• “The belief or a desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.” – Apple Dictionary

• The build up of armies, navies, fortification of national boundaries, armament race, reserves

• NEW WEAPONS• Tanks, submarines, machine guns, planes,

trenches, gas• Intelligence, Communication, Transportation• Industrial Revolution Technology

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchers

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

• Rifle • The Number one Infantry

Weapon• Automatic and

semiautomatic weapons introduced in the last year of the War

• 12 rounds per minute• Snipers

• Machine Guns• Heavy – ill-suited for

portability• 4-6 operators• Overheat, inoperable • 400-600 rounds per

minute

• Planes• First used for

Reconnaissance • Ten Years after Wright

Brothers• “Red Baron” – Manfred von

Richtohfen – 80 confirmed victories

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

• Trench warfare• 7 feet deep• 4-6 wide• Harsh conditions• Rodents• Rain

• TANKS• Evolutionary Process• Industrial Revolution –

Caterpillar Tracks – Steam Tractor

• Purpose – Muddy terrain, Trench Warfare

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

Tank Production 1916-18

Year UK France Germany Italy USA

1916 150 - - - -

1917 1,277 800 - - -

1918 1,391 4,000 20 6 84

• 1910-1914 increased military expenditures

• France – 10%• British – 13%• Russia – 39%• Germany – 73%

• All Continental European countries since 1870

• France – Revolutionary Wars• Austria-Hungary – 1868• Germany – 1870• Italy – 1873• Russia - 1874

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

New French Recruits

• Britain and Germany chief Rivals• 1900 German Navy Law – double the size • 1909-1911 – Tirpitz Plan• British produced the first Dreadnought• Germany built 9 Dreadnoughts• British 18 Dreadnoughts• WAR = GERMAN WORLD POWER

U-Boats

• “close association of nations, or other groups, formed to advance common interestsinterests or causes”

• Chancellor 1871-1890• Diplomatically isolate France• Maintain Peace• “Honest Broker”

• League of the Three Emperors 1873• Bismarck sought Alliance with Austria,

Russia• Goal isolate France diplomatically • Second Alliance of the League of the

Three Emperors (1881-1887)• Attempt to stop Russia and France from

allying

• Congress of Berlin 1878• 1875 – Five Balkan states revolted against Ottoman

Control• Russia defeated Ottomans• Treaty of San Stefano 1878• Bulgaria – Austrian puppet State• Britain, Germany, France intervened• Treaty of Berlin – Bulgaria split into three parts• Bosnia Herzegovina annexed by Austria• Russia – Humiliated

THE THE BALKANSBALKANS

19141914

• Dual Alliance 1879• Bismarck sought Alliance with Austria• If attacked by Russia or some other power

each would support one another militarily• Each would remain neutral if attacked by

any other power except Russia• German policy until 1918

• Triple Alliance 1882• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy• If Italy or Germany was attacked by France

each would aid the other• If Austria was attacked by Russia Italy

would remain neutralItaly (1900, 1902) secret agreements b/w

France and Italy

• Russo-French Rapprochement 1894• Necessary to offset the threat of growing

military might of Germany• Ended French isolation• Germany – Threat of a WAR ON TWO

FRONTS

• Reinsurance Treaty 1887• Austria refused to renew the Alliance of

the Three Emperors• Bismarck joined a “defensive” alliance with

Russia• Fearful of a Franco-Russian Alliance• 1890 – Wilhelm II refused to renew

• Entente Cordiale 1904• Entente – “mutual understanding”• Between France and Great Britain• Where was Great Britain? • “Splendid Isolation”• Isolation no longer practical

• Anglo-Russian 1907• France had an alliance with Russia & a

friendly agreement with Britain• Goal to settle disputes b/w Britain and Russia• Will eventually become the Triple Entente• Heightened War Tensions, Secrets, Distrust,

Suspicion• Small dispute – could lead all powers to

WAR

• Population Increase – 2x’s – 3x’s• Germany 1800 (24M) – 1900 (57M)• Britain 1800 (16M0 – 1900 (42M• New Markets for Industrial Goods• Scramble of Asia and Africa – raw

materials

• New Imperialism• Colonial Rivalries – • “Scramble for Asia and Africa”• Intensification of arms race• Hostility among powers• Strengthened Alliances, Ententes• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION• New Markets, Natural Resources, Railway

Systems, Economic Rivalries

Imperialism: European

conquest of Africa

• New Imperialism• Peak 1895-1905• Africa 10% controlled in 1875 • 1895 - 90% under European Control• Berlin Conference 1884-1885• Bismarck – major powers settle disputes,

questions and control over Africa• “No civilization that is not Christian is worth

seeking, or possessing”

