Whether you are a student, a clerk or a CEO of a multi-national corporation, info is very important to you.

Knowledge economy, knowledge-based economy or K-Economy=

refer to making use of info or knowledge to create economic benefits for

the company and country.

As WOU student you need info to complete assignments or projects.

You need reliable info to present in written or oral form.

Primary sources of info = contemporary accounts of an event, written bysomeone who experienced or witnessed the event in question.

= original materials which have not been filtered thru interpretation, condensation or evaluation by a second party.

o Secondary source = info about primary or original info which has been

modified, selected or rearranged for a specific purpose or audience.

o The function is to interpret the primary source. e.g. if u write an autobiography = primary info on your life. But when someone reviews or writes

comments about that autobiography = a secondary source of info.

Primary Secondary CombinationPerson Reference Material Internet WebsiteInterview Book Graph/Chart/Table,etcE-mails CD-ROM Dissertation/thesisEvent EncyclopediaDiscussion MagazineDebate NewspaperDiaries MonographAutobiography BiographyProceedings of meetings Video TapeSurvey Audio TapeSpeeches TVPhotographs/Pictures

1. Select one famous person or historical event(e.g. Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, Merdeka, etc). Then look for three primary (speeches,interviews,photographs or autobiographies) and three

secondary sources (book, CD-ROM), related to the person or event.

Write them down in the appropriate columns below.

You may use Table 5.1 below to help locate the sources.

Person/Event

Primary Sources 1. 2.3.

Secondary Sources 1.2.3.

2. Photographs are primary sources of info. Look at the photograph below.

Can you find any clues about who built this building, the time period

when it was built and for what purpose it was built? Write your answers

in the space provided.

(Picture courtesy of Penang Heritage Trust)

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

1. Print medium

Books Newspapers Magazines Journals Dictionaries and thesaurus Encyclopedia Periodicals Directories Brochures, leaflets, flyers, etc.# The print media is the main source of content materials for learners

at WOU.= course materials & Course Guide

2. Audio-visual medium

Audio materials (sound only): cassette, CDs Visual materials (pictures only): slides, photographs, videotapes,CD-ROMs

Audio-visual materials (sound and pictures): videotapes, films,CD-ROMs, VCDs

# An e.g. of audio material used in WOUs courses is Foundation English.

3. Internet

The internet is the fastest way of getting the latest and most up to- dateinfo on almost anything.

The internet = a network of connections linking computers to othercomputers.- Connect to the World Wide Web or Web.

The Web = a network of networks that allows you to access, view and maintain documents such as text, data , sound and video.

Gateways or portals allow you to access many different services. What you need to do is log on, connect to networking service or ISP

and begin to exchange info.

The forms of info provided by the Internet include:

Documents

Files

Pictures

E-books

Music

Movies

Ready-made power point presentations.

1. To search for info in internet you need search engine.

2. A search engine = a huge database that stores and categorises web pages

throughout the internet.

3. The common search engines are:

Google Alta Vista Excite About.com Yahoo! Lycos HotBot Ask Jeeves LookSmart

1. Store materials in electronic format.

2. Access DL thru the Web.

3. Can bring info right to the user.

4. Open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

5. Examples of DLs:

i. 24 x 7

ii. ebrary

iii. ITKnowledge

iv. xreferplus

v. SpringerLink

vi. InfoSECURITY

vii. infotrac

viii. proquest

ix. ebsco

x. emerald

xi. DIGITAL DISSERTATIONS

1. Visit all the DLs listed from your computer. State what resources (books/journals/theses/dissertations, etc) are available in the sites. Do you find them user-friendly(easy to understand instructions, easy to move around, etc)? Place a tick(/) against the sites that you feel are user-friendly. In the last column, describe briefly the problems you faced in using the site.

