www.helsinki.fi/katti/foundations [email protected] a short history of socio-legal...

www.helsinki.fi/katti/[email protected]

A Short History ofSocio-Legal Thinking

Introduction

Yhteiskuntateorioiden oikeus

31 March 2011

19/04/23 1Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs


ON:n tutkinnon oppimistavoitteita ovat:

• Oikeusjärjestelmän hyvä tuntemus

• Kyky hankkia tietoa eri oikeuslähteistä

• Kyky tunnistaa ja ratkaista oikeudellisia ongelmia soveltamalla erilaisia oikeuslähteitä

• Ammatissa tarvittava molempien kotimaisten sekä yhden vieraan kielen taito

• Kyky käyttää hyvää oikeuskieltä kirjallisesti ja suullisesti

• Valmiudet toimia työyhteisön jäsenenä

Osaava juristi (I)



OTM:n tutkinnon oppimistavoitteita ovat lisäksi:

• Kyky toimia asiantuntijana vaativissa ja monipuolisissa juristin tehtävissä

• Valmiudet toimia itsenäisesti tehtävissä, jotka edellyttävät eri oikeudenalojen kysymysten tunnistamista ja ratkaisemista

• Valmiudet monipuoliseen oikeudelliseen argumentointiin ja viestintään

• Valmiudet koordinoida juridisia hankkeita

• Valmiudet toimia kansainvälisissä tehtävissä

(to be continued)

Osaava juristi (II)



• Valmiudet oikeudellisen tiedon tuottamiseen sekä jatko-opintoihin ja tutkimuksen tekemiseen

• Korkea ammattietiikka

• Kyky arvioida oikeusnormien ja ratkaisujen yhteiskunnallisia, inhimillisiä sekä taloudellisia vaikutuksia sekä niihin liittyviä arvoja ja intressejä.

Osaava juristi (III)



Three Generations ofSocio-Legal Thinking



• First generation:

Historicism

• Second generation:

Realism

• Third generation:

Constructivism

Three Generations ofSocio-Legal Thinking (I)



• First generation:

“original unity of legal and social theory“

• Second generation:

“loss of law in social theory”

• Third generation:

“rediscovery of law in social theory”

(Gephart 1993, 5-7)

Three Generations ofSocio-Legal Thinking (II)



The Social Scientific Field (I)


Sociology

Integrated, holistic, historicist

Economics Jurisprudence


The Social Scientific Field (II)


Economics Jurisprudence

Sociology

Differentiated, specialized, positivistic


The Social Scientific Field (III)


Self-reflexive, relativistic, constructivist Economics

Jurisprudence

Sociology


Relating Law and Society


Society

Law

”Law in” Approaches Historicism

Law Society

”Law and” Approaches Realism

Law

Society

”Law as” Approaches Constructivism


Timeline Historicism


Economics

Sociology

Jurisprudence

1800 1900

Tönnies1855-1936


• “It is the inevitable fate of all sociology that it must very often use rigorous legal expressions (rigorous because based on the logical interpretation of norms) for the investigation of the actual action, which is in continual transition between the ‘typical’ cases of action, in order, then, to substitute its own meaning for the essentially different legal meaning.”

(Weber 1913, 159)

The Birth of Sociology out ofthe Spirit of Jurisprudence



Timeline Realism


Legal Realism

Social Theory

Legal Positivism

1900 2000

Holmes1841-1935

Llewellyn1893-1962

Pound1870-1964

Posnerborn 1939

Friedmanborn 1930

Law and Economics

Law and Society


• “After the brilliant start by Durkheim and Max Weber about the turn of the century, it is something of a mystery why the social sciences and particularly, perhaps, sociology have shown so little interest in the study of law and legal systems.”

(Parsons 1977, 11)

Law as an Intellectual Stepchild



Timeline Post-Realism


Legal Realism

Social Theory

Legal Positivism

Baumanborn 1925

Bergerborn 1929Foucault

1926-1984

Luhmann1927-1998

Giddensborn 1938

Nozick1938-2002

2000

Luckmannborn 1927

Bourdieu1930-2002

1900


• Introduction to 31.3., 12-14

• Giddens pe 1.4., 12-14

• Nozick ma 4.4., 12-14

• Luhmann ke 6.4., 12-14

• Bauman to 7.4., 12-14

• Berger/Luckmann pe 8.4., 12-14

• Bourdieu ma 11.4., 14-16

• Foucault ke 13.4., 14-16

• Exams 15./28.4., 14:00

Yhteiskuntateorioiden oikeus



Socio-Legal Thinkingin the First Generation



• Germany:

Friedrich Karl von Savigny (1779-1861)

• United Kingdom:

Henry James Sumner Maine (1822-1888)

• United States:

James Coolidge Carter (1837-1905)

Historical School of Law



• Germany:

Wilhelm Roscher (1817-1894)

Gustav von Schmoller (1838-1917)]

• United States:

John Rogers Commons (1862-1945)

Historical School of Economics



• Karl Marx (1818-1883)

• Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

• Max Weber (1864-1920)

• Ferdinand Tönnies (1855-1936)

Classical Historical Sociology



• “The hitherto existing production relations of individuals are bound also to be expressed as political and legal relations. [...] Within the division of labour these relations are bound to acquire an independent existence over against the individuals. All relations can be expressed in language only in the form of concepts.”

