www.cengage.com/cj/siegel larry j. siegel brandon c. welsh david r. montague, lisa hutchinson &...
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www.cengage.com/cj/siegel
Larry J. SiegelBrandon C. Welsh
David R. Montague, Lisa Hutchinson & Sharniece R. HughesUniversity of Arkansas at Little Rock
Chapter 9Schools and Delinquency
Chapter Goals
Discuss role of education in human development Understand problems facing educational system Understand hazards facing dropouts Describe association between school failure and
delinquency Know personal/social factors related to school failure Discuss factors contributing to delinquency in school Know nature/extent of school shootings Be familiar with efforts to reduce school crime Understand type of school-based delinquency
prevention Be familiar with legal rights of students
Case Profile: Ciara’s Story
Lives with mom and 3 siblings No involvement from father Academic/social issues = high risk for dropout Involved in after-school program Improved relationships with school personnel Reduced influence of academic/social issues
Modern American Schools
Plays significant role in shaping values of youth Primary determinant of social/economic status Engine of social change/improvement Delinquency is related to academic achievement
Low achievement leads to delinquency Correlation between school experience and
delinquency Current trends in education problematic
Improvement in some areas, but minimal Wide gap between minority and Caucasian youth Many youth at risk for educational problems
Dropping Out
Alienation in school often leads to dropping out Rates declining in recent years, but still serious
issue Reasons for dropping out:
Seeking employment School dissatisfaction Exacerbated by family dysfunction and poverty Pushing out by school systems
Effects of dropping out mixed Some say significantly increases delinquency Some find no link
Academic Performance
Low school achievement results in delinquency Chronic underachievers most likely to be delinquent No high school diploma = increased risk for
delinquency It’s a stronger predictor of delinquency than race,
ethnicity, or peer influence School failure and delinquency are related
Direct cause of delinquency Leads to emotional/psychological problems that cause
antisocial behavior Share a common cause
Correlates of School Failure
Personal problems Dysfunctional family Psychological abnormalities Low self control
Social class Lower-class children more likely to drop out Economic status require part time employment
Tracking Involves dividing students into groups according to
ability Leads to academic failure/achievement
Alienation Youth who don’t like/care about school more likely to
be delinquent
Delinquency in School
General victimization Significant portion of juvenile crime occurs during school day
and on school grounds Teacher victimization
Students not only ones being victimized Bullying
Repeated negative acts committed by one or more youth against another
See Focus on Delinquency p. 236 School Shootings
Highly publicized events Profile of school shooters developed Many shooters had history of abuse, bullying, and perceived
lack of support
Causes of School Crime
School-level causes High proportion of students below reading level, welfare
recipients, and location in social disorganized areas, are linked to school delinquency
Individual-level causes Emotional/psychological causes, isolation, alienation, and
substance abuse linked to school delinquency Community-level causes
Socially disorganized neighborhoods leads to drug abuse and crime in schools
Single parent families, high population density, and transient populations lead to higher school crime
Reducing School Crime
School security efforts Access control, control lighting, gates, picture ids,
control book bags, random checks, security cameras
Employing law enforcement Many schools have school resource officers Some have undercover officers
Improving school climate Critics argue security measures reduce morale Improving educational climate encourages
attachment/commitment to school and reduces delinquency
Role of School in Delinquency Prevention
Advocates called for reforming system to be more responsive to needs of students
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 increased accountability for schools
School based prevention efforts Cognitive Affective Behavioral Environmental Therapeutic
Legal Rights in School
Right to Personal Privacy New Jersey vs. T.L.O. merely requires reasonable
suspicion by school officials
Drug Testing Drug testing without probable cause constitutional for all
students as long as policies are “reasonable”
Drug Searches Searches must be “reasonably related” to objectives and
not “excessively intrusive”
Academic Privacy Student records are confidential
Legal Rights in School
Free speech Passive speech allowed with few limitations Off-campus speech can be limited State courts have limited student speech in cyberspace
School prayer Prayers led by “elected” student unconstitutional Space for after-school religious groups must be
provided
