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TRANSCRIPT
The Great War (World War I)
The War to End All WarsObjectives:
• To understand the impact of propaganda during WWI
• To understand how Industrialization, new weapons and techniques employed the awesome technology of modern warfare.
•To understand how feelings and portrayals of war changed during World War I?
RISE OF INTERNATIONALISM• Imperialists thought that _____________________ was
bringing new enlightenment to inferior peoples of the world.
• 1864 – Geneva Conference established __________to offer humanitarian aid during wartime.
• Telegraphic and Postal Unions set international procedures for exchanges of letters and messages.
• International exhibits in science, industry, sports developed.
(World’s fair, Olympics)
• International socialist movement began to spread
• 1899 – ______________ at The Hague was establishedWorld Court
Western Leadership
Red Cross
Weaknesses of Internationalism
• Internationalism was heavily based on Western dominance and control of empires
• Most of the initial arrangements were made by Europeans for Europeans
• ________________ began to rise in Europe and elsewhere
The process of weaning internationalism from Western control would be a long and painful one and would
take place particularly after 1945.
Nationalism
Europe in 1914
Causes of World War I
• M – Militarism
• A – Alliances
• N – Nationalism
• I – Imperialism
• A – Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Steps To World War I1. The Archduke Ferdinand is shot and killed by a Serbian
nationalist in Sarajevo.
2. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
3. Russia supported Serbia and went to war against AustriaHungary.
4. Germany declared war on Russia.
5. France honored its treaty with Russia and entered the war by sending help.
6. German troops marched into neutral Belgium in an effort to catch France by surprise.
The Schlieffen Plan
Information or material spread to advance a cause, or damage an opponent’s cause.
What are some of the methods that were used to spread propaganda?
What is one of the ways that governments would try to gain support from it’s citizens for the war effort?
Radios
Newspapers
Magazines
MoviesPosters
Newsreels
Recruitment Posters• What group of people is
the poster targeting?• What is the message that
is being conveyed?• What emotions is this
poster trying to evoke?
Extra: What is the name of the man wearing the Union Jack shirt?
Recruitment Poster
• What group of people is the poster targeting?
• What is the message that is being conveyed?
• What emotions is this poster trying to evoke?
Propaganda Posters
What ideas about war are reflected in these
images?
British, French and Australian Posters.
• Who group of people is the poster targeting?
• What is the message that is being conveyed?
• What emotions is this poster trying to evoke?
WOMEN DURING THE WAR
• What group of people is the poster targeting?
• What is the message that is being conveyed?
• What emotions is this poster trying to evoke?
Extra:
What happened to the length of skirts that women wore during the war? Why?
According to the posters, what is the role of women during this war?
Patterns of War
Western front – A series of trenches ran from the Belgian coast to the Swiss mountains.
Eastern front – Mainly in western portions of Russia
*After 1915, Italy joined on the side of the Allies as they were wooed by promises of territory from Austria and the Middle East. A third
Italian front developed between the Italians and the Austrians.
Trench Warfare
Trench warfare allowed little advance from either side creating a stalemate.
By 1916 the Germans lost 850,000 men, the French 700,000 and the British 410,000 with neither side advancing.
C. R. W. Nevinson, Paths of Glory (1917)
Otto Dix
Shock Troop Advancing under Gas Attack (1923)
Do you think Nevinson and Dix are artists who created
paintings of patriotism and innocence or paintings of
firsthand experiences? Explain.
How do these images differ from the propaganda posters?
What is being asked of the citizens that makes this war a total war?
WWI was one of the world’s first examples of a ____________. A ____________ is a conflict in which the participating countries devote
all their resources to the war effort.
A New Type of WarfareTotal War
Total War
• How does this cigarette ad reflect life in the trenches? Do you think that it is accurate?
• Why does the company portray this image?
Images of Trench Life
Weapons of The Great War
Battle of Waterloo, 1815
Franco-Prussian War, 1870
The Zulu War, 1879
Spanish American War, 1898
What is similar in all of these wars?