• Nation? State? Nation-State?• StateState – human created boundaries – central authority,

sovereign, laws, rules• Nation Nation - group of people who see themselves linked to one

another- ethnically, culturally, or linguistically (psychological feeling)

• Nation-State Nation-State - inhabitants to some degree, consider themselves to be a nation with human created boundaries and a single gov’t

• Nationalism Nationalism – – psychological force that binds together people who identify themselves with each other

http://www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/MapImages/Austria-Hungary1867-display.jpg

• The Congress of Vienna 1815

• Nationalism ignore in favor of peace

• Nation building – Italy (1861) and Germany (1871)

• Pan-slavism• Austria – Hungary = Pan -

Germanism

Pan-Germanism  - movement to unify the people of all German speaking countries

Austria *Belgium DenmarkIceland Germany *Liechtenstein *

Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland *United Kingdom

* = German speaking country

Germanic Countries

• The desire of subjects for independence• Czechs, Poles, Serbs, Croats, Slovaks,

Rumanians• The of independent nations for

dominance and prestige• Germany – ‘Weltpolitik’• Different Types • Economic Nationalism• Militant Nationalism

• Nation stressed homogeneity of ethnicity

• Charles Darwin – Origin of Species (1859)

• Social Darwinism – Herbert Spencer – survival of the “fittest”

• Superiority of the white race• Racism justified imperialism• Progress – Modernization

• Nation stressed homogeneity of ethnicity

• Charles Darwin – Origin of Species

• Social Darwinism – Herbert Spencer – survival of the “fittest”

• Superiority of the white race• Racism justified imperialism• Progress – Modernization

• Fashoda Crisis (1898)• Russo-Japanese War (1905)• First Moroccan Crisis

(1905)• Bosnian Crisis (1908)• Second Moroccan Crisis

(1911)• First Balkan War (1912)• Second Balkan War (1913)

• THE BALKANS• “Powder Keg of

Europe”• Greeks, Serbs,

Bulgarians, Albanians, Croats, Bosnians, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Romanians, Slovenes

• THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE• 600 Years• “Sick Man of Europe”• 1453 conquered Constantinople• Multi-Ethnic Empire • Suleiman I (r. 1520-66)• Battle of Lepanto (1571)

• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Reformer “Triple Monarchy”

• June 28, 1914• Gavrilo Princip• Black Hand

The Assassin:GavriloPrincip

• Ultimatum • Austria = destroy Serbia as a state• Germany unlimited support ‘Blank Cheque’• July 28, Austria declares war on Serbia• Russia Mobilization• August 1, Germany declares war on France• August 3, Germany declares war on Russia• August 4, Britain declares war on Germany

The Alliance SystemTriple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed CampsAllied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

• Western Front• Eastern Front• Italian Front• Gallipoli Front• Mesopotamian Front• Palestinian Front• War at Sea• African Wars• The Far East

• Marne – Sept. 1914, Germans 30 miles outside Paris 500,000 casualties

• Verdun - February 1916 – each side 500,000 casualties

• Somme – July 1916 – 60,000 soldiers killed in one day, 5 months, 1 million casualties

The Somme American Cemetery, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

• Lusitania – May 7, 1915• Sank in 18 minutes• 1,195 lost• 1,959 on board• 128 Americans• Off the Coast of Ireland• One torpedo• Two Explosions

NOTICE!

Travellers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL 22, 1915.

• “He kept us out of War”• Re-elected 1916• Zimmerman Telegram –

Jan. 16, 1917• German Ambassador• Telegram German

Ambassador in Mexico• March 1 – published US• April 6 - declaration

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

9,000,000 Dead9,000,000 Dead

• Versailles Settlement – Germany – REVENGE

• Russian Revolution – USSR• Propaganda “disinformation” fueled hatred• Collapse of ancient dynasties – Russia,

Germany, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman• Collapse of the old landed elites – heavy

taxation, loss of sons, new democratic spirit• Women – Got the vote – New Respect

• The “humiliation” of Germany• Creation of ethnically diverse, militarily

weak, and economically poor nations in central and eastern Europe – i.e. Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

• Twenty years after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles - WWII begins on September 1, 1939

• United States becomes a world power (isolationism)

• Japan first Asian power to be accepted as an equal in treaty negotiations

• Socialists gain mass support• Labor Unions strengthened • Economic dislocations – huge war loans,

widows, disabled, high tariffs• Colonial Empires – France, G.B. survived –

increase in native revolts

• “TOTAL WAR” – Government intervention into the economy, heavy taxation

• Weakened the regard for human life

• “Age of Anxiety” – strange uncertain, uncontrollable world

• Searching for ways to put meaning back into life