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Adolf Hitler• revenge for Germany’s defeat in

WWI & Treaty of Versailles (which punished Germany)

• pushing east & taking over• Munich Conference – French &

British leaders met with him to discuss “peace in our time”

• appeasement =giving in to an aggressor – Hitler – to preserve peace– Hitler promised to not take over any

more land

The Fighting Begins

• Germany conquers Poland (does not stop) & WWII official starts!

• Germany (Hitler) & Russia (Stalin) agree not to fight one another and split Poland in half; Hitler lies

• Britain & France vow to defend Poland

Allied Powers

• Britain, France, Russia, and later U.S.

• declare war on Germany• the Big Three: Churchill (Britain),

Stalin (Russia), and later Roosevelt (U.S.)

Axis Powers

• Germany, Italy, & Japan• Hitler (Germany), Mussolini

(Italy), Emperor Hirohito (Japan), General Tojo (Japan)

Totalitarianism

• political system in which govt. controls every aspect of citizens’ lives

• denies human rights, and opposition to international law

• new form of govt. evolves around WWII– Germany & Italy

U.S. Neutrality• Americans didn’t want to fight in a

European war, even though they didn’t like Hitler (isolationism)

• Lend Lease Aid – gave financial & weaponry aid to Allied powers

• FDR wins 3rd term & assures neutrality

• U.S. pushed for peace in between WWI & WWII by supporting naval disarmament

America Enters the War

•The Battle of the Atlantic – German U-boat sank many Allied & U.S. cargo ships hurt U.S. trade

•Pearl Harbor – Japan wanted SE Asia (including Hawaii) plan to attack U.S. forces in HI & then dominate Pacific islands

•December 7, 1941 – air attack on U.S. troops

•kamikazes – crashing piloted planes into Allied ships

Mobilizing for War on the Home Front

• economy recovers from Great Depression

• Production BOOMS! Building quantities of tanks, liberty ships (carries troops & supplies), jeeps, guns, and ammo

• employment & wages increase• a move to the city life• Farmers make money again – they feed

the troops & the country• Selective Training & Service Act – draft

between 18 & 38 & determents granted• Taxes INCREASE!

The U.S. War Effort –

Mobilizing for War

Women work in factories to cover men’s jobs

– Rosie the Riveter

• Women help in military effort– nurses – typists – military

communications

Who is stationed here? And where is this?

U.S. War Effort on the Home Front (contd.)

• Minorities – discriminated against but were granted some aid– Fair Employment Practices Committee –

prevent discrimination in war effort & govt. jobs

– Zoot suit Riots – Mexican Americans killed by U.S. sailors (believed clothing material should be used for war efforts, not personalized rebellious expression)

• Japanese American Internment Camps – forced relocation & imprisonment of Japanese Americans – Germans & Italians also but on smaller scale– happened because of fear, racism, and

protection (not extermination)

Arizona Contributions & the War Effort

• Internment Camps = site to put “bad” civilians & forced to relocate; ex. Japanese Internment = Poston, Papago, & Gila

• Ira Hayes – Native American & Arizonan in Iwo Jima (famous picture & statue)

• Az air force bases created: Luke, Williams, & Davis-Monthan (open land for training)

• Code Talkers – Navajo radio operators – used native language as a spy language

POW Camps

• Prisoner of War• camp for enemy combatants

captured by the enemy in time of war

• treatment should be “adequate” – lodging, food, conditions of labor

• camps for both sides (Allied & Axis)

War in North Africa - Egypt

• Afrika Korps – the Germans (headed by General Rommel) wanted the area– Why North Africa?

• Suez canal – access to trade & a vital Allied supplied route

• Middle Eastern Oil

• Battle of El Alamein – fight to control Egypt; between the British/Americans & Germans– Germans ran out of supplies (in the desert)– Allies won– Ended German hopes of occupying Egypt &

conquering distant lands

General Patton

• American tough warfare General = “Old Blood & Guts”

• brilliant, but ruthless, military leader during North Africa campaign

Iwo Jima•island located near Japan (Allies wanted for midway base)

•Bloodiest marine battle in American history

•War in the Pacific & the islands = Battle for the Pacific

•Battle of Midway – battle in the air, sinking each other’s aircraft carriers

•Guadalcanal – strategically located island in the Pacific

•Japan vs. U.S…. U.S. WINS!

Battle of Stalingrad

• Germany vs. Soviet Union• the fight for the Soviet Union; Soviets saved their nation• Axis Powers lost• major turning point in the war Hitler’s attempt to conquer the Soviet Union were crushed

D-Day

•Battle on the beaches of Normandy in France led by U.S. General Eisenhower; marked the beginning of the end of WWII•June 6, 1944, 150,000 Allied soldiers swarmed the beaches•Allied warships tried to protect them with gunfire•Heavy resistance by German forts •fight to take France back from Germany

The Battle of the Bulge

•the last major German offensive attack in Belgium•77,000 U.S. casualties but U.S. prevailed•ended Germany’s ability to wage offensive war

FDR – 4th term & death

• 1932 -1945 = Presidential term• died from brain hemorrhage

right before atomic bomb dropping

• VP Harry Truman succeeded

the Atomic Bomb

•the Manhattan Project – Allied scientists working on a secret program to create bomb; led by Oppenheimer•Japan refused the Allies’ demands for an unconditional surrender = Postdam Conference (ultimatum) •U.S. President Truman used the bomb •Why did Truman do it?

to save American lives and shorten the war

the Atomic Bomb (contd.)

• Hiroshima – Enola Gay, B-29 bomber, dropped the bomb on the Japanese city; “Little Boy”– killed between 70,000 – 80,000 people in

an instant; 140,000 died over the next few months

– 1,000s more died because of serious buns and radiation poisoning

• Nagasaki – 2nd bomb dropped; “Fat Man”– killed roughly 40,000 people in an instant; 80,000

casualties over the next few months

– Japan finally surrendered• Almost a 3rd bomb was dropped, finally

Emperor Hirohito surrendered

The Costs of WWII• approximately 50 million

people died (more than ½ civilians)

• U.S. economy better than ever (war not fought on American soil = no devastation). But U.S. had to give LOTS of aid!

• Devastated countries: China, Poland, the Soviet Union, Germany, Japan, and European nations– food shortages,

disease, homelessness, malnutrition

– ancient buildings ruined

the Holocaust

•Hitler & the Nazis attempt to exterminate the Jews (genocide)•Working camps (Dachau) vs. Death camps (Auschwitz)

•gas chambers & furnaces•“Final solution” = 6 million Jews were killed•How is this similar to Darfur in Africa?

The Birth of Israel

• creation of a Jewish homeland• UN ordered Palestine be divided

into 2 states – one Arab, one Jewish• took Palestinians home… still

angry to this day

The War Crimes Trials

• Allies will hold these in Nuremberg, Germany… Nuremberg trials

• held to try Nazi leaders for crimes against humanity– 21 Nazi leaders found guilty, 12

put to death

Post WWII• GI Bill – Congress passed this law to help the

transition from military to civilian life & provide former soldiers an education, loans for houses, farms, & businesses

• does NOT guarantee vet they will get their old job back

Post WWII

• Yalta Conference – the Big 3 met at Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar world– met before Hiroshima

• meeting supported:– creation of a world peacekeeping

organization (the United Nations) 50 nations met in San Francisco in 1945 &

– a democratic governments in Axis controlled nations…

• Stalin did not honor agreements (ex. Poland) the Cold War

The Cold War… the beginning

• 2 major world powers after WWII:– U.S.– Soviet Union

• “Cold War” – the 2 nations’ struggle for global power