Conus saecularis Melvill, 1898

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. an Phil. Soc. xlii, no. 4, p. 10, pl. I, f. 23Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Persian GulfType Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 29 x 12 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Bathyconus Species:-saecularis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-W. Thailand, and N. E. Malaysia; Ryukyu Is., Philippines, Solomon Is., and Papua New Guinea.Habitat:-Found at depths of 80-400 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeSmall to medium sized, light to moderately light. Last whorl narrowly conical to conical, sometimes approaching pyriform; right side nearly straight in outline, occasionally slightly concave at base; left side usually concave in outline, sometimes straight to slightly convex below shoulder. Siphonal canal often deflected to the dorsal side. Shoulder sharply angulate to carinate, with a deep exhalent notch. Spire of moderate height to high, usually stepped; outline concave. Larval shell of 3-3.5 whorls, maximum diameter 0.8-0.9 mm. First 5-8 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave, with radial threads crossing 0-1 increasing to 3-6 spiral grooves. Entire last whorl with weak axially striate spiral grooves separating distinct ribs at base, narrow ribbons below shoulder and wider ribbons inbetween.Ground colour white, usually suffused with grey. Last whorl with spiral rows of yellowish brown to dark brown dots, spots and bars fusing into 2-4 spiral bands, below shoulder, at base and on both sides of centre; the central bands are most consistently present. Some shells have pronounced spiral rows of brown dots and dashes from base to shoulder; some rows with distinct white articulations. Shoulder usually with a row of widely spaced reddish brown dots. Largely white shells with sparse ornamentation on last whorl intergrade with heavily maculated shells. Larval whorls usually beige to light brown. Postnuclear sutural ramps with yellowish brown to dark brown radial markings, sometimes producing regularly spaced dark dots at outer margin. Aperture translucent or white.Shell Morphometry L 23-40 mm RW 0.03-0.08 g/mm (L 23-36 mm) RD 0.45-0.59 PMD 0.86-0.96

RSH 0.14-0.28Discussion:-C. saecularis is most similar to the larger C. comatosa (to 50 mm), and small individuals of the two species from Philippines are difficult to distinguish. C. comatosa has a rather pyriform last whorl with a mostly more convex outline adapically; the position of the maximum diameter is generally located closer to the base (PMD 0.78-0.88), and the left side is concave only basally. Its last whorl pattern has usually 4 spiral colour bands, its ground colour is white rather than shaded with grey, and its larval shell is broader (1.1 mm) and white rather than beige to light brown.C. saecularis may be similar to C. insculptus in shell morphometry but can be distinguished by the outline of its last whorl that is straight rather than convex at the right side and concave rather than sigmoid at the left side; the last whorl is rather uniformly coloured in C. insculptus, while it has spiral rows of dots, spots and bars fusing into 2-4 spiral bands in C. saecularis.

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Conus sagarinoi Fenzan, 2005

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in ANSP Bill Fenzan

Published in: La Conchiglia xxxvi, no. 311, p. 15 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Aliguay Island, PhillipinesType Data: Holotype in ANSP deposited and catalogued Type Size: 26 x 13 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus terryni Tenorio & Poppe, 2004Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name sagarinoi

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Conus sagei Korn, W. & G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1993

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SMNS Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: La Conchiglia xxv, no. 268, p. 37, f. 5a-5c, pl. 1, f. 7-8Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Gulf of Aden off Northern Somalia.Type Data: Holotype in SMNS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 8.7 x 4.6 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid species

Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Lilliconus Species:-sagei Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-SomaliaHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Shell very small, turbinate and light. Last whorl usually broadly conical; outline slightly convex adapically, straight right side and slightly concave left side below. Shoulder angulate, smooth to unndulate. Subshoulder costae absent. Spire high slightly stepped; outline straight to slightly concave. Protoconch of 2 whorls. Specimens of about 9mm with 6 teleoconch whorls Spiral whorls smooth becoming concave with 1-2 waek grooves. Last whorl with spiral ribs on basal third; Early spire whorls brown becoming white with brown flecks on outer margin. Last whorl white with two broad orange brown bands. Midbody area somtimes with white band ornamented with reddish dashes. Some specimens with lines of white brown dashes around whorl.Discussion:-C. sagei is separated from other small cones by its broad, flat to concave spire tops

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Conus saharicus Petuch & Berschauer 2016

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in LACM David Berschauer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Festivus, Vol. 48, Issue 2, p. 93-99, fig. 2 Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Dahkla (formerly Villa Cisneros), western side of Dahkla Bay, Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara), western coast of Sahara Desert, northwestern AfricaType Data: Holotype in LACM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 27.4 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lautoconus Species:-saharicusSynonyms: Geographic Range:- W. Sahara Habitat:- Quiet, sheltered intertidal areas in Dahkla Bay, under large slabs of sandstone along the shorelineDescription:-Source Original DescriptionShell of average size for genus, stocky, inflated, bulbous, only slightly glossy, with matte finish; shoulder broad, rounded, only slightly angled; spire low, broadly pyramidal; body whorl smooth and silky, with 20-24 very fine, low, closely-packed spiral threads around anterior end; body whorl base color dark sky blue or deep bluish-green, overlaid with numerous large, dark brown amorphous flammules, generally evenly-spaced and arranged in zebra-like pattern; brown

flammules often composed of 3 sections, being broader and wider along edge of the shoulder, around midbody, and around anterior end, creating effect of 3 broken spiral bands of flammules; spire whorls base color dark sky blue, heavily marked with thick, evenly-spaced dark brown crescent-shaped flammules, producing distinctive checkered appearance; aperture proportionally wide and flaring, colored deep purple-brown on interior; inner edge of lip colored pale yellow white; purple-brown interior marked with single narrow white band just anterior of mid-body line; periostracum thin, pale yellow, transparent.Discussion:-

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Conus sahlbergi da Motta & Harland, 1986

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in AMNH Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Publ. Ocas. Soc. Port. Malac., no. 6, p. 19, f. 8-11Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Bimini, Bahamas; 3-10 mType Data: Holotype in AMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 15. 5x 8.7 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Purpuriconus Species:-sahlbergi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-BahamasHabitat:-Found at depths of 3 -12 mDescription:-Source original descriptionShell small with depressed conic spire and roseate protoconch; whorls tops smooth except for last two being concave with arcuate striae. Sutures are shallow channels. Body whorl is smooth and glossy with an angulate sharply keeled shoulder; sides are flat then tapering with 6 basal sulci. Colour is polymorphic ranging form plain orange or yellow to white, purple and greenish tan and spire tinted in same colour. There is pale middle spiral band of interconnected blotches; the spire of white specimens is somewhat mottled brown. Aperture coloured internally same as body whorl.Discussion:

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Conus salletae Cossignani, 2014

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MMM Cupra MarittimaPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologia 82, p. 25 - 26Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Espingueira, Boa Vista, Cape VerdeType Data: Holotype in MMM, Cupra MarittimaType Size: 15,5 x 9,3 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-salletaeSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Only known from the type localityHabitat:- The specimens studied were found to be 0.5 to 2 meters deep, on rocksDescription:-Source: Original description MalacologiaShell pyriform small ( 14 to 24 mm ) spire low profile with barely concave shape; protoconch almost flat, sutures slightly cut; aperture wider than species of the same genus and that starts from the shoulder without step evident, with internal staining blue-violet with darker medial band. 8 grooves spirally run anteriorly around whorl. The coloring of the shell is plain mostly brown to dark brown (lighter in young specimens ) with a lighter median band. Discussion:-

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Conus salreiensis Rolán, 1980

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Manolo Tenorio Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Boll. Malacol. xvi, no. 3-4, p. 84, . pl. 2, f. 1, pl. 3, f. 3 & 6Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Sal-Rei, Boavista Is., Cape Verde Is.; 1-2 mType Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 20.1 x 11.9 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-salreiensis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms

Geographic Range:-Boavista, Cape Verde IslandsHabitat:-It is found on the rocks in depth of one or two meters being almost always covered with small rocks and on the algae, and rarely buried.Description:-Source Original description from the SpanishSeashell obconical, moderately solid, with silhouette of almost straight edges, shoulder rounded, spire low and somewhat concave, with sharp apex; suture slightly marked. The spire whorls present constantly three spiral striae to each suture. Some low spiral ribs near the anterior tip. The color and pattern are quite characteristic and constant: a dark brown zone that is situated in the anterior third of the seashell; another of the same color in the posterior near the shoulder, and of the same color on the spire whorls; between both zones a lighter part, at times crossed by one (or two) brown bands more or less marked; this clear axial zone, is of constant form in all the specimens crossed by numerous fine wavy lines and clearly visible with magnification. The variations of color depend on the brown bands that vary from almost nonexistent, becoming very marked. In the small specimens, the absence of bands in the central zone of the seashell, is frequent. The interior is generally light, revealing sometimes the underlying lilac or violet color; columela always black.The larger specimens are found covered with calcareous concretions , on the other hand the juveniles show perfectly the pattern under the periostracum.Discussion:

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Conus salzmanni Raybaudi G. (Massilia) & Rolán, 1997

Pictures:Picture Link: Picture Original Description

Published in: Argonauta ix p. 11, f. 1-14, 18, 30, 31, 36-38Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Gulf of Aden; 50-150 mType Data: Holotype in SMNS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 33 x 15.5 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Phasmoconus Species:-salzmanniSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Djibouti, Little Aden and SomaliaHabitat:-Found at depths to 150 mDescription:-Original description.Shell: Moderately small to medium sized (up to 39 mm in length). Moderately solid. Last whorl conical, sides slightly convex adapically, then straight. Shoulder angulate. Spire moderately low (Relative spire height 0.11-0.15), outline straight or very slightly concave. Protoconch smooth, with 1.75 to 2 whorls, counted from the origin, maximum diameter 0. 6 -0.7 mm. Postnuclear

whorls smooth, 9-10 in the holotype. Teleoconch sutural ramps straight, with about 3 to 5 shallow subsutural spiral grooves. Last whorl smooth at adapical half, with evenly spaced, weak spiral ribs in adults, and with more pronounced spiral ribs extending onto subshoulder in subadults, to shoulder area in juveniles. Aperture narrow, of uniform width.Ground colour white, beige or bluish grey. Last whorl with spiral rows of light brown dots and bars evenly. distributed from shoulder to base. Bars in adjacent rows above the centre may coalesce into irregular blotches. Spire stained with scattered radial brown spots. Larval shell brownish grey. Aperture white to dark brown or purplish brown within a lighter collabral edge. Periostracum brownish, thin, translucent, and smooth. Operculum small.Discussion:-C. salzmanni has since been misinterpreted as a local form of C. inscriptus from Aden (E. A. Smith. 1891. However, C. inscriptus and its Eastem African subspecies C. inscriptus adenensis, which occurs sympatrically with C. salzmanni, both have a multispiral, ('up to 3 whorls in shells from Mozambique.. Rockel et al. 1995), wider (maximum diameter about 0.9 mm) and generally a white larval shell. and weakly to distinctly tuberculate early 2-4 postnuclear whorls.C. i. inscriptus from central Indian localities attains shell length almost double than C. salzmanni, tends to have broader, more ventricose last whorl (Relative diameter up to 0.68) and a concave to sigmoid spire outline. Sympatrical shells of C. inscriptus adenensis also have a higher (Relative spire height: 013 -0.23, vs. 0. 15- 0.16) and more concave spire. a heavier spiral sculpture of ribs and ribbons on their last whor1s and often a very deep pink inner aperture.

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Conus samiae da Motta, 1982

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Publ. Ocas. Soc. Port. Malac., no. 1, p. 12, f. 11Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Balut Is., Mindanao, Philippines; ca. 200 mType Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 57.5 x 34 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus sulcatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-sulcatus samiae formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines and Solomon Is.Habitat:-Reported in depths of 20 to 240 mDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. sulcatusForm samiae with rows of brown spots on spiral elevations of last whorl, fusing or concentrating into 2-3 spiral bands. Larval whorls and adjacent postnucelar sutural ramps immaculate,

following sutural ramps maculated with brown radial markings, ranging from mainly brown to mainly white. Aperture white.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sanctaemarthae Vink, 1977

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in RNHL Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Zool. Meded. (Leiden), ii, no. 5, p. 91, pl. 1, f. 5, pl. 4, f. 4-6Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Ten km. north of Santa Marta, Colombia.Type Data: Holotype in RNHL deposited and catalogued Type Size: 53 x 29.2 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus mappa [Lightfoot], 1786 or Conus granarius Kiener, 1845Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Seminoleconus Species:-mappa sanctaemarthae formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonyms

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Conus sanderi Wils & Moolenbeek, 1979

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN Mike Filmer

Published in: Bijdr. Dierkd. xlix, no. 2, p. 255, f. 1-6, 10Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off St. James, West Barbados; 155-180 mType Data: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 21.1 x 11.2 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Dauciconus Species:-sanderi Synonyms:- hunti Wils & Moolenbeek, 1979; knudseni Sander, 1982; sorenseni Sander, 1982; and according to Filmer: carioca Petuch, 1986; perprotractus Petuch, 1987Geographic Range:-BarbadosHabitat:-Dredged from sand and shell gravel- rubble bottoms at depths of 45 to 180 m.

Description:-Source VinkA slender shell, 20 to 35 mm (50 mm in Brazilian specimens near the southern limit of the range), with low to moderate, sharply pointed, concave spire and rather straight sides of the body whorl. Shoulder angulate, body whorl smooth except for spiral ridges near the base, which in some specimens may cover the whole body whorl. Tops of the whorls with 4 to 5 spiral striae, sometimes obscured by fine concave growth lines. Nucleus: 2 1/2 whorls; axial sculpture on the sides of the first 2 to 4 postnuclear whorls; sculpture often not apparent because of erosion, but first 3 postnuclear whorls always with high sides, the shoulder distinctly overhanging the suture of the next whorl. Colour and pattern highly variable.Discussion:- C. hunti was described in same paper as C. sanderi and Wils stated differences as:-C. hunti is purplish and has spiral grooves over whole body of last whorl while sanderi is yellowish orange with grooves only on basal area.C. sorensi is a large white form from Barbados.C. knudseni is a white form with straight sides and very pale orange broad bands from Barbados.

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Conus sandwichensis Walls, 1978

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in DMNH Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Pariah no. 2, p. 3, pl. (on p. 7)Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Pokai Bay, Oahu, HawaiiType Data: Holotype in DMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 14.4 x 7 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus suturatus Reeve, 1844 or a valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Tesselliconus Species:- sandwichensisSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-HawaiiHabitat:-Found under reefs to 150 mDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. suturatusC. s. sandwichensis differs in its less solid shell with a strictly conical, narrower and more straight-sided last whorl and a moderately high, stepped spire. Subadults from Hawaii have more pronounced sculpture on the last whorl, with spiral grooves extending to shoulder; intervening ribs usually with minute granulesSource WallsC. s. sandwichensis matches C. s. suturatus in pattern, except for mostly darker spiral bands on last whorl, a pale orange-brown base, and a usually maculated spire.C. suturatus suturatus body whorl usually ovate or ovately conical, the sides convex; spire

low/flat pattern of two three spiral bands of pale tan to dark pink tan on white or pink lacking reddish or orange rectangles on top of bands; opaque white spots seldom developed; Indo west Pacific;C. suturatus sandwichensis Body whorl low conical, narrow, the sides straight; spire tall with straight/concave sides; pattern of two broad spiral bands of pale tan to pinkish tan on white;juveniles and many adults with numerous rectangles of brown or orange over the bands or entire shell; spots of opaque white in juveniles;sometimes weakly granulose;Hawaiian Islands;Raised to the status of a valid species by Chaney, Tucker & Tenorio in Shells of the Hawaiian Islands – The Sea Shells. Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sanguinolentus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Quoy & Gaimard (1834, pl. 53, fig. 18) Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Voy. Astrolabe. Zool.. iii, vol. iii, p. 99, pl. 53, f. 18Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Carteret, New GuineaType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Quoy & Gaimard (1834, Pl. 53 fig. 18)Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Virgiconus Species:-sanguinolentus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Entire Indo-Pacific; absent from Hawaii and Central Indian Ocean.Habitat:-Usually in 0.5 to 3 m on sand and reef rock under coral boulders.Description:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to moderately large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl conical to slightly pyriform, consistently conical in shells from Marquesas and Tahiti; outline variably convex at adapical third or half, straight to faintly concave below. Shoulder angulate, faintly to strongly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to slightly concave. Postnuclear spire whorls strongly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps almost flat, with 1 increasing to 3-5 spiral grooves. Last whorl with variably granulose spiral ribs on basal half, sometimes to subshoulder area.Last whorl olive to orange brown, except for whitish granules on spiral ribs. Some specimens with a slightly lighter central spiral band. Often evenly spaced brown spiral lines from base to subshoulder area, abapically following granulated spiral ribs. Base and basal part of columella purplish brown. Apex yellowish white to bright orange. Late postnuclear sutural ramps matching colouration of last whorl except for nearly white tubercles. Aperture bright bluish violet behind a

bright orange-brown marginal zone; whitish violet deeper within.Shell Morphometry L 25-65 mm RW 0.18-0.70 g/mm (L 30-60 mm) RD 0.60-0.71 PMD 0.82-0.95 RSH 0.06-0.16Discussion:-C. sanguinolentus is very similar to C. lividus, and the relationship of the two taxa are not fully resolved. Cernohorsky (1964) redescribed C. sanguinolentus; the name clearly applies to the species described here. C. lividus differs in its somewhat larger maximum size, strictly conical last whorl and in its immaculate later sutural ramps. The pale central band on the last whorl and within the aperture characteristic of C. lividus is faint or totally absent in C. sanguinolentus (see Marsh, 1971). In areas where both species occur sympatrically, they are either clearly separable by the colouration of the animal (N. Papua New Guinea; Fiji; Kenya, fide Cernohorsky, 1964) or identical in this character (Red Sea; Queensland). Across their entire ranges, the colour pattern of the animal is not a reliable character for distinguishing the two species. Conchological intergrades between C. lividus and C. sanguinolentus have not been found where both co-occur, and in such situations they occupy slightly different microhabitats (Kohn, unpubl. observ.). RKK thus regard these taxa as distinct species.The conchological differences between C. sanguinolentus and the violet-coloured variant from the Marquesas and Tahiti are too slight to justify a separation on the species level. This form is sometimes erroneously referred to as C. unicolor Sowerby (a nomen dubium). RKK assign it as a form of C. sanguinolentus rather than of C. lividus, because of the rare presence of a pale central band on the last whorl and the consistent presence of dark markings between the shoulder tubercles. DNA studies showed that we deal with a valid species. Description is in preparation (Pers. Comm.)

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Conus santaluziensis Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MMM, Cupra MarittimaPicture Link: Paratype Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologia 88, p. 4 - 5Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Baia do Agua Doce, Santa Luzia I., Cape Verde Is.; 2-6 mType Data: Holotype in MMM Type Size: 21.6 x 12.9 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid nameCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-santaluziensis

Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Santa Luzia, Cape Verde IslandsHabitat:- 2 – 6 m, algae on rocksDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell of small dimensions (15 to 36 mm), pyriform with medium high spire and convex profile. The tops of whorls have weak spiral striae and are usually stepped near to apex. The whorl is moderately convex in the adapical area and has a homogenous fawn colour with sparse white pattern of arrows pointing right. Fine spiral striae cover whorl and are deeper in basal area where colour is darker. Aperture wide with marbled white colour inside. Discussion:

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Conus santanaensis Afonso & Tenorio, 2014

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCN Manuel TenorioPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Xenophora Taxonomy 3, p. 49 & 50, Fig. 2, pl. 1Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Praia Gonçalo located on the Northeast coast of Maio Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, West Africa.Type Data: Holotype in MNCN, deposited and cataloguedType Size: 17,1 x 8,8 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-santanaensisSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:- Only known from the type localityHabitat:- It is usually found beneath rocks in small groups of 2 to 6 individuals partially buried in clean, white sand. Although specimens have been found between 1.5 and 4 metres, the possibility that the new species might occur at greater depths cannot be ruled out.Description:-Source: Original description Xenophora TaxonomyShell small, with a ventricosely conical, bullet-shaped form. Spire moderate to high,slightly stepped, with a straight profile. Protoconch not observed due to erosion.Sutural ramps slightly convex, with 3 to 5 spiral cords becoming obsolete in later whorls.Shoulder rounded, indistinct. Body whorl smooth except for 6-7 spiral grooves on theanterior portion. The ground colour of the shell ranges from dark green or olive-greento greenish grey. The middle of the body whorl has a creamy-white spiral band. Anarrower, less evident reddish-brown spiral band is present around the shoulder. Smallwhite dashes and flecks are variably distributed on the body whorl and spire, mainly concentrated on mid portion and often overlaid on the central band. Tiny reddish-brown markings may be also present in-between the white blotch pattern. In some specimens thin

reddish-brown axial lines may cover most of the last whorl. The spire has the same colour as the body whorl and is patterned by well-spaced white blotches. The aperture widens from the mid portion to the base. Aperture colour is dark reddish-brown to purple brown with two light cream bands; a wide one located just below the midsection, and a narrower one close to the upper part of aperture near the shoulder area. Outer lip is yellow-brown. Periostracum is thin, translucent, light yellow in colour. Shells of this new species are usually well preserved, showing few scars and eventually fine calcareous Bryozoan incrustations around the early whorls.Discussion:-

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Conus santinii Monnier & Limpalaër, 2014

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Eric Monnier Picture Link: Paul Kersten Paratype 22

Published in: Xenophora Taxonomy 3, p. 15 – 23, fig. on p. 16, Pl. on p. 20 - 22Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Dollar Bay, Naviti Island, Yasawa Group. Fiji ArchipelagoType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 28.61 x 13,94 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Genus:-Phasmoconus Species:-santiniiSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-FijiHabitat:-Collected in 15 to 20 m depthDescription:- Original descriptionThe shell is conical in overall shape. The protoconch and the first teleoconch whorls are pointed. The spire is concave in the first whorls and become progressively straighter. Protoconch is small, rounded, white and smooth. The whorls are stepped and have an undulate periphery with 9 to 13 irregular rounded knobs. On the last whorl. They are sculptured with three to four spiral grooves on the undulate sutural ramps. The adult shell has 11 to 12 whorls. The anal notch is moderately deep and V shaped.The last whorl is conical with straight to slightly convex sides. The surface shows a porcellaneous gloss. The aperture is long, straight and does not widen anteriorly. The last whorl is sculptured with 8 to 10 spiral grooves that are deeper near the base and progressively become obsolete towards one third of the height of the last whorl.The ground color of the shell is ivory white. The pattern is made of brown to chocolate-brown irregular blotches with intricate pattern all around the last whorl that may connect to form axial flames. The blotches are less conspicuous at the middle of the last whorl. Moreover, the last whorl can have between 18 to 30 hairlines composed of irregularly scattered very thin orang brown dashes. The dashes never contain paler spots but are separated by interspaces whiter than the ground color. The spire is white to pale grey color with irregular dark brown spots situated

between some knobs. The interior of the aperture is pure white.Discussion:-

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Conus saragasae Rolán, 1986

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Manolo Tenorio Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Publ. Ocas. Soc. Port. Malac., no. 6, Publ. Ocas. Soc. Port. Malac., no. 6, p. Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Bahia de Saragasa, Punta Saragasa, Costa Este de la Isla de San Vicente; 2 mType Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 21.8 x 12.4 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-saragasae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Cape VerdeHabitat:-Found about 2 meters under stonesDescription:-Source Original paper 1986 from the Spanish, ExtractThe seashell is conical, with slightly raised spire and somewhat stepped, shoulder well marked and color between yellow and light brown. The pattern is formed by three bands each with reticular pattern with small white areas that alternate with the other two colors, and with color bands that are almost smooth and that generally are smaller in the larger specimens and are situated a near the base and another in the upper half of the last return. Above the shoulder, the spire has alternating brown and white areas. Grooves little marked in the base. In the interior two zones of brown color are suggested, separated by a white zone. There is no sexual dimorphism. The nucleus and the first whorls of the protoconch are white. The periostracum is yellow, fine and transparent. The operculum is small, oval and somewhat extended. The animal is of pink color somewhat dark; with magnification are appreciated irregularities in form of grayish spots to both sides of the body and on the sole.Discussion:-