Sites Resources Available

User-friendly Pfroblems faced

24 x 7EbraryTKnowledgeReferplusSpringerLinkInfoSECURITYInfotracProquestEbscoemeraldDIGITAL DISSERTATIONS

2. Go through all the assignments you have to do for this semester. List down the assignments for which you can use the digital libraries to search for info.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu

2. http://www.nypl.org/digital

3. http://www.perseus.tuft.edu

4. http://worldbookfair.com

In IT age info will be available in minutes or seconds. The newspaper will provide more details the following day. A week later, popular magazines like Times and Newsweek will provide greater in-depth analysis of the disaster.

10 or 20 years later, the reports of disaster will be available in encyclopedias and reference books.

SOURCE OF THE INFO. Report of Event (Documentation and Dissemination

Time Frame (is the info up to date?)

Access to info(where and how to find the info)

Radio/TV/Internet News Services

Seconds/Minutes TV News Indexes; Web Search Tools

Newspapers (print)E.g The Star, The NST, The Sun

Day/Days Newspaper Indexes

Magazines,e-magazines (print & electronic) E.g. Time,Newsweek

Week/ Weeks Periodical Indexes

Journals, e-journals (print & electronic)E.g. National Geographic

6 months+ Periodical Indexes;Bibliographies

Books, e-books 2+ years Library Catalogue; Bibliographies

Reference Sources (print & electronic ) E.g.

Average 10 years Library Catalogue; Bibliographies

1. You have been requested to write an essay on Tourism in Malaysia. To help you write, you begin by visiting the newspaper archives to locate articles relevant to the topic. Write down the newspaper archives you used, the article headings and the dates the articles were published in the space provided below. You may use local as well as foreign newspaper archives.

Archive (The Star, NST, Berita Harian etc)

Headings Date published

Name of publisher

Place of publication

2. Do you think the articles you found are adequate for you to write a good paper on the topic? Do the articles provide you with all the necessary info to write the paper?

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

Questions to ask after having found the info:

1. Is this info reliable?

2. Can I trust or believe this info?

3. Can I safely use this info in my assignments?

1. Who is the author or institution?

2. How current is the info?

3. Who is the audience?

4. Is the content accurate and objective?

5. What is the purpose of the info?

1. As mentioned earlier, even your trusted dictionary and the reference books you have may not give you reliable info. This activity has been designed to help you determine the reliability of your source. Select one book in the reference list given for any of your courses and answer the following questions.

What is the title of the book?

____________________________________________________________

When was it publshed?

____________________________________________________________

What edition is it?

____________________________________________________________

If it is not the first edition, when was the first edition published?

_____________________________________________________________

Is there info on the author?

_____________________________________________________________

Does the writer provide a reference or bibliography?

______________________________________________________________

Try locating one book mentioned in the reference or bibliography list

(in the library or internet). Were you able to find it? Was it easy to find?

______________________________________________________________

2. For this activity you need to do an internet search on the dangers of smoking. Locate one website that gives you info on the topic. Use the 5 guidelines and the questions given earlier to check the reliability of info in that website. Fill in the info in the appropriate columns in the table below.

Title:Website address:Guidelines:

Who is the author or the institution?How current is the info?

Who is the audience?

Is the content accurate and objective?What is the purpose of the info?

As a student, you will require info for various purposes. Thus, in this unit, you were exposed to the 2 major sources of info: primary sources and secondary sources. You also learnt about 4 main info mediums: print medium, AV medium, the Internet and DLs. This section also emphasised that you need to check how up-to-date and reliable the info is.

A natural disaster has just struck an Asian country. Describe where and how you would go about getting the following info:

1. The latest update on the natural disaster.

_________________________________________________________

2. Info on the last time a natural disaster occurred in that country. Which year, month, date and time? What were the consequences?

_________________________________________________________

3. Info on major natural disasters around the world.

__________________________________________________________

Introduction:

Writing is a tool that can facilitate learning between you and your tutors or CCs.

Learning at higher or University level can be acquired at 6 stages:-a. knowledge

b. comprehension

c. application

d. analysis

e. synthesis

f. evaluation

Informative report

1. Essay thesis support essay = intro, body & conclusion

2. Summary

3. Report i. Science Reports = lab reports that outline,analyse and evaluate results from experiment.

ii. Reports for business studies e.g. cost-benefit analysis

reports; research and field reports; financial reports and

proposal.

