www.nanodiode.eu presentation 3: are nanomaterials a worker health and safety risk?
TRANSCRIPT
www.nanodiode.eu
Presentation 3:Are nanomaterials a worker health and safety risk?
Health effects identified so far
• Nanomaterials can penetrate further into the human body if inhaled and even pass into the bloodstream and travel to other organs
• Some nanomaterials (multi-walled carbon nanotubes - MWCNTs) have shown asbestos-like effects
• Lack of data available on the hazards (human and environmental) posed by nanomaterials
• Yet, we can “read across” to nanomaterials from our knowledge of effects of the same or similar materials at “bulk” size - toxicologists have not yet identified “new” health effects from nanomaterials as seen for other hazardous substances
• Toxicity can depend upon size, shape, surface charge, age, etc of the nanomaterials, so their complexity means testing for all possible variables would take many years and would be expensive
References: and images What Workers Need to Know about Nanomaterial Toxicology
https://nanohub.org/groups/gng/training_materials
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Precaution as a first response
Reference: Colvin, V.L., “The Potential Environmental Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials,” in Asmatulu, R. “Toxicity of Nanomaterials and Recent Developments in Lung Disease“ http://www.intechopen.com/books/bronchitis/toxicity-of-nanomaterials-and-recent-developments-in-lung-disease
• Given many unknowns about nanomaterial hazards, preventing worker exposure is the best approach
• Nanoparticles may enter the body through three routes: inhalation, absorption and ingestion
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Routes of exposure
INHALATION• Inhalation is the most important exposure route because it is the most
concentrated, and produces the strongest effects• Inhaled airborne nanomaterials may deposit in different parts of the lungs• Inhaled nanomaterials may travel to other organs and lymph system via
blood stream (also exposure via the olfactory bulb/nerve)
Reference:
What Workers Need to Know about Nanomaterial Toxicology
https://nanohub.org/groups/gng/training_materials
ABSORPTION• Fewer studies done on absorption than on inhalation• Studies show different results:
– little to no penetration beyond surface skin layers– Penetration of flexed, damaged or diseased skin– Penetration of intact skin within 8-24 hours
• Eyes also an exposure route• Skin studies based on short-term single applications
INGESTION• May occur after inhalation exposure when mucus is
brought up the respiratory tract and swallowed• Poor work practice can result in hand-to-mouth transfer
(e.g. eating or smoking in the work area)• Ingested nanoparticles do translocate to other organs
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Concerns about exposure
Effects from nanomaterials testing: • Cancers, including mesothelioma• Rapid and persistent pulmonary fibrosis• Cardiovascular dysfunction• Transfer to different organs (e.g. the brain, heart,
liver, intestine, lymph system) – via the olfactory nerve into the brain, via the lungs, via the skin
• Affect cells: their shape and structure, damage cell membranes
• Irritation responses (e.g. respiratory problems)• DNA and liver damage
Reference:: What Workers Need to Know about Nanomaterial Toxicology
https://nanohub.org/groups/gng/training_materials
Images:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology5.htm
General Safe Practices for Working with Engineered Nanomaterials in Research Laboratories (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-147/pdfs/2012-147.pdf)
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Reactivity at nanoscale
• Nanomaterials have much larger surface areas than the same mass of “bulk” materials so a greater amount of the material can come into contact with surrounding materials, increasing reactivity
• E.g. A solid cube of a material 1 cm³ has 6cm² of surface area = about equal to one side of half a stick of gum. The same 1cm³ cube filled with 1 nanometre-sized cubes (each with an area of 6 nanometres²) = 6,000 square metres = a bit larger than a 4-lane Olympic sized swimming pool
• Their higher reactivity levels make nanomaterials attractive for introduction into products and production processes (new functions, increased energy efficiency) but this reactivity also applies to biological processes (the body) and we know that nanomaterials can travel further into the body via inhalation
Reference and image:
http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special
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Risks from presence of nanomaterials
Reference and image: DG Employment, 2014, Guidance on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the potential risks related to nanomaterials at work: Guidance for employers and health and safety practitioners
• This table shows a summary of the risks to be assessed under EU chemicals-related occupational health and safety legislation, and some risk factors related to hazardous chemicals
• In red are the risk factors that need to be given particular attention when doing a risk assessment of the nanomaterial/s in the workplace
Risk Some risk factorsRisks due to inhalation of the agent Toxicity of the nanomaterial
Physicochemical characteristics of the nanomaterial Environmental concentration Exposure time Particularly sensitive workers Inappropriate selection and/or use of RPE
Risks due to absorption through the skin Location and extent of the contact with the skin Toxicity of the nanomaterial via the skin Duration and frequency of contact Particularly sensitive workers Inappropriate selection and/or use of RPE
Risks due to contact with the skin or eyes Inappropriate selection and/or use of RPE Inappropriate work procedure Incorrect transfer procedure
Risks due to ingestion Toxicity of the nanomaterial Potential toxicity of the nanomaterial Incorrect personal hygiene habits Possibility of eating, drinking or smoking in the workplace Particularly sensitive workers
Risks of fire and/or explosion Physical state (ultrafine dust) Pressure/temperature Flammability/calorific value Airborne concentration Sources of ignition
Risks due to hazardous chemical reactions Chemical reactivity and instability of hazardous chemical agents Inadequate cooling systems Unreliable system for controlling key variables in the reaction
(pressure, temperature and flow control)
Risks arising from installations which may have consequences on the health and safety of workers
Corrosion of materials and installations Deficient or non-existent facilities for controlling leaks and spills
(retaining trays, protection against mechanical impacts) Deficient or non-existent preventive maintenance
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Potential worker exposure across product lifecycle
• Worker exposure can occur across the lifecycle of a nano-enabled product: from nanomaterial production, to manufacturing of a nano-enabled product, to the product’s use (e.g. machining of the product), and in its end-of-life management (recycling or incineration/disposal)
• Of all these phases, nanomaterial production workplaces are the most “assessed” for worker exposure
Image:
http://www.nanotortlaw.com/2013/08/12/nanoparticle-waste-treatment-concerns-evaluated-in-a-new-study/
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