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Conus sargenti Petuch, 2013

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in FMNH D. Sargent Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Biogeography and Biodiversity of Western Atlantic Mollusks; p. 224-225; p. 104, fig. 7.6, GOcean geography: Western AtlanticType Locality: 20 km southeast of Roatan Island, Bay Islands, HondurasType Data: Holotype in FMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 21.7 x 10.75 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily: -CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-sargentiSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-HondurasHabitat:-Trawled from 30 m depthDescription:-Source Original DescriptionShiny and polished shell, subfusiform, with rounded convex sides; shoulder sharply angled, edged with large, prominent rounded carina; spire elevated, subpyramidal, distinctly stepped; subsutural area and spire whorls depressed, shallowly canaliculated; posterior half of body whorl smooth and shiny, with few faint inscribed spiral threads; anterior half of body whorl heavily sculptured with 10 prominent, deeply-incised spiral sulci, becoming deeper and more prominent toward anterior tip; shell uniformly pale cream-white with few widely-scattered very pale yellow amorphous flammules on body whorl; carina of spire whorls sometimes marked with widely-separated tiny pale tan dots; protoconch proportionally large, composed of two and one-half whorls, pale yellow-tan in color; early whorls pale yellow-tan; aperturte uniformly narrow, widening slightly at anterior end; interior of aperture cream-white in color.Discussion:-

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Conus sartii Korn, Niederhöfer & Blöcher, 2002

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SMNS Bill Fenzan

Published in: La Conchiglia xxxiii, no. 301, p. 32, f. 1-3Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Tulear, MadagascarType Data: Holotype in SMNS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 25 x 11 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-

Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Conus? Species:-sartii Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms Petuch, 2013Geographic Range:-MadagascarHabitat:-Found at depths of 100 mDescription:-Source original description La conchigliaShell morphometry: sculpture and color of teleoconch L (Shell Length) 25 - 26.6 mm (moderately small) I,W (Relative Weight ) 0.06 - 0.07 g/mm (moderately light) RD (Relative Diameter) 059 - 0.62 PMD (Position of Maximum Diameter) 079 - 083 RSH (Relative Spire Height) 0.23 - 0.27 (high) Shape of last whorl ventricosely conical; Outline of last whorl convex adapically, straight (right side) or concave (left side) below. Shape of shoulder carinate to angulate.Sculpture of shoulder smooth. Spire outline slightly concave, stepped. Exhalent notch moderately deep.Outline of teleoconch sutural ramps flat.Suture deep and wide, with distinct granulose subsutural ridge.Sculpture of teleoconch sutural ramps early postnuclear whorls smooth; late sutural ramps with weak arcuate axial striae and 3-4 spiral grooves separated by finely granulose ribs. Outer quarter of the ramps (area between last spiral groove and outer margin) without spiral sculpturing.Sculpture of last whorl strong spiral ribbons separated by narrow to occasionally broad grooves from base to shoulder; grooves axially striate. Color pattern of last whorl ground color white. Brown maculae fusing into rectangular spots and axial streaks or flames; with a brown spiral band on each side of center and a narrower brown subsboulder barrel. Brown axial markings interrupting white shoulder zone. Aperture translucent.Color of teleoconch spire early postnuclear whorls light brown, later whorls variably maculated with white and light brown Morphometry and color of protoconch Number of larval whorls: 3.0 (multispiral) Maximum diameter: 0.65 mm Color: white grading into light brownDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus saundersi Cotton, 1945

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SAMA Mike Filmer

Published in: Rec. S. Austral. Mus. 8, p. 264, pl. 4, f. 8Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Edithburgh, Yorke Peninsula, South AustraliaType Data: Holotype in SAMA deposited and catalogued Type Size: 57 x 32 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus anemone Lamarck, 1810

Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Floraconus Species:-anemone saundersi formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-S. AustraliaHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Original DescriptionShell pyriform, rather wide,spire short,sharp with concave sides; body whorl and spire covered with regular spiral striae; body whorl sharply angled at shoulder, the top of the spire whorls forming flat surface;outer lip convex, aperture quite wide widening anteriorly. Anterior base of body whorl strongly spirally lirate. Colour pattern of reddish brown axial flammules forming arrowhead shapes at their margins. Ground colour cream; aperture violet within.Discussion:-RKK assign as form of C. anemone.

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Conus sauros Garcia, 2006

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in HMNS Bill Fenzan Published in: Novapex 7 (2-3), 71-76 Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: off Port Aransa, Texas, USAType Data: Holotype in HMNS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 29.5 x 10.6 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid species, possibly a fossilCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:Dalliconus? Species:-sauros Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Texas, Gulf of MexicoHabitat:-Found at depths of 28-150 mDescription:-Source Original descriptionHolotype 29.5 mm length, light in weight, conically elongated (width/ length ratio 0.36) . Protoconch missing. Teleoconch of 8 whorls; whorls shouldered, carinated; carina on early whorls almost central, progressing anteriorly on later whorls. Suture deep . Axial sculpture of numerous arched thread on shoulder, evanescing at carina, weakly appearing again anterior to carina; last whorl with numerous, relatively wide, low, flat axial threads ; threads becoming weaker and narrower when crossing spiral cords. Spiral sculpture of two to four strong threads posterior to carina, creating reticulations at shoulder when crossing over axial elements; threads followed by a heavy, nodulose, otherwise smooth cord and one or two undulating threads anterior to carina; last whorl with strong, flat, evenly distributed spiral cords; cords as wide as interspaces, minutely wrinkled by axial threads. Color light cream.

Discussion:- Pers. Comment Ed Petuch: A late Pleistocene fossil; a composite species because Paratype 7 is a specimen of Conus armiger Crosse, 1858.

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Conus sazanka Shikama, 1970

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in KPMY Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Sci. Rep. Yokohama Nat'l. Univ. sect. II, no. 16, p. 25, pl. , f. 24 & 25Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: S. W. Kochi Pref., JapanType Data: Holotype in KPMY deposited and catalogued Type Size: 38.7 x 21.4 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kioconus Species:-sazanka Synonyms:- yoshioi Azuma, 1973; kurzi Petuch, 1974Geographic Range:-Japan, Philippines, E. Indonesia, New Caledonia, Hawaii, South Africa, Reunion, Madagascar, and SomaliaHabitat:-Reported from depths between 50 and 200 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical; outline almost straight to moderately convex with a constriction above base. Shoulder subangulate to angulate, undulate to weakly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave. Larval shell of about 4.0 whorls, maximum diameter 0.90-0.95 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls undulate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 2 increasing to 4-5 spiral grooves. Last whorl with a few faint spiral ribs at base.Colour reddish to brownish orange, occasionally yellow or light violet. Last whorl usually with a lighter band around centre, frequently interspersed with white flecks and adapically edged with brownish spots. In Philippine shells, uniform colouration often replaced by dark and light clouds above centre; white axial streaks below shoulder and across central band. Larval whorls orangish pink to faint yellow. Teleoconch sutural ramps variably maculated with darker yellow, pink or orange axial blotches. Aperture translucent.Shell Morphometry L 25-42 mm RW 0.06-0.18 g/mm (L 25-38 mm) RD 0.56-0.64 PMD 0.86-0.93 RSH 0.04-0.18

Discussion:- Shells of C. sazanka from Japan and South Africa are very similar to each other and are strikingly uniform in colour pattern. Philippine specimens are more variable in colouration and pattern, even at the same locality; differences in shape or sculpture cannot be observed. Hawaiian shells vary both in colour (yellow to deep orange) and in sculpture of the last whorl (partly or entirely encircled by granular spiral lirae). However, colour and sculptural variants appear to co-occur. The colour pattern variability observed in Hawaii closely matches that known from Philippines.C. yoshioi described from Japan is very similar to the type specimen brick red in colour with a few midbody white blotches.

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Conus scabriusculus Dillwyn, 1817

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Chemnitz (1795, pl. 182, figs. 1768, 1769)

Published in: Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells I, p. 406Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: None; Sierre Leone, (West Africa), (Chemnitz). (erroneous).Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Chemnitz (1795, pl. 182 figs. 1768, 1769)Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus coffeae Gmelin, 1791Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name scabriusculus

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Conus scalaris Valenciennes, 1832

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN MNHN Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Humboldt & Bonpland's Voy. Inter. Amerique-Recueil ii, p. 338Ocean geography: Eastern PacificType Locality: Acapulco, MexicoType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 23.3 x 9.6 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gradiconus Species:-scalaris

Synonyms:- helenae Schwengel, 1955Geographic Range:-Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur to mid-Golfo de California, Mexico; South to ColombiaHabitat:-OffshoreDescription:-Source Extract IconographyNormal length is between 30 and 50 mm. Shell shape seems to not vary much. The body whorl is narrowly elongated in shape. The spire is elevated and slightly scalariform, conical to slightly concave in profile. Sutural ramps are flat in cross section. The shoulders are angular and carinate. Sides are flat. Cords are absent. Nodules are present only in the earliest whorls and these are actually flutes along the shoulder angle rather than well-marked hemispherical nodules. They become absent in early middle whorls. The protoconch is paucispiral of 2 whorls. Color pattern is variable. It consists of brown or tan over a white ground color. These brown markings are variable in pattern. Most commonly, they are in two bands. The bands are separated from each other at the midbody area. However, this midbody area may have brown longitudinal markings that interconnect the bands. Where the bands are lighter, spiral lines of darker colored markings may be present. The lines are interrupted. The color markings on the body whorl are all the same color shade. The anterior end is white. The interior of the aperture is white. The spire is often marked by crescent - shaped brown blotches. Most of the area of the spire is colored. The area along the shoulder angle on the whorl tops are a darker shade of brown or tan than the shade on the remainder of the spire and body whorl. The anal notch is deep. There is no anterior notch. The body whorl is usually smooth except for a few sulci near the anterior end.Discussion:-This is the eastern Pacific species usually circulated among dealers and collectors as Conus castaneus.

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Conus scalarispira Bozzetti, 2012

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Paris Luigi Bozzetti

Published in: Malacologia 76, p. 3, figs.Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Lavanono, MadagascarType Data: Holotype deposited MNHN ParisType Size: 9,30 x 4.95 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Current Group Names:-Family:-CONOLITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONOLITHINAEGenus:-Pseudoliliconus Species:-lscalarispiraSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Habitat:-Tidal gritDescription:-Original descriptionProfile ventricosely conical, shoulder subangulate, body whorl convex on right side, slightly

sigmoid on left side; protoconch broken; body whorl sides smooth with the exeption of 7-8 spiral basal grooves. Body whorl background color pink, deeper on the protoconch and early teleoconch whorls, one greyish spiral band on the wall posterior half, shoulder stained with a lighter shade of pink. Inside aperture brown, inner edge of outer lip pink.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus scalarissimus da Motta, 1988

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype C. gradatus Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Publ. Ocas. Soc. Port. Malac., no. 11, p. 47Ocean geography: Eastern PacificType Locality: Salango. Is., Ecuador (C. gradatus Reeve, 1843)Type Data: Lectotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued (C. gradatus) Type Size: 81 x 35 mmNomenclature: an Available name, a new replacement name (nomen novum) for C. gradatus Reeve, 1843.Taxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gradiconus Species:-scalarissimus Synonyms:- gradatus Reeve, 1843Geographic Range:-Gulf of California to EcuadorHabitat:-Dredged at 20-200 m.Description:-Source Extract Iconography.This is a medium-sized to moderately large speciesNormal size ranges between 30 and 60 nm. Shell shape is variable. The species is narrowly elongated conical in shape. The spire is elevated and scalariform, concave in profile. Sutural ramps are at least slightly concave in cross section. The shoulders are angular. Sides are flat except for the shoulder region where they are slightly convex; Cords are absent. Nodules are present only in the earliest whorls and these are actually flutes along the shoulder angle rather than well-marked hemispherical nodules. They become absent in early middle whorls. The protoconch is paucispiral. Color pattern is variable but rather simple. It consists of various shades of brown over a white ground color. The brown coloration primarily occurs in two zones. One extends from just anterior to the shoulder angle to midbody and the other starts anterior to the midbody region and extends just posterior to the anterior end. These brown markings are exceedingly variable in pattern and color shade. When extensively developed, the bands are solidly brown to tan. Over these brown areas spiral lines of darker colored markings are present. The lines may be interrupted but they are always fairly thick along the longitudinal axis. At the minimum the brown coloration is reduced to these lines alone with no brown bands or other longitudinal markings. Between these extremes, many specimens have the brown bands reduced

to longitudinally elongated blotches. These blotches are usually interrupted at midbody. The anterior end is white. The interior of the aperture is white. The spire is often marked by crescent-shaped brown blotches. These are the same color shade as the markings on the body whorl. The anal notch is deep. There is no anterior notch. The body whorl is. usually smooth except for a few sulci near the anterior end.Discussion:-G. scalarissimus is a species with a long thin body but with an elevated scalariform spire that is concave in profile. In contrast, G. regularis has a short conical body and a low non-scalariform spire and has a brown colored interior of the aperture. G. monilifer is a short bodied, carinate and long spired species

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Conus scalptus Reeve, 1843

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: Conch. Icon.. I, Conus, pl. 37, sp. 203Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not known.Type Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 27 x 14 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-scalptus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-S. Philippines - Papua New GuineaHabitat:-Shallow water to 20 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeSmall to moderately small, light to moderately light. Last whorl ventricosely conical, outline convex, less so abapically. Aperture somewhat wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder subangulate to rounded. Spire of moderate height, outline concave to sigmoid. Larval shell probably of about 2 whorls, maximum diameter 0.7-0.8 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly convex, with 1- 2 increasing to 3-4 spiral grooves. Last whorl with spiral grooves on basal third to half; ribbons grading to ribs anteriorly and weak in large specimens.Ground colour white. Last whorl with rather closely spaced, yellow or reddish brown, interrupted and continuous spiral lines from base almost to shoulder and with sparse scattered small markings of the same colour. Spiral pattern underlain by pale tan or orangish brown spiral bands on adapical half and within basal third. Larval whorls grey. Later sutural ramps with yellow to reddish brown radial streaks or blotches. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 22-28 mm RW 0.05-0.09 g/mm RD 0.54-0.64

PMD 0.76-0.85 RSH 0.12-0.18Discussion:-In the past, C. scalptus has been confused with similarly patterned C. mucronatus. C. scalptus is a smaller species (to 28 mm), its shoulder is subangulate to rounded, the spiral lines on its last whorl are finer and often dashed, and its early postnuclear whorls are not tuberculate. C. scalptus is also similar and may be closely related to C. subulatus, C. broderipii, and C. sertacinctus. C. broderipii has a larger shell, its aperture is not white, its spire is lower; its colour pattern includes 3 pronounced spiral bands of rather large markings absent in C. scalptus. C. subulatus has a narrower last whorl (RD 0.51-0.54) and an interrupted band of larger brown markings but lacks continuous brown spiral lines.

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Conus scariphus Dall, 1910

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer

Published in: Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxxviii, p. 225, 66 f. Ocean geography: Eastern PacificType Locality: Off Cocos Is., PanamaType Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 41 x 20.5 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Kohniconus Species:-scariphus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Cocos IslandsHabitat:-Reported at depths of 60 fathomsDescription:-Source Extract IconographyThis is a medium sized species. Normal size is between 35 and 50 mm. The body whorl is elongated conical in shape. The spire is elevated and slightly scalariform, conical to slightly convex in profile. Sutural ramps are concave in cross section. The shoulders are angular. Sides are concave. Cords are absent. Nodules are present on the first five whorls but then disappear. Color pattern is variable but rather simple. Excluding the white ground color, it consists of a single element. There are light orange-brown markings that are extremely variable in expression. These markings cover nearly the entire body whorl. There remain white areas inside the orange-brown reticulations. The anterior end is white. The interior of the aperture is white. The spire is marked by light brown markings. These may cover a significant portion of the spire whorl tops. They are the same color shade as the markings on the body whorl. The anal notch is deep. There is no anterior notch. The body whorl is smooth except for some sulci near the anterior end. The protoconch is multispiralDiscussion:-This species is most similar to K. emarginatus. It is recognizable due to the generally heavier development of coloration in K. scariphus. There are no differences between

K. emarginatus and K. scariphus in the morphology of the protoconch, early spire nodules, whorl tops, carina, anterior sulci. However, shell coloration is actually quite distinctive as K. scariphus does standout in a large series of K. emarginatus, by its more subtle brown tone, the finer detail of the markings, which produces a soft tented pattern. The characteristic K. emarginatus flammules when seen on K. scariphus are at the anterior end only, whereas those markings on K. emarginatus are boldy contrasted against the white background coloration throughout the body whorl and up the spire

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Conus schech Weinkauff, 1873

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in ZMB Bill Fenzan ZMB

Published in: Syst. Conch. Cab. 2, Lief. 222, p. 229, pl. 37, 10Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Massawa, Dahlak, Red SeaType Data: Syntype in ZMB deposited and catalogued Type Size: 35.5 x 20.5 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus locumtenens Blumenbach, 1791Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name schech

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Conus schirrmeisteri Coltro, 2004

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MZUSP Bill Fenzan Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Strombus 11, p. 4Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Sulfur Bank, 125 km NE Abrolhos Arch., off Alcobaca, Bahia State, Brazil (15deg 50' S, 37deg 57' W)Type Data: Holotype in MZUSP deposited and catalogued Type Size: 10 x 6 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-schirrmeisteri Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Brasil

Habitat:-Lives on rubble and coral sand bottom at 20-35 meters on offshore reefs on central Bahia State, BrazilDescription:-Source original descriptionLength: 8 to 11 mm, solid body with a strong deflection in 1/6 near the siphonal canal, medium nodulose spire (about 1/6 of total length) with 5-6 whorls, irregular, with a sub-sutural cord. About 10 irregular white or brown nodules on the shoulder, suture with white and brown cord. Body with 10-13 incised lines covering almost 3/4 of entire body, due the lines the body looks slighty nodulose. Wide dark red-orange aperture with a fine white margin. Apex large pink with 3 1/4 whorls. Color body from dark brown to dark red-brown, irregular white blotches and dots.Discussion:-This new species resembles C. iansa Petuch, 1979 . The body shape is very similar and the most important differences are the deflection, more abrupt in C. schirrmeisteri; the incised lines deeper and very pronuncied on C. schirrmeisteri; and a wide aperture on C..iansa. The body of C. iansa is very nodulose, while in C. schirrmeisteri is almost smooth. Conus schirrmeisteri lives in a seamountain top, isolated of main land by a distance of about 130 km and by depths up to 4,000 meters. Conus schirrmeisteri and C. bodarti seem to be closely related to C. iansa, but while C .iansa is an Abrolhos Archipelago species, C.schirrmeisteri and C. bodarti ranges far north, in a remote offshore reef.Tucker suggests that iansa, bodarti,delucai, schirrmeisteri are a group of synonyms separate from mindanus. According to Petuch C. schirrmeisteri is a synonym of C. iansa.

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Conus scitulus Reeve, 1849

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, Suppl., pl. ix, sp. 283Ocean geography: South AfricaType Locality: Not known.Type Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 17 x 9 mm figureNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus algoensis Sowerby ii, 1834Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Sciteconus Species:-algoensis scitulus formaSynonyms:- danieli Crosse, 1858Geographic Range:-South AfricaHabitat:-Intertidal to over 50 m depthDescription:-Source IconographySmall to medium-sized shell (15-40mm). Looks a lot like C. a. algoensis but usually with a lower spire and a more rounded shoulder. The ground colour of the shell is white with a bluish shade. The pattern consists of a broad brown band (occasionally red-brown or even blood-red) below the shoulder, and many spiral lines of alternating white bars and brown dots on the last

whorl. Axial brown streaks often present in variable numbers, especially around the basal region. Spire colour and pattern as in C. a. algoensis.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus scopulicola Okutani, 1972

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NSMT Mike Filmer

Published in: Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., no. 72, p. 98, pl. II, f. 12Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Hyotanse Bank, Izu-Shichito Is., off Honshu, Japan; 200 mType Data: Holotype in NSMT deposited and catalogued Type Size: 22.2 x 9.1 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Profundiconus Species:-scopulicola Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-SE Honshu, JapanHabitat:-Found at depths of 200 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeLast whorl ventricosely conical; outline convex adapically, less so (right side) or concave (left side) below. Shoulder rounded to indistinct. Spire high, outline slightly sigmoid. Larval shell of 2 whorls. First postnuclear whorl weakly tuberculate. Telcoconch sutural ramps slightly convex, with 3 increasing to 5 spiral grooves. Last whorl with fine closely spaced spiral ribs.Ground colour cream. Last whorl with brown axial flames forming 3 variably continuous spiral bands, below shoulder and on both sides of centre. Adapical and central ground-colour band with 1-2 spiral rows of brown spots. Larval whorls and adjacent teleoconch sutural ramp white. Following sutural ramps with brown radial streaks and blotches, covering nearly the entire ramp in late whorls. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 17-22 mm RW - g/mm RD 0.55-0.58 PMD 0.77-0.80 RSH 0.25-0.28Discussion:-C. scopulicola is only provisionally considered a valid species, as it may represent the subadult stage of a larger member of the species-group represented by C. smirna. C. lani differs in its narrower, more conical last whorl (RD 0.50-0.55; PMD 0.84-0.89) with straight outline, and in its more uniform colouration. C. smirna has a less ventricose last whorl and its spire has more tuberculate whorls (5-6). C. profundorum has more tuberculate spire whorls (4-7), 3 or more larval whorls, a generally more distinct shoulder and a spirally orientated last whorl

pattern with only one adapical colour band. C. ikedai can be distinguished by its generally narrower and less ventricose last whorl (RD 0.53-0.56; PMD 0.81- 0.84), lower spire (RSH 0.16-0.21), greater number of tuberculate spire whorls (3), more distinct shoulder, and by the absence of a brown pattern.

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Conus scopulorum Van Mol, Tursch & Kempf, 1971

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in RNHL Mike Filmer Picture Link: Specimen from the WJ Fenzan collection 24.6 mmPicture Link: Specimen from the WJ Fenzan collection 20.6 mmPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Zool. Meded. (Leiden), xlv, no. 15, p. 162, f. 3-6Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off Fernando de Noronha, Brazil (3deg 53' S. 32deg 37.2' W), 90 mType Data: Holotype in RNHL deposited and catalogued Type Size: 21 x 9.5 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Tenorioconus Species:-scopulorum Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-N. BrasilHabitat:-Found at depths of 50-120 mDescription:-Source VinkA small shell, up to 25 mm., with high to very high rather straight sided spire. Body whorl very slightly convex-sided, spire whorls including body whorl with strongly tuberculated shoulder. Surface with weak spiral threads near the base. Nucleus: at least 3 whorls; axial sculpture on sides of postnuclear whorls, the axial riblets are incised by two fine spiral grooves. No 'internal restriction' within the aperture. Operculum small, radula tooth with rather short blade and with only one strong tooth at the blade, besides the small barb at the apex. Periostracum yellowish, translucent. Shell white with yellowish brown patches and maculations arranged in two broad bands. In addition fine irregular axial and spiral lines, occasionally forming a 'brick- wall' pattern.Discussion:-C. scopulorum cannot be easily confused with other species, because of its distinct colour and pattern, strongly tuberculated whorls and small size.

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Conus scottjordani Poppe, Monnier & Tagaro, 2012

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SMNS Eric Monnier Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Visaya 3 (5), 47 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Cuyo Islands 10-25 mType Data: Holotype in SMNS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 68.7 x 31.3 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Genus:-Cylinder Species:-scottjordani Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-PhilippinesHabitat:-Found at depths of 10-25 mDescription:-Source Original descriptionThe shell is medium sized, between solid and moderately heavy. The relative diameter (RD) is about 0.60; the position of the maximum diameter (PMD) is about 0.89. The shape is conical. The outline of the last whorl is straight. The base color of the body whorl is white and. covered with a pattern of small triangles, usually called tents. The inside of the aperture is either white or toned with a pinkish tinge. Discussion:-C. telatus differs from C. scottjordani by the much more globose body whorl, the usually higher spire and their more rough pattern with thicker textile lines.

