www.cuny.edu/energy cuny energy institute city college of new york 160 convent avenue, st-329 new...

www.cuny.edu/energyCUNY Energy InstituteCity College of New York160 Convent Avenue, ST-329New York, NY 10031

Sustainable Energy Futures

Sanjoy BanerjeeDistinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering

Director, the CUNY Energy InstituteThe City College of New [email protected]

US Bulk Energy Flows: 80% Energy Fossil Fuel

© 2011 All Rights Reserved

US Bulk Carbon Flow: Fossil Fuels Generate Almost 100% Energy-Related Emissions


Global Need for Affordable Energy: Growth in Demand Concentrated in Non-OECD Countries


SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURES

WIND SOLAR NUCLEAR

GENERATION:

ENERGY STORAGE:

HYDROBATTERY

ELECTRIC CAR INDUSTRYAPPLIANCES

APPLICATIONS:

ELECTRIC GRID:

POWER LINES

NATURAL GAS

http://blog.oregonlive.com/environment_impact/2008/07/damphoto.jpg

A Potential Energy Strategy (With a Reduced Carbon Footprint)

• Production side: new electricity generation capacity with ‘clean’ coal, nuclear and renewable sources (intermittent!)

• Demand side: more efficient energy and capacity use via storage technologies for load leveling/peak shaving and to enable use of renewable sources

Energy Cost Estimates


Global GDP: $63,000,000,000,000Energy Consumption: 517,000,000 TJMaximum $/E: $120/TJ = $0.44/kWh

Energy Costs at 10% of GDP (Usually Ideal)US: $.043/kWhGermany: $.068/kWhIndia/China: $.018/kWh

These figures represent an desirable bound on the acceptable cost of energy generation. Renewable energy may be somewhat more expensive in special circumstances.

EIA Estimates of Levelized Energy Costs by Resource Type for New Generation in 2016:


Coal: $98.4/MWhNatural Gas: $66.1/MWhAdvanced Nuclear: $103.5/MWhWind: $97.0/MWhOffshore Wind: $243/MWhSolar PV: $210.7/MWhSolar Thermal: $311.8/MWh

Note: Assumes high capacity factor for wind (34%) and solar (18-25%) resources

Static US Transmission System Serves Existing Power Plants, Most Built Up in the Northeast, Midwest


Diffuse Renewables Do Not Coincide with Existing Grid: Solar Resources in South, West


Diffuse Renewables Do Not Coincide with Existing Grid: Wind Resources Best on Coasts, in North, West


Carbon Sequestration: Deep Saline Aquifers, Oil and Gas Fields, and Coal Beds for Geological Storage of CO2

James R. Katzer, “The Future of Coal-Based Power Generation” Chem. Eng. Progress, 104 (3), pp. S15-S22 (Mar. 2008). Copyright AIChE. Used with permission.

Battery review: what is a rechargeable battery ?

Electricity Storage Technologies

Demand Side Energy Storage & ManagementLoad Leveling, Peak Shaving, Enabling Renewables

Cost comparison per unit energy (2008)


Affordable Energy Storage Needed for Multiple Applications: Emerging Grid-Scale Batteries Meet Cost Target of $100/kWh

BATTERY SCALE-UP TIMELINE•50 kWh Battery & Turnkey 2011•200kWh Battery Grid-Connected 2012

GRID-SCALE BATTERY ADVANCES•10,000 Deep Cycles Achieved•Dendrite Management with Flow•Safe Chemistry, Low-Cost Materials•1.6 kWh Ni-Zn Operating (Pictured)•Zn-Ni Batteries: $500/kWh, $.10/kWh Cycle with 5,000 Cycles at 80% DOD•Zn-MnO2 Batteries: $100/kWh, $.02/kWh Cycle with 5,000 Cycles at 80% DOD


Zinc Anode Rechargeable Batteries: Safe, Non-Flammable, Low-Cost, Long Cycle Life Energy Storage Solutions

CONCLUSIONS

• oil use must be reduced for a sustainable future• substitution of oil by electricity generated from

diverse sources is a viable alternative• renewable sources are attractive but must be

reduced in cost • requires developments of electricity storage

technologies to also be reduced in cost and of increased reliability

• Development/deployment of new electrochemical storage technologies both for mobile assets and stationary assets is essential.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION & CO2PROD)/$GDP (PURCHASING POWER PARITY)

BTU & (MT.E-3)/US $ (2000)

COUNTRY 1980 2004

USA 15.72/.92 9.336/.55SWEDEN 13.63/.57 9.356/.24ITALY 6.818/.41 6.044/.35CHINA 23.54/1.9 9.080/.72INDIA 4.341/.31 4.205/.30

Wind, heat pumps,…

Biofuels

Coal

Oil

Hydroelectric

Nuclear

Largest changes since 1970:

- Total increase by almost 50%

- Large reduction of oil

- Large increase of nuclear

- Large increase of bio

Changes in energy supply in Sweden 1970 - 2004

Intermittent Renewable Generation Requires Flexible, Two-Way Grid System


Increased Generation from Renewables and Natural Gas


Comparison of Flow batteries

Vanadium Zinc Bromine PSB Cerium

Typical power range (MW) < 3 < 1 < 15 n/a

Typical size range (MWh) 0.5 - 5 0.001 - 5 0 - 120 n/a

Energy density (Wh/l) 16 - 33 60 - 90 20 – 30 25 -40

Cycle efficiency 70 - 85 65 - 75 60 - 75 n/a

Cycle life (cycles) > 12,000 > 2,000 n/a n/a

Life time (years) 5 - 10 5 - 10 15 n/a

Stage of development Demonstration/ commercial

Demonstration/ commercial

Demonstration Demonstration

Companies involved VRB, SEI, Pinnacle, Cellenium

ZBB, Premium Power

TVA, VRB Plurion

China and India Are Rapidly Building Out Regional Grids


Game-Changing Technologies


Next Generation Nuclear Power

Grid-Connected Electricity Storage

Advanced Wind Generation

Photovoltaic Organic Compounds

Graphene Semiconductors

Algal Biofuels

www.cuny.edu/energy cuny energy institute city college of new york 160 convent avenue, st-329 new...

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