School Discipline Corporal punishment allowed in 20 states Allowed under in loco parentis Suspensions/expulsions require due process hearing
Conclusion
Know the role of education in human development Be familiar with issues facing U.S. educational
system Understands hazards facing dropouts Describe school failure/delinquency association List persona/social factors linked to school failure Discuss factors contributing to school delinquency Know nature/extent of school shootings Be familiar with efforts to reduce school crime Understand type of school-based delinquency
efforts Be familiar with legal rights of students
Key Terms
FBI Uniform Crime
Report Part I/II Offenses Disaggregated Self-report Survey Sampling Population Aging out process Victimization
Chronic Recidivist Age of Onset Racial Threat Theory Chronic Juvenile
Offenders Dark Figures of
Crime
The End
Chapter 9Schools and Delinquency
www.cengage.com/cj/siegel
Larry J. SiegelBrandon C. Welsh
David R. Montague, Lisa Hutchinson & Sharniece R. HughesUniversity of Arkansas at Little Rock
Chapter 10Drug Use and Delinquency
Chapter Goals
Know which drugs are most frequently abused Understand the extent of the drug problem Be able to discuss how teen drug use has changed
over time Know the main explanations for why youths take
drugs Recognize the different behavior patterns of drug
involved youths Understand the relationship between drug use and
delinquency Be familiar with the major drug control strategies Be able to argue the pros and cons of using
different drug control strategies
Fernando’s Story
History of drug use and drug related charges
Father drank heavily and introduced alcohol and drugs to his son at early age
At age 12 his mother died Has 3 older siblings Born with birth defect Wants to “fit in”
Marijuana
Marijuana is produced from the leaves of cannabis sativa
Hashish is a concentrated form of cannabis Main ingredient in both is THC
(tetrahydrocannabinol), a mild hallucinogen Most commonly used drug by teenagers Large amounts causes distortions that
produce hallucinatory effects Not physically addictive, but long term effects
debatable
Cocaine
Alkaloid derivative of the coca plant Most powerful natural stimulant that produces
euphoria, restlessness, and excitement It can be sniffed, snorted, or injected Immediate feeling or rush is short lived Crack is processed street cocaine
Gained popularity in the mid-1980’s Relatively inexpensive Can provide a powerful high and is highly
addictive
Alcohol Drug of choice for most teenagers
Two-thirds of high school seniors reported using in the past year
Three quarters say they have tried it Negatively impacts society
Factor in nearly half of all murders, suicides, and accidental deaths
1.5 million drivers are arrested each year for D.U.I. 1.2 million more are arrested for alcohol-related offenses The economic cost is staggering with $185 billion is lost each
year Reduces tension, enhances pleasure, improves social
skills, and transforms experiences for the better Long term use linked to depression and physical ailments,
ranging from heart disease to cirrhosis of the liver
Other Drugs
Anesthetic Drugs Central nervous system depressants Most widely abused is phencyclidine (PCP), aka angel
dust Inhalants
Some youths inhale vapors to reach euphoria, followed by disorientation, slurred speech, and drowsiness
Sedatives and barbiturates Most commonly used drugs the CNS
Tranquillizers Reduce anxiety and promote relaxation Use can lead to addiction and withdrawal can be
painful and hazardous
Other Drugs
Hallucinogens Provide vivid distortions of the senses without
greatly disturbing the viewers consciousness Common hallucinogens are mescaline and LSD
Stimulants Synthetic drugs that increase blood pressure,
breathing rate, bodily activity, and elevate mood
Most widely used dangerous amphetamine (aka ice or crystal)
Economic cost in the U.S. exceeds $23 billion a year
Other Drugs
Steroids Anabolic steroids are used to gain muscle bulk and
strength Black market sales approach $1 billion annually Cause health problems such as liver ailments, tumors,
kidney problems, sexual dysfunctions, hypertension and depression
Designer Drugs Lab created synthetics designed temporarily to get
around existing drug laws Ecstasy acts simultaneously as a stimulant and
hallucinogen Cigarettes
Almost one out of every two high school seniors in America have smoked cigarettes in their lifetime
Drug Use Today
Monitoring the Future Survey indicates: Drug use among American adolescents
declined since peak in 1996 and 1997 Significant drop in alcohol use Decline in cigarette smoking and
smokeless tobacco use OxyContin use lower for 12th and 10th
graders; higher for 8th graders
Drug Use Today
Pride (Parents Research Institute from Drug Education) Survey indicates: No change drug activity over 2007-08 school
year Substantial decreases over the last 10 years
National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Drug and alcohol use has stabilized or
declined Heavy drinking reported by 7% of youth 12
and over 6% of youth 12 to 17 were heavy drinkers and
20% engaged in binge drinking
Are Survey Results Accurate?