Musketsswords/bayonets
cannonshorses, colorful uniforms
hand-to-hand combatopen field fighting
death
What new weapon do you think will change warfare forever?
The Automatic Machine Gun
Mounted guns fired a rapid, continuous stream of bullets.
Machine guns made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of soldiers. This helped create a stalemate by making it difficult
to advance across no man’s land.
Automatic machine
gun
What could you do to protect yourself against the machine gun?
A) Send fastest men to run in a zig-zag formation, elude machine gun fire and kill the enemy.
B) Use airplanes to soar above the enemy, shooting them from the sky.
C) Dig a trench in the ground and wait for enough men to overcome the enemy.
D) Use tanks to attack the enemy.
TANKS
Would the tank be an effective weapon during World War I?
Armored vehicle that travels on a track allowing it to cross many
kinds of terrain.
Protected advancing troops as they broke through enemy defenses. Early tanks were not used often because they were slow and clumsy.
Early British Tank Early French Tank
NOT EFFECTIVE!
AIRPLANES
Invented in 1903, would the airplane be an effective weapon during World War I?
One or two seat propeller plane equipped with machine gun and bombs.
At first, mainly used for observation. Later, flying “Aces” engaged in individual combat,
though such “dogfights” had little effect on war.
NOT EFFECTIVE!
Is Trench Warfare the Answer?
Australians resting up in a dug-out are
sheltered from shelling 15 feet underground
during the Battle of the Somme, July
1916.
Trench Life
Horrors of the Trench
What conditions and hardships do you think the soldiers had to endure?
Trenches were filled with dead bodies, rodents, lice, water, poison gas, and boredom which
resulted in trench fever and…
Trench Foot!
Trench Foot: The Sequel!
POISON GAS
How effective would poison gas be during World War I?
NEW YORK TIMES, 1915“Boulogne, April 25.-- The gaseous vapor which the Germans used against the French divisions near Ypres last Thursday, contrary to the rules of The Hague
Convention, introduces a new element into warfare.”
“The attack of last Thursday evening was preceded by the rising
of a cloud of vapor, greenish gray and
iridescent. That vapor settled to the ground
like a swamp mist and drifted toward the
French trenches on a brisk wind.”
“Its effect on the French was a violent nausea and faintness, followed by an utter collapse. It is believed that the Germans, who charged in behind the vapor, met no resistance at all, the French at their front being virtually
paralyzed.”
Lobbed by missile into enemy trenches,
killing or disabling troops.
Various gases that
caused choking,
blinding, or severe skin
blisters; Gas masks protect
soldiers from poison gas.
“Whazzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz UP!”
How can you defend against Poison Gas?
Development of
gas masks lessened
the importance
of poison gas.
Gassed, John Singer Sargent
• Was Poison gas an effective weapon?
•How does this painting portray life in the trenches?
•How is it different from the cigarette ad?
Effective!
WEAPONS FROM THE TRENCH
Periscope guns from the trenches
Mortar guns
FLAMETHROWERS
Horse drawn ambulance Field Telephones
Long Range Guns
Barbed Wire Fences
Why do you think barbed wire fences would be effective?
Balloons and Zeppelins
ANIMALS AT WAR
Pigeons
World War I Pigeons Decorated For Heroism in
Battle.
Dispatches by pigeon-post: About to release a French Army bird with a message
for headquarters.
Goat mascot preparing for battle!
1. What WWI weapons and tactics do you see in the film clip? (Name at least FIVE!)
2. Pretend you are one of the three brothers. Write an EIGHT word sentence describing your experience in the war.
_______ ___ ______ ____ _______ ____ _______ ______Trapped in barbed wire, Samuel was gunned down.
As you watch the clip from Legends of the Fall, look to answer the following questions:
Movie Clip
Fall of Spanish Armada, 1588
Changes in Naval Warfare
War of 1812
Spanish American War, 1898
What aspects of the navy have changed over time?
