does not say: Join us to save the Rohingya, they may or may not know or care about the Rohingya or many of these causes. Their biggest appeal to youths is: Join us and you will belong, you will not be discriminated against, you can go wild, let loose your facial hair and you become the law.

Media responsibility:

The media laps it up – when they show an image of a young person whose family is praying for his safe return, standing before a large group of armed men, as if the new recruit – barely out of Australia - is now a leader of an entire platoon. This young person who could not get any meaningful audience for his concerns is now addressing an entire nation from the Prime Minister down and making a list of demands. If you are a young person feeling the victimisation, this clip is a very appealing sense of empowermentlxix, and our media made sure that this clip reached as many people as possible.

The media in lapping this up and propagating the fear are also serving the recruitment drive of ISIS, they are getting ISIS’ message to a broader audience. Then, media commentators try to use this to justify the false cliché: Not all Muslims are terrorists, but all terrorists are Muslim. They seem to have a very short memory and they forget the IRA, the Basque separatist and the many other groups that continue to commit acts of terror to this very day.lxx

Islamophobic rants in the media have also led many Muslim Australians to have a complete distrust of the mainstream media. This mistrust is best described in the below. Please note that I have attempted to simplify the argument to its basic elements:

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Reality Reality PerceptionMedia says that I am bad because I am a Muslim

I know that I am not bad, I am good.

Media tells lies to sell its product

Media tells me that ISIS are committing atrocities

This media lied about me, so it coule be lying about ISIS

Media tells lies to sell its product

ISIS tells people that it is trying to establish an Islamic State and implement Shariah.

The media tells people that ISIS wants an Islamic State and Shariah

The Media is criticising the idea of Islamic State and Shariah, therefore, the media is criticising Islam

The media might succeed in convincing those amongst their mainstream readership whose knowledge of Islam might be contaminated by years of Islamophobic reportinglxxi. However, this irresponsible media commentary infuriates Muslims and infuriates those who believe it, it creates serious rifts and thereby animosity and Islamophobic attacks on innocent Muslimslxxii. This irresponsible antagonistic approach to Muslims perpetuating the cycle of mistrust, suspicion, lack of belonging and alienation which can lead to radicalisation.

If I was to present imagery of atrocities and blame them on Muslims, many people will believe without evidence. However, if these images were to be blamed on let’s say Blackwater, or US troopslxxiii and I will be required to provide very extensive evidence.

The vast majority of Muslims have resisted radicalisation:

Most Muslims have not made the move to radicalism or militancy. The vast majority of Muslim leaders and scholars worldwide have condemned the actions of ISIS. Muslim parents worldwide dread the

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appeal of ISIS and pray earnestly that their children are not deceived into ISIS’ Siren calls.

But a trickle has been impacted and this trickle estimated between 90 and 200 Muslim youths have left Australia and are feared to have aligned with militant groups overseas. The vast majority of youths have succeeded in resisting the radicalisation catalysts and I thank Allah for that.

How do we counter the Siren’s call to radicalisation?

Former Grand Mufti of Australia, Sh. Taj Aldin Alhilali, has published books on the topic of de-radicalisation in the Arabic language told me when I put the question to him that he would start by telling young people about their varying levels of responsibility, viz:

Responsibility towards their own personal safety and wellbeing, and

Responsibility for the safety and wellbeing of those around them. Islam teaches a principle of “No Harm”.

This is a very important starting point, we need to build on this advice by ensuring that society meets its responsibility towards the needs of its own citizens, the principle in Islam is that every person is responsible for their own actions and not the actions of others.

Although the level of self-control this advice requires is exacerbated by the various inequalities that Muslim youths face, we can see that the vast majority we need to couple this advice with essential positive action that can only be administered at the level of government.

There is no one quick fix for all these problems, but apart from Islamic education to our youths, we need our authorities to start with implementing policies and procedures that ensure:

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Fairness, especially in employment opportunities, various studies have found a disproportionately higher rate of unemployment amongst Muslim youths in Australia.lxxiv

Egalitarianism and equal access,

Inclusion lxxv ,

Empowerment through the political process, that is, to educate youths through their schooling that they can bring about policy change through proper peaceful political representation, and

Addressing each and every concern that I raised above individually, so far, our government has responded with increased security measures including declared zones that practically reverse the onus of proof, passport cancellations, profiling at airports and harassment of Muslim passengers (75,906 people likely to be all Muslims harrassed at our airports from August last year to February this year lxxvi ). These government responses, rather than fixing the problem actually exacerbate it because they add to the feeling of victimisation and disempowerment.

