wwsis 3: western interconnection frequency response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · gas turbine pv csp...

31
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. WWSIS3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and Transient Stability Study Kara Clark, NREL Nick Miller, Miaolei Shao, Slobodan Pajic, Rob D’Aquila, GE 12/17/15

Upload: others

Post on 24-Jan-2021

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

WWSIS‐3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and Transient Stability Study

Kara Clark, NREL

Nick Miller, Miaolei Shao, Slobodan Pajic, Rob D’Aquila, GE

12/17/15

Page 2: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

2

Western Wind & Solar Integration Study ‐ Phase 1

wind

coal

nuclear

hydroCombined cycle

Gas turbinePVCSP

WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years

Can we integrate high penetrations of wind and solar (i.e. 35%) into the Western Interconnection? 

Yes, but….operational changes needed, such as increased balancing area cooperation, sub‐hourly scheduling, access to under used transmission, use of wind and solar forecasts, etc

Page 3: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

3

From a system perspective, cycling costs and emissions impacts of cycling are relatively small

Western Wind & Solar Integration Study ‐ Phase 2

What is the impact of 33% wind and solar on the fossil fuel plant cycling and emissions?

Page 4: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 3 –Frequency Response and Transient Stability

Page 5: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

5

How do high penetrations of inverter‐based generation resources like wind and PV solar affect system reliability in the first minute after a large disturbance?

• Examine Western Interconnection large scale stability and frequency response with high wind and solar penetration

• Explore how power system reliability can be maintained by mitigating any adverse impact via advanced controls, transmission, storage, etc

WWSIS 3

Page 6: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

6

WECC-Wide Summary(1) Light Spring Base(2)

Light Spring High Mix

Light Spring Extreme Sensitivity

Wind (GW) 20.9 27.2 32.6

Utility-Scale PV (GW) 3.9 10.2 13.5

CSP (GW) 0.9 8.4 8.3

Distributed PV (GW) 0 7.0 10.4

Total (GW) = 25.7 52.8 64.8

Penetration(3) (%) = 21% 44% 53%

WWSIS 3 ‐ Light Spring Load Study ScenariosBase Case High Mix Case

(1) Western Electricity Coordinating Council includes parts of Canada and Mexico, (2) Provided by WECC, (3) Penetration is % of total generation for this snapshot.

Page 7: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

7

59.4

59.5

59.6

59.7

59.8

59.9

60

60.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Freq

uency (Hz)

Time (Seconds)

FrequencyMinimum or Nadir

Settling Frequency

First threshold for UFLS

NERC Frequency Stability CriteriaNERC BAL‐003‐1* sets:Design‐basis outage(2 Palo Verde units =~2750MW)Frequency response(FR) metricInterconnection frequency response obligation (IFRO, 840 MW/0.1Hz)

Goals are:Meet IFRO (840 MW/0.1Hz)Avoid under‐frequency load shedding (UFLS)

*http://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Project%20200712%20Frequency%20Response%20DL/BAL‐003‐1_clean_031213.pdf

Page 8: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

8

WWSIS Phase 3 Frequency Response

Disturbance: Trip 2 Palo Verde units (~2,750MW)

3

2

Light Spring BaseLight Spring High MixLight Spring Extreme

23

1

1

Even at extreme levels of wind and solar, performance meets criteria.

No under‐frequency load shedding (UFLS).

Interconnection frequency response > 840 MW/0.1Hz obligation in all cases.

Case FR (MW/0.1Hz)

Base 1352

High Mix 1311

Extreme 1055

Page 9: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

9

Frequency Control on Wind Plants Improves Performance

Light Spring High MixLight Spring High Mix with governor control*Light Spring High Mix with inertial control*Light Spring High Mix with both controls

Disturbance: Trip 2 Palo Verde units (~2,750MW)

40% of wind plants (i.e., new ones)had these controls, for a total of 300 MW initial curtailment out of 27GW production.

123

4

1

2

34

Page 10: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

10

Transient Stability in Northeast Region of West

L

Aeolus 500kV

Large Coal Plants

Page 11: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

11

LightSpringBase

Coal Displacement in Light Spring Scenarios

LightSpringHigh Mix

LightSpringExtremeSensitivity

LightSpringBase

LightSpringExtremeSensitivity

LightSpringHigh Mix

Page 12: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

12

Dave Johnson Voltage

Light Spring BaseLight Spring High Mix Light Spring ExtremeLight Spring Extreme with synchronous condenser conversion

Synchronous Condenser Conversion Results in Acceptable Performance in Extreme Sensitivity

Reinforcements for Extreme sensitivity:  3 condensers total  ~1700MVA plus ~500 MVArshunt banks.

Disturbance: Aeolus bus fault and line trip

1

3

2

4

1

2

3

4

Page 13: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

13

Composite Load Model

Details of load and distribution system, and proximity of distribution connected PV to the load is important, but historically ignored.