Wooden shipssails, masts
cannons
Iron shipssteam poweredcannons, guns
What new invention would change naval battles forever?
The U-Boat or Submarine
Underwater ship that can launch torpedoes, or
guided underwater bombs.
German U-Boat Surfacing
Used by Germany to destroy allied shipping. U-boat attacks helped
bring the United States into the war.
WHICH NEW WEAPON OR STRATEGY IN WWI DO YOU THINK WAS MOST EFFECTIVE?
RANK THE FOLLOWING WEAPONS AND GIVE REASONS WHY.
•AUTOMATIC MACHINE GUNS
•TANKS
•SUBMARINES
•AIRPLANES
•POISON GAS
•GAS MASKS
•BALLOONS AND ZEPPELINS
•BARBED WIRE FENCES
•FLAME THROWERS
•LONG RANGE GUNS
•MORTARS
•PERISCOPE GUNS
The War Outside EuropeBritish dominions (Canada, Australia, New Zealand) –Sent forces.
African Colonies – Skirmishes fought over German colonies in Africa, involving Africans as colonial troops. France also used Africans in its armies on the European front.
Japan – Entered the war on the side of Britain and France. Japan moved into German holdings in China’s Shantung province.
China – Declared war on Germany in 1917, hoping not to be ignored by the European powers.
India – Large numbers of troops fought for the British in Europe. Hoped that it would lead to India’s freedom.
Middle EastMiddle East – Allied with Germany. The war weakened the already weak empire. The British sponsored a rebellion by Arab nationalists against their Ottoman overlords. They also promised support to Jewish settlers in Israel in the Balfour Declaration of 1917.
Dear Lord Rothschild:I have much pleasure in conveying to you on behalf of His Majesty'sGovernment, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet:His Majesty's Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge the Zionist Federation.
Yours,Arthur James Balfour
The United StatesUnited States – Maintained a policy of noninvolvement, yet economically were benefiting by selling goods.
Sinking of the Lusitania – German submarine warfare affected Americans.
Zimmerman Letter – Germany sent a letter to Mexico encouraging them to fight the U.S. The letter was intercepted.
The United States entered the war against Germany in 1917.
Russia Leaves The War
1918 – Russia gets out of the war. They sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany. This gives the Germans
territories in western Russia in exchange for peace.
FRANCE
St. Mihiel
Argonne Forest
PARIS
The American Presence
Battle of the Argonne Forest
Last Night of the War, 10-11 Nov
1918
An Armistice is Declared
Germany put their all into an attack on March 21st 1918. For several months the offensive pushed the
Allies back, but in July the Germans were stopped at the Second Battle of
the Marne. The Allied counter-offensive began in August and in what became known as the Last Hundred Days, they pushed the
Germans back. Germany sought an armistice which came into effect at
11 a.m. on November 11, 1918.
The Treaty of Versailles
Objective:
• To understand the events and process of the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles.
• What impact did American politics have on the treaty process?
Jan. 18, 1919 - Peace Conference opens in Paris
The Goals of France
1. According to this cartoon, what was Clemenceau’s main concern? Why?
2. Why do you think Clemenceau was nicknamed “The Tiger?”
The Treaty of VersaillesLasting-Peace Peace-Revenge
Germany pays reparations, Poland is created, Creation of the League of Nations, War-Guilt clause, Alsace-Lorraine to France, Germany forbidden to join League, France controls Rhineland, Arms limitation, Polish corridor established, no secret alliances
Germany lost territory
Arms LimitationCreation of the League of Nations
Polish Corridor established
France controls Rhineland
Poland is createdWar-Guilt clause- Blame
Germany pays Reparations
Germany lost Territory
Germany forbidden to join League
No secret alliances
Alsace-Lorraine to France
New Map of Europe!
1. Which major empires lost the most land? Why?
2. What problems could occur due to the structure of the European landscape?
EUROPE: 1919