Some of these steps were followed by the contemporary Libyan Muslim scholar Sheikh Dr. Ali Al Sallabi lxxvii . Dr. Al Sallabi engaged with 6 of the most senior insurgent leaders in Libya during the time of the Gadafi regime and managed to convince them of the error their ways purely by countering their arguments with religious references. Dr. Al Sallabi was so successful in fact that the 6 wrote a book pointing out the error of their previous ways and expressing remorse and repentance. The book is title can be translated as: Corrective studies to understanding Jihad, Hisba (accountability) and passing judgment on people. These six leaders also took upon themselves the responsibility of reaching out to their former

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followers to bring them to the same understanding as reported by Carnegie Endowment lxxviii .

Part of the success of Dr. Al Sallabi is also owed to a mindset that the radicals were “his people”, his “fellow citizens”. This mindset projects a notion of care. He is helping de-radicalise these individuals not just to save others from their harm (the second point made by Sh. Hilali above), but also to save them and save their souls (the first point referenced by Sh. Hilali). Because no decent person wants the death of an innocent on his conscience.

Post Scriptum:

1 – In the delivered speech, I did summarise a precept that Muslims are not permitted to transgress or initiate hostilities, that we welcome peaceful debate. I did add that however, if our opponents resort to non-peaceful means, we do reserve the right to defend ourselves in and retaliate in kind.

2 – As to be expected, the Islamophobic industry in Australia, instead of seeing this research as an earnest attempt to address their projected fears and concerns have attacked this speech. The first attack I witnessed was in twitter abuse that was sent to me, then in letters to the editor (the editor chooses which letters to publish)lxxix, and an article by one of Australia’s leading Islamophobes. Not to be outdone, another Islamophobelxxx also put out an article on his blog and a TV presenter verballed melxxxi by manipulating my words and extrapolating a fallacy after hurling several derogatory remarks against melxxxii. Oddly, none of these three culprits picked up the phone to ask me for clarification, they merely embarked on a

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character assassination rant. Rather than addressing the problem, the Islamophobia industry has proved my assertion that they exploit everything to perpetuate Islamophobia and choose to live in denial as to the ramifications of their irresponsible actions.

The Islamophobia industry is responsible to a large extent for the rift within Australian society and until Australia is able to introduce laws to promote harmony and protect minorities from vilification, more and more Australians are going to feel alienated and victimised. The majority will, as they have, continue to be patient and persevere, but some will say enough is enough and look for elsewhere to find a place to belong.

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i http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29249462

ii http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/is-syria-turning-our-idealistic-youth-into-hardened-jihadis/story-e6frg6z6-1226630278661

iii http://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/54a63c1a3004de94513db708

iv https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NAZIS.CHAP1.HTM

v http://www.ibtimes.com/how-many-people-did-joseph-stalin-kill-1111789

vi http://www.threeworldwars.com/overview.htm

vii http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples

viiihttp://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2012/10/how_many_slaves_came_to_america_fact_vs_fiction.html http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/slavery http://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/how-many-slaves-landed-in-the-us/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/slavery-and-anti-slavery/resources/facts-about-slave-trade-and-slaveryhttp://bernard.pitzer.edu/~hfairchi/pdf/Blacks/MiddlePassage.pdf

ix http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-56_u-426_t-1075_c-4149/WA/10/Impact-of-European-settlement-on-Indigenous-people/_tb-vhttp://treatyrepublic.net/content/rascist-australia-genocidal-atrocities-overview

x http://www.cicatelli.org/titlex/downloadable/human trafficking statistics.pdf

xi http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_181961/lang--it/index.htm

xii http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf

xiii http://www.suicide.org/international-suicide-statistics.html

xiv http://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/nov/26/passive-smoking-deaths-who-report