Must be interpreted with caution Heavy users not expected to fully cooperate Drug abusers are more likely to be forgetful Most drug dependent portion of the
adolescent is omitted from the sample Accuracy of reporting may be affected by
social and personal traits
Why Do Youths Take Drugs?
Social Disorganization Ties drug abuse to poverty, social
disorganization, and hopelessness Drug use by minorities tied to racial prejudice,
self esteem, poor socioeconomic status, and stress of living in a harsh urban environment
Poverty linked to high level of mistrust and defiance
Empirical data on the relationship between class and crime is inconclusive
National Youth Survey found little if any association between drug use and social class
Why Do Youths Take Drugs?
Peer Pressure Adolescent drug abuse is highly correlated
with the behavior of best friends, especially when parental supervision is weak
Youth’s association with friends who are substance abusers increases the probability of drug use
Relationship is reciprocal Peer networks may be the most significant
influence on long term substance abuse
Why Do Youths Take Drugs?
Family Factors Drug users have a poor family life Majority have a unhappy childhood, correlated with
harsh punishment and parental neglect May involve racial and gender differences:
Females and European Americans abused as children more likely to have alcohol and drug arrests as adults
Abuse less likely to affect drug use in males and African Americans
May also result from observation of parental drug use
Why Do Youths Take Drugs?
Genetic Factors Biological children of alcoholics reared by
nonalcoholic adoptive parents more likely to develop alcohol problems than natural children of adoptive parents
Identical twice as likely as fraternal to have genetic link to drug use
Future substance abuse can be predicted by behavior as early as 6 years of age
Why Do Youths Take Drugs?
Emotional Problems Drugs help youth control or express
unconscious needs Drug abusers form an addiction-prone
personality which says the cause of substance abuse can be traced to a compulsive personality for mood altering drug
Research of narcotic abusers suggest a significant percentage suffer from psychotic disorders
Half of all drug abusers may also be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorders
Why Do Youths Take Drugs?
Problem Behavior Syndrome Substance abuse just one of many problems
that begin early in life and persist throughout Youths who abuse drugs are maladjusted,
emotionally distressed, and have many social problems
Why Do Youths Take Drugs?
Rational choice Youths may choose to use drugs to get
high, relax, improve their creativity, and escape reality
May also use it to increase their sexual responsiveness
Results in less concern regarding negative consequences
Pathways to Drug Abuse
Gateway drugs-substances that leads to use of more serious drugs
Drinking with an adult present is significant precursor of substance abuse and delinquency
Serious drug users begin their involvement with alcohol
Drug dealing and drug use: Adolescents who distribute small amounts of drugs
usually do not commit any serious delinquent acts Adolescents who frequently sell drugs - small number are
high rate dealers Frequent dealers often have adults who front for them Frequent dealers are more likely to sell drugs in parks,
schools, or other public places
Drug Dealing and Delinquency
More serious type of drug-involved youth distributes multiple substances and commits property and violent crimes
Represent 2% of the teenage population but commit 40% of robberies/assaults and 60% of all felony thefts/drug sales
Few gender differences exist
Persistent Offenders
About two-thirds of substance abusing youths continue to use drugs in adulthood; half desist from other criminal activities
Persistent Offenders are characterized by: Come from poor families Family members include other criminals Do poorly in school Started using drugs and committing other delinquent
acts at an early age Use multiple types of drugs and commit crimes
frequently Have few opportunities in late adolescence to
participate in legitimate and rewarding adult activities
Drug Use and Delinquency Association has been established and can take a number of
forms: Crime may be an instrument of the drug trade Users may also commit crimes to pay for their habits Users may be more willing to take risks, as inhibitions lowered
by substance abuse The National Institute of Justices Arrestee Drug Abuse
Monitoring (ADAM) tracked trends in drug use among arrestees in urban areas Most recent report (2002) found almost 60% of juvenile males,