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Conus scriptus Sowerby ii, 1858

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: Thes. Conch. iii, p. 41, pl. 23 (209), f. 563 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Holotype (da Motta) in BMNHType Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 59 x 26 mmNomenclature: A homonym:- an Available name, an invalid name, a homonym of C. scriptus Deshayes, 1831Taxonomy: An invalid synonym:- a synonym (form) of Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Cylinder Species:-textile scriptus formaGeographic Range:-MauritiusHabitat:-Intertidal to about 50 m; on coral reef from the reef crest to deeper water inside the lagoon and sometimes also on flats of mainland coasts.

Description:-Source Living Conidae C. textileC. scriptus Lighter than other forms of C. textile. Last whorl ventricosely conical or conoid-cylindrical, sometimes approaching ovate or cylindrical (RD 0.55-0.63; PMD 0.74-0.77). Larval shell of about 2 white whorls; spire comparatively high (RSH 0.13-0.18). Spiral colour bands reduced to rows of spots and flecks. Known from St. Brandon, Indian OceanDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus sculletti Marsh, 1962

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in AMS Mike FilmerPicture Link: Paul Kersten Published in: J. Malacol. Soc. Aust., no. 6, p. 42, pl. 4, f. 3 & 4Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Cape Moreton, south of Queensland, Australia; 80-120 fathomsType Data: Holotype in AMS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 39 x 19.5 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Endemoconus Species:-sculletti Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-S. Queensland, Australia; N New South WalesHabitat:-Found at depths of 20-150 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical, outline slightly concave. Shoulder sharply angulate to carinate. Spire low, outline concave to straight. Larval shell of 1.75-2.25 whorls, maximum diameter 1.4- 1.5 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave, with pronounced radial threads and sometimes weak spiral striae adaxially. Last whorl sometimes with a few very weak spiral grooves near base.Ground colour white, sometimes suffused with very pale violet or pink. Last whorl with brown spots and flecks and axial streaks and blotches, fusing into a variable number of spiral bands, usually on basal third, just above centre and on adapical third. Larval whorls grade from beige to brown. Postnuclear sutural ramps with irregularly arranged brown radial markings. Aperture cream, pink or brown.Shell Morphometry L 38-49 mm RW 0.08-0.16 g/mm (L 38-45 mm) RD 0.50-0.58 PMD 0.95-1.00

RSH 0.06-0.12Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sculpturatus Röckel & da Motta, 1986

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMSF Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Heldia. 1, p. 133, f. 1, 3 & 8 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Dredged from Tayabas Bay, Samar Is., PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in NMSF deposited and catalogued Type Size: 42.6 x 17.9 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Phasmoconus Species:-sculpturatus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Samar and Marinduque, PhilippinesHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to narrowly conical, sometimes narrowly conoid-cylindrical to ventricosely conical; outline variably convex, straight (right side) and concave (left side) basally. Shoulder carinate. Spire usually of moderate height, outline concave. Larval shell of 2.5-3 whorls, maximum diameter about 0.8 mm. First 2-3 postnuclear whorls weakly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with 1 increasing to 6-8 spiral grooves. Last whorl with strong spiral ribs and pairs of ribs, often weakly granulose; intervening grooves with axial threads crossed by weak spiral striae or threads.Ground colour white. Last whorl with irregularly arranged brown dashes and dots on spiral ribs and in grooves between, often fusing in axial streaks or blotches, and in 2 interrupted spiral bands. Larval whorls white, sometimes grading to light beige. Early postnuclear sutural ramps immaculate beige; following ramps white, with brown radial streaks and blotches. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 32-44 mm RW 0.08-0.12 g/mm RD 0.48-0.52 PMD 0.78-0.90 RSH 0.12-0.17Discussion:-C. sculpturatus resembles C. alabaster, which differs in its broader last whorl (RD 0.52-0.58), larger number (3-6) of tuberculate early whorls, rather flat late sutural ramps, and in

its white to sparsely maculated last whorl and spire. C. asiaticus also has a broader last whorl (RD 0.53-0.59), more (3-6) tuberculate early whorls and a less prominent colour pattern. C. mucronatus also differs in having a broader last whorl (RD 0.52-0.62); it has a sharply angulate rather than carinate shoulder, generally weaker spiral selpture on the adapical part of the last whorl and prominent brown spiral lines on the last whorl. C. laterculatus can be distinguished by its angulate to sharply angulate rather than carinate shoulder, straighter spire outline and smaller number of spiral grooves (4-5) on the late sutural ramps; its last whorl is sculptured with ribbons rather than ribs and has straight rather than concave left side basally; its aperture is bluish-violet.

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Conus segondensis Fenzan, 2008

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN Bill Fenzan Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Vita Malacologica 6, 11-14 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Segond Channel, Luganville, Espiritu Santo, VanuataType Data: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 29.6 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus mucronatus Reeve, 1843Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Phasmoconus Species:-mucronatus segondensis subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-VanuataHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Original descriptionThe protoconch is smooth. Early teleconch whorls are slightly undulate and angular. Shape of the spire, in profile, is concave. The body whorl is conical with axially-striate spiral grooves between 17-19 angulated spiral ribs reaching to mid-body, and then ribs become flatter and wider to the shoulder. Color pattern of the shell is white to beige with wide, brown articulated bands towards the base. Pattern is interrupted by axial flames and weak tenting, especially near the shoulder. Aperture of the shell is white.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus segravei Gatliff, J. H., 1891

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMVM Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Vict. Nat. vii, p. 179, pl. Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Near Shoreham, Victoria, Australia.Type Data: Holotype in NMVM deposited and catalogued Type Size :33 x 16.8 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus clarus Smith, 1881Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Austroconus Species:-clarus segravei formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Victoria, AustraliaHabitat:-In 7-80 m; on sand substrateDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. clarusModerately small to medium-sized, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical, outline moderately convex adapically and less so toward base. Shoulder usually carinate, rarely angulate. Spire of moderate height to high, often stepped; outline straight to slightly concave. Larval shell of 2-2.25 whorls, maximum diameter 1-1.2 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls carinate except for first 2-3 whorls. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 2-3 increasing to 4-8 variably arranged spiral grooves, often weaker and with spiral striae in latest whorls. Last whorl smooth, except distinct spiral ribs on basal third, paired and grading to ribbons toward centre.Ground colour white to pale pink. Last whorl with fusing pale violet-brown or orange-brown clouds concentrated on both sides of a subcentral spiral ground-colour band. Larval whorls white. Postnuclear sutural ramps with radial streaks matching last whorl pattern in colour. Aperture pink, violet, or orange-brown.Shell Morphometry L 27-54 mm RW 0.06-0.26 g/mm RD 0.57-0.67 PMD 0.80-0.85 RSH 0.15-0.32 Specimens with strong pink flammules were named segravei.Gatliff states that shell is orange brown with irregular tent shaped white reticulations and encircled with many dotted lines of darker colour; narrow white band at shoulder and midbody.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus selenae Van Mol, Tursch & Kempf, 1967

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Ann. Inst. Oceanogr. 45, p. 250, f. 13., pl. 8, f. 2Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; from the stomach of a fish 40 mType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 14 x 8 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Genus:-Artemidiconus Species:-selenae Synonyms:- yemanjae Van Mol.Tursch & Kempf, 1967 Geographic Range:-BrazilHabitat:-Offshore dredged from muddy sand bottom at depths of 40 to 135 m.Description:-Source VinkA small shell, 10 to 20 mm, with convex sides of the body whorl and a straight sided spire. Spire whorls with 2 to 3 spiral ridges (or at least 1 or 2 faint spiral cords) often crossed by axial grooves, due to which distinct low granules are produced on the later spire whorls. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls. Shoulder rounded in typical specimens, but more angulate with large granules in the more triangular form C. yemanjae, which also has granules on the margin of some earlier whorls. Sculpture of the body whorl is highly variable: besides smooth specimens (found predominantly in the north-west part of the range) granulated specimens exist in which the granulation can be heavy or indistinct with granules close set or widely spaced, and forming axial plicae or a cobble-stone texture. Periostracum transparent yellowish. Colour: white, pinkish or yellow with orange brown, reddish or dark pinkish blotches on the spire and the body whorl, usually arranged in two irregular bands above and below the midbody area. The blotches may form uniform bands or be completely absent. Furthermore numerous spiral rows of orange brown spots or dashes may be present, often interconnecting the granules which are white.Discussion:-C. selenae could be confused with C. anaglypticus ( which has a more angulate smooth shoulder, and no spiral ridges on the spire whorls), and C. mindanus, C. pusio and various species traditionally associated with C. jaspideus (neither of which has distinct spiral ridges on the spire whorls).Tucker comments: Artemidiconus selenae can be distinguished from all Jaspidiconus by the structure of the spire whorls. In the former there are two to three well-developed spiral cords throughout the length of the whorl tops. In contrast, cords are not present in any species of Jaspidiconus.

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Conus semivelatus Sowerby iii, 1882

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMWC Mike Filmer

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 118, pl. 5, f. 3Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Red Sea

Type Data: Holotype in NMWC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 16 x 10 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus rattus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name semivelatus

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Conus senegalensis Gulden, Moolenbeek, Goud, 2017

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in RMHN Leiden, The NetherlandsPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Miscellanea Malacologica 7(3): 49‒53 (18.IV.2017)Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Senegal: Fatick, Ndayan, north of Popenguine, low tide, under stones, 0.5‒1 m depthType Data: Holotype in RMHN Leiden, The NetherlandsType Size: 21.2 mm x 11.1 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Disputed; see DiscussionCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lautoconus Species:-senegalensis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:- Endemic for Senegal, from the Cape Vert Peninsula (Yoff) till about 100 km south, Pointe‒SarèneHabitat:- Under stones, 0.5‒1 m depthDescription:- Length 21.2 mm, width 11.1 mm, spire 5.5 mm. Protoconch and post nuclear whorls eroded, spire of about 8 whorls, rather high. Spire whorls of penultimate and body whorl with 5 spiral grooves. Shoulder rounded, body whorl rather straight and smooth. On the dorsal side of the anterior end about 5 grooves, on the ventral side about 12. Colour: Basic colour greyish white. On spire whorls some irregular brown dots, just below the shoulder a whitish spiral. Pattern of irregular greyish white flammules and dots (sometimes zigzagging) with numerous fine brown spots and lines. Just below the middle a whitish spiral, sometimes interrupted by very fine brown spots. Just before the aperture an axial white growth mark. On the ventral side the lower part nearly greyish white. Aperture dark brown with a white inner lip, a white spiral just below the shoulder and a white spiral just below the middle. Periostracum a very thin, transparant brown layer.Discussion:- Shells were previously on the market as cf ventricosusSamuel Abalde, Manuel J. Tenorio, Carlos M.L. Afonso, Rafael Zardoya state that L. senegalensis is a form of L. cacao, which in turn becomes a junior synonym of L. mercator in their paper on Mitogenomic phylogeny of cone snails endemic to Senegal, Elsevier, 2017

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Conus sennottorum Rehder & Abbott, 1951

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Rev. Soc. Malacol. 8, p. 63, pl. 9, f. 1 & 2 Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: 50 mi. SW of Campeche, Yucatan, Mexico; 15-16 fathomsType Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 35 x 20 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gradiconus Species:-sennottorum Synonyms:- According to Filmer Conus gibsonsmithorum Petuch, 1986Geographic Range:-W. Florida, USA - Yucatan, MexicoHabitat:-Deep waterDescription:-Source VinkA moderately heavy shell 25 to 40 mm, with high, sharply pointed, strongly concave sided spire. Body whorl turnip-shaped and smooth, except for flat spiral ridges near the base. Shoulder carinate, spire whorls smooth, flat above, with carinate margins, the shoulder distinctly overhanging the suture of the next whorl. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls; first 2 to 4 postnuclear whorls irregularly nodulous. Operculum brown or yellowish brown, about 1/3 of aperture height. Body whorl white with spiral rows of small dots and dashes, which are often restricted to the area above mid body only.Discussion:-

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Conus serranegrae Rolán, 1990

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Mike FilmerPicture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Iberus Sup. 2, p. 49, pl. 1, f. 15, pl. 2, f. 15, pl. 3 Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Serra Negra, Isla de Sal, Cape Verde Is.Type Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 16.1 x 9.1 mm

Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-serranegrae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Serra Negra area, Sal, Cape Verde IslandsHabitat:-Found on shallow bottom on stones among the small weeds that retain fine sand and in the cracks of the same rocks.Description:-Source:Iberus, Sup 2 1990 Rolán New species of conesMorphology of the seashell. The majority of the specimens have a maximum dimension between 10 and 18mm. No exceptional specimens have been seen. The silhouette is characteristic: seashell small, straight, with spire a little high and straight. Spire is of white color with areas of very light brown color or cream, not stepped, with a quite constant structure and, always striated. The coloring is of an initial appearance of cream or gray. With magnification, can be seen that it has fine reticulation formed by white ground and marks of siena, light green, olive and, rarely, light brown. At times, the the reticulation is in the form of zig-zag and usually tends to form evident little darker bands. The variability of the body pattern is very limited, the being almost exactly the same. The interior of the aperture is violet with the interruption from two bands of bluish white color, one almost in the center and another by below of the anal channel. The columella has constantly a violet color. Periostracum yellow, matt, transparent and fine. Larval seashell. In juvenile specimens it has been found that the protoconch had blue white color in its first whorls. The juvenile seashell presents a similar pattern to the adult seashell. The study has not been able to measure larval seashells, but some specimens examined obtained and supposed of this species, was yellow with some tones of brown in the whorl.Discussion:-

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Conus sertacinctus Röckel, 1986

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMSF Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Arch. Moll., cxvi, p. 226, f. 1-2Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Solomons:Marau, Guadalcanal; 3-10 m in sandType Data: Holotype in NMSF deposited and catalogued Type Size: 31.1 x 15.3 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE

Genus:-Asprella Species:-sertacinctus Synonyms:- a valid speciesGeographic Range:-Philippines – S. IndiaHabitat:-Usually in 2-30 m, on sand; sometimes dredged as deep as 100 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical, sometimes slightly ovate; outline convex adapically, less so to straight below; left side occasionally slightly concave near base. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder subangulate to rounded, rarely angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave to sigmoid. Larval shell of 2-2.25 whorls, maximum diameter 0.8-1 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, often slightly convex in late whorls, with 0-1 increasing to 2-5 spiral grooves; grooves may be weaker on latest ramps. Last whorl with spiral ribbons on basal third to half; ribbons often distinctly narrower or sometimes replaced by ribs at anterior end. In shells from Flores, last whorl occasionally approaching conoid-cylindrical, with an almost straight right side centrally. Last whorl with spiral ribbons on basal half to sometimes two-thirds, split into narrow ribbons and/or ribs on anterior third. Shell morphology otherwise corresponding with that of typical form.In shells from Batangas Bay, last whorl ventricosely conical or conoid-cylindrical; left side usually concave basally and right side often almost straight centrally. Shoulder subangulate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 0-1 increasing to 3-5 spiral grooves or 3 major and 3 minor grooves; grooves weak to obsolete in latest whorls. Last whorl with spiral ribbons below centre, narrower or split into narrow ribbons and ribs anteriorly. Shell morphology otherwise matching that of typical form.In typical form, ground colour white. Last whorl with 4 spiral bands of axially aligned brown spots and lines, below shoulder, on both sides of centre and at base; central bands broader and usually emphasized by pale beige underlying bands. Distinctly banded shells intergrade with immaculate shells. Larval whorls white to beige. Postnuclear sutural ramps with pale brown dots at outer margins and sparse light brown to brown radial lines and streaks. Aperture white or light yellowish to orangish brown deep withinDiscussion:-C. sertacinctus resembles C. collisus, C. andamanensis, C. subulatus, C. broderipii, C. scalptus, and C. stramineus. C. collisus has a generally more conical last whorl (PMD 0.80-0.90), a more angulate shoulder, and a more prominent spiral sculpture on its late sutural ramps. C. andamanensis tends to have a conical or conoid-cylindrical rather than ventricosely conical last whorl, its spire outline is concave rather than sigmoid, and its last whorl pattern comprises small scattered markings. C. subulatus differs in its narrower last whorl (RD 0.51-0.54), more angulate shoulder, and its slightly concave late sutural ramps with a more prominent spiral sculpture. C. scalptus is smaller (to 28 mm), has more prominent spiral sculpture on the late sutural ramps, and the spiral lines on its last whorl are finer than those of dark-coloured C. sertacinctus from Solomon Is. Typical C. broderipii can be distinguished by a generally lower spire with a concave rather than sigmoid outline, a generally more angulate shoulder, the absence of beige background shades, and by a last whorl pattern of typically 3 instead of 4 spiral bands.

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Conus seychellensis Nevill & Nevill, 1874

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in ZSIC Mike Filmer ZSIC

Published in: J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 43, pt. 2,. no. 1, p. 22Ocean geography:Indo-PacificType Locality: SeychellesType Data: Holotype in ZSIC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 39 x 19 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus litoglyphus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Strategoconus Species:-litoglyphus seychellensis formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-SeychellesHabitat:-Usually subtidal to about 60 m: on reefs, lagoon pinnacles, rocky platforms exposed to wave action and more frequently below 10 m on sand or reef rock under dead corals. or on reef slopes.Description:- C. seychellensis is a colour form of C. litoglyphus completely lacking white bands.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sharmiensis Wils, 1986

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in DMNH Alan KohnRadula Link: Manuel Tenorio & Rolán

Published in: Gloria Maris 25 (5 – 6): p. 189, figs 71 - 72Ocean geography: Red SeaType Locality: Marsa el'At, 7 kms North of Sharm el Sheikh, Gulf of Akaba, Red SeaType Data: Holotype in ZMUA- Naturalis deposited and catalogued Type Size: 19.5 x 11.9 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A form of Conus parvatusCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Harmoniconus Species:-parvatus f. sharmiensisGeographic Range:-Red Description: Form sharmiensis is very similar to typical form. Wils stated differences are a blood red colour to spots, axial marks on shoulder edge and no marks on spire.

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Conus shaskyi Tenorio, Tucker & Chaney, 2012

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SBMNH Manolo Tenorio

Published in: The Cones of the Eastern Pacific p. 45, pls. 252 & 303 Ocean geography: Eastern PacificType Locality: NE of Isla Manuelita, Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, (West coast),(fine coral rubble bottom, 120 mtrs)Type Data: Holotype in SBMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 34.7 x 16.7 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Dauciconus Species:-shaskyi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Known only from Isla del CocoHabitat:-Found at depths of 100-200 mDescription:-Source Original descriptionsized with a maximum length of 49.2 mm. Type series averaged 34.2 mm in length and 17.0 mm in width. The shoulder is angular to slightly convex. The sides are slightly convex just anterior to the shoulder but become flat or even slightly concave near midbody region. The general appearance thus becomes one of a moderately elongated conical shell. The coloration consists essentially of all shades of orange-brown, orange, or yellow-orange with faded specimens more yellow than brown. The pattern on the spire is made up of brown markings leaving irregular patches of white on the whorl tops. Except at the shoulder angle these markings are the same color shade as the color bands located on the body whorl. Markings at and just anterior to the shoulder angle are darker in shade than the color bands but match the color shade of the body's longitudinal markings. The color pattern of the body whorl is essentially one of three orange to orange brown bands. The interior of the aperture is white to blue-white. Discussion:-

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Conus shikamai Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils, 1985

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype C. purpuratus Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Basteria 48, p. 233, f. 472Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: South China Sea off Taiwan (C. purpuratus, Shikama, 1979)Type Data: Holotype in NSMT deposited and catalogued (C. purpuratus)

Type Size: 45.7 x 21.6 mmNomenclature: an Available name, a new replacement name (nomen novum) for C. purpuratus Shikama, 1979.Taxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kioconus Species:-shikamai Synonyms:- Conus purpuratus Shikama, 1979Geographic Range:-Taiwan - Philippines - IndonesiaHabitat:-Fouund at depths of 100-250 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to moderately large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl usually conical, outline slightly convex below shoulder, then straight. Shoulder angulate, irregularly undulate to weakly tuberculate. Spire low, outline concave. Larval shell of 3-3.5 whorls, maximum diameter 0.8-0.9 mm. First 3 postnuclear whorls weakly tuberculate to irregularly undulate; adjacent whorls nearly smooth, late whorls undulate. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave, with 2-3 increasing to 4-6 spiral grooves, obsolete in latest whorls. Last whorl with variably spaced spiral ribs at base.Ground colour pale bluish violet. Last whorl with a broad, usually continuous, brown spiral band on each side of centre and with brown axial flames, usually crossing spiral bands and adjacent ground-colour areas. Rather evenly spaced, fine dark brown spiral lines cover entire last whorl of subadult specimens but are mainly restricted to the brown spiral bands in adult shells. Larval whorls brown. Teleoconch sutural ramps heavily maculated with dark brown radial markings. Aperture violet.Shell Morphometry L 45-70 mm RW 0.17-0.45 g/mm (L 45-60 mm) RD 0.49-0.53 PMD 0.85-0.94 RSH 0.04-0.08Discussion:-The earlier name purpuratus proved unavailable according to the rules of the ICZN, and Coomans et al. (1985a) renamed this species C. shikamai. C. shikamai is similar to C. recluzianus, C. sukhadwalai, and C. voluminalis. C. recluzianus in all its forms can generally be separated by the presence of distinct spiral grooves on late sutural ramps, the regularly spaced undulation or tuberculation of the shoulder, the coarser spiral lines on the last whorl, and the thicker, less translucent periostracum with heavier tufts. C. recluzianus from Japan and Taiwan (including form urashimanus and form gloriakiiensis) also has a broader last whorl (RD 0.53-0.60) and different colouration. C. recluzianus from the Indian Ocean may look similar because of its pronounced spiral lines, but has a white ground colour. Form roseorapum of C. recluzianus can also be distinguished by the more prominent tuberculation of its late postnuclear whorls, its different colouration, and by the absence of pronounced spiral lines from its last whorl. C. sukhadwalai differs from C. shikamai in having a distinctly broader and less straight-sided last whorl (RD 0.59-0.66), smooth postnuclear whorls, and absence of spiral lines from its last whorl.

C. shikamai differs from C.voluminalis in its undulate to tuberculate shoulder, multispiral brown

larval shell (3-3.5 vs. 2-2.25 whorls) and fewer tuberculate spire whorls; its last whorl is generally narrower (RD 0.49-0.53) and its spire somewhat lower (RSH 0.04-0.08).

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Conus siamensis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Enc. Méth. 1, p. 662, no. 58, (1798, Tab. Enc., pl. 329, fig. 8)Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Indian Ocean [erroneous]Type Data: Lectotype in MHNGType Size: 102.5 x 62 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A subspecies of Conus pulcherCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kalloconus Species:-pulcher byssinusGeographic Range:- Canary Islands and MadeiraHabitat:-Shallow WaterDescription:-Source Iconography: The shell is similar to that of C. p. pulcher, but more brightly colored, with shades of violet-brown. Shell is solid and heavy, always broader than that of the nominate form, with a very low or low spire. The lip is very thin even in adult specimens. They may grow up to 180 mm, but the average size depends much on the particular population. The largest specimens can be found at Lanzarote, the smallest at La Palma.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sieboldii Reeve, 1848

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, Suppl., pl. I, sp. 269Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: JapanType Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 51 x 21 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid species

Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Yeddoconus Species: sieboldiiSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Japan - TaiwanHabitat:-In 50-400 m; reported from mud bottomDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately large to large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl usually conical or ventricosely conical; outline variably convex at adapical third to half, straight below; left side often slightly concave toward base. Shoulder broadly carinate. Spire of moderate height and stepped, outline straight to slightly concave. Larval shell of 3 whorls, maximum diameter 1.1 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls carinate, first 4-7 also tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps concave, with densely spaced radial threads, sometimes with numerous spiral striae in late whorls. Last whorl with punctate or axially striate spiral grooves from base to centre, separating narrow ribbons or ribs anteriorly and broad ribbons posteriorly.Ground colour white, sometimes bluish grey. Last whorl with sparse brown axial markings, mainly above centre, sometimes forming an interrupted spiral band. Spiral rows of widely spaced brown dots occur in some specimens. Larval whorls white. Teleoconch sutural ramps with very sparse brown radial markings, primarily in early whorls. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 60-129 mm RW 0.14-0.60 g/mm (L 60-111 mm) RD 0.49-0.56 PMD 0.82-0.89 RSH 0.13-0.20Discussion:-C. sieboldii resembles C. tribblei, C. lenavati, C. sugimotonis, C. ione, C. teramachii, and C. boholensis. C. tribblei has a similar colour pattem but differs in its more solid shell in specimens of same size (RW 0.30-1.01), the strong spiral grooves on its sutural ramps, and in its lower spire (RSH 0.04-0.13) that is not stepped. C. lenavati also has a similar colour pattern but its last whorl is distinctly broader (RD 0.56-0.71), its spire lower (RSH 0.02-0.13) and not carinate, and its sutural ramps have distinct spiral grooves. C. sugimotonis has a more solid shell, broader last whorl (RD 0.54-0.62), lower spire (RSH 0.02-0.1 1), and pronounced spiral grooves on its sutural ramps. C. ione does not become as large (to 76 mm), has a broader and slightly pyriform last whorl (RD 0.55-0.64), and bears regularly set brown dots at the outer margins of its sutural ramps. C. teramachii differs in the absence of any brown pattem elements, the distinct spiral grooves on the sutural ramps, and in the distinctive serrated operculum.