(to be continued)

Marx’s Approach (I)



• “[T]hese general ideas are further elaborated and given a special significance by politicians and lawyers, who, as a result of the division of labour, are dependent on the cult of these concepts, and who see in them, and not in the relations of production, the true basis of all real property relations.”

(Marx 1845)

Marx’s Approach (II)



Marx’s Approach (III)

23/11/2010Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs 24

Economic structure

Legal and political superstructure

Definite relations of productionMaterial forces of production

Definite forms of social consciousnessEconomic and Legal ConceptsFreedom, Equality, Property

Economic and Legal RealitiesPower, Inequality, Exploitation

Ideology


• “It is in the very intestines of society that the law develops, and the legislator only consecrates the work already done without him. It is thus necessary to teach the student how the law forms under the pressure of social needs, how it solidifies little by little, which degrees of crystallization it goes through successively, how it transforms.”

(Durkheim 1888, 23)

Durkheim’s Approach (I)



Durkheim’s Approach (II)

• ”[S]ocial solidarity is an entirely moral phenomenon which in itself does not yield to precise observation or, above all, to any measurement. To arrive at this classification and this comparison, we must substitute for the inward fact that escapes us, an exterior fact that stands as a symbol for it, and study the first by the second. This visible symbol is the law.”

(Durkheim 1893, 54)

2623/11/2010Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs


Durkheim’s Approach (III)


Traditional societies Modern societies

Low differentiation(segmentary differentiation, simple division of labour)

High differentiation(functional differentiation, complex division of labour)




Mechanical solidarity(based on the similarity ofthe members of society)

Organic solidarity(based on the difference ofthe members of society)




Mechanical solidarity(based on the similarity ofthe members of society)

Organic solidarity(based on the difference ofthe members of society)

Repressive law(primacy of punishment;penal law, criminal law)

Restitutive law(primacy of compensation; civil, commercial, procedural, administrative, constitutional law)

(Durkheim 1893)


• “The ideal ‘legal order’ of legal theory has nothing directly to do with the world of real economic conduct, since both exist on different levels. One exists in the realm of the ‘ought’, while the other deals with the world of the ‘is’. If it is nevertheless said that the economic and the legal order are intimately related to one another, then the latter is understood, not in the legal, but in the sociological sense, i.e., as being empirically valid.”

(Weber 1978 [1922], 312; original emphasis)

Weber’s Approach (I)

19. huhtikuuta 2023

28Centre of Excellence “Foundations of European Law and Polity” / Dr. Sabine Frerichs


• “‘Law’, as understood by us, is simply an ‘order’ endowed with certain specific guarantees of the probability of its empirical validity. The term ‘guaranteed law’ shall be understood to mean that there exists a ‘coercive apparatus’ [...], that is, that there are one or more persons whose special task it is to hold themselves ready to apply specially provided means of coercion (legal coercion) for the purpose of norm enforcement.”

(Weber 1978 [1922], 313)

Weber’s Approach (II)

19. huhtikuuta 2023



Irrational(arbitrary, ad hoc norms)

Rational(unambiguous, general norms)

Formal(externally derived norms)

Charismatic justice, based on oracles, prophecy, magic

Rational justice, based on strictly formal concepts

Substantive(norms inherent to subject-matter)

Case-by-case justice, based on ethical or practical valuations

Substantive justice,based moral/political value systems

Weber’s Approach (III)

19. huhtikuuta 2023


(Weber 1978 [1922])


Socio-Legal Thinkingin the Second Generation

19. huhtikuuta 2023



• “Scientific positivists believe that social phenomena can and should be studied through application of the objectivistic methodology of the natural sciences, with its emphasis on observation, measurement, data gathering and quantification. Pursuant to positivism, the goals of scientific enquiry are to produce explanations based upon the formulation of causal laws.”