4. Research paper presents the results of your investigation on a selected topic. It is based on your thoughts and the facts and ideas

that you have gathered from a variety of sources, e.g. from the library

survey, experiment, etc.

There are 5 stages:-

1. Analyse the topic.

Go thru the checklist below.

o What do I think about this topic?

o Is there anything related to this topic that I feel strongly about?

o Has there been any recent discussion(s) on this or related to htis topic in any of the media?

o What are the words that I can think of that are related to this topic?

Jot down whatever words or ideas that come to your mind. A good tool for analysing a topic is Edward de Bonos CoRT 1 Critical Thinking Tools:

PMI (Plus, Minus,Interesting) CAF (Consider All Factors) C & S (Consequence and Sequel) AGO (Aims, Goals, Objectives) FIP (First Important Priorities)

APC (Alternative, Possibilities, Choices) OPV (Other Peoples View)Apply some of the above critical thinking skills at the preparation stage of your writing to help organise your thoughts better.

When analysing your topic, you will also want to consider the type, quantity and format of info you will need. The following questions may help you:-

What kind of assignment do you have to complete? How much info do you need? Is currency important ? What types of publications do you want to read? Is point of view an issue ? Do you need opinions? How much time do you have?

Find a newspaper article on the marketing of a new product or service (e.g. handphone, washing machine, cable TV, etc) Read the article carefully and analyse the contents by applying some of the critical skills (C&S, FIP or APC) given above.

Title :........................................................................Newspaper:.............................................................Date published:......................................................Author: ...................................................................Place of publication: .............................................State the skills you applied and the analysishere:

Web Reference: http://www.debonoconsulting.com/

You may want to visit the library to look for books, journals and/ or audio-visual materials.

You can search online resources (digital libraries and newspaper archives)

Evaluate and select the info Evaluate your sources (Refer to the sections on How Up-to-date are the Info Sources? and Reliability of the Info.

Discard info you do not want Retain whatever you need Plan your outline

1. Essay = intro, body and conclusion

2. Summary = jot down the main ideas of the text you are summarising. A summary also requires introductory and concluding statement.

Preparing a draftOnce a rough draft is ready, you can improve on it.

Introduction

tells the reader what you are going to write about and why. how much you write as intro depends on the length of your entire paper.

the two most important aspects of the intro are the hook and the thesis statement. A hook helps to grab the readers attention.

1. Question hook :Posing a question that will get the reader to think about it. e.g. Do you know how many peoples loved ones have been killed .......?

2. Quotation hook : Quotes from experts or well-known people can give emphasis to your discussion. e.g. Peace will not come out of clash of arms but out of justice lived and done by unarmed nations in the face of odds, said Gandhi.

3. Funnel hook : Moving from the general to the specific.e.g. Education is the gateway to success. Many young people embark on higher education with the hope of securing a high position and a good salary.

4. Refutation hook : Providing a summary of opposing viewsfirst.e.g.Many people say wars must be fought in order to defend democracy. However, in reality, it is wars that destroy democracy.

5. Dramatic hook : By describing a scene or telling a story.e.g. It was dark, stormy night. The winds lashed ferociously at the rubber trees as she made her way through the darkness.

conveys the writers opinion, perspective or approach to the topic. Thesis statement (T.S.) must be in complete sentences.Examples of T.S.:-

The haze: This T.S. is too broad. You can write almost anything about the haze.

The haze in Indonesia: The statement is narrowed down, but it is still broad. How the haze in Indonesia is affecting its neighbours: This T.S. is narrow enough to allow you to fully explore the issues. Your reader can see the purpose of your writing and arguments.