4 kinds of motor models

UVLS = under voltage load sheddingUFLS = under frequency load shedding

Page 14: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

14

Load Model Affects Performance More than High Penetration Wind and Solar

Heavy summer with standard load modelHeavy summer with composite load model

Disturbance: Midway‐Vincent fault and line trip

1

2

2

1

Page 15: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

15

Study Conclusions

• With good system planning, sound engineering practices, and commercially available technologies, the Western Interconnection can withstand the crucial first minute after grid disturbances with high penetrations of wind and solar.

• Local stability, voltage, and thermal problems can be addressed with traditional transmission system reinforcements (e.g., transformers, shunt capacitors, local lines).

• Non‐traditional frequency‐responsive controls on wind, utility‐scale solar PV, CSP plants, and energy storage are effective at improving system performance. 

• Load modeling assumptions can have as much impact on system performance as high penetrations of wind and solar.  Accurate modeling of load, as well as renewable generation, is extremely important when analyzing high‐stress conditions.

Page 16: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 3a –Low Levels of Synchronous Generation

Page 17: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

17

WWSIS 3 Follow‐on Analysis

Refine WWSIS 3 databases 5.1GW CSP replaced by utility‐scale PV WECC REMTF second generation generic renewable generation dynamic models1

Update transmission topology

Transient stability focus Wyoming wind exporting region

1) http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002006525

Page 18: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

18

Light Spring Study Scenarios

  Base Case High Mix Extreme

Wind (GW) 19.2 25.5 30.9

PV (GW) 3.9 17.5 20.4

CSP (GW) 0.9 1.2 1.4

DG (GW) 0.00 11.7 10.1

Others (GW) 71.7 43.6 34.9

Total (GW) 95.7 99.4 98.1

Penetration (% of US generation dispatch)

25.0% 56.2% 64.4%

Generation Production (GW) Summary

US WECC only

Page 19: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

19

High Mix & Extreme Scenarios

Production in GW.  Same wind and solar capacity in both cases.

High Mix  Extreme

Page 20: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

20

Study Scenarios in Context

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 10001 20001 30001 40001 50001 60001 70001 80001 90001 100001

Wind an

d Solar P

enetratio

n (%

 of a

ll gene

ratio

n)

5 min period

Penetration duration curves from WWSIS 2.

Page 21: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

21

Transient Stability in Northeastern WECC

L

Aeolus 500kV

Large Coal PlantsGateway South 500kV transmission project

Gateway West 500kV transmission project

Page 22: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

22

Significant Coal Displacement

From stability and power flow perspective, no difference between retirement and decommitment.

Page 23: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

23

Response to Aeolus Fault

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Wyodak 230kV Vo

ltage (p

u)

Time (Seconds)

  High Mix   Extreme

Page 24: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

24

System Separation under Extreme Case

Injected power is too high relative to the system’s ability to accept the power.

Page 25: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

25

Mitigation

• Synchronous condensers (shown to work in WWSIS 3)• Eliminate pre‐disturbance overloads• Low voltage power limit (LVPL) during fault• OEM specific weak grid controls• Combinations of the above

Page 26: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

26

Response to Aeolus Fault with Mitigation

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Wyodak 230kV Vo

ltage (p

u)

Time (Seconds)

  Extreme

  Extreme without pre‐disturbance overloads

  Extreme without pre‐disturbance overloads with aggressive LVPL

  Extreme without pre‐disturbance overloads with less aggressive LVPL

  Extreme without pre‐disturbance overloads with OEM weak grid controls

Page 27: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

27

Response to Aeolus Fault with Mitigation

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Wyodak 230kV Vo

ltage (p

u)

Time (Seconds)

  High Mix

  Extreme without pre‐disturbance overloads with less aggressive LVPL

  Extreme without pre‐disturbance overloads with OEM weak grid controls

Page 28: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

28

Delayed Post‐Fault Active Power Recovery

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Exam

ple Wind Plant P

ower (M

W)

Time (Seconds)

Page 29: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

29

Study Conclusions

• The integration of large amounts of wind generation with the associated displacement of substantial thermal generation is technically feasible using commercially available wind power plant controls and limited, standard technology grid support.

• The studied conditions were highly stressed but not comprehensive, good system engineering practice as the system is built out will ensure continued reliability of the power system.

Page 30: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

Thank you!

Page 31: WWSIS 3: Western Interconnection Frequency Response and … · 2015. 12. 12. · Gas turbine PV CSP WWSIS 1: The worst week of three years Can we integrate high penetrations of wind

31

WWSIS Referenceswww.nrel.gov/electricity/transmission/western_wind.html

Phase 1Executive Summary: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47781.pdfFull Report: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47434.pdf

Phase 2 Executive Summary: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58798.pdfFull Report: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/55588.pdf2‐page Fact Sheets:  http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/57874.pdf

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/59064.pdf

Phase 3 Executive Summary: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62906‐ES.pdfFull Report: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62906.pdf2‐page Fact Sheets: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65302.pdf 

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65410.pdf

Phase 3a Full Report: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64822.pdf