(Tamanaha 1995, 511)

Scientific Positivism

19. huhtikuuta 2023



• “The law [...] is treated as a sealed system which can be studied through methods unique to the ‘science of the law’, and legal developments can be interpreted, critiqued, and validated by reference to the internal logic of this sealed system. [...] [This] approach to the study of law [...] was positivist in orientation, in that the law was seen to consist of data -- primarily legal rules derived from legislation or cases -- that could be recognized and observed without speculating about what lies behind those rules.”

(Vick 2004, 178-180)

Legal Positivism

19. huhtikuuta 2023



• “Realism [...] was deeply ‘positivistic’, in the sense that it viewed natural science as the paradigm of all genuine knowledge, and thought all other disciplines [...] should emulate the methods of natural science. Chief among the latter was the method of empirical testing: hypotheses had to be tested against observations of the world. Thus, the Realists frequently claimed that existing articulations of the ‘law’ were not, in fact, ‘confirmed’ by actual observation of what the courts were really doing.”

(Leiter 2002, 2; original emphasis)

Legal Realism

19. huhtikuuta 2023



• Scientific Positivism

empiricism

behaviourism, structuralism/functionalism

• Legal Positivism

formalism

textualism, doctrinalism/dogmatism

• Legal Realism

behaviour of legal actors/institutions

Between Positivism and Realism

19. huhtikuuta 2023



• American Legal Realism

e.g. Karl Llewellyn (1893-1962)

• Law and Society Movement

e.g. Lawrence M. Friedman (born 1930)

• Law and Economics Movement

e.g. Richard A. Posner (born 1939)

Realism and its Legacy

19. huhtikuuta 2023



• “In their break with the mainstream doctrinal study of law, law and society and law and economics share a number of features. [...] Both embrace a ‘scientific outlook’ that posits a knowable world out there beyond the text [...]. [...] Both seek to explain legal realities. Both are consequentalist: the meaning of law resides in its effects on human well-being (variously conceived) rather than in its formal characteristics.”

(Galanter and Edwards 1997, 377; original emphasis)

Law and Society vs.Law and Economics

19. huhtikuuta 2023



• “Two trends [...] reflect the guiding role modern American sociology has played in [...] this field. [...] [T]he first of these trends involves taking research on law outward and downward through the surrounding social structure, away from the rarefied legal environments that often characterize ‘law at the top’. The second related trend has facilitated the unraveling of the first through the development of data, often in primary form and from the bottom of the social structure up, on [...] ‘the behaviour of law’.”

(to be continued)

Law and Society (I)

19. huhtikuuta 2023



• “Both trends have led law and society researchers to draw heavily on sociological conceptualization and measurement, especially for the skills needed to develop qualitative and quantitative sources of primary data and grounded theory. Most of the resulting work is quite different in substance and style from traditional legal scholarship based on higher courts, case law, lawbooks, and law library materials.”

(Hagan 1988, 648)

Law and Society (II)

19. huhtikuuta 2023



• “[L]aw and economics should not be considered a direct descendant of American legal realism. While it shares with that movement the view that for a better understanding of law one must rely on the social sciences and on empirical study, practitioners of law and economics are much more precise than were the realists about where to borrow -- from economics [...] -- and about the agenda for empirical research flowing from that position.”

(Mackaay 2000, 73-74; citing Duxbury 1995, 379 and 417)

Law and Economics (I)

19. huhtikuuta 2023



• “The economic analysis of law, or law and economics, may be defined as ‘the application of economic theory and econometric methods to examine the formation, structure, processes and impact of law and legal institutions’. It explicitly considers legal institutions not as given outside the economic system but as variables within it, and looks at the effects of changing one or more of them upon other elements of the system.”

(Mackaay 2000, 65; citing Rowley 1989, 125)

Law and Economics (II)

19. huhtikuuta 2023



Socio-Legal Thinking in the Third Generation



• Historicism

Grand theories about the foundations of modernity

Including visions of a positive science of morality

• Realism

Middle-range theories about specific social aspects

Between scientific analysis and social engineering

Crisis of modern society and of modern science

Historicism, Realism, ???-ism (I)



Third generation thinking, or ‘what comes after’:

• Post-Realism

‘After’ scientific knowledge and social engineering

Post-modern, post-structuralist post-national law

• Constructivism

Law as a social and scientific construction

Constructed in the life world and in academia

Historicism, Realism, ???-ism (II)



• From ontological knowledge (what?)

about an objective reality out there…

• …to epistemological insights (how?)

into its intersubjective construction

The Cognitive Turn



Relating Law and Society, Again


Legal Theory

Society

Social Theory

Law

Legal construction of society hidden social theory

Social construction of law hidden legal theory

www.helsinki.fi/katti/foundations [email protected] a short history of socio-legal...

Documents

european law

excellence foundations

sabine frerichs slide

first generation

social theory third

sociolegal thinking

oikeuslhteist kyky

realism third generation