xv http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-31/15-australians-die-each-day-from-alcohol-related-illness-study/5637050

xvi https://ncadd.org/in-the-news/155-25-million-alcohol-related-deaths-worldwide-annually

xvii http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article39639.htmhttp://vnnforum.com/showthread.php?t=231982

xviii http://asenseofplaceblog.com/americas-destruction-of-iraq-out-soon/

xix http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/blackwater-faces-war-crimes-inquiry-after-killings-in-iraq-396686.htmlHTTP://WWW.COUNTERPUNCH.ORG/2007/10/19/A-TALE-OF-TWO-ATROCITIES/ Refer also to the 2008 book Blackwater, the rise of the world’s most powerful mercenary army by Jeremy Scahill http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/96491.Blackwater

xx http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50111#.VR2cevmUfK0

xxi https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41084.pdf

xxii http://ccrjustice.org/files/Report_ReportOnTorture.pdf

xxiii http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/20/insight-at-guantanamo-tri_n_1808639.html

xxiv http://www.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/mamdouh-habib-gets-5000-damages-20100819-12rrm.html

xxv Other useful material on Guantanamo Bay: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andrea-gittleman/guantanamo-bay-secrecy_b_4966373.htmlhttp://ccrjustice.org/learn-more/reports/report:-torture-and-cruel,-inhuman,-and-degrading-treatment-prisoners-guantanamo-Secret US endorsement of severe interrogations:

xxvi http://www.antiwar.com/news/?articleid=8560

xxvii http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/30/world/meast/iraq-prison-abuse-scandal-fast-facts/

xxviii http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/iraq/tagubarpt.html

xxix http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/annual_humanitarian_overview_2014_english_final.pdf

xxx Further reading: http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/04/gaza-israeli-soldiers-shoot-and-kill-fleeing-civilians Deir Yassin: http://www.deiryassin.org/mas.html Sabra and Shatila: http://www.democracynow.org/2014/1/13/noam_chomsky_sabra_shatila_massacre_thatThere is a lot more, almost 100 years of history since the Sykes Picot agreement and the Balfour declaration: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/britain-and-france-conclude-sykes-picot-agreement http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/balfour_declaration_of_1917.htm

xxxi http://www.cbsnews.com/news/un-dozens-of-rohingya-muslims-massacred-by-buddhists-in-rakhine-burma/

xxxii http://crisishub.org.au/news/rises-urgent-call-intervention-rohingyas-death-toll-10000

xxxiii Additional resources on the Rohingya: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/06/16/opinion/nicholas-kristof-myanmar-documentary.html?_r=1

xxxiv http://www.onislam.net/english/news/asia-pacific/482889-chinese-imams-forced-to-dance.html

xxxv http://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/china0405/

xxxvi http://www.hrw.org/news/2005/04/10/china-religious-repression-uighur-muslims

xxxvii http://www.islamawareness.net/Persecution/Chechnya/history.html

xxxviii Additional resources on Chechnya:http://www.islamawareness.net/Persecution/Chechnya/ xxxix http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/

xl http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/car1213_web.pdf

xli http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2542662/Footage-emerged-cannibal-eating-leg-Muslim-Central-African-Republic.html

xlii refer also : HRW’s report: I can smell the dead, the forgotten crisis in the Central African Republic.http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/car0913_ForUploadWInsert_0.pdf refer also: https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/12/18/central-african-republic-sectarian-atrocities-escalate ,http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/02/20/why-special-criminal-court-central-african-republic-deserves-your-support andhttp://www.hrw.org/news/2014/12/22/central-african-republic-muslims-trapped-enclaves

xliii http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/10%20arguments%20en%20faveur%20de%20la%20Cour%20penale%20speciale%20RCA%20-%20pour%20partenaires%20EN_final_clean_web%20version.pdf

xliv https://overland.org.au/2013/05/the-new-ultranationalism-of-sri-lanka/

xlv http://www.hrw.org/africa/somalia

xlvi http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/egypt

xlvii http://www.algeria-watch.org/en/articles/1997_2000/paradox_democracy.htm

xlviii http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article3943.htm

xlix http://morallowground.com/2012/02/02/obama-restores-military-aid-to-uzbekistan-whose-brutal-dictator-islam-karimov-boils-opponents-alive/