# So make sure to include a good hook and a carefully constructed T.S. in your written assignments.

The body contains info you want to convey. It is the most significant part of your writing.It is where you display the strength of your critical thinking abilities. This is where your:

ideas / arguments are laid out. examples and evidence are provided to back-up ideas/arguments.

justifications for the ideas/arguments provided in the introduction are elaborated.

basically a summary of your main ideas. where you recap what you have presented in the body. do not bring up any new points here. make sure you have a final comment on the topic. The comment should be a recommendation, a call for research in the area or a prediction.

Start with , In conclusion or As a conclusion.

o When you have completed the draft, revise it.

o Check the sentences within the paragraphs.

o Turn on the grammar and spelling checker in your word processor.

o Make sure you have used appropriate transitional words like therefore,consequently, in addition, similarly, however, then ,after that, for exampleetc.

o They show the relationship between sentences or paragraphs and make your writing more coherent.

Examples:

1. The thick smoke is hazardous to health. Therefore Malaysians have been requested to stay indoors with the windows shut.

2. In view of the fuel shortage, city dwellers are encouraged to car pool. Inaddition, public bus companies have been asked to increase the number of buses.

1. State one difference between an:

a. essay and a report.

________________________________________________________

b. essay and a research paper.

________________________________________________________

2. One of the critical thinking skills put forward by Edward de Bono is consider all factors. Explain what it means by giving a suitable example.

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

3. When selecting info, what are the 2 things that you need to consider?

_________________________________________________________

4. The writers own opinion or prspective is contained in the ________.

5. When writing the conclusion in an essay, you should introduce new points.

True or False.

After completion, it is important you cite or list out all your sources of info.

You must show where you obtained your info. This is done at the end of your written paper in alphabetical order.Citation Style

The Chicago Manual Style (CMS) American Psychological Association citation style (APA) Modern Language Association citation style (MLA)# You will use CMS at WOU.

There are 2 elements in this style to show where you obtained your sources:

In-text usage Reference section

tell the readers where you obtained your info within the text of your written paper.

you do not need footnote. you make use of the author-date system to cite your sources in the text. Source put at ReferencesExample:

According to Hunt (2002), a literature programme should have six objectives.

At the Reference:

Hunt, J (2002) Teaching Literature at the Elementary School, London:Oxford University Press.

Insert the last name of the author and the year of publication at the appropriate point.

Example:

A literature programme should have six objectives (Hunt 2002)If it is a Chinese name, mention only the surname:

There are four causes of depression among teenagers (Lee 2004)If it is a Malay name, write the full name:

The major cause of domestic unhappiness is a lack of trust (Haniz Johari 2002)

If the author has written 2 books or papers in the same year, use lower case letters such as a and b in the in-text citation.

o A good school must have a counsellor (Martin 2004a)

o Bullying is the most serious problem in school nowadays (Martin 2004b)

Note that there is no punctuation between the name of the author and year. Do not add a comma. Commas are used to separate page numbers:

Most students prefer to study full-time (Joshua 2003,55)

Semicolons are used to separate two or more references given together:

Most part-time students are housewives (Joshua; Lee 2003)If the name of the author appears as part of the text, cite only the year of publication in parentheses:

According to Joshua (2003), most students prefer to study full-time.If you wish to mention the full name, you may do so:

According to Irene Joshua (2003), most students prefer to study full-time.If the name and year has been mentioned earlier, do not put the name and year in parentheses anymore:

o According to Irene Joshua, most students prefer to study full-time.

To help your reader locate the info in the book, you can write out the page numbers within your text. The year, followed by page numbers should be written in parentheses. The comma is to separate the year from the page number:

According to Irene Joshua (2003,55), most students prefer to study full-time.

If there are two authors, James Hunt and William Bond, you must give the two of them credit. The names should be in parentheses:

The majority of university students do not like to read (Tan and Bock 2002)

The majority of university students do not like to read (Tan and Bock 2002, 88)

If any work has two or three authors, always cite all the names in the text. Connect the names with the word and. Look at how this is done in the three examples below:

According to Tan and Bock (2002), the majority of university students do not like to read.

According to Ivy Tan, William Bock and John Smith (2002), the majority of university students do not like to read.