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Conus silviae Cossignani, 2014

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MMM Cupra MarittimaPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologia 82, p. 18 – 19 Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Morro de Arreia, BoaVista, Cape VerdeType Data: Holotype in MMM Cupra Marittima Type Size: 21,2 x 12,1 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-silviaeSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Boa Vista, Cape Verde IslandsHabitat:- The specimens studied were found to be 0.5 to 4 meters deep, on rockDescription:-Original description in ItalianPyriform shell of small dimensions, compared with average for the genus, with a range from 18 to 28 mm in height, with harmonic size distribution; spire moderately concave profile and moderately accentuated sutures; rounded shoulder and aperture that forms a modest step adapically. The aperture is wide and the margin slightly rounded adapically and is straight in the central area. The protoconch is domed and aligned with the spire. 7-8 small spiral grooves are highlighted in the tops of the whorls. The last whorl smooth, with sparse weak grooves, has two color bands of brown color: one adapical and one anteriorly; a middle band clearly distinguished from the brown bands is characterized by white triangular marks placed in a counterclockwise direction to achieve a decorative and distinctive pattern; the same decoration is found on the shoulder between the aperture and the last spiral suture. The aperture is white with a lip which reveals the coloring of the shell.Discussion:- The new species has some affinity with Conus josephinae Rolán, 1980, but there are some elements that differentiate unequivocally starting from the higher spire, the profile is less triangular, with the prominent color bands and ornamentation evident; and an aperture slightly wider. Also Africonus swinneni Tenorio, Afonso, Cunha & Rolán, 2014 has certain similarities but has a lower height-to-width ratio and more angled shoulder.

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Conus simanoki Tenorio, Poppe, Tagaro, 2007

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Bill Fenzan Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Visaya 2 (2), 78 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: N. W. ThailandType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 81.3 x 44.3 mm

Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus recluzianus Bernardi, 1853Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kioconus Species:-recluzianus simanoki subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-ThailandHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source: Original descriptionShell conical in shape, porcellaneous in texture. Last whorl straight; aperture narrow, becoming wider below midwhorl. Shoulder angulate and heavily undulate. Spire low to very low, suturual ramps straight to slightly concave with 4 strong spiral striae and very fine growth threads. Base color white with purple hue. Pattern of large axial blotches or streaks. The irregular yellow to dark brown blotches are set in two spiral rows. Spire with axial blotches same colour as those on whorl. Basal part of columella white or cream. The main differences from C. recluzianus are larger size, more prominent undulation on shoulder and a larger and broader siphonal canal.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus simonei Petuch & Myers, 2014

Pictures:Picture Link: MZSP São Paulo Petuch & Myers Picture Link: Paul KerstenPicture Link: Paul KerstenPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Xenophora Taxonomy 3, p. 36, Figure 3 F, G Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro State, BrazilType Data: Holotype in MZSP deposited and catalogued Type Size: 20 x 10 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHIDAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-simoneiSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-from Guarapari, Espirito Santo State to central Rio de Janeiro State, BrazilHabitat:-Found on sand in shallow waterDescription:-Source: Original descriptionA proportionally broad, inflated, and stocky shell. Wide across the shoulder; shoulder sharply angled, bordered with large, rounded carina; spire proportionally low, broadly pyramidal, with slightly canaliculated whorls; body whorl smooth and polished, with 10 deeply incised spiral sulci around anterior one-third; spire whorls smooth; body whorl base color deep blue-purple,

overlaid with large amorphous dark brown patches arranged in 2 broad bands, one around posterior two-thirds and one around anterior end; blue-purple base color and brown patches, in turn, overlaid with 16 – 18 evenly-spaced rows of alternating dark brown and white dots and dashes; shoulder carina marked with 10 – 16 large dark brown spots; spire whorls with large, regurlarly-spaced slender dark brown flammules, some of which connect with spots on shoulder carina; early whorls pale tan; aperture proportionally wide, becoming wider toward anterior end, interior of aperture dark purple brown; protoconch proportionally large, rounded, mamillate, composed of 2 whorls.Discussion:-This has always been incorrectly indentified as Conus duvali or Conus mindanus f. duvali.

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Conus simonis Bozzetti, 2010

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Bozzetti

Published in: Malacologia 66 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: SE MadagascarType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 26 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A synonym of Pioconus nigropunctatus Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1992 or a synonym of Pioconus achatinus Gmelin, 1791Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:- achatinus f. simonis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Southern MadagascarHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Original descriptionSpecies with a shell of small size for the genus, maximum length 26.50mm, profile conical, spire of moderate height with concave outline,shoulder subangulate, body whorl sides straight to moderately convex. Protoconch consisting of about 2 whorls, smooth and globose, teleoconch of 7 slightly turretted whorls, suture well impressed, marginated by a spiral cord, another prominent cord at the shoulder, subsutural ramp concave, sculptured by 5-7 spiral grooves, shoulder more or less tuberculated on the teleoconch, but not on the body whorl. Aperture uniformly narrow, moderately expanded at the anterior sinus, fasciole and base covered by rounded spiral plicae evenly spaced, minor spirals in the interspaces; thick axial cordlets on the whole body whorl surface. Ground colour orange brown with a darker band on the shoulder, irregular white blotches axially elongated distributed on the shoulder, in the central area of lateral walls and at the base; spiralline of articulate brownish/black and white blotches on the shoulder. First teleoconch whorls uniform yellowish, following ones white with evenly distributed orange/brownish blotches. Laterals covered by thick and evenly spaced black spiral lines,

continuous or dashed, corresponding on the base to the spiral plicae, fasciole whitish to yellowish. Inside of the mouth white with a blackish axial band at the outer lip, lighter in the central area, at the shoulder and at the anterior sinus. Operculum and soft parts unknown.Discussion:- Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin in Xenophora Taxonomy 1: A synonym (juvenile) of Pioconus achatinus Gmelin, 1791.

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Conus simplex Sowerby ii, 1858

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Thes. Conch. iii, p. 31, pl. 9 (195), f. 199Ocean geography: South AfricaType Locality: East Indies; Corrected to Simonstown, False Bay, SA.Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 49 x 23 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus algoensis Sowerby ii, 1834Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Sciteconus Species:-algoensis simplex formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-W. False Bay, RSAHabitat:-Intertidal to over 50 m depthDescription:-Source IconographyModerately small (25-35 mm), but specimens from the population of Simons Harbour and Windmill Beach are unusually large, attaining more than 70 mm in length. Last whorl conical, with a subangulate to rounded shoulder and straight sides. Spire of moderate height, with a straight profile, occasionally stepped. Sutural ramps slightly concave. Spiral ribs present around the basal region. Ground colour of the shell white. Aperture wider than in C. a. algoensis, often with adapically flaring lip. The aperture is white, with a diffuse orange-brown axial blotch in the upper part of the inner region. The pattern of the last whorl consists of interrupted brown axial streaks, and an interrupted spiral broad band below the shoulder, absent in certain specimens. Scattered brown dots and dashes are often present. The spire is patterned with thin brown axial flecks or streaks.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sinaiensis Petuch & Berschauer, 2016

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in LACM

Published in: The Festivus, Vol. 48; p. 183 – 187, fig. 1 E -GOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Northernmost Gulf of Aqaba (Gulf of Eilat), Red Sea, IsraelType Data: Holotype in LACM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 22.1 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Miliariconus Species:-sinaiensisSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:- Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat), Red SeaHabitat:- exposed on coral rubble in 1 m depth Description:- Shell of average size for genus, inflated, stocky, vasiform, turbinate, with distinctly rounded sides; spire proportionally low, broadly subpyramidal; shoulder and spire whorls ornamented with 10-12 large, rounded knobs; body whorl smooth and shiny, ornamented with 10-12 faintly incised grooves on anterior half of some specimens anterior end and siphonal area ornamented with 6 proportionally large and conspicuous spiral cords; body whorl base color pale pink or salmon-pink, overlaid by 2 large wide bands of dark pinkish-rose or pinkish-tan, one around mid-body and one around anterior end, with color bands separated by wide white band around mid-body; body whorl color bands overlaid with numerous tan spiral lines and large obliquely-angled thin white flammules, arranged in zig-zag chevron pattern; anterior tip of shell white or pale yellow-white; large cords around anterior end marked with alternating white and tan spots; spire whorls and shoulder knobs white, with large reddish-tan elongated patch present between shoulder knobs; aperture proportionally narrow; interior of aperture white, with 2 large dark pinkish-tan patches that correspond to dark body whorl bands; periostracum thin, adherent, dark yellow-tan.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sindon Reeve, 1844

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMWC Mike Filmer

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, pl. 43, sp. 233Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not known.Type Data: Holotype in NMWC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 35 x 19 mmNomenclature: An Available name

Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus omaria Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Darioconus Species:-omaria sindon formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-W. PacificHabitat:-Shallow subtidal to about 50 m, on coral reefs and in reef lagoons, in sand and rubbleDescription:- Discussion:-C. sindon has been considered to represent an individual variant of C. pennaceus with closely spaced axial lines or recognized as valid species separate from both C. omaria and C. pennaceus. An axially lineate pattern occurs in various species (C. omaria; C. pennaceus; C. madagascariensis; C. textile; C. victoriae). In colour pattern, the holotype of C. sindon is slightly closer to similar forms of C. omaria than to those of C. pennaceus with respect to shell morphology, it cannot be unequivocally assigned to either of these species. RKK provisionally place C. sindon into the synonymy of C. omaria.

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Conus singletoni Cotton, 1945

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SAMA Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Rec. S. Austral. Mus. 8, p. 263, pl. 4, f. 10 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Victoria, Western Port, W. AustraliaType Data: Holotype in SAMA deposited and catalogued Type Size: 43.5 x 22 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus anemone Lamarck, 1810Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Floraconus Species:-anemone singletoni formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-W. AustraliaHabitat:- Description: C. singletoni: A variant with a white shell

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Conus sirventi Fenaux, 1943

Pictures:.Picture Link: Figure Original Description

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. (Monaco), no. 834, p. 4, f. 10 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: MadagascarType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Fenaux 1943, fig.10Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Cylinder Species:-textile sirventi formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-MadagascarHabitat:-Intertidal to about 50 m; on coral reef from the reef crest to deeper water inside the lagoon and sometimes also on flats of mainland coasts.Description: C. sirventi: A form of C. textile with a ventricosely conical last whorl and a reduced pattern. Fenaux states that it has a white shiny base colour with fawn scattered axial wavy lines.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus skinneri da Motta, 1982

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Publ. Ocas. Soc. Port. Malac., no. 1, p. 8, f. 8Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Nusa Tenggara, eastern coast of BaliType Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 50 x 25 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus nobilis Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Eugeniconus Species:-nobilis skinneri formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Bali, Sumbawa IndonesiaHabitat:-In 1 to 10 m; on sand bottom with Foraminifera, where water is clear and with slight currents.Description:-

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Conus skoglundae Tenorio, Tucker, Chaney, 2012

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SBMNH Manolo Tenorio Published in: The Cones of the Eastern Pacific, p. 64, pl. 278 Ocean geography: Eastern PacificType Locality: Bahia Los Frailes, Baja California Sur, Mexico.Type Data: Holotype in SBMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 24.9 x 10.4 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gradiconus Species:-skoglundae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Cape region of Baja California Sur, MexicoHabitat:-Found at depths of 45-60 mDescription:-Source Original descriptionThe dimensions of the specimens measured ranged from 17.9 to 26.3 mm long and 7.0 to 11.9 mm in shell width. Shell shape is variable. The body whorl is moderately narrowly conical in shape. The spire is elevated but not scalariform. Color pattern is variable but rather simple. It consists of light brown markings on a white ground color. The brown coloration occurs primarily as narrow blotches in two zones. The midbody area is white except for one or two of the interrupted spiral lines. The anterior end is white. The interior of the aperture is blue-white in color.Discussion:

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Conus smirna Bartsch & Rehder, 1943

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer

Published in: Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 56, p. 87Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Near Kauai, Hawaii; 257-312 fathoms.Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 60.9 x 22.8 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Profundiconus Species:-smirna Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms

Geographic Range:-S Japan; Hawaii; New ZealandHabitat:-Found at depths of 400-500 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately large, moderately solid. Last whorl slightly pyriform, outline convex adapically, slightly concave below. Shoulder indistinct from spire but with a prominent edge. Spire high, outline almost straight. Larval shell of more than 2 whorls, maximum diameter about 1.1 mm (shells from New Caledonia). First 5-6 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 1-2 increasing to 4-6 spiral grooves, obsolete in late whorls. Last whorl with spiral ribs on basal third, followed by spiral threads to shoulder.Ground colour white. Larval whorls light brown. Last whorl with a broad pale brown spiral band on each side of centre. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 61- mm ((Holotype)) RW - RD 0.51- PMD 0.90- RSH 0.27- C. smirna Rather narrow, spire taller, nodules heavier extending to sixth whorl; Hawaiian Is;C. profundorum Broader spire lower nodules weak to third whorl; S Japan;C. scopulicola is juvenile small shell with axial flammules in three bands with few rows smaller spots;Discussion:-C. smirna is hard to separate from similarly shaped and probably related species.C. profundorum is similar to C. smirna, which differs in its shoulder having a prominent edge, its flat late sutural ramps, and in the simple pattern of its last whorl with 2 pale spiral bands on the white ground. Shells of C. smirna from New Caledonia and shells of C. profundorum from New Caledonia can be distinguished by their shape (RD 0.49-0.53 vs. 0.62-0.63), relative spire height (RSH 0.21-0.28 vs. 0.16-0.17), and colour pattern.Walls, [1979] figured a specimen from S.W. of Midway Id., Hawaii as representative of 'typical' Hawaiian C. smirna. A somewhat smaller, but otherwise closely corresponding shell was collected in 510 m near Oahu, Hawaii. These shells differ from the holotype of C. smirna mainly in their broader and ventricosely conical to conical last whorls, their darker brown spiral bands, pale brown aperture, and less distinct shoulder edge; they resemble the type of C. profundorum, and their assignment to C. smirna remains doubtful. Specimens collected outside the New Caledonian lagoon in 545-560 m were identified as C. smirna. They correspond with C. smirna in relative diameter and outline of the last whorl, in size and in relative spire height. They differ in their more ventricose shape (PMD 0.8 1-0.86 vs. 0.90), the absence of spiral grooves on sutural ramps, and in theaxial as well as spiral arrangement of their pattern. Their assignment to C. smirna also remains doubtful. Similar specimens from subtropical waters north of New Zealand live in 200- 1,180 m. They recall the New Caledonian shells in pattern, sculpture and shape except for their broader last whorl (RD 0.55-0.61). According to Marshall (1981), their multispiral larval shell excludes conspecificity with the similar C. scopulicola; he assigned them to C. smirna, which he considered conspecific with C. profundorum. Their relationship to the shells from the New Caledonian area as well as to C. smirna needs further research.

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Conus smirnoides Tenorio, 2015

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Xenophora Taxonomy 7, p. 3-14, fig. 2 A, Pl. 2 1-5, Pl. 3 1-5Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Ile des Pins, southern New CaledoniaType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 71.8 x 26.3 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Profundiconus Species:-smirnoidesSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-New CaledoniaHabitat:-480-500 mDescription:-Source original descriptionShell narrowly conoid-cylindrical, moderately large to large-sized. Spire high to very high, straight or slightly convex in profile, with pointed apex (when present). Sutural ramps flat or very slightly concave, with very fine, almost indistinct striae and arcuate threads becoming obsolete or absent in late sutural ramps. Protoconch o 3.0–3.5 whorls, brown, smooth, with maximum diameter of 1.1 mm. Tubercles on first 5–6 teleoconch whorls, absent thereafter.Shoulder rounded and rather indistinct in adults, angulated in younger specimens. Sides of shell very slightly convex below shoulder, straight abapically, becoming very slightly concavenear abapical extremity. Last adult whorl smooth and shiny apart from very fine striae around basal quarter, more evident in younger specimens. Posterior notch shallow, C-shaped. Noanterior notch.Background color white to pale yellow-brown. Last whorl with axial brown streaks forming two broad spiral bands leaving a narrow, pale spiral band slightly below midpoint. In some specimens axial brown streaks crowded and fused to form solid brown spiral bands with sparse white axial streaks. In other specimens pattern of axial streaks of alternating brown and white orpale yellow-brown color predominates. Another narrow, pale spiral band is present at height of shoulder. Spire variably patterned with brown radial flecks or blotches on a white or pale yellow-brown ground. Interior of aperture typically white, pale brown in some specimens. Columella white or very pale yellow-brown. Periostracum yellow-brown, smooth, translucent. Operculumelongated, margin serrate, length about one quarter of aperture height.

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Conus smoesi Petuch & Berschauer, 2016

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MZSP David Berschauer

Published in: The Festivus Vol. 48, Issue 4; P. 260; Fig. 2 I - LOcean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: off Camocim, Ceará State, BrazilType Data: Holotype in MZSP deposited and catalogued Type Size : 19.9 x 11.1 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Poremskiconus Species:-smoesiSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:- only known from the areas offshore of Camocim, Ceara State, Brazil, but may also occur on the offshore Canopus Banks.Habitat:- Taken in crab traps, from 20 m depth on coralline algal nodule (rhodolith) seaDescription:-Source: Original descriptionShell of average size for genus, stocky, truncated, with inflated body whorl; shoulder sharply angled, subcarinate; spire elevated, subpyramidal, with scalariform stepped whorls; body whorl smooth and shiny, sculptured with 8-10 thin, low spiral threads around anterior end; body whorl color white or pale pinkish-white, overlaid with numerous large, amorphous angular brown or reddishbrown flammules, arranged in zebra or zig-zag pattern; zebra flammules interrupted by white mid-body band, which bisects them into two sections; zebra flammules are not solidlycolored, but are composed of darker tan or orange-colored, extremely fine, closely-packed longitudinal lines superimposed upon paler tan or orange base color; spire whorls white, marked with widely-spaced dark orange-brown crescent-shaped flammules; edge of spire flammules intersect with zig-zag flammules of body whorl; early whorls orange; protoconch proportionally large, domed, orange in color, composed of 2 whorls; aperture narrow, white within interior.Discussion:-

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Conus soaresi Trovao, 1978

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer

Published in: Bol. Cent. Port. Activ. Subaq. ser. IV-N-4, p. 9, pl. I, f. 3-3b, pl. II, f. 1-1aOcean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: SenegalType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 30.6 x 15.9 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus cloveri Walls, 1978Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name soaresi

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Conus sogodensis Poppe, Monnier & Tagaro, 2012

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMPM Eric Monnier Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Visaya 3 (5), 49 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Sogod, Cebu, Philippines, (muddy sand bottom, 180 - 250 mtrs)Type Data: Holotype in NMPM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 52 x 21.5 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A color form of Conus laterculatus; described as a valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Genus:-Phasmoconus Species:- laterculatus sogodensis formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Sogod, PhilippinesHabitat:-Found in sand at 180-250 mDescription:-Source Original description The protoconch is tilted, multispiral, with two and a half light brown glossy whorls. The spire is moderately high, with a slightly concave outline and has an angulate shoulder. The relative diameter (RD) is 0.47; the position of the maximum diameter (PMD) is 0.81. The shape of the shell is narrowly conoid cylindrical. The shoulder is broadly carinate and smooth. The last whorl is covered with around 25 spiral grooves. The base color of the shell is creamy white, also the in- side of the aperture. A pattern of irregular light orange- brown blotches covers the body whorl. These irregular bands are formed on the body whorl, where the blotches become slightly larger and more condensed. The pattern disappears towards the siphonal canal.Discussion:-A comparison suggests that C. laterculus is very similar but has a violet tint and darker brown markings in fresh specimens.

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Conus solangeae Bozzetti L., 2004

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN MNHN Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologia Mostra Mondiale 43, 13 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Lavanono, Southern MadagascarType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 25 x 13 mmNomenclature: An Available name

Taxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Textilia Species:-solangeae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-S. MadagascarHabitat:-Found at depths of 60 metersDescription:-Source Original description Malacologica Mostra MondialeThe species is of small dimensions for the shell type, obconical, polished, wide protoconch, cup shaped, early whorls -2 turns- smooth and prominent. The spire low with concave profile, four whorls of teleconch. Shoulder varies from rounded to subangulated, sides convex on the adapical third, straight near base. Sutures incised with slightly raised margins and irregularly curled, subsutural ramps concave covered with dense radial striae, 2 spiral grooves run centrally which fade on the ramp of the last whorl. Last whorl smooth , with about 15 raised spirals on the basal third. Aperture slightly wider near base. Color of the whole shell, including apex and aperture, rose salmon-orange, siphonal fasciole white. Slightly darker axial flammules on the last whorl. Pattern constituted from spiral lines of rectangular dots, alternate white and salmon-orange, darker tones at the base, and three bands, under the shoulder, below the middle and at the base. Animal parts unknown.Discussion:-

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Conus solomonensis Delsaerdt, 1992

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Gloria Maris xxxi, no. 4-5, p. 65, 4 figs. Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Guadalcanal, Solomon Is.Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 29.3 x 14.3 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species: solomonensis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Solomon IslandsHabitat:-Usually in 2-30 m, on sand; sometimes dredged as deep as 100 mDescription:-. Ground colour white to bluish grey, variably suffused with brownish beige. On last whorl, beige shades usually arranged in 3-4 spiral bands, at base, on both sides of centre and often below shoulder. Basal bands usually fused, often all bands confluent. Spiral rows of brown to blackish

brown dots, spots and axial streaks extending from base to shoulder, mostly restricted to 3-4 spiral zones with larger and more prominent markings overlying the beige background bands. Larval whorls and first 2-4 postnuclear sutural ramps brown to beige. Following ramps with white to blackish brown radial markings; marginal brown dots may be present. Aperture violet to bluish violet deep within, with brown to orangebrown collabral edge. A dark coloured form from Solomon Is. differs in having more prominent brown-beige background shades and a dark brown apex. Largely solid, coarse dark brown spiral lines extend from base to subshoulder area. Dark brown bars, flecks, and flames may cover most of the last whorl or may be absent. Radial markings on late sutural ramps larger and confluent. Last whorl pattern similar to that of C. sertacinctus but with prominent spiral rows of brown dots between the 4 spiral bands. Beige background bands absent. Apex white to grey; following sutural ramps with brown radial streaks and flames, without marginal dots. Aperture brown to bluish violet deep within, with a darker collabral edge. Apex pale brown to brown; following sutural ramps matching last whorl in colour pattern. Aperture brownish violet to violet deep within, with an orange-brown to brown collabral edge.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus somalicus Bozzetti, 2013

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in the Bozetti Collection Luigi Bozetti

Published in: Malacologia 78, p. 12 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Ras Hafun, North-Eastern SomaliaType Data: Holotype in AMS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 23,60 x 12.06 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONOLITHIDAEGenus:-Yeddoconus Species:-somalicusSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-West Pacific+ only known from the type localityHabitat:-Dredged from 150 – 250 m depthDescription:-Original DescriptionConical profile, spire moderately high with a concave, turreted outline, body whorl uniformly convex on right side, slightly sigmoid on left side, body whorl with a white back ground color, patterned by 4 spiral rows of dashes, variable width, light brown colored, one below the shoulder, one at the middle the remaining ones over the base, 5 further articulate rows, with more elongated dashes, tightened on the upper basal ribs, 3 interrupted bands of light brown blotches also present on body whorl, spire white, apex white, inside of aperture white.