and 30% of juvenile females, tested positive for marijuana With the exception of methamphetamines, males more likely
to test positive for the use of any drug than females Higher levels of youth problem behaviors and delinquency
are associated with drug use as well as selling drugs
Explaining Drug Use and Delinquency
It is far from certain whether: (a) drug use causes delinquency (b) delinquency leads youths to engage in substance
abuse (c) both drug abuse and delinquency are functions of
some other factor Institute Of Behavioral Science found important
associations between substance abuse and delinquency: Alcohol abuse cause of marijuana and other drug
abuse - most users started with alcohol, and youths who abstain from alcohol almost never take drugs
Marijuana use is cause of multiple drug use with 95% of youths who use more serious drugs starting on pot
Youths who commit felonies started off with minor delinquent acts
Drug Control Strategies
Billions of dollars spent annual to reduce the importation of drugs, deter drug dealers and treat users
Number of strategies deter drug use by stopping the flow of drugs into the country, apprehending dealers, and cracking down on street-level drug dealers
Another approach is educating potential users and convincing them to say no to drugs
Third approach is to treat users so they can terminate their users
Law Enforcement Efforts
Source control Designed to punish known dealers and users
Border Control Designed to interdict drug supplies as they enter the
country Targets internet drug traffickers from foreign countries
Targeting Dealers Efforts focus drug trafficking and busting large scale drug
rings Police street-level dealers/users to make drug use too
much of a hassle Drug sweeps have overcrowded correctional facilities
and drained police resources
Education Strategies
Educational programs to reduce teenage substance abuse
Begins in kindergarten and extends through the 12th grade
Studies demonstrate the effectiveness of anti-drug messages targeted at youth
Community Strategies
Programs reach out to the highest risk youths
Boys and Girls Clubs of America has most successful community based programs to prevent substance abuse and delinquency SMART targets the pressures to try
drugs/alcohol Provides education to parents in the
community to assist youth in learning about the dangers of substance abuse and strategies for resisting the pressures to use drugs and alcohol
Treatment Strategies
More than 130,000 youths ages 12 to 17 are admitted to treatment facilities in the U.S. Over half (52%) are referred through the juvenile
justice system Several approaches are available to treat users
MST focuses on direct attention to family, peer, and psychological problems through problem solving and communication skills
Outdoor activities, wilderness training, and after school community programs
UCLA’s Comprehensive Residential Education, Arts, and Substance Abuse Treatment Program
Harm Reduction
Involves lessening the harms and includes the following components: Availability of drug treatment facilities so that all addicts
who wish can overcome their habits and lead drug free lives
Use of health professionals to administer drugs to addicts is part of a treatment and detoxification program
Needle Exchange Programs will slow the transmission of HIV, and educate users about how HIV is contracted and spread
Special Drug courts or pretrial diversion programs that compel drug treatment
Critics warn that it condones/promotes drug use; encourages people to either continue/start using drugs without recognizing the dangers
Advocates see it as a variable interim measure in dealing with drug use
What Does The Future Hold?
U.S. appears willing to go to great lengths to fight the drug war
Law enforcement efforts, prevention programs, and treatment projects have been increased
Prevention, deterrence, and treatment strategies ignore the core reasons for the drug problems
Legalization of drugs would decriminalize drug use to reduce the association between drug use and crime
Conclusion
Know most frequently abused drugs Understand extent of drug problem Discuss evolution of drug use over time Know explanations for why youth take drugs Recognize behavior patterns of drug abusing
youth Understand relationship between drug use and
delinquency Be familiar with drug control strategies Argue pros and cons of different strategies
Key Terms
Substance Abuse Marijuana Hashish Cocaine Crack Heroin Addict Alcohol Anesthetic Drugs Harm Reduction Legalization of Drugs
Inhalants Sedatives Tranquilizers Hallucinogens Stimulants Anabolic steroids Designer Drugs Addiction Prone Personality Gateway Drug Multi-Systemic Therapy
The End
Chapter 10Drug Use and Delinquency