According to Tan, Bock and Smith (2002,88), the majority of university students do not like to read.

According to Tan et al. (2002), the majority of university students do not like to read.

According to Ivy Tan et al.(2002), the majority of university students do not like to read.

According to Tan et al. (2002, 88), the majority of university students do not like to read.

Works by more than three authorsIf the work has more than 3 authors cite the first name plus et al. the first time you mention them in your text:

According to Tan et al. (2002), the majority of university students do not like to read.

Tan et al. (2002) claimed that......

Works by association, corporations, government agencies, etc.

The names of groups that serve as authors are usually written out of the first time they appear in a text reference:

Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri Malaysia (LHDNM), 2006 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH),2001The first time you mention such groups, you have to spell out the name in full. In the second and subsequent citations, you can use abbreviations or acronyms. The general rule for abbreviation in this manner is to supply enough info in the text citation for your reader to locate its source in the reference list without difficulty:

(LHDNM 2006) (NIMH 2001)We have completed the first element, In-Text Usage. Now lets look at how we shall prepare the reference list.

a list of all the references you cited in your writing.

provides the info necessary to identify and retrieve each source.

different from bibliography refers to the relevant sources you consulted in your research, but was not mentioned at all in your written paper.

Here are the guidelines on preparing your reference list. You should provide complete info on the book or title.

Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors surnames:

Hudson,L (2005)

Hunt, J (2006)

Single authors precede multiple-authors:

Hudson, L(2005)

Hunt, J (2006)

Hunt, J and Bond, W (2006)

Reference with the same first author and second author or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author and so on:

Ronald, J (2006)

Ronald, J and Band, K (2003)

Ronald, J and Band, K (2005)

Reference with the same author are arranged by year of publication, with the earliest first:

James, T (2001)

James, T (2003)

James, T (2006)

Works of different authors with the same surname are arranged alphabetically by the first initial:

Smith,A (2004)

Smith, J (2006)

Smith,V (2001)

This is a sample reference entry for a single author:

Kourik, R (1998) The lavender garden:beautiful varieties to grow and gather, San Francisco:Chronicle Books.

Mohd. Ridzuan Nordin (1992) Pendidikan Jarak Jauh Modul 1, Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications.

In works by multiple authors, all the names must be mentioned:

James Hunt, William Bond, John Smith, Brad Jones and Samuel Pitt (2002) Teaching Literature at the Elementary School,London: Oxford University Press.

HuntJ, Bond W, Smith J, Jones B and Pitts S (2002) Teaching Literature at the Elementary School,London: Oxford University Press.

Edited books are written in the following manner:

Editors Name (ed.) Title of the book,Place of publication: Publisher.

Fraser, J H (ed.).(1978) Society and Childrens Literature, Boston: Godine.

Gibson, A and Jones, K (eds) (1999) Psychological Problems of Disadvantaged Youths, Reading, England: Edwin.

In the example above, there is a single editor for the first book and two editors in the second example.

Note that book and periodical titles are in italics. Capitalise these titles headline-style. This means capitalise all the important words:

Teaching Literature at the Elementary School

Articles and chapter titles are written differently. These titles are enclosed in single quotation marks. Here you use sentence-style capitalisation, i.e., capitalise the initial letter of the first word and any other proper names. The first example below has the initial letter capitalised. The second example has the initial letters for the proper name North America capitalised.

Morris, C (1984)University education in the 1990s, in Smith,D E and Jones,F (eds) Tertiary Education Perspective, New York: McGraw Hill, 2 10.

Sedaka, J (1985) University education in North America, in Smith D E and Jones, F (eds) Tertiary Education Perspective, New York: McGraw Hill, 22-35.

Sources without authors are arranged alpabetically by the title within the same list.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd edn. (1995) Essex, England: Longman Group Ltd.

Meriam-Websters collegiate dictionary, 10th edn. (1993) Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster.