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Conus sophiae Brazier, 1875

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in AMS Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1, p. 7 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Bannietta Isle, New Georgia, Solomon Islands, (reef).Type Data: Holotype in AMS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 39 x 22.6 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus ferrugineus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Vituliconus Species:-ferrugineus sophiae formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-New Caledonia, PhilippinesHabitat:-Intertidal to about 50 m; on sand, often under coral or on sand with algae.Description:-Source Living Conidae C. ferrugineusC. f. sophiae granulose spiral ribs to shoulder.

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Conus sorenseni Sander, 1982

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in ZMUC Mike Filmer

Published in: Veliger xxiv, no. 4 p. 319, f. 1 & 2Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off St. James, Barbados; ca. 175 mType Data: Holotype in ZMUC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 34.5 x 17.5 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus sanderi Wils & Moolenbeek, 1979Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name sorenseni

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Conus sowerbii Reeve, 1849

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Conch. ill. (1833, pt. 37, fig. 56)

Published in: Conch. Icon.. I, Conus. Emendns., p. 2Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not knownType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Sowerby i (1833, pt. 37, fig. 56)Nomenclature: an invalid name, a homonym of fossil names, invalid rename of C. sinensis, Sowerby 1841Taxonomy: Not applicableCurrent Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name

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Conus sozoni Bartsch, 1939

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer

Published in: Smithson. Misc. Coll. 98, no. 1, p. 1, pl. I, f. 1-3Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Tarpon Springs, Florida.Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 100 x 47.5 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus delessertii Recluz, 1843Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name sozoni

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Conus speciosissimus Reeve, 1848

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus. Suppl., pl. ii, sp. 274Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Curacao (dubious)Type Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Leptoconus Species:-speciosissimus Synonyms:- Conus lubeckianus Bernardi, 1861

Geographic Range:-Not knownHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Original DescriptionShell ovately conical, smooth or obscurely distantly ridged towards the base, spire somewhat obsoletely coronated; bright scarlet pink with twp pinkish white blotchy bands round midbody and upper part; spire marbled the same pattern.The type specimens (20.6 x 11.8 m and 16.9 x 9.7 mm) are beautiful little cones, salmon pink with a white spire and two white blotchy bands around the middle and upper parts.There are weak widely spaced white spiral ridges near the base.Discussion:-The nodules on the shoulder of the body whorl are larger than in C . magellanicus.Tucker considers the name a synonym of C. cardinalis.

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Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Rumphius (1705, pl. 32, fig. S) Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Systema Naturae 10th ed., 1, p. 717Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: AsiaType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Rumphius (1705, pl. 32 fig. S)Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-spectrum Synonyms:- carota Röding, 1798; conspersus Reeve, 1844; verreauxii Kiener, 1845; stillatus Reeve, 1849; filamentosus Reeve, 1849 Geographic Range:-Philippines - Queensland & W. AustraliaHabitat:-Sand OffshoreDescription:-Medium-sized to moderately large and moderately light to solid, relative weight of similarly sized specimens may vary by 50%; form pica moderately small to medium-sized and moderately solid. Last whorl usually ventricosely conical, occasionally conoid-cylindrical or ovate; outline convex adapically, less so to straight below; left side usually concave above prominent siphonal fasciole, seldom so in form pica. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder angulate to subangulate. Spire low, outline concave. Larval shell of 2.25-2.75 whorls; maximum diameter 0.8-1.1 mm, 0.8-0.9 mm in form pica. Early postnuclear whorls occasionally undulate to weakly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps almost flat, with 0-2 increasing to 3-5 equal or to 7-8 variably broad spiral grooves; elevations between usually as well separated ribs, grading to spirally striate, closely spaced ribbons in form pica. Last whorl with variably spaced spiral ribs and ribbons separated by grooves on basal third to half, sometimes followed by spiral threads to shoulder; in form pica, spiral sculpture more uniform, with ribs anteriorly, then a few

ribbons, and smooth above.Ground colour white. Last whorl usually with yellowish orange to dark brown axial streaks, flames and blotches, generally concentrated or fused into 2-3 interrupted or solid spiral bands. White shells intergrade with brown shells with a paler central band; shells with an irregularly arranged pattern intergrade with shells with a regularly reticulate pattern between the spiral bands. Some specimens also with wavy or straight, continuous or discontinuous brown axial lines from base to shoulder or shoulder ramp; some with closely spaced, dotted to solid spiral lines. In form pica, pattern consists of separate spots to confluent blotches; widely spaced dotted spiral lines in some shells; traces of axial lines rarely present. Larval whorls white to pale brown, white in form pica. Late sutural ramps with narrow to broad and confluent radial markings matching last whorl pattern in colour; shells with an immaculate white spire intergrade with shells with a nearly brown spire. Aperture generally white to bluish white and often slightly translucent.Shell Morphometry L 30-76 mm RW 0.08-0.50 mm (L 35-69 mm) RD 0.51-0.67 PMD 0.73-0.86 RSH 0.03-0.12 Discussion:-C. spectrum resembles C. wittigi, C. broderipii, C. fischoederi, and C. blanfordianus. C. wittigi is a smaller species (L 26-42 mm) with an often higher spire (RSH 0.07-0.17), and a reticulate pattern with triangular markings rather than axial markings on the last whorl. C. broderipii has a less pronounced spiral sculpture on the late sutural ramps and a violet to purple aperture. The shells from Philippines provisionally assigned to C. broderipii differ in a generally higher spire (RSH 0.09-0.16), less angulate shoulder, pale brown spiral background bands, and a rose, orange or violet aperture. C. fischoederi is distinguished from C. spectrum by its higher spire (RSH 0.11- 0.17) with a less concave outline and more prominent shoulder tubercles in the early postnuclear whorls and by the absence of spiral ribbons basally on the last whorl. Variants of C. spectrum from Moluccas (form conspersus) and Philippines are particularly similar to C. fischoederi in their last whorl pattern with dashed to solid brown spiral lines. However, they differ in their wider apertures and smoother last whorls; in form conspersus, the aperture is often suffused with flesh to pale orange and the last whorl pattern lacks tentmarks. C. blanfordianus differs mainly in its colour pattern: White with about 15 spiral rows of brown spots and bars. C. spectrum as presented here exhibits considerable conchological variability both within and between populations. It may represent a complex of closely related species, but we are unable to identify consistent differences in shape, sculpture and colour pattern among variants from different parts of its range. We thus favour the hypothesis of a single species. The representation of the lectotype of C. spectrum (Rumphius, 1705), probably from Moluccas, is moderately slender, low-spired and ornamented with axial streaks. We consider the following nominal species to be forms of C. spectrum: C. conspersus: Type specimens are no longer available. The figure of the holotype (Reeve, 1844)lacks distinctive characters exept for the yellow colour. Reeve himself considered the holotype to be an indifferent specimen and figured afterwards (1849: Suppl. Pl. 9 sp. 262b) a more distinctive specimen encircled throughout with fine close-set hair lines and with a warm flesh tint within the aperture. Similar specimens occur in the Moluccas intergrading with typical

C. spectrum (Coomans et al.; 1985a). RKK therefore provisionally consider C. conspersus a colour form of C. spectrum, although the absence of type specimens does not allow unequivocal assignment. C. daphne: Shell ventricosely conical to ovate; solid yellow, encircled with fine brown lines on the last whorl and a wider line at the shoulder. The aperture is yellowish pink, similar to that of C. conspersus. Richard (1990) considered C. daphne a valid species; RKK provisionally consider it a local form with a restricted distribution in Indonesia; Mike Filmer considers it as valid species (2011).C. dolium: Last whorl rather broad and ventricose, with large, variably confluent orange-brown areas; its spire is remarkably low. This form occurs in Philippines and is very similar to form pica. Mike Filmer considers it as valid species (2011).C. filamentosus: Known only from the holotype, which probably represents a subadult specimen. It has a yellowish brown last whorl, flecked with white below shoulder and centre, and with spiral grooves up to the shoulder. Its slender shape and rather narrow aperture resemble attributes also found in subadult and adult specimens of other variants. RKK provisionally attach C. filamentosus to C. spectrum. C. lacteus: It is usually considered to be conspecific with C. parius. The lectotype is white, has widely spaced spiral grooves from the base to the subangulate shoulder and a relatively low spire. C. parius differs in its more rounded shoulder and its generally weak spiral sculpture on the late sutural ramps, except for a distinct adaxial groove. A larger specimen of C. lacteus also present in the MHNG (coll. Delessert) is more distinct in its resemblance to C. spectrum and in its difference from C. parius. RKK thus consider C. lacteus a form of C. spectrum. C. pica: A distinctive variant very similar to form dolium. Its sympatric occurrence in the Philippines and differences from other variants of C. spectrum suggest distinction at the species level. However, as specimens conforming with the description of C. pica overlap with C. spectrum in all studied shell characters, RKK provisionally consider them conspecific. Mike Filmer considers it as valid species (2011).C. verreauxii: The identity of the figured shell from Cape of Good Hope is dubious. It resembles C. conspersus in the fine brown spiral lines and scattered small brown spots on the last whorl. Reeve was the first to suggest that C. verreauxii is identical with C. conspersus, although Kiener compared it with C. anemone. Whether this hypothesis is correct or C. verreauxii represents a valid species, cannot be unequivocally decided, because we lack a type specimen and the original figure shows the dorsal side of the shell only. RKK provisionally follow Reeve's suggestion and regard C. verreauxii as a synonym of C. spectrum form conspersus. C. stillatus: Last whorl with fine dark brown axial lines. C. carota represents a synonym rather than a form of C. spectrum.

Conus spectrum f. conspersus Reeve, 1844

Pictures:Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, pl. 47, sp. 262Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: not known, designated (C, M & W) the Moluccas, Indonesia

Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Reeve (1844, pl. 47, sp. 262)Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-spectrum conspersus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines; Indonesia, AustraliaHabitat:-Shallow water to 50 mDescription:-Source Filmer review in Visaya 2011grooves. The color is ivory-white to pale cream with many axially aligned yellow, orange or pale tan blotches which vary in size and intensity. The shoulder is angulate to slightly rounded. The body whorl is convex below the shoulder and then almost straight. There are numerous rather fine spiral grooves which are stronger at the base. The ground color is ivory-white to cream.The pale yellowish-orange blotches may be dense or quite diffuse in different specimens.. There are numerous very fine pale brown to orange hair-like spiral lines on the body whorl, these lines may, in some specimens, be composed of fine dots. The aperture is rather wide especially towards the base. The interior of the aperture is white to very pale fleshy white. Discussion:-

Conus spectrum f. filamentosus Reeve, 1849

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, Suppl., pl. vi, sp. 260Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Designated Philippines.Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 28.5 x 13.5 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-spectrum filamentosus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines and IndonesiaHabitat:-Intertidal to about 50 m, mainly on sandDescription:-Source Filmer review 2011C. filamentosus is a small shell. The color of the spire is cream to white with largish yellowish to very pale orange blotches. The shoulder is angulate. The body whorl is slightly convex below the shoulder then almost straight until it becomes very vaguely concave towards the base. The body whorl is shiny with numerous spiral grooves from base to shoulder. The ground color is cream to white with variable yellowish to very pale orange blotches which tend to form two or three vague bands. The interior of the aperture is pure white.

Discussion: C. filamentosus differs only marginally from C. conspersus it is smaller straighter sided, more slender and contains stronger more extensive spiral grooves suggesting it is a sub-adult form. It is therefore considered a synonym (sub-adult form) of C. conspersus.

Conus spectrum f. stillatus Reeve, 1849

Pictures:Picture Link: Figure Conch. Icon., pl. 5, f. 247Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, Suppl. pl. v, sp. 247Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: MoluccasType Data: Holotype was in collection Cuming and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 36 x 20 mm figureNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-spectrum stillatus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines - AustraliaHabitat:-Sand offshoreDescription:- C. stillatus: Last whorl with fine dark brown axial lines.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sphacelatus Sowerby ii, 1833

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in NMWC Mike Filmer

Published in: Conch. Illus., pt. 37, f. 51Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: NoneType Data: Lectotype in NMWC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 19 x 10 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Purpuriconus Species:-sphacelatus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms

Geographic Range:-Bahamas to CubaHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Shell turbinated, rather solid; spirally weakly ridged; white with pattern of two bands of vivid olive blotches; spire obtusely elevated; delicately coronated; apex rose pink.Discussion:-Tucker suggests this pivotal shell in group with C. theodorei, C. inconstans, C. stanfieldi. This species is most similar to Purpuriconus kulkulcan. Both have scalariform spiresand slightly elongate conical shell shape. However, P. kulkulcan has a simpler color pattern and usually has little in the way of longitudinal elements. P. sphacelatus usually does have some sort of longitudinal markings.

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Conus spiceri Bartsch & Rehder, 1943

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 56, p. 87Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Midway AtollType Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 67.5 x 41 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus coelinae Crosse, 1858Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Virgiconus Species:-coelinae spiceri subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Midway; HawaiiHabitat:- Description:-Source Living ConidaeModerately large to large, solid to heavy. Last whorl conical; outline straight, except convex below shoulder. Shoulder angulate to sharply angulate. Spire usually low, outline slightly sigmoid. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to sigmoid, with numerous often faint spiral striae in later whorls. Entire last whorl with rather closely spaced spiral threads, usually more prominent basally.Colour white, variably suffused with yellow. Last whorl ccasionally with a paler spiral band at centre. Base violet or lemon yellow in C. c. spiceri. Larval whorls white. Aperture white.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus spirofilis Habe & Kosuge, 1970

Pictures:Picture Link: Figure Original Description Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Pac. Shell News 1, no. 3, p. 11Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: South China SeaType Data: Holotype was in IMT and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 30.8 x 16.7 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Yeddoconus Species:-spirofilis Synonyms:- japonicus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; nipponicus da Motta, 1985; according to Filmer Conus grohi Tenorio & Poppe, 2004Geographic Range:-Japan - PhilippinesHabitat:-Deep WaterDescription:-Source Living ConidaeSmall to medium-sized, light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to broadly conical, sometimes ventricosely conical; outline variably convex adapically, straight (right side) or concave (left side) toward base. Shoulder carinate. Spire of moderate height, outline concave. Larval shell of 3 or more whorls, maximum diameter about 0.9 mm. First 2-3 teleoconch whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with prominent arcuate radial threads and obsolete spiral striation. Last whorl smooth, with a few weak spiral ribs at base or with spiral ribs from base to centre or to shoulderColour pale brown to pale violet. Last whorl with about 20 solid or dashed brown spiral lines. Orange or brown blotches form a subcentral spiral band. Additional small spiral bands may occur above centre and below shoulder. A varying number of white spots to blotches may be scattered on entire last whorl. Larval whorls white. Postnuclear sutural ramps white, with brown radial blotches forming darker spots at outer margins; orangish to reddish brown spots very prominent at shoulder. Aperture translucent, pale violet deeper within.Shell Morphometry L 23-37 mm RW 0.04-0.12 g/mm RD 0.63-0.75 PMD 0.84-0.92 RSH 0.14-0.22Discussion:-C. otohimeae may resemble C. spirofilis, but differs in its narrower last whorl (RD 0.59-0.64) with spiral rows of dots rather than dashed or solid lines and in its more tuberculate early postnuclear whorls (5-7 vs. 2-3). A specimen from Loyalty Is. resembles C. spirofilis in size and colour pattern but can be distinguished by its narrower last whorl (RD 0.60), straight spire outline, and the spiral grooves on its sutural ramps.

Conus spirofilis f. grohi Tenorio & Poppe, 2004

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMPM Original Description Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Visaya 1 (1), p. 22.Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Aliguay Island, PhillipinesType Data: Holotype in NMPM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 23 x 12 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: According to Filmer a synonym form of Conus spirofilis Habe & Kosuge, 1970Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Yeddoconus Species:-spirofilis grohi formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Aliguay Is, PhilippinesHabitat:-Found around 100m on mud.Description:-Source Original description VisayaModerately small to small shell. The profile is broadly conical, with a moderate spire and a carinate shoulder. Outline of the last whorl sigmoid, convex adapically and concave basally: shape pyriform. Spire concave with a a concave sutural ramp. Protoconch with 3 globose white and transluscent whorls. In all three the specimen the very upper part (first half or first whorl) of the protoconch is broken, probably due to improper handling. The sutural ramps are covered with numerous axial grooves and very faint spiral grooves near the suture. These spiral grooves become more prominent on the last whorl. The carina of the first three teleoconch whorls is tuberculate. Suture deep and wide.Last whorl very glossy, the basal third is covered with regularly spaced spiral grooves. They number between 6 and 10 on the dorsum according to the specimen. The aperture is rather narrow and the inside has the same colour as the base colour of the shell which is mainly ivory white with a tinge of pink. The pattern of the spire consists of faint brown radial flecks. Two of the three specimens have oblique shoulder spots on the carina. The last whorl is covered with fine spiral rows of dashes that number between 7 and 19 according to the specimen. They may be well pronounced as in paratype l or hardly visible as in the holotype. Three bands of interrupted cloudy brown blotches are present. They vary in strength between hardly visible in paratype 2 to very prominent in paratype I. The upper band is less pronounced than both others. The columella is more pale than the rest of the shell.Discussion:-The closest relative to Conus grohi is Conus spirofilis Habe & Kosuge, 1970. spirofilis. At first glance both species look similar but multiple small details differentiate them. The sutural ramp of C. grohi is much more concave than in C. spirofilis. C. grohi is slightly broader than C. spirofilis and its spire is not so pointed. The spiral grooves on the lower half of C. grohi are much more pronounced and often obsolete in C. spirofilis. Apart from these differences in shape both species have a superficial resemblance in pattern and colour. However, C. grohi is more pinkish coloured and the whole pattern is rather in soft tones -pastels.

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Conus splendidulus Sowerby ii, 1833

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Conch Ill (1833, pt. 37, fig. 53) Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Illus., pt. 37, f. 53Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Indian OceanType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Sowerby I (1833, pt. 37, fig. 53)Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Strategoconus Species:-splendidulus Synonyms:- anadema Tomlin, 1937Geographic Range:-Aden; N. Somalia; LaccadivesHabitat:-In 10-25 m, on mud, coral rubble and in sand channels among coral reefs.Description:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to moderately large, solid. Last whorl conical, outline almost straight. Shoulder angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, may be stepped in later whorls; outline concave to almost straight. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to concave, occasionally with 3-5 weak spiral grooves in late whorls. Last whorl with a few obsolete spiral ribs at base.Ground colour white. Last whorl with a variably broad light to dark brown spiral band on each side of centre and axial streaks or flames; a third often interrupted colour band may occur below shoulder. Coarse or fine darker spiral lines extend from base to shoulder, but vary in number and arrangement. Shells that have only axial flames intergrade with shells that have last whorl largely brown and only with spiral pattern elements. Somalian specimens (form anadema) characterized by a yellowish brown to orange, predominantly spirally arranged pattern. Base yellowish brown to brown. Larval whorls beige to brown. Postnuclear sutural ramps with brown radial streaks and blotches that extend over outer margins. Aperture white.Discussion:-

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Conus sponsalis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Tableau Enc. (1798, pl. 322, fig. 1) Picture Link: Paul KerstenLiving Animal: David Massemin New Caledonia

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers., Vol. 1, p. 635Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific

Type Locality: St. George Is., Solomon Is. (?)Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Tableau (1798, pl. 322, fig. 1)Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Harmoniconus Species:-sponsalis Synonyms:- puncturatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; maculatus Bosc, 1801; nanus Sowerby ii, 1833; Geographic Range:-Indo-Pacific; PhilippinesHabitat:-Abundant on intertidal benches, less common on subtidal coral reefs; some specimens dredged in 100 m.Description:-Source Living ConidaeSmall to moderately small, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to broadly and ventricosely conical, rarely slightly pyriform; outline convex at adapical half and usually straight below. In large specimens, aperture often with a distinct spiral ridge at centre. Shoulder rounded to angulate, weakly to distinctly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave to convex. Larval shell of 4-5 whorls (Taylor, 1975), maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls finely tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with 1-4 spiral grooves, obsolete on late ramps. Last whorl with fine, granulose spiral ribs on basal half.Ground colour white; in form nanus usually with a distinct blue shade. Usual pattern of last whorl consists of reddish brown axial flames arranged in 2 spiral rows. Flames often reduced in size or fuslng into bands. Base and basal part of columella purplish blue. Teleoconch sutural ramps with reddish to blackish brown blotches between tubercles. Aperture dark bluish violet deep within.Shell Morphometry L 15-34 mm RW 0.08-0.26 g/mm (L 15-30 mm) RD 0.63-0.84 PMD 0.78-0.89 RSH 0.06-0.18Discussion:-C. musicus resembles C. sponsalis in the characters of shell and animal. The latter species has larger size and a broader last whorl and less angulate shoulder. The colour pattern of typical C. sponsalis lacks dotted spiral lines; only form nanus sometimes bears sparse spirally arrayed dots, but not the more pronounced, darker dotting of C. musicus. The markings between the tubercles in C. musicus are blackish brown in most shells; they are lighter, usually reddish brown and less regular in C. sponsalis. The pronounced double row of red-brown axial flames in C. sponsalis is absent in C. musicus, including form ceylanensis, but it is also absent in C. sponsalis form nanus.