l Refer also: http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan

li http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/bangladesh

lii http://www.unocha.org/top-stories/all-stories/syria-6-facts-start-4th-year-syria%E2%80%99s-conflict

liii http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48535#.VSWby_mUfK0

liv http://sn4hr.org/public_html/wp-content/pdf/english/enforce-disapearance.pdf

lv http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/ThematicPaperEDInSyria.pdf

lvi Andrew Bolt:https://newmatilda.com/2014/11/03/why-we-cant-ignore-andrew-bolthttp://bolttheracist.blogspot.com.au/

Paul Sheehanhttp://www.crikey.com.au/2011/02/01/muslims-dont-fit-into-a-simple-left-v-right-debate/http://www.crikey.com.au/2013/01/14/media-briefs-game-set-match-to-harold-rundle-on-sheehan-cronulla/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IFeGYw1CqCUC&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=Paul+Sheehan+Islamophobia&source=bl&ots=Pum77vG_bE&sig=i3xsNdmY8mnj6314i5TJTLcYRgU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VpsjVeiyOoy68gXtsoD4CA&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Paul%20Sheehan%20Islamophobia&f=falsehttp://middleeastrealitycheck.blogspot.com.au/2013/06/islamophobia-goes-mainstream.htmlhttp://themichaelduffyfiles.blogspot.com.au/2009/03/paul-sheehan-islamophobia-bad-muslims.html

Alan Joneshttp://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/news/alan-jones-compares-muslims-to-bikies-and-says-aussie-kids-know-more-about-koran-than-their-own-country/story-fngr8gwi-1227055462923http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/NSWADT/2009/318.html

Jim Ball http://davidoldfield.blogspot.com.au/2010/11/radio-nazi-jim-ball-of-2gb.htmlhttp://jimball.com.au/islamic_issues.htm (This is from his own website, so he could edit it without notice)

I had intentionally left Piers Akerman out of this list up until he published an article on Sunday 12 April 2015 attacking this research. I had left him out because of the prolific nature of the Islamophobic rhetoric by those above, but it would seem that his actions would earn him a place here: HTTP://WWW.DAILYTELEGRAPH.COM.AU/NEWS/OPINION/PIERS-AKERMAN-MUSLIM-GRIEVANCE-IS-A-SELF-SERVING-EXCUSE/STORY-FNI0CWL5-1227299982447

lvii Cory Bernardihttp://www.themonthly.com.au/cory-bernardi-conservative-warrior-all-about-cory-sally-neighbour-4327http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-18/cory-bernardi-renews-call-for-burqa-ban/5752784http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-07/porter-the-real-danger-in-cory-bernardi-comments/5189168

Sophie Panopoloushttp://www.theage.com.au/news/national/pm-rejects-headscarves-ban/2005/08/29/1125302511538.html

Bronwyn Bishophttp://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2005/s1448343.htm

Peter Costellohttp://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-02-24/costello-accused-of-islamophobia/805658

Jackie Lambiehttp://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/23/jacqui-lambies-islam-slur-the-rhetoric-changes-but-the-bigots-stay-the-same

Pauline Hansonhttp://www.9news.com.au/sitecore/content/news/news/national/2015/04/05/09/57/pauline-hanson-claims-halal-certification-funds-terrorism

Rev Fred Nile and the Christian Democratshttp://www.christiandemocraticparty.com.au/media-releases/rev-fred-nile-declares-that-halal-certification-is-imposing-islamic-sharia-law-on-all-australians-no-halal-tax-on-easter-eggs/

lviii http://www.theage.com.au/national/harassment-of-muslim-women-on-the-rise-in-melbourne-20150224-13ngg1.htmlhttp://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-24/muslim-woman-attacked-on-sydney-train/6345000https://au.news.yahoo.com/vic/a/25136220/woman-bashed-thrown-from-train-in-racist-attack/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-02/australian-muslim-women-talk-about-how-their-lives-have-changed/5786374https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/27753https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/NIRV.pdf