Indentation means the first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a hanging indent:

LeBoeuf, M (1979) Working Smart: How to Accomplish More in Half the time,New York: Warner Books.

There is indentation in the above example. The example below has no indentation, and is therefore incorrectly written:

LeBoeuf, M (1979) Working Smart: How to Accomplish More in Half the Time, New York: Warner Books.

How do we cite essays, articles or chapters in edited books? References to essays, articles and chapters in edited books must include these elements in this order: Author(s), Year of publication, Article or Chapter title, Editor(s), Book title, Article or Chapter page numbers, Place of publication, and Publishers. The article and chapter titles are enclosed in single quotation marks:

Egoff, S (1980) The problem novel in S Egoff, G.T. Stubbs, & L.F. Ashley, Only Connect: Readings on Childrens Literature,Toronto: Oxford University Press, 67-74.

References for encyclopedias, dictionaries or entries in encyclopedias must include these elements: Author(s) or Editor(s), Year of publication, Title, Place of Publication, and Publisher:

Bergman, P G (1993) Relativity in The New Encyclopaedia Britainnica,Vol. 26: 501-18, Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

In the example above, note that there is no space between the colon and page numbers.

References to journals, magazines and newspapers must include the followingelements: Author(s), date of publication, Article or Journal title, Volume number, Issue number (if any), and Page numbers.

Yap, J (2006) 30 April. Dont expect miracles Sunday Star, 39.

Brown, A (2001) Leonardo Da Vinci, The Great Artists, 5(2): 21-30.

Note that there is no space between the volume number and the parentheses containing the issue number, but there is a space between the colon and the page numbers following the issue number.

The following formats for volumes and issues are also acceptable, but only when the situation requires it:

Brown, A (2001) Leonardo Da Vinci, The Great Artists, 5(2): 21-30.

Brown, A (2001) Leonardo Da Vinci, The Great Artists, 5 (Summer):21 -30.

This is the format for official documents:

Department of Economic Affairs (1989) The Intermediate Years, London: Her Majestys Stationery Office.

This is the format for translated work:

Sun Tze The Art of War,translated by Griffith, SB (1971), Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Title for unpublished work are treated as journal articles. The word unpublished is not necessary. The location or sponsoring body or both should appear, as well as a date.

Jones, E F (1992) University education in the 1990s, 4th Annual Conference of Asian Educators, Hong kong.

Papers printed in published proceedings of meetings are treated as chapters in a book.

For any online reference, you are required to provide the following info: Author(s), date of document, Title of document, URL, date accessed. Date accessed is the date last viewed by you, the writer. This is how you cite an article from an electronic journal and an electronic book:

Beckleheimer, J (1994) How do you cite URLs in a bibliography? http://www.nrlscc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.html (Accessed 14 Oct 1998)

Thames, M (1999) The battle of Hastings Historical Review 55, no1: 25-35. http://www.hisrev.org/ (Accessed 5 May 2004).

Rollin, E (1998) The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science, Ames, Iowa. The Iowa State University Press.http://www.netlibrary.com (Accessed 30 June 2005).

Make sure you preserve case (i.e.., do not capitalise the letters) in network server directories and filenames, as it is usually significant. You may break URLs across lines, but if possible arrange for breaks to occur only at punctuation separators. Do not arrange breaks at hyphens and do not ever add hyphens!

If you come across a printed reference that has an online reference, this is how you write it. Note the use of angled brackets < > :

Coleman, D (ed) (1997) The click here economy, Business Week. < http://www.businessweek.com/1998/25/itspec98.hem>

Finaaly do remember that a well-cited and documented paper would win over the reader as well as the person who is going to mark your written assignment. It is one of the criteria used to decide your grades.