Conus sponsalis f. nanus Sowerby ii, 1833

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Illus., pt. 24, f. 6Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Marutea, Tuamotu IslandsType Data: Lectotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 22 x 13 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus sponsalis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Harmoniconus Species:-sponsalis nanus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Indo-Pacific, SE Polynesia, HawaiiHabitat:-Abundant on intertidal benches, less common on subtidal coral reefs; some specimens dredged in 100 m.Description:-Source Living Conidae C. sponsalisSmall to moderately small, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to broadly and ventricosely conical, rarely slightly pyriform; outline convex at adapical half and usually straight below. In large specimens, aperture often with a distinct spiral ridge at centre. Shoulder rounded to angulate, weakly to distinctly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave to convex. Larval shell of 4-5 whorls (Taylor, 1975), maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls finely tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with 1-4 spiral grooves, obsolete on late ramps. Last whorl with fine, granulose spiral ribs on basal half.Ground colour white; in form nanus usually with a distinct blue shade. Usual pattern of last whorl consists of reddish brown axial flames arranged in 2 spiral rows. Flames often reduced in size or fuslng into bands. Base and basal part of columella purplish blue. Teleoconch sutural ramps with reddish to blackish brown blotches between tubercles. Aperture dark bluish violet deep within.Shell Morphometry L 15-34 mm RW 0.08-0.26 g/mm (L 15-30 mm) RD 0.63-0.84 PMD 0.78-0.89 RSH 0.06-0.18 In form nanus pattern of last whorl either reduced to a few flecks and a small number of dotted and/or dashed spiral lines or completely absent; spire pattern either reduced to spots or dots between tubercles or completely absent; aperture with a light violet tone but with more pronounced brown and blue tones.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus spurius Gmelin, 1791

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Gualtieri (1742, pl. 21, fig. D) Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Syst. Nat. 13th ed., Vol. 1, pt, p. 3396Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Virgin Islands designated by VinkType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Gualtieri (1742, pl. 21, fig. D)Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lindaconus Species:-spurius Synonyms:- leoninus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; proteus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; leoninus Röding, 1798; ferugineus Röding, 1798; gualterianus Röding, 1798; syriacus Röding, 1798; ochraceus Lamarck, 1810; lorenzianus Dillwyn, 1817; paulina Kiener, 1845; lorenzianus Reeve, 1849; baylei Jousseaume, 1872; atlanticus Clench, 1942; aureofasciatus Rehder & Abbott, 1951Geographic Range:-Florida, USA - Eastern Venezuela; W. IndiesHabitat:-Found on sand bars and grass covered flats in shallow water which is often turbid. Also dredged from sandy silt bottoms at depths of 30 to 40 mDescription:-Source VinkA heavy shell, 40 to 80 mm, with low to moderate strongly concave sided spire. Body whorl straight to slightly convex, and smooth. In some populations distinct spiral ridges near the base which may cover nearly the whole body whorl.Shoulder roundly angulate, spire whorls smooth with rounded margins, slightly stepped and concave above. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls; first 2 to 4 postnuclear whorls coronated, coronation gradually diminishing in subsequent whorls and often not apparent because of erosion. Animal cream-coloured, operculum ungulate and large, often longer than 1/3 of aperture height. Radula tooth with serration over 1/2 length of tooth and very short blade (Warmke, 1960). Periostracum light brown to red brown, mostly transparent but also thick and obscuring the contrasting colour pattern underneath. Body whorl white, occasionally with yellow bands, and spiral rows of orange-brown to black-brown spots.The juveniles of C. spurius have limited swimming capacity; according to Bandel (1976: C. largillierti) C. spurius lorenzianus hatch as veliconcha. This has resulted in populations with differentiated pattern in adjacent geographic areas. The differential features of these populations, however, are not very pronounced, and the extent of divergence is not very constant. Although various authors (Walls, 1979; Coomans et al., 1981: 27) prefer to consider only one species C. spurius, I will recognize a number of subspecies because treatment of C. spurius as only one species obscures the fact that the variations in pattern are not found throughout the total range of the species. In typical C. spurius the spiral rows of spots are irregular , or regular with irregular groupings. Often lighter coloured maculations are superimposed on the spiral rows. The irregular groupings and maculations are arranged in two bands, one above and one below middle area. A

colour form with large yellowish maculations was named C. ochraceus by Lamarck. The maculations can also form two nearly solid bands; Humfrey (1975: 173) mentions an entirely black specimen with a lighter narrow spiral band on the body whorl.C. spurius could be confused with C. sennottorum and C. largillierti (which have the shoulder and early whorls carinate and not with rounded margins and concave above; also the colour pattern is different).Discussion:-No Data

Conus spurius atlanticus Clench, 1942

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MCZ Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Johnsonia 1, p. 20, pl. 10, f. 1-3Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Bonita Springs, FloridaType Data: Holotype in MCZ deposited and catalogued Type Size :48 x 27 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus spurius Gmelin, 1791Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lindaconus Species:-spurius atlanticus subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-E Florida, USA - MexicoHabitat:-Found on sand bars and grass covered flats in shallow water which is often turbid. Also dredged from sandy silt bottoms at depths of 30 to 40 m.Description:-Source VinkA heavy shell, 40 to 80 mm, with low to moderate strongly concave sided spire. Body whorl straight to slightly convex, and smooth. In some populations distinct spiral ridges near the base which may cover nearly the whole body whorl.Shoulder roundly angulate, spire whorls smooth with rounded margins, slightly stepped and concave above. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls; first 2 to 4 postnuclear whorls coronated, coronation gradually diminishing in subsequent whorls and often not apparent because of erosion. Animal cream-coloured, operculum ungulate and large, often longer than 1/3 of aperture height. Radula tooth with serration over 1/2 length of tooth and very short blade (Warmke, 1960). Periostracum light brown to red brown, mostly transparent but also thick and obscuring the contrasting colour pattern underneath. In C. spurius atlanticus the spiral rows of dots, squares or oblongs are always regular. Frequently adjoining rows coalesce to form the typical 'chinese alphabet' shapes. Coalescence to larger maculations can also be seen, however, these maculations are always within a number of well delimited bands, and not, as in typical C. spurius, covering broad areas above and below mid body. In specimens from the Campeche area in Yucatan, Mexico, rows of smaller black brown spots can be observed. Specimens from Sanibel Is. have a pattern with large blotches regularly

disposed in a number of bands.Discussion:-Tucker comments: Spuriconus spurius atlanticus has always been a diffuse concept among authors. Generally, the only distinguishing trait is that there are brown blotches overlaying the brown spots. Unfortunately this trait occurs in all of the northern races recognized by Vink (1985C). Vink cites records for this subspecies in Yucatan, Venezuela, and Sanibel Island, Florida, which overlaps ranges of nearly all the other subspecies.Tucker thinks the range should be limited to Florida and continental areas of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The range of S. s. spurius then should be limited to the central Caribbean. Vink presented no method that can be profitably used to distinguish these two subspecies and it t seems unlikely that one will be found. S. s. atlanticus possibly should be regarded as a synonym of S. s. spurius.

Conus spurius baylei Jousseaume, 1872

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Rev. Mag. Zool. 2, p. 198, pl. 18, f. 2Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Designated north coast of S America.Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 32 x 17 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus spurius Gmelin, 1791Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lindaconus Species:- spurius baylei subsp. Synonyms:- arubaensis Nowell-Usticke, 1968Geographic Range:-In the Golfo de Venezuela, off the Guajira peninsula, Colombia, and off Aruba.Habitat:-This subspecies is dredged in 10 to 20 m.Description:-Source Original description.A solid shell quite thick and shiny. On a white background there is a pattern of light fawn nebulous spots separated by equal sized spaces. The spots are in four groups each separated by a thin band of white. In the middle zones the spots are joined to form irregular blotches. A the shoulder there is double row of spots. The spire has transverse striae on the later whorls and no sign of spiral striae.Discussion:-Vink expands the description C. spurius baylei has a pattern of spiral bands of large black or dark brown maculations. It resembles C. spurius atlanticus from Venezuela, but the spiral rows of dashes to delimit the bands are very faint or absent. His interpretation does not match the original description in terms of colour but agrees in the lack of dashes in the pattern.Tucker comments: Spuriconus spurius baylei makes up the eastern end of the group of three southern subspecies. It like S. s. quadratus (sensu Vink) has minute ridges on the anterior half of the shell. Other than the ridges it is difficult to distinguish shells of this subspecies from those of the three northern subspecies. However, shells from the range laid out by Vink really do look

different from those of the northern subspecies. This may be due to the more rounded slightly swollen shoulder that accompanies at strongly elevated and concave spire. The color markings of this southern subspecies are often distinctly black. Black coloration does not occur to any great degree in the northern subspecies.

Conus spurius lorenzianus Dillwyn, 1817

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Chemnitz (1795, pl. 181, figs. 1754 & 1755)Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells I, p. 370Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: East Indian Seas, (Chemnitz), Coast of Africa (Lamarck), (both erroneous), corrected (Vink) Gulf of Morrosquillo, Colombia (East Coast).Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Chemnitz (1795, pl. 181, figs 1754 & 1755)Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus spurius Gmelin, 1791Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lindaconus Species:-spurius lorenzianus subsp.Synonyms:- undatus Kiener, 1845; weinkauffii Löbbecke, 1882; phlogopus Tomlin, 1937 Geographic Range:-ColombiaHabitat:-Moderately deepDescription:-Source VinkA heavy shell, 40 to 80 mm, with low to moderate strongly concave sided spire. Body whorl straight to slightly convex, and smooth. In some populations distinct spiral ridges near the base which may cover nearly the whole body whorl.Shoulder roundly angulate, spire whorls smooth with rounded margins, slightly stepped and concave above. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls; first 2 to 4 postnuclear whorls coronated, coronation gradually diminishing in subsequent whorls and often not apparent because of erosion. Animal cream-coloured, operculum ungulate and large, often longer than 1/3 of aperture height. Radula tooth with serration over 1/2 length of tooth and very short blade (Warmke, 1960). Periostracum light brown to red brown, mostly transparent but also thick and obscuring the contrasting colour pattern underneath. C. spurius lorenzianus has a pattern of undulating longitudinal chocolate brown or yellowish brown stripes, regularly interrupted so that one or more transverse white bands become evident. There is always such a white band at the shoulder .Discussion:-Tucker comments: As noted above this is one of three southern subspecies. It occurs between Spuriconus spurius quadratus (invalid name sensu Vink, Fig. 18) to the west and S. s. baylei to the east. Ridges that extend the full length of the body whorl are the hallmark of this subspecies. Such ridges only reach midbody in S. s. quadratus and S. s. baylei. In the northern subspecies ridges are pretty well limited to the anterior third of the body whorl. The subspecies

S. s. quadratus and S. s. baylei may be intergrade populations between the northern subspecies and S. s. lorenzianus.

Conus spurius f. ochraceus Lamarck, 1810

Pictures:.Picture Link: Lectotype in MNHN Mike Filmer

Published in: Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) xv, p. 275Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: NoneType Data: Lectotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 42 x 25 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus spurius Gmelin, 1791Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lindaconus Species:-spurius ochraceus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-JamaicaHabitat:-Not knownDescription:-Source VinkA heavy shell, 40 to 80 mm, with low to moderate strongly concave sided spire. Body whorl straight to slightly convex, and smooth. In some populations distinct spiral ridges near the base which may cover nearly the whole body whorl.Shoulder roundly angulate, spire whorls smooth with rounded margins, slightly stepped and concave above. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls; first 2 to 4 postnuclear whorls coronated, coronation gradually diminishing in subsequent whorls and often not apparent because of erosion. Animal cream-coloured, operculum ungulate and large, often longer than 1/3 of aperture height. Radula tooth with serration over 1/2 length of tooth and very short blade (Warmke, 1960). Periostracum light brown to red brown, mostly transparent but also thick and obscuring the contrasting colour pattern underneath. C. ochraceus is a form of C. spurius with large yellowish maculations as found for instance in Jamaica.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus stahlschmidti Tenorio & Tucker, 2014

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Germany Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Xenophora Taxonomy, P. 36-41, Fig. 2, Pl. 1Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Pasir Tengah Atoll, in the Togian Islands, Sulawesi, IndonesiaType Data: Holotype in SFM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 10,5 x 4.0 mmNomenclature: An available NameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Profundiconus Species:-stahlschmidtiSynonyms:- Geographic Range:-Only found in the type localityHabitat:-In shell grit in 10 – 15 depthDescription:-Original DescriptionShell shape is elongated conical. This is a very small species. Mean shell length was 9.1 mm. Despite this it has a narrow shell, mean shell width was 4.1 mm (standard deviation = 1.38, N = 18). The spire is high, relatively elevated, but not scalariform except in the first 2 or 3 whorls. The spire is conical in profile with the whorl tops sloping at about a 20º angle. Except for the first few whorls the whorl tops are flat in cross section. The whorl tops in whorl one are concave due to the presence of a distinct sulcus. This whorl has two cords. Whorls two through four have three to four cords on the whorl tops. These fade slightly in the outer whorls. Nodules are present on whorl one. These have longitudinal bars on the whorl tops that reach across the whorl tops to the suture with the protoconch whorls. These bars are gone by whorl two. The nodules become smaller and are located along an indistinct carina. The sides of the shell are convex. The shell is widest just anterior to the shoulder angle. The body whorl is ornamented with small closely spaced ridges that are minutely pustulose. These reach the shoulder angle. The protoconch is white, large, almost bulbous, but includes only 1.5 whorls. The maximum diameter measured for the protoconch is 0.92 mm (Figure 2). The posterior notch is shallow but it is present as a shallow C-shaped notch. There is no anterior notch.The color pattern is variable. The ground color ranges from white to cream colored. The color markings are brown. They consist of two spiral rows of blotches. These may be separatedor they may be fused into irregular bands. One set is located anterior to midbody the other is posterior to midbody. The anterior portion of the shell is not colored. The markings on the subsutural ramps are also variable. They are the same shade of brown as those on the body whorl. The markings on the whorl tops seldom cross the shoulder angle. The interior of the aperture is porcelanous white, although brownish blotches corresponding to elements of the external pattern of the shell can be visible by transparence, specially in the smallest specimens. The periostracum and operculum were not observed.Discussion:-

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Conus stainforthii Reeve, 1843

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Conch Icon (1843, Pl. 1 sp. 1a, b)

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon.. I, Conus pl. 1, sp. 1Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not knownNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus moluccensis Küster, 1838Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Fulgiconus Species:-moluccensis stainforthii formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Is.Habitat:-In 20-240 m, in or on sand bottom but also reported from coral rubbleDescription:- The name C. stainforthii applies to a heavily sculptured variant. Form stainforthii with variably spaced granulose spiral ribs from base to shoulder; grooves between with an adapical spiral thread.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus stanfieldi Petuch, 1998

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in FMNH C. Meyer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: La Conchiglia xxx, no. 287, p. 35, figs. Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off Paradise Is., N. of New Providence Is., BahamasType Data: Holotype in FMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 33 x 19 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid species; according to Filmer a synonym form of Conus jucundus Sowerby iii, 1887Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:- Purpuriconus Species:- stanfieldi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-BahamasHabitat:-Collected in 6- 7m depth on hardpan bottom with dense algal cover in areas of strong, continuous current.Description:-Source original descriptionShell average-sized-to-large for subgenus, inflated, broad across shoulder, smooth with high polish; body faintly sculpted with 8-10 slightly impressed spiral threads; spire low, with only early whorls projecting; shoulder slightly rounded, undulating, obsoletely coronated, edged with

14- 16 very low, elongated knobs; spire whorl area between suture and peripheral knobs slightly canaliculate; anterior end of shell ornamented with 6-8 large cords; shell color bright orange with wide, amorphous mid-body band of whitish-pink and scattered large whitish-pink patches below shoulder; spire whorls orange with scattered, irregular large pinkish-white flammules; protoconch and early whorls bright yellow; interior of aperture orange; occasional specimens uniformly bright orange, without white patches and mid- body band.Discussion:-Of the Bahamian Purpuriconus species, Conus stanfieldi is most similar to C. jucundus Sowerby, 1887, especially in size and general shell shape. The new species differs from the orange coloured variants of the normally green or brown C. jucundus in having stronger and more numerous knobs on the shoulder and spire whorls, in being a much smoother shell that lacks any raised or beaded cords on the main shell body, in lacking the wide, well-defined brown and white checkered mid-body band, and in lacking brown hairline flammules on the body and large brown flammules on the spire. The two species also have different ecological preferences, with C. jucundus living under coral slabs on living coral reefs in relatively quiet water, and with C. stanfieldi living on exposed hardpan bottoms that are densely covered with algae, in areas of strong currents.Tucker assigns to Magellanicus complex.

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Conus stearnsii Conrad, 1869

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in ANSP Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Amer. Jour. Conch. 5, p. 104, pl. x, f. 1Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Oyster Bar, Pine Key, near Tampa, FloridaType Data: Holotype in ANSP deposited and catalogued Type Size: 18 x 8 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-stearnsii Synonyms:- sticticus A. Adams, 1854Geographic Range:-W. FloridaHabitat:-Intertidal zones mud and grassy areasDescription:-Source VinkA slender shell, 15 to 25 mm, with straight-sides to slightly concave, stepped spire and rather straight-sided body whorl. Tops of the whorls flat, shoulder of body whorl sharply angled with in most specimens a flattened rim. Lower half of the body whorl with 10 to 13 fine, incised lines. Most specimens from the west coast of Florida are dirty white to grey with irregular areas of light to dark brown blotches. Furthermore spiral lines of milky white dashes and dots. Specimens from Key West are light brown with spiral lines of dark brown and white dashes. Spire with a

few axial brown markings, forming small brown spots on the margin, which are more or less evenly disposed.Discussion:-C. stearnsii could be confused with C. acutimarginatus and C. pealii (which both, in adult specimens are less slender, with the regularly spaced grooves extending from the base to the shoulder).Tucker comments: Jaspidiconus stearnsii is an elongated form. The regularly spaced interrupted spiral lines of dark dashes and opaque white dashes are characteristic. These markings are thin and discrete even as they cross lighter colored areas.

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Conus stercusmuscarum Linnaeus, 1758

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in LSL Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Systema Naturae 10th ed., 1, p. 715Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: AsiaType Data: Lectotype in LSL deposited and catalogued Type Size: 37 x 20 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Textilia Species:-stercusmuscarum Synonyms:- arenatus Röding, 1798; sabella Röding, 1798Geographic Range:-Japan to Marshall Is. and to Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Is.; probably also Fiji.Habitat:-Intertidal and uppermost subtidal; in sand and beneath corals.Description:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to moderately large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl usually conoid-cylindrical to nearly cylindrical or slightly ovate, outline slightly convex. Siphonal fasciole prominent. Shoulder sharply angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to slightly convex. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter about 0.6 mm. First 3 postnuclear whorls weakly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat in early whorls, concave in late whorls, with 2 increasing to 3-4 spiral grooves. Last whorl with regularly spaced, broad spiral ribs, distinct basally but obsolete adapically.Ground colour white to pale grey. Last whorl with spiral rows of irregularly alternating blackish brown dots and white dashes or bars. Dark dots clustered into patches forming 2 interrupted spiral bands of both sides of centre. Larval whorls pink. Teleoconch sutural ramps with blackish brown markings along inner and outer margins, partially connected across the ramps. Aperture orange deep within.Shell Morphometry

L 40-64 mm RW 0.21-0.35 g/mm (L 40-56 mm) RD 0.48-0.63 PMD 0.71-0.78 RSH 0.07-0.18Discussion:-C. stercusmuscarum is very similar to C. arenatus in colour pattern but differs markedly in its conoid-cylindrical to ovate and generally narrower last whorl, non-tuberculate late teleoconch whorls. and pink larval shell.

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Conus stigmaticus A. Adams, 1854

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, p. 119Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: New Caledonia (dubious)Type Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 46.5 x 22.5 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid species; see Revision by Mike Filmer Visaya (2012)Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:- stigmaticus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-ThailandHabitat:-Sand offshoreDescription:-Western Pacific AustraliaGhost Cone due to see through colours.Light in weight, with a good gloss; ovate, the sides convex; body whorl with widely spaced spiral grooves extending to midbody, leaving broad flat ribs; shoulder roundly angled, flat above; spire low, early whorls forming small sharp cone; spire whorls flat/convex above, early whorl weakly carinate; body whorl white cream, with very variable pattern of usually axial irregular blotches of black,orange, bright yellow, tan, reddish brown, the blotches tending to concentrate in three vague bands; spiral rows of fine brown dots usually present; base white cream;spire whitish marked with streaks of body color; early whorls white; aperture wide, widening; outer lip thin,sharp,convex; mouth white, occasionally yellow to bluish white; columella long narrow bounded by low ridge;Discussion:- see Revision by Mike Filmer Visaya (2012). This species is whas was called Conus collisus by collectors, researchers and dealers.

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Conus stillatus Reeve, 1849

Pictures:Picture Link: Figure Conch. Icon., pl. 5, f. 247Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, Suppl. pl. v, sp. 247Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: MoluccasType Data: Holotype was in collection Cuming and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 36 x 20 mm figureNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-spectrum stillatus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines - AustraliaHabitat:-Sand offshoreDescription:- C. stillatus: Last whorl with fine dark brown axial lines.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus stimpsoni Dall, 1902

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxiv, p. 503, pl. 29, f. 7Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off Key West, FloridaType Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 37 x 18 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Conasprelloides Species:-stimpsoni Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-E Florida, USA - Yucatan, MexicoHabitat:-Deep waterat depths of 50-150 mDescription:-Source VinkA moderately heavy shell, 25 to 50 mm., biconical, with straight-sided, rather high spire and

straight- sided body whorl with a narrow base. Shoulder angulate, body whorl with rather widely spaced spiral grooves, more close-set near the base and often obsolete below the shoulder . Tops of the spire whorls rather flat with about 4 spiral ridges sometimes obsolete on later whorls. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls; first three to four postnuclear whorls weakly nodulose. operculum very small. Periostracum thick, yellowish brown. Colour pale salmon with somewhat darker bands below the shoulder, near mid- body, where also dark maculation& may be present. Below this darker mid-body is often a distinctly white band.Discussion:-C. stimpsoni could be confused with C. cancellatus (which mostly is more pyriform with low rounded wavy spiral ridges of irregular size) and C. sennottorum (which has a distinctly tumip-shaped body whorl and strongly concave-sided spire).

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Conus stocki Coomans & Moolenbeek, 1990

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Bijdr. Dierkd. 60, p. 257, pl. 1, f. 1 & 2Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Oman Masirah Island beachType Data: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 37 x 16.3 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Fusiconus Species:-stocki Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Gulf of Oman; PakistanHabitat:-Shallow subtidal, among stonesDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl usually conical, outline almost straight or slightly convex adapically. Shoulder angulate. Spire of moderate height, outline concave. Larval shell of 1.75-2 whorls, maximum diameter 0.9-1 mm. First 1-4 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave to concave, with closely set radial threads and 0-2 increasing to 2-4 spiral grooves, grading to many spiral striae on latest ramps. Last whorl with rather regularly spaced, axially striate spiral grooves from base to centre, separated by ribs at base and by ribbons above.Ground colour grey or bluish grey. Last whorl with confluent brown axial clouds and flames, often forming incomplete spiral bands within basal third and near centre, and sometimes below shoulder. Spiral rows of brown dots and dashes extend from base to subshoulder area, separated by regularly intermittent white markmgs in most rows, less so toward base. Base and basal part of columella brown. Larval whorls and about first 1-2 teleoconch sutural ramps brown. Following ramps usually with brown radial streaks or blotches, separating into variably set dots

at inner margins and sometimes extending across outer margins. Aperture brown, darker at anterior end.Shell Morphometry L 28-45 mm RW 0.07-0.10 g/mm RD 0.50-0.58 PMD 0.84-0.93 RSH 0.11-0.18Discussion:- C. stocki looks like C. dictator and C. lentiginosus in its brown anterior end of the last whorl, aperture and larval whorls. C. lentiginosus has a more solid shell with a more convex and broader last whorl (RD 0.60-0.69) and a higher spire (RSH 0.18-0.24). C. dictator also has a higher spire (RSH 0.17-0.26), and the dotted spiral lines on its last whorl lack white markings. C. traversianus also differs in its narrower, less ventricose last whorl (RD 0.45-0.48; PMD 0.88-0.96), lighter colouration, and less speckled pattern.

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Conus stramineus Lamarck, 1810

Pictures:Picture Link: Neotype in MNHN Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) xv, p. 273Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Ocean asiatique (?)Type Data: Neotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 34 x 16 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-stramineus Synonyms:- alveolus Sowerby ii, 1833; fuscomaculatus Smith, 1877Geographic Range:-IndonesiaHabitat:-Shallow waterDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical, occasionally conical, generally narrow in; outline convex adapically, less so to straight below; left side may be concave just above base. Aperture slightly wider at base than near shoulder . Shoulder angulate to subangulate, sometimes rounded. Spire usually low, outline concave. Larval shell of 2.25-2.5 whorls, maximum diameter 0.6-0.8 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly convex, occasionally slightly concave in late whorls, with 0 increasing to 3-7 spiral grooves; latest ramps may have additional spiral striae. Last whorl with spiral grooves on basal fourth to third, occasionally to centre; ribbons between broad posteriorly, narrower and alternating with wide grooves anteriorly.

Ground colour white to bluish grey. Last whorl with rather regular spiral rows of yellowish or reddish brown dots, spots and bars that are also mostly aligned axially; markings fuse into discontinuous spiral bands below shoulder and above centre. Last whorl pattern similar but with an additional spiral band within basal third, and markings seldom aligned axially. Siphonal fasciole white to pale . Larval whorls and a few adjacent postnuclear sutural ramps white to brown.Following sutural ramps solid brown or with variably discrete radial streaks and blotches. Aperture light to dark or brownish violet.Discussion:-C. stramineus resembles C. iodostoma, C. sertacinctus, C. zebra, and C. zapatosensis. C. iodostoma differs in having its last whorl more finely patterned, with few to many rows of reddish brown dots and sometimes with wavy axial lines forming an irregular network. Its spiral rows lack the larger dots and bars of C. stramineus. C. sertacinctus is a somewhat smaller species (to 40 mm); its last whorl has beige background shades and lacks the predominant pattern of regular spiral rows of brown dots, spots and bars characteristic of C. stramineus. C. stramineus can be also distinguished by its usually narrower last whorl (RD 0.51-0.56 vs. 0.53-0.64) and its solid brown postnuclear sutural ramps. C. nisus Sowerby II was renamed C. stramineus amplus by Röckel and Korn (1992), as a geographic subspecies of C. stramineus (Röckel, 1987b). However, this subspecies had already been described in 1936 as C. mulderi. C. alveolus and C. fuscomaculatus are synonyms of C. sstramineus.