lix http://www.qsociety.org.au/ lx Catch the Fire Ministries:http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/federal-election-2013/libs-direct-preferences-to-antimuslim-party-20130820-2s9fv.html#ixzz2cYSpEA5z http://www.crikey.com.au/2009/01/22/costello-continues-to-catch-the-fire/

lxi http://www.islamophobia.org/islamophobic-individuals.htmlAyaan Hirsi Ali is not easy to find on that list, so here is a link about her too: http://www.alternet.org/media/anti-islam-author-ayaan-hirsi-alis-latest-deception

lxii https://wikileaks.org/cablegate.html

lxiii http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2010/1129/WikiLeaks-Bradley-Manning-isn-t-a-criminal.-He-s-a-hero

lxiv http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Zero-tolerance-not-the-answer-crime-stats-chief/2005/03/14/1110649107925.html

lxv http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/web/outrage-over-muslim-massacre-game/2008/11/03/1225560701575.html

lxvi http://www.crikey.com.au/2007/11/13/the-disturbing-case-of-izhar-ul-haque-your-laws-at-work/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-11-16/ul-haque-case-and-asios-house-of-cards/729020

lxvii http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/brain_drain.asp

lxviii QLD MP Steve Dickson agreed to present a petition to parliament to ban future mosque projects in QLD: http://m.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/dickson-to-deliver-mosque-petition/2580458/ http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/sunshine-coast-lnp-mp-steve-dickson-sponsors-petition-to-ban-sharia-law-20150409-1mhurv.html

lxix https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4jg_V0nC04

lxx http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/irish-republican-army.htmlhttp://www.cfr.org/separatist-terrorism/basque-fatherland-liberty-eta-spain-separatists-euskadi-ta-askatasuna/p9271 http://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/army-god-6-modern-day-christian-terrorist-groups-you-never-hear-about

lxxi refer: Dog whistle politics and journalism: http://books.google.com.au/books/about/Dog_Whistle_Politics_and_Journalism.html?id=XKqKAQAACAAJUs and them: https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Naz9j0MgUfgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Peter+Manning%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=V24qVYa2OYLImwXyvoD4Cw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=falseNews Overboard: https://books.google.com.au/books?id=N-cyAAAACAAJ&dq=News+Oberboard,+Iaian+Lygo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=i24qVYvlCMKsmAWB04HwAw&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAAOrientalism: https://books.google.com.au/books?id=npF5BAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=orientalism+by+edward+said&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rG4qVZacPILYmgWEvIDgBA&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=orientalism%20by%20edward%20said&f=false Covering Islam: https://books.google.com.au/books?id=0wUz3d5c2A8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=covering+islam+by+edward+said&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xG4qVZmTJsemmAX32YGQDA&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=covering%20islam%20by%20edward%20said&f=false

lxxii http://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-29655443

lxxiii http://www.democracynow.org/2004/11/19/u_s_war_crimes_in_fallujah

lxxiv http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/iss/article/download/4374/3788http://www.birr.net.au/community/needs-analysis.htmlhttps://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/racial_discrimination/isma/report/pdf/ISMA_complete.pdfhttp://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/MuslimAustralians

lxxv http://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article.aspx?aeid=41824#.VSSMn_mUfK0

lxxvi https://newmatilda.com/2015/03/27/oldest-trick-journalism-playbook

lxxvii This link is in Arabic, it gives bio data on Dr. Al Sallabi: http://shamela.ws/index.php/author/1150https://islam4universe.wordpress.com/2013/08/29/dr-ali-muhammad-sallabi/

lxxviii http://www.carnegieendowment.org/arb/?fa=downloadArticlePDF&article=40531

lxxix http://www.watoday.com.au/comment/smh-letters/injustice-an-excuse-for-retribution-20150410-1mhr7y.html

lxxx http://blogs.news.com.au/heraldsun/andrewbolt/index.php/heraldsun/comments/university_gives_the_stage_to_trad_to_preach_a_lethal_resentment/

lxxxi http://www.skynews.com.au/video/program_pml/2015/04/10/the-misguided-sermon-of-keyser-trad.html lxxxii http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/opinion/piers-akerman-muslim-grievance-is-a-self-serving-excuse/story-fni0cwl5-1227299982447