Now that you are more familiar with citation styles, how would you write out the following in a reference list:

1. Title of book: Intelligence

Year published : 2004

Author: Allan J. Rowe

Publisher : Pearson Prentice hall

Place of publication : New Jersey

Citation : _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

2. Title of book: The Malayan Union Controversy, 1942-1948

Year published : 1991

Author : Albert Lau

Publisher : Oxford University Press

Place of publication : Singapore

Citation: ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3. Title of book : Banking Law

Year Published : 2002

Edition : Second

Authors: Lee Mei Phen

Detta Samen

Publisher : Malaysian Law Journal

Place of publication : Kuala Lumpur

Citation : _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

4. Title of book : The New Encyclopedia BritainnicaVolume number :2Pages : 57 68Title of article : CellsAuthors: Harold WilliamsPublisher : Encyclopedia BritainnicaYear Published : 1999Place of publication : ChicagoCitation : _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

5. Year and date published : 30 May 2005

Newspaper : The New Straits Times

Page : 33

Author : Wong Kok Leong

Title of article : The passive smoker

Citation : ___________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

6. Title : Its Time to Start the Slow School Movement

Year published: 2002

Author : Maurice Holt

Volume : 84

Number : 4

Pages : 265

Publisher : Phi Delta Kappan

Website address: http://pdkintl.org/kappan/k0212hol.htm

Citation: ___________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

This section discussed the sources of info and the media used to convey info. The 5 stages in preparing a written paper were also explained. The unit offered guidelines on how to evaluate sources of info so that your written papers are not only well-written but have credibility as well.

1. Give one reason why citation styles are used in writing ?

_________________________________________________

2. What do the abbreviations MLA and APA stand for ?

_________________________________________________

3. What is the citation style adopted by WOU ?

_________________________________________________

4. The following part of a text on Television Violence and Behaviour contains language errors and sources that are not properly cited.

Read the text carefully and correct the errors.

There is growing concern that television violence increases violent and aggresive tendencies in young children (Tan Mei Lee, Malaysia Post,April 2005). David (2002)also stated that the majority of Malaysians feel that television entertainment has now become too violent (page 33). Dan Hurt identified that several of the variables in the relationship between television violence and aggression, are related to the viewers characteristics (Television and Crimes, Media Journal,Volume 10, Number 27, 2003). Dan Hurt says (page 10) viewers who are angry or frustrated before watching a violent scene are mre prone to aggression than others.

Oral presentations (O.P.) often are developed from written assignments. They may take the following forms of public speaking: persuasive speeches, informative speeches, entertaining speeches, debates, group presentations.

The ability to speak effectively is just as important as the ability to write well. O.P. can enhance your reputation as a student as well as an employee. Every opportunity to present orally should be looked upon not just as an opportunity to sell your ideas but also your competence.

1. Analyse your audience

How much do they know about the subject?

What is their age group ?

What is their educational background?

What is their cultural/ethnic background?

What is their interests?

Why are they attending my O.P.?

What do they expect from me?

What will they gain from listening to my presentations?

2. Know your objectives

The benefits of saving money: To inform

How to solve a mathematical problem: To teach

Study hard in order to achieve good grades: To motivate

Buy this product: To persuade

Dont buy the product as it is faulty: To dissuade

The streets are unsafe as snatch thefts are on the increase: To appeal for action.

3. Research your topic

Determine first and foremost, what info you will need.

Choose info that appeals to your audience particularly their age, educational background, etc.

Bear in mind the duration of your presentation.

4. Organise your O.P.

make sure your content is well organised.

Your O.P. consists of 3 parts:-

a. Introduction :

b. Body

c. Conclusion

Effective Introduction

1. Get the attention of your audience. You can do this by:

a. Telling them a story or anecdote related to the topic.

b. Beginning with a quotation related to the topic.

c. Telling a joke.

d. Listing out a series of interesting or shocking facts related to the topic.

2. State your purpose:

a. Tell your audience your topic.

b. Present an oral or visual outline of your presentation, i.e., the main points or ideas you will be covering: First, I will talk about..., Secondly, I will discuss...

The Body

1. Go through the points in the order that you wish to present them.

2. Make use of examples to support your points.

3. Prepare visual aids to present the contents of your topic. Your audience will understand better with visuals. It will also make your presentation much more interesting.

Make a list of visual aids