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Conus straturatus Sowerby ii, 1865

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike FilmerPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 518, pl. 32, f .14Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: BorneoType Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: a valid species: see revision by Mike Filmer Visaya (2012)Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:- straturatus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Habitat:-No DataDescription:-Redescription Visaya 2012 Mike filmerObconic shell; spire low to medium and concave in outline; protoconch is high and white; the spire is off-white to ivory with a variable number of pale orange-brown bars which are curved and radially aligned; sutures are very even and slightly raised at the outer edge; shoulder is acute to angulate; body whorl is almost straight in outline and has a dull shine; there are a number of spiral grooves at the base extending to the centre or above, only occasionally reaching the

shoulder; these are quite wide and well separated but there are some irregular much smaller spiral grooves on the interstices between the larger grooves, these are only found near the base; ground color is off-white with irregular very pale orange-brown blotches and flecks which tend to be axially aligned and tend to form 2-3 vague bands; much variation of these maculations in some specimens; interior of the aperture is white.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus striatellus Link, 1807

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Chemnitz (1788, pl. 138, fig. 1285) Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Besch. Nat.-Samml. Univ. Rostock, 3e Abth., p. 103Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: None; designated (Wils) Diego Suarez, MadagascarType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Chemnitz (1788, pl. 138 fig. 1285)Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Vituliconus Species:-striatellus Synonyms:- lictor Boivin, 1864; pulchrelineatus Hopwood, 1921; granulosus Barros e Cunha, 1933; Geographic Range:-Natal to Red Sea and to Japan and Fiji; absent from AustraliaHabitat:-Intertidal to about 20 m; on sand, often with algae or mixed with coral rubble.Description:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to large, moderately solid to solid; relative weight may vary by 50 % in specimens of similar size. Last whorl conical, ventricosely conical or conoid-cylindrical; outline almost straight to convex. Shoulder angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline slightly concave to straight. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter 0.7-0.9 mm. Earliest postnuclear whorls weakly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, often slightly concave in late whorls, with 1-2 increasing to 4-6 spiral grooves. Last whorl with weak, often granulose spiral ribs on basal third, widely spaced adapically.Ground colour white. Last whorl with a continuous or interrupted, variably broad tan to dark brown spiral band on each side of centre. Ground-colour bands between usually crossed by darker brown axial flammules that often intersect colour bands. Occasionally, colour bands and flammules fuse, leaving only a narrow discontinuous median band. Closely spaced, dotted, dashed or solid brown spiral lines extend from base to shoulder, sometimes restricted to brown bands and rarely absent. Base yellowish to dark brown, contrasting with lighter adjacent area. Apex yellowish grey. Late sutural ramps tesselated with dark brown. Aperture white to cream.Shell Morphometry

L 40-90 mm RW 0.20-0.75 g/mm RD 0.53-0.66 PMD 0.82-0.91 RSH 0.06-0.16Discussion:-C. ferrugineus differs in its fewer and more widely spaced spiral lines on the last whorl, cream to yellowish brown ground colour, and its thinner, translucent and tufted periostracum. C. planorbis is distinguished by the violet-brown colour of the anterior end of its aperture and the usually more widely spaced spiral lines on its last whorl. Neither of these two species has shells with a conoid-cylindrical last whorl.C. lictor refers to a colour variant with only a scattered axially streaked pattern.

Conus striatellus f. lictor Boivin, 1864

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in Boivin collection J. Conchyl. pl.1, f. 1 & 2Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: J. Conchyl. 12, p. 36, pl. I, f. 1 & 2 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not known.Type Data: Holotype was in Boivin collection and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 40 x 20 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus striatellus Link, 1807Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Vituliconus Species:-striatellus lictor formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Habitat:-Intertidal to about 20 m; on sand, often with algae or mixed with coral rubble.Description:-Source Living ConidaeC. lictor refers to a colour variant with only a scattered axially streaked pattern.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in LSL Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel TenorioLiving Animal: David Massemin Tahiti

Published in: Systema Naturae 10th ed., 1, p. 716Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Hitoe, Oceano Africano (erroneous), (Ambon, Indonesia)Type Data: Lectotype in LSL deposited and catalogued Type Size: 62 x 31 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-striatus Synonyms:- leoninus [Lightfoot], 1786; floridus Sowerby ii, 1858; chusaki da Motta, 1978; subfloridus da Motta, 1985; oahuensis Tucker, Tenorio, Chaney, 2011; juliaallaryae Cossignani, 2013 Geographic Range:-South Africa to Red Sea, Hawaii, and French PolynesiaHabitat:-From 1-50m, usually in sand on coral reef, often beneath rocks and dead coral slabsDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to large, solid to heavy; forms floridus and subfloridus usually moderately large and solid. Last whorl narrowly conoid-cylindrical to conoid-cylindrical, narrowly cylindrical to cylindrical, or ventricosely conical to ovate; outline from almost evenly convex to almost straight and nearly parallel-sided centrally, generally straight just below shoulder. In form floridus, last whorl usually ovate. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder sharply angulate to sharply carinate. Spire of low to moderate height; outline concave to slightly convex or slightly sigmoid, stepped, less so in form subfloridus. Larval shell of about 3.5 whorls, maximum diameter 0.7-0.8 mm. First 3-5 postnuclear whorls tuberculate, following whorls angulate to sharply angulate, usually only last 1-2 whorls carinate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, slightly concave to concave in latest whorls, with 0-1 increasing to 3-7 spiral grooves; spiral sculpture generally weaker on latest ramps, very weak in form subfloridus. Last whorl with closely spaced, generally fine spiral ribs on basal third, finer and obsolete above, occasionally persisting to shoulder; siphonal fasciole with distinct spiral ribs except for very weak ribs in form subfloridus.Typical form with white ground colour, often suffused with shades of grey, blue, pink and violet. Last whorl with brown to black flecks, blotches, flames and axial streaks containing solid, dashed or dotted darker spiral lines and usually concentrated in 2 interrupted to solid spiral bands, above and below centre. Almost immaculate white shells intergrade with heavily patterned shells; striate colour markings often fuse into broad coalescing spiral bands or form a coarse network. Form floridus with white ground colour. Last whorl clouded or spirally banded with shades of pink, orange, brown, or violet. Spirally aligned brown markings occur on each side of centre, are less prominent below shoulder, and vary in number, size and shape; maculation generally sparser than in typical form. Brown spiral lines extending from siphonal fasciole to shoulder, more prominent within background clouds and bands, coarse and very dark within brown markings; spiral lines sometimes partially restricted to these markings but even in otherwise immaculate shells traceable within some ground-colour zones. Form subfloridus with white ground colour, variably suffused with pale purple to bluish violet. Last whorl with spirally aligned yellowish to dark reddish brown spots, blotches and axial streaks within basal third, adapical third, and sometimes below shoulder. Brown markings often contain darker brown spiral lines and sometimes also wavy darker brown axial lines. Pattern usually sparse, occasionally absent. In typical form, siphonal fasciole white to cream, with variably spaced very

fine brown axial lines; form subfloridus without these lines, form floridus with dotted and dashed lines on white ground. Larval whorls and about first postnuclear sutural ramp orange; in Hawaii, larval whorls pale pink before metamorphosis (Perron, 1981a); in form subfloridus, larval whorls and about first 3 postnuclear sutural ramps pale brown to pink. Following sutural ramps with yellowish to blackish brown radial lines, streaks and blotches, the latter often containing darker axial lines. Aperture white to bluish white, occasionally cream deep within; white to beige in form subfloridus; in form floridus, orange deep within.Shell Morphometry L 55-129 mm (- form floridus 57-129 mm; - form subfloridus 60-88 mm) RW 0.24-1.10 g/mm (L 55-111 mm; - form floridus 0.30-0.60g/mm (L57-76 mm); - form subfloridus 0.24-0.71 g/mm (L 60-86 mm)) RD 0.47-0.62 (- form floridus 0.52- 0.59; - form subfloridus 0.47-0.55) PMD 0.70-0.82 (- form floridus 0.69-0.76; - form subfloridus 0.71-0.79) RSH 0.00-0.14 (- form floridus 0.09-0.15; - form subfloridus 0.06-0.13)Discussion:-C. gubernator is most similar to C. striatus, with which it broadly co-occurs. C. striatus is distinguished by more cylindrical or ovate last whorl (PMD 0.69- 0.82) and its larval shell of about 3.5 (vs. 2.75) whorls. Its typical form and form floridus differ also in the prominent spiral lines on the last whorl. C. floridus (syn. C. chusaki) and C. subfloridus are sometimes regarded as conspecific with each other but separate from C. striatus (Richard, 1990), while other authors consider C. floridus to represent only a slight variant of C. striatus (E. A. Smith, 1884). RKK provisionally consider both to be ecological variants of C. striatus from deeper subtidal habitats. In W. Thailand, where all three occur sympatrically, they are very similar in shell shape, sculpture and colour pattern.

Conus striatus f. chusaki da Motta, 1978

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Natural Study (Thai). 2, no. 1. seq. 7, p. 8, figs. Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Raya Is., Phuket, Thailand; 80-120 ft.Type Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 65 x 30 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus floridus Sowerby ii, 1858 which is a synonym of Conus striatus L. 1758Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name chusaki

Conus striatus juliaallaryae Cossignani, 2013

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Cossignani

Published in: Malacologia 80, p. 26-27, with pictures Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Djibouti, sand and rocksType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 55,95 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus striatus L. 1758Current Group Names:-

Conus striatus oahuensis Tucker, Tenorio, Chaney, 2011

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SBMNH Manolo TenorioPicture Link: Paratype 7 Manuel Tenorio Published in: Hawaii The Sea Shells Addendum Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Oahu, HawaiiType Data: Holotype in SBMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 106.8 x 50.9 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-striatus oahuensis subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-HawaiiHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Original descriptionMorphometric pararneters: L = 55 to 129 mm (mean 98 mm); RD = 0.44 to 0.54 (mean 0.48); RSH = 0.00 to 0.12 (mean 0.04); PMD = 0.76 to 0.82 (mean 0.76). Shell large to very large. The last whorl is narrowly conoid-cylindrical, with an almost straight outline, very often with nearly parallel sides specially in larger specimens. The general appearance is more elongated than the nominate subspecies. The shoulder is smooth and sharply carinate. The spire is low or very low, with a spire outline concave to extremely concave. The spire is very often depressed below the shoulder. This is a feature characteristic of this subspecies. The early teleoconch sutural rarnps are flat, concave in latest whorls. The spire whorls have cords becoming obsolete in latest rarnps. The siphonal fasciole bears distinct spiral ribs. The protoconch is pale pink. The ground color of the shell is pinkish white. The spire is pattemed with brown and white blotches. The color pattem ofthe last whorl is very much like in the nominate subspecies, consisting of brown or purplish brown blotches composed of closely spaced transverse lines. The aperture is white. The

periostracum is thin, yellow, smooth and translucent.Discussion:-The shell is narrower and more elongate than nominal subspecies.

Conus striatus f . subfloridus da Motta, 1985

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer

Published in: La Conchiglia xvii, no. 190-191, p. 27, f. 4a-bOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Gulf of Mannar, Between India and Sri LankaType Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 76.2 x 35.3 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-striatus subfloridus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Gulf of Mannar, Coromandel Coast and W. ThailandHabitat:-From 1-50 m, usually in sand on coral reef, often beneath rocks and dead coral slabsDescription:-See aboveDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus striolatus Kiener, 1845

Pictures:Picture Link: Figure Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv., pl. 105, f. 1 Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv. 2, p. 266, pl. 105, f. 1 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Designated Rua Sura, SolomonsType Data: Holotype was in collection Bernardi and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 28 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-striolatus Synonyms:- decurtata Dautzenberg, 1910; morrisoni Raybaudi G. (Massilia), 1991Geographic Range:-W. Thailand to Micronesia, Taiwan to Queensland; probably also Seychelles

Habitat:-Intertidal and upper subtidal, on muddy sandDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl usually ventricosely conical to ovate; outline variably convex. Shoulder angulate to almost rounded. Spire of moderate height, outline straight to slightly convex. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to concave, with 2 increasing to 4-6 spiral grooves. Last whorl with widely spaced spiral ribs at base.Ground colour pale grey to pale tan. Last whorl with olive or brown axial clouds, emphasized by bordering bluegrey background clouds, fusing into an interrupted or continuous spiral band on each side of centre. Spiral rows of alternating brown to black and white dots and dashes extend from base to shoulder. In some specimens, clouds absent from last whorl. Larval whorls pink to orange. Late sutural ramps with tan to olive radial streaks and blotches. Aperture white to bluish white.Shell Morphometry L 25-40 mm RW 0.10-0.27 g/mm RD 0.61-0.67 PMD 0.71-0.80 RSH 0.12-0.19 The figure of the typical specimen is white with spiral rows of yellowish brown dots, some forming two loose bands. There are no clouds.Red specimens from the Ashmore reef were described as C. morrisoni.Discussion:-C. achatinus is larger (40-82 mm), often with a narrower last whorl (RD 0.54-0.69) and less regular colour pattern, and with distinctly tuberculate early postnuclear whorls. C. monachus is also larger, blue clouds and blotches dominate its last whorl, and its larval shell is brown. The type figure of C. striolatus depicts a colour form lacking olive clouds on the last whorl. C. striolatus has been an enigmatic species, often assigned to C. magus, C. achatinus, or C. monachus. It has also been considered a valid species, under the names 'C. ranunculus Hwass' (a synonym of C. achatinus), 'C. vinctus A. Adams' (a synonym of C. monachus), 'C. nigropunctatus Sowerby III (a variant of C. catus), and 'C. decurtatus Dautzenberg' (a synonym of C. striolatus). Coomans et al. (1985b) substantiated the validity and established the correct name.

Conus striolatus f. decurtata Dautzenberg, 1910

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in IRSN Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: J. Conchyl. 58, p. 26Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Rua-Sura, Solomon Is.Type Data: Lectotype in IRSN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 28.5 x 16.7 mm

Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus striolatus Kiener, 1845Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-striolatus decurtata formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-W Thailand - Micronesia; Taiwan - Queensland; SeychellesHabitat:-Intertidal and upper subtidal, on muddy sandDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl usually ventricosely conical to ovate; outline variably convex. Shoulder angulate to almost rounded. Spire of moderate height, outline straight to slightly convex. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to concave, with 2 increasing to 4-6 spiral grooves. Last whorl with widely spaced spiral ribs at base.Ground colour pale grey to pale tan. Last whorl with olive or brown axial clouds, emphasized by bordering blue grey background clouds, fusing into an interrupted or continuous spiral band on each side of centre. Spiral rows of alternating brown to black and white dots and dashes extend from base to shoulder. In some specimens, clouds absent from last whorl. Larval whorls pink to orange. Late sutural ramps with tan to olive radial streaks and blotches. Aperture white to bluish white.Shell Morphometry L 25-40 mm RW 0.10-0.27 g/mm RD 0.61-0.67 PMD 0.71-0.80 RSH 0.12-0.19 The figure of the typical specimen is white with spiral rows of yellowish brown dots, some forming two loose bands. There are no clouds.The type of C. decurtata has a white ground colour with irregular greyish axial clouds and many spiral rows of brown and white dashes.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus striolatus f. morrisoni Raybaudi G. (Massilia), 1991

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer

Published in: La Conchiglia xxii, no. 260, p. 20, f, p. 21, 22, f. 5, p. 23, f. 3, pOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Ashmore Reef, NW Australia (12deg 20' S 112deg E)Type Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 27.5 x 16 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus striolatus Kiener, 1845

Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-striolatus morrisoni formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Timor Sea, W. AustraliaHabitat:-No DataDescription:- C. morrisoni is considered form of C. catus in RKK.Red specimens from the Ashmore reef were described as C. morrisoni.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus stupa Kuroda, 1956

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in THTA Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Venus vol. xix, no. 1, p. 1., pl. 1, f. 1 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Tosa, Japan; ca. 100 fathomsType Data: Holotype in THTA deposited and catalogued Type Size: 100 x 48 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kurodaconus Species:-stupa Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines - Japan; Solomons; Loyalty IslandsHabitat:-Found at depths of 150-450 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately large to large, solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical, broadly and ventricosely conical or pyriform; outline convex at adapical two-thirds, straight to concave below; left side consistently sigmoid. Shoulder angulate to subangulate, approaching rounded in very large shells. Spire high, stepped, outline slightly concave. First 8-12 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Early teleoconch sutural ramps flat to concave, with 2-3 spiral grooves; late ramps deeply concave with a weak spiral striation. Last whorl with weak spiral ribs at base.Groundcolour white. Last whorl with about 7-13 reddish brown dotted spiral lines. Irregular, reddish to dark brown flecks often form an interrupted spiral band above centre. Teleoconch sutural ramus with a variable number of brown radial streaks and blotches extending across outer margins onto steps. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 68-100 mm RW 0.37-0.74 g/mm

(L 68-88 mm) RD 0.63-0.73 PMD 0.78-0.85 RSH 0.26-0.30Discussion:-C. stupella can be easily confused with C. stupa. The latter species generally attains larger size, its spire outline is concave, its late teleconch sutural ramps are deeply concave and usually lack spiral grooves, and it has spiral rows of dots rather than spots on last whorl.

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Conus stupella Kuroda, 1956

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in THTA Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Venus vol. xix, no. 1, p. 3, pl. 1, f. 3Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Tosa, Japan; 60-70 fathomsType Data: Holotype in THTA deposited and catalogued Type Size: 72.4 x 35.3 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kurodaconus Species:-stupella Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-S Japan; Taiwan; Philippines; VietnamHabitat:-Deep Water over 100 mDescription:-Moderately large to large, solid. Last whorl usually pyriform, outline usually sigmoid. Shoulder subangulate to rounded. Spire of moderate height or high, stepped, outline straight. Maximum diameter of larval shell 0.9-1 mm. First 3-10 postnuclear whorls tuberculate, late whorls undulate or smooth. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave or almost flat, with 2 increasing to 4 spiral grooves. Last whorl with a few weak spiral ribs at base.Ground colour white suffused with reddish violet. Last whorl with widely spaced spiral rows of brown spots. Some specimens also with sparse light brown flecks, spirally aligned above centre. Teleoconch sutural ramps with brown spots at outer margins, between tubercles in early whorls. Aperture light violet.Shell Morphometry L 54-98 mm RW 0.28-0.48 g/mm (L 54-73 mm) RD 0.64-0.74 PMD 0.80-0.89 RSH 0.20-0.30Discussion:-C. stupella can be easily confused with C. stupa. The latter species generally attains

larger size, its spire outline is concave, its late teleconch sutural ramps are deeply concave and usually lack spiral grooves, and it has spiral rows of dots rather than spots on last whorl.

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Conus subaequalis Sowerby iii, 1870

Pictures: Picture Link: Figure Sowerby, 1870

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 257, pl. 22, f. 5Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: China SeasType Data: There is no known specimenNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus praecellens A. Adams, 1854Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kurodaconus Species:-praecellens subaequalis formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-PhilippinesHabitat:-Found at depths of 10-200 mDescription:-

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Conus subfloridus da Motta, 1985

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer

Published in: La Conchiglia xvii, no. 190-191, p. 27, f. 4a-bOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Gulf of Mannar, Between India and Sri Lanka.Type Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 76.2 x 35.3 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-striatus subfloridus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Gulf of Mannar, Coromandel Coast and W. ThailandHabitat:-From 1-50 m, usually in sand on coral reef, often beneath rocks and dead coral slabsDescription:-See aboveDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus subulatus Kiener, 1845

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in collection Dupont Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv., pl. 70, f. 2 Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv. 2, p. 243, pl. 70, f. 2. Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not known.Type Data: Holotype was in collection Dupont and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 34mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-subulatus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines and Solomon Is.Habitat:-Shallow waterDescription:- Discussion:-Mike Filmer states in Visaya (2012) that the shells called C. subulatus in collections are different from the holotype. These are renamed Conus moolenbeeki Filmer, 2012.

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Conus suduirauti Raybaudi G. (Massilia), 2004

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Visaya 1 (2), p. 38Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Calituban island, North of Bohol island, PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 19.2 x 8.6 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-suduirauti Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Bohol,Philippines; Papua New GuineaHabitat:-Sand and coral algae

Description:-Source Original Description VisayaShell small (length of adult specimens: 16-21 mm) and moderately light in weight.Last whorl conical to broadly conical, outline slightly convex; shoulder angulate and heavily tuberculate. Sides straight to slightly convex, concave near the base. Spire high, stepped, outline straight. Aperture wider at base than near the shoulder. Larval shell smooth, with about 3 whorls, maximum diameter 1.1-1.2 mm. Post-larval spire whorls strongly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps concave, with 1-3 increasiqg to 3- 7 spiral grooves. Last whorl with strongly beaded spiral ribs. Color of the last whorl white to pink- white, with scattered reddish- brown spots, sometimes coalescing into two. Early teleoconch whorls white, sutural ramps with sparse radial streaks; later spire whorls with coalescent reddish brown spots smudging below the strongly tuberculed shoulder hedge. Larval whorls milky white. Aperture light yellow, with a white collabral marginal hedge.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus suffusus Sowerby iii, 1870

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 255, pl. 22, f. 9Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: New CaledoniaType Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 55 x 33 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus marmoreus Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Conus Species:-marmoreus suffusus formaSynonyms:- noumeensis Crosse, 1872Geographic Range:-New CaledoniaHabitat:-In 1-15 m. On coral reef platforms and lagoon pinnacles, on coral debris and in sand often under rocks or among weed.Description:- Form suffusus has distinct spire tubercles, lacks any pattern elements on its white, pale pink or pale yellow background, and its aperture is pink to orange. Immaculate white shells with a white aperture were described as C. suffusus var. noumeensis.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sugillatus Reeve, 1844

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Conch. Icon., pl. 45, sp. 247Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, pl. 45, sp. 247 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not known.Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Conch. Icon., pl. 45, sp. 247Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus muriculatus Sowerby ii, 1833Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lividoconus Species:-muriculatus sugillatus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Indo-PacificHabitat:-Intertidal to about 70 m; living on coarse sand with algae, and on diverse reef substrates.Description:- In form sugillatus, colour bands of last whorl usually darker, often tinged with dark bluish green or greenish brown. Central and subshoulder band may be overlaid with yellowish brown. Brown spiral lines usually solid. Teleoconch sutural ramps often greenish brown toward apex. Aperture dark violet, with a pale band at centre and subshoulder area.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sugimotonis Kuroda, 1928

Pictures:Picture Link: Figure Original Description Picture Link: Paul kersten

Published in: Venus Vol. I, no. 1, p. 81, pl. I, f. 6Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Tosa, Japan.Type Data: Holotype was in collection Sugimoto and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 95 x 48.5 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kioconus Species:-sugimotonis Synonyms:- vicdani Lan, 1978; whiteheadae da Motta, 1985Geographic Range:-Japan - Philippines; Queensland; Coral SeaHabitat:-Deep water in depths of 100-350 m

Description:-Source Living ConidaeModerately large to large, usually solid. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical or slightly pyriform; outline convex at adapical fourth to half, straight or slightly concave below. Shoulder angulate. Spire low; outline concave to sigmoid, often with early whorls projecting from an otherwise flat or slightly domed spire. Larval shell of about 3 whorls, maximum diameter about 1 mm. First 3-5 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with 1 increasing to 5-8 spiral grooves, sometimes with additional spiral striae in latest whorls. Last whorl with weak to distinct spiral ribs and ribbons at base.Ground colour white. Last whorl immaculate or variably shaded with yellow or tan; shells from Philippines may have additional brown axial streaks spirally aligned just above centre; shells from Queensland may additionally be suffused or banded with very pale violet. Larval whorls white or beige. In Japanese and Philippine shells, early teleoconch sutural ramps may be tinged with yellow. Outer margins of sutural ramps sometimes with a varying number of brown dots, persisting at edge of shoulder in some specimens. Aperture white, sometimes bluish white.Shell Morphometry L 60-103 mm RW 0.30-0.85 g/mm RD 0.54-0.62 PMD 0.80-0.94 RSH 0.02-0.11Discussion:-C. tribblei differs in the variable brown spiral bands on its last whorl, the brown radial markings on its sutural ramps, its carinate late whorls, and its generally narrower last whorl (RD 0.47-0.61) with an almost straight rather than slightly sigmoid outline. The spiral sculpture is weaker on the late sutural ramps of C. tribblei but stronger on its last whorl. C. lenavati can be distinguished by its brown spiral bands and axial blotches on the last whorl, brown flecks rather than dots on the sutural ramps, and the weaker spiral sculpture of its late sutural ramps.C. sugimotonis has a more solid shell, broader last whorl (RD 0.54-0.62), lower spire (RSH 0.02-0.1 1), and pronounced spiral grooves on its sutural ramps than C. sieboldii.

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Conus sukhadwalai Röckel & da Motta, 1983

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMSF Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Arch. Moll. 114 (1/3), p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 1-3Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Near Madras, IndiaType Data: Holotype in NMSF deposited and catalogued Type Size: 40.2 x 20.1 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-

Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Stellaconus Species:-sukhadwalai Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-S. IndiaHabitat:-15-150 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl conical to slightly pyriform, outline convex at adapical third and straight to slightly concave below. Shoulder angulate. Spire low; outline concave; apex projects from an otherwise almost flat spire. Larval shell of about 3 whorls, maximum diameter 0.8 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with 2 increasing to 4-5 spiral grooves in early whorls, grading into many weak spiral striae in late whorls. Last whorl with a few weak spiral ribs at base.Ground colour whte suffused with violet. Last whorl with a broad, continuous to interrupted orange to orangish brown spiral band on each side of centre; dark brown spots and axial flames edge the adapical band on both sides and the upper side of the abapical band. Larval whorls light orange. Teleoconch sutural ramps with brown radial markings. Aperture pale violet.Shell Morphometry L 37-50 mm RW 0.19-0.29 g/mm RD 0.59-0.66 PMD 0.85-0.97 RSH 0.01-0.07Discussion:-C. malacanus is a larger and somewhat heavier (L 45 mm: RW 0.35) sympatric species, which differs in its broader last whorl (RD 0.65-0.74), higher spire (RSH 0.10-0.17), and tuberculate early and carinate late postnuclear whorls. The periostracum of C. malacanus has no tufted spiral lines. C. recluzianus attains larger size and is lighter in weight (L 45 mm: RW 0.14-0.22); it has a narrower last whorl (RD 0.49-0.60), prominent spiral sculpture on its late sutural ramps and undulate to tuberculate postnuclear whorls.C. sukhadwalai differs from C. shikamai in having a distinctly broader and less straight-sided last whorl (RD 0.59-0.66), smooth postnuclear whorls, and absence of spiral lines from its last whorl.

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Conus sulcatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:.Picture Link: Representation Tableau Enc. (1798, pl. 321, fig. 6) Picture Link: Paul kersten

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 618Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: East IndiesType Data: There is a cited figure : Tableau (1798, pl. 321, fig. 6)Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid species

Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-sulcatus Synonyms:- costatus Holten, 1802; asper Lamarck, 1810; costatus Dillwyn, 1817; orbitatus Reeve, 1843; bocki Sowerby iii, 1881; brettinghami Coomans. Moolenbeek & Wils, 1982; samiae da Motta, 1982; habui Lan, 2002Geographic Range:-Japan to Philippines and Melanesia to Fiji; India to IndonesiaHabitat:-Reported in depths of 20 to 240 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to large, moderately solid to solid, lightest in form brettinghami. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical, broadest in form samiae; outline almost straight, left side sometimes concave near base. Form samiae with more convex sides than other forms. Shoulder angulate, strongly tuberculate to weakly undulate with about 10- 14 broad tubercles or bulges. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave to almost straight. Larval shell of 3 or more whorls, maximum diameter 0.8-1 mm. Teleoconch spire whorls tuberculate to undulate. Teleoconch sutural ramps concave, with 1-2 increasing to 5-12 spiral grooves; in form samiae increasing to 4-7 grooves. In typical form and in form samiue, last whorl sculptured with broad, often pustulose spiral ribs and/or ribbons; grooves between axially striate and often containing 1-3 spiral threads. Forms bocki and brettinghami usually nearly smooth or weakly sculptured.Ground colour white. Last whorl variably suffused or streaked with yellowish to dark brown. Almost uniformly brown shells intergrade with largely white shells. Shoulder edge usually white. Form samiae with rows of brown spots on spiral elevations of last whorl, fusing or concentrating into 2-3 spiral bands. Larval whorls and adjacent postnucelar sutural ramps immaculate, following sutural ramps maculated with brown radial markings, ranging from mainly brown to mainly white. Aperture white.Discussion:-Considered 3 allopatric subspecies: C. s. sulcatus from Taiwan, with strongly sculptured last whorl, but rather weakly tuberculate shoulder, and white to blurred- brown in colour. C. s. brettinghami from Philippines and possibly also New Guinea, with narrower last whorl, the upper half smooth, almost solid brown and undulate to weakly tuberculate shoulder. C. s. bocki from W. Thailand, throughout Indonesia and the Solomon Is., with a broad last whorl, strongly tuberculate shoulder, variable in sculpture of last whorl, and brown. Although local populations seem to be uniform in their conchological appearance, these three variants all intergrade with one another, and all occur sympatrically. RKK thus consider them forms rather than subspecies. Typical form: Japan to Philippines, Vietnam and Indonesia; form brettinghami: India, W. Thailand, Philippines to Melanesia; form bocki: W. Thailand, Philippines and Melanesia; form samiae Philippines and Solomon Is., intergrading with form bocki. The typical form of C. sulcatus may resemble C. asiaticus. The latter species is smaller, has smooth late sutural ramps including shoulder, a higher spire (RSH 0.15-0.20), and a larval shell of 2-2.5 whorls (vs. 3 or more whorls)

Conus sulcatus f. bocki Sowerby iii, 1881

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMWC Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 636, pl. 56, f. 7Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: AmboynaType Data: Holotype in NMWC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 57 x 32 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus sulcatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-sulcatus bocki formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-W. Thailand, Philippines and MelanesiaHabitat:-Reported in depths of 20 to 240 m.Description:-Source Living Conidae C. sulcatusForms bocki usually nearly smooth or weakly sculptured.Ground colour white. Last whorl variably suffused or streaked with yellowish to dark brown. Almost uniformly brown shells intergrade with largely white shells. Shoulder edge usually white. Aperture white.Discussion:-No Data

Conus sulcatus f. brettinghami Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils, 1982

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: Basteria 46, p. 39, figs. 258 a & bOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Designated Marinduque, Philippines (C. undulatus)Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued (C. undulatus) Type Size : 43 x 21 mmNomenclature: a new replacement name (nomen novum) for C. undulatus Sowerby, 1858.Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus sulcatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-sulcatus brettinghami formaSynonyms:- undulatus Sowerby ii, 1857 Geographic Range:-India, W. Thailand, Philippines to Melanesia;Habitat:-Reported in depths of 20 to 240 m.Description:-Source Living Conidae C. sulcatusForm brettinghami usually nearly smooth or weakly sculptured.Ground colour white. Last whorl variably suffused or streaked with yellowish to dark brown. Discussion:-No Data

Conus sulcatus f. samiae da Motta, 1982

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Publ. Ocas. Soc. Port. Malac., no. 1, p. 12, f. 11Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Balut Is., Mindanao, Philippines; ca. 200 mType Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 57.5 x 34 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus sulcatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-sulcatus samiae formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines and Solomon Is.Habitat:-Reported in depths of 20 to 240 mDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. sulcatusForm samiae with rows of brown spots on spiral elevations of last whorl, fusing or concentrating into 2-3 spiral bands. Larval whorls and adjacent postnucelar sutural ramps immaculate, following sutural ramps maculated with brown radial markings, ranging from mainly brown to mainly white. Aperture white.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sulcocastaneus Kosuge, 1981

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype C. vicdani Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Bull. Inst. Malacol. Tokyo. I, no. 6, p. 99Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Balut, Davao, Philippines (C. vicdani Kosuge, 1980)Type Data: Holotype in IMT deposited and catalogued (C. vicdani) Type Size: 47.9 x 23.8 mmNomenclature: Nomen novum for Conus vicdani Kosuge, 1980; non Lan, 1978Taxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE

Genus:-Asprella Species:-sulcocastanaSynonyms:- vicdani Kosuge, 1980Geographic Range:-Philippines; Marshall IslandsHabitat:-Deep water from 150-240 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to moderately large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical; outline almost straight, left side usually constricted above base. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Siphonal canal sometimes deflected to left. Shoulder strongly tuberculate. Spire of moderate height, outline straight to convex. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter about 0.8 mm. Postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave with 3 increasing to 4-7 spiral grooves in late whorls. Last whorl with rather broad, axially striate pronounced spiral grooves and prominent ribs and ribbons between.Ground colour white. Last whorl with rows of brown spots, bars or dashes on spiral elevations, sometimes fusing into a spiral band on each side of centre. Larval whorls white. Postnuclear sutural ramps with brown radial blotches; outer margins with brown spots between mainly white tubercles. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 44-63 mm RW 0.25-0.38 g/mm (L 44-54 mm) RD 0.57-0.63 PMD 0.81-0.98 RSH 0.09-0.20Discussion:-C. sulcatus form samiae has a concave rather than convex spire outline and a broader last whorl (RD 0.61-0.70), with variably spaced, usually granulose spiral ribs bearing narrower dotted and dashed lines than in C. sulcocastaneus.

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Conus sulphuratus Kiener, 1845

Pictures:Picture Link: Figure Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv.

Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv. 2, p. 130, pl. 66, f. 3 and pl. 78, f. 4Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not KnownType Data: Syntype was in collection Boivin and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 28mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus vexillum Gmelin, 1791Current Group Names:-Discussion: Description based on a juvenileNot appropriate for the name sulphuratus

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Conus sumatrensis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Chemnitz (1788, pl. 144 A, fig. b) Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 655Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: locality Sumatra, (Indonesia), (erroneous), corrected (Wils) to Hurghada, Egypt.Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Chemnitz (1788, pl. 144 A, fig. b)Nomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus vexillum Gmelin, 1791Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rhizoconus Species:-vexillum sumatrensis formaSynonyms:- leopardus Dillwyn, 1817Geographic Range:-Red Sea; E. Africa; W. Indian OceanHabitat:-Shallow waterDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to large, solid to heavy; C. v. vexillum larger but lighter than C. v. sumatrensis. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical to broadly or broadly and ventricosely conical; outline convex adapically, almost straight below. Shoulder angulate to rounded. Spire of low to moderate height, often higher in C. v. vexillum; outline straight to slightly convex. Larval shell of 3.5-5.5 whorls, maximum diameter 0.8-0.9 mm. First 0.25-2.5 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 2-3 increasing to about 10 often punctate spiral grooves. Last whorl with weak spiral ribs at base.C. v. sumatrensis: Last whorl with blackish brown axial streaks and flames, and with fine less densely spaced axial lines, frequently consisting of close-set minute dots and often variably reduced. Spiral colour zones lighter brown than in C. v. vexillum, sometimes reduced; white bands always distinct. Base white to tan, variably covered with minute brown dots. Small juveniles (10 mm or less) of C. v. vexillum yellow or olive. During growth, colour changes to brown. White ground appears gradually in adults. Small specimens with spirally arrayed, minute brown dots on spire and at base, sometimes over entire last whorl. During growth, dots become arranged into axial rows, clustered at base and so closely spaced as to produce solid lines. Center of last whorl transitionally with 1-2 spiral rows of brown spots. Larger subadults often with dark brown axial streaks, similar to C. v. sumatrensis adults. Juveniles of C. v. sumatrensis also yellow; axial streaks and flames are retained in adults.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sunderlandi Petuch, 1987

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: New Carib. Moll. Faunas, p. 75, pl. 12, fig. 13-16Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Utila Island, Bay Islands, Honduras; 18 mType Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 33 x 17 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gradiconus Species:-sunderlandi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-HondurasHabitat:-Found at depths of 20 mDescription:-Source: Original descriptionShell stocky, solid, broad across shoulder; shoulder sharp-angled; body whorl smooth and shiny; anterior tip with several strong spiral cords; shell color white, overlaid with numerous close- packed rows of tiny, bright orange, vertical flammules; mid- body with white band; anterior tip white, with few scattered tiny, orange flammules; bands of orange vertical flammules sometimes coalesce to form solid orange, wide band ; spire whorls white, with numerous, closely- packed, bright orange, crescent-shaped flammules; interior of aperture pink; periostracum thin, smooth, yellow.Discussion:-Conus sunderlandi which appears to be endemic to Utila Is. and surrounding areas of the Bay Islands, is closest to C. daucus, Hwass, which is widespread throughout the Caribbean. Conus sunderlandi differs from C. daucus in being a slightly more pyriform shell with a higher spire, by being a smaller species, and by having a distinctive color pattern of bands of orange, vertical flammules. No known varieties of C. daucus, from anywhere in the Caribbean, show the banded pattern of C. sunderlandi.

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Conus suratensis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:.Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 669Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: East IndiesType Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued

Type Size: 51 x 35 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Dendroconus Species:-suratensis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Indian Ocean; SW PacificHabitat:-Shallow waterDescription:-Source Living ConidaeLarge and heavy. Last whorl usually ventricosely conical, outline convex at adapical third, straight below. Shoulder subangulate to rounded. Spire low, outline variably concave. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter 0.8-0.9 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with a few spiral grooves grading to spiral striae in late whorls. Last whorl with distinct or weak spiral grooves on basal third, separating ribbons of varying width.Ground colour cream to tan, variably suffused with orange-brown. Last whorl with spiral rows of brown dots, spots, dashes or narrow bars mostly also aligned in axial rows. Dark markings sometimes alternate with white dashes. Occasionally, narrow orange-brown bands encircle last whorl at various sites. Base, siphonal fasciole and basal part of columella pale orange, often immaculate. Late sutural ramps radially or irregularly maculated with dark brown streaks and a few blotches. Aperture orange or pale brown in subadults, white in adults.Shell Morphometry L 80-161 mm RW 1.00-3.00 g/mm (L 80-128 mm) RD 0.59-0.69 PMD 0.78-0.86 RSH 0.02-0.06Discussion:-C. suratensis is often difficult to distinguish from C. betulinus. It does not attain as large size as the latter species, generally has a narrower last whorl (RD 0.59-0.69) as well as a lower spire (RSH 0.02-0.06); the spiral sculpture of its last whorl consists of ribbons, and its pattern has more but smaller brown markings that are also axially aligned.

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Conus sutanorcum Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer Published in: Vita Malacologica 6, 46 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Vitu Levi, FijiType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 29.7 x 13.8 mmNomenclature: An Available name

Taxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Phasmoconus Species:-sutanorcum Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-FijiHabitat:-Found at depths of 150-180 mDescription:-Source original descriptionShell medium-sized, moderately solid. Shape conical to broadly ovate. Spire concave. Protoconch glassy white, two nearly smooth tapering whorls. Teleoconch of 9.5 whorls. The first 3 post nuclear whorls with fine nodules gradually disappearing. Spire whorls starting with one and ending with 4 spiral grooves. Suture rather deep. Colour white with irregular axial brown markings, penultimate whorl with about 12 markings. Last whorl with about 35 spiral cords which are narrower than the axially striated interspaces. On the basal part of the whorl the interspaces are about 5 times as broad as the cords. Upper cords brown with now and then a white area in between, on lower cords the brown and white portions are nearly equal. Base white. Aperture rather slender, white with the brown lines shining through the edge.Discussion:-

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Conus suturatus Reeve, 1844

Pictures:.Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, pl. 45, sp. 250Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: not known, (label states Port Essington), (Eastern Gulf of Carpenteria, northern Australia).Type Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 41 x 23 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid species; maybe a form of Conus tessulatusCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Tesselliconus Species:-suturatus Synonyms:- kashiwajimensis Shikama, 1971; sandwichensis Walls, 1978 which is raised to the status of a valid species by Tucker, Tenorio & Chaney (2011)Geographic Range:-N. Australia; E. Indian Ocean; W. PacificHabitat:-OffshoreDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl conical, ventricosely conical or broadly conical; outline straight or variably convex adapically. Shoulder subangulate to angulate. Spire low, outline concave to straight.

Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. First 5-8 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps with a pronounced subsutural ridge and a distinct ribbon between 2 spiral grooves; in large specimens, last ramp sometimes with 3-4 spiral grooves. Last whorl with variably spaced deep spiral grooves at basal fourth to third; ribs between grading to ribbons adapically. C. s. sandwichensis differs in its less solid shell with a strictly conical, narrower and more straight-sided last whorl and a moderately high, stepped spire. Subadults from Hawaii have more pronounced sculpture on the last whorl, with spiral grooves extending to shoulder; intervening ribs usually with minute granulesGround colour white, sometimes suffused with pink or violet. Last whorl usually with 3 orange or pink spiral bands, below shoulder and on both sides of centre; adapical band usually pale. Sometimes, additional spiral rows of variously sized, squarish, yellowish brown spots form clusters overlying colour bands; rows vary in number and arrangement and sometimes contain white spots. Base and siphonal fasciole light violet. Larval whorls white. Teleoconch sutural ramps immaculate or with orangish brown radial markings producing separated spots or bars along shoulder edge. Aperture white to violet. Shell Morphometry L 30-43 mm RW 0.20-0.44 g/mm RD 0.62-0.73 PMD 0.80-0.90 RSH 0.03-0.12 Discussion:-No Data

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Conus suzannae Van Rossum, 1990

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: La Conchiglia xxii, no. 250-252, p. 29 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Malindi, KenyaType Data: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 38. X 17.6 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Cylinder Species:-textile suzannae formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Kenya, E. AfricaHabitat:-Intertidal to about 50 m; on coral reef from the reef crest to deeper water inside the lagoon and sometimes also on flats of mainland coasts.

DescriptionC. suzannae : smaller than other forms of C. textile Last whorl rather narrow, conoid-cylindrical to ventricosely conical (RD 0.52-0.60; PMD 0.75-0.80); spire rather high (RSH 0.13-0.19). Ground colour white to yellowish orange, often suffused with violet. Pattern consisting of reddish brown reticulated lines and 2-3 overlying weak and interrupted spiral colour bands; within bands, lines often not reticulated but axially undulating and sparsely fusing into broad axial lines. Spiral banding may be emphasized by pale violet background shades underlying only the strongly reticulated spiral zones. Known from Malindi and Robinson Id., Kenia. RKK consider C. suzannae a local race of C. textile. Discussion:-No Data

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Conus swainsoni Estival & von Cosel, 1986

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenLiving Animal: David Massemin New Caledonia

Published in: Venus 45, p. 88, pl. 1 (1-3), 2 (1-6)Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: New Caledonia, off Noumea, Between Ilot Canard and Ilot Maitre.(C. pulchellus Swainson,1822)Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued (C. pulchellus) Type Size: 56 x 28.2 mmNomenclature: an Available name, a new description and a new replacement name (nomen novum) for C. pulchellus Swainson, 1822Taxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Vituliconus Species:-swainsoni Synonyms:- pulchellus Swainson, 1822Geographic Range:-New CaledoniaHabitat:-In 12 to more than 60 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to moderately large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical, outline convex adapically, less so or straight below. Shoulder angulate. Spire low; outline concave, straight or sigmoid in adults, domed in subadults. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter 0.8-0.9 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps with 1 increasing to 3-5 weak spiral grooves. Last whorl with prominent spiral rows of granules toward base; interspaces with an usually weaker central row of granules.Ground colour white. Last whorl with large orange to brown blotches and orange or orangish brown axial flames, leaving a continuous or interrupted spiral ground-colour band below centre. About 23-30 solid dark brown spiral lines extend from base to shoulder. Base deep violet. Juveniles either immaculate pale rose except for violet base or with colour pattern similar to that

of adults except for 'more or less missing spiral lines' (Estival & von Cosel, 1986). Larval shell beige. Teleoconch sutural ramps with brown radial markings. Aperture white except for deep violet anterior end.Shell Morphometry L 36-62 mm RW 0.18-0.41 g/mm ((L 36-55 mm)) RD 0.51-0.61 PMD 0.80-0.91 RSH 0.07-0.11Discussion:-This species is very similar to C. circumactus. The latter species has a broader last whorl (RD 0.58-0.68) and a concave spire rather than with domed early whorls. Juvenile shells (length about 20 mm) of these two species differ strikingly in shape and colour pattern, and they do not appear to intergrade where they co-occur in New Caledonia.

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Conus swinneni Tenorio, Afonso, Cunha & Rolán, 2014

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Manolo Tenorio Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Xenophora Taxonomy 2, p. 10-11, Pl. 2Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Porto Ferreira, East Coast of Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde ArchipelagoType Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 23,6 x14.0 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-swinneniSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Boa Vista, Cape Verde IslandsHabitat:-Buried or partially buried in small rock ridges and crevices with very fine white sandDescription-A solid shell with a conical to ventricosely conical profile of the last whorl and a subangulate shoulder. Spire low to moderate, straight to concave, with fine cords on the sutural ramps and with a pointed apex. There are two shell pattern morphs: yellow brown and darker brown. Both are patterned by irregular white blotches and markings that in most specimens are arranged forming a central spiral broad band on the mid body and another very characteristic narrow spiral band at the height of the shoulder. Very thin spiral lines are present on the body whorl, more evident in darker brown colored morphs. There are also fine axial brown often zigzag lines crossing the white bands at the shoulder and at the center. Towards the base the color is always darker. Aperture white with a light shade of purple towards the upper portion.

Columella white. Periostracum yellow, thin, smooth and translucent.Discussion:- DNA analysis support the status of valid species.

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Conus sydneyensis Sowerby iii, 1887

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in IRSN Mike Filmer Picture link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Thes. Conch. V, p. 260, pl. 32 (510), f. 694Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Pt. Jackson, AustraliaType Data: Holotype in IRSN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 21 x 11 mmNomenclature: An Available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Austroconus Species:-sydneyensis Synonyms:- illawarra Garrard, 1961Geographic Range:-New South WalesHabitat:-Found at depths of 90-250 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small. moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical; outline slightly convex, left side concave near base. Shoulder angulate. Spire usually of moderate height, outline concave to slightly sigmoid. Larval shell of about 2.5 whorls, maximum diameter about 0.9 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 0-1 increasing to 3-4 wide spiral grooves. Last whorl with axially striate spiral grooves from base to centre; intervening ribbons narrower and arranged in pairs toward base. often grading to ribs at anterior end.Ground colour white, suffused with light violet or cream. Last whorl with yellowish to orangish brown clouds and blotches, often arranged in spiral rows or forming a coarse meshwork. Larval whorls white. Postnuclear sutural ramps with radial blotches extending over shoulders and matching last whorl pattern in colour. Aperture light pink to pinkish brown.Shell Morphometry L 25-33 mm RW 0.06-0.16 g/mm RD 0.63-0.70 PMD 0.79-0.88 RSH 0.12-0.22Discussion:-C. sydneyensis is similar to C. baeri, a larger species (L 30-45 mm) with a broader larval shell (1.2-1.3 mm). The last whorl pattern of C. baeri consists of spiral colour bands and separate spiral rows of spots and bars rather than coalescing blotches and clouds, and its aperture lacks pink or violet shades. C. colmani differs from C. sydneyensis in its larger size (to 52 mm), tuberculate early postnuclear whorls, broader larval shell (1.05-1.15 mm) of fewer whorls (2),

and in the larger number of spiral grooves on the late sutural ramps; its last whorl pattern elements are narrower, and its aperture is white.

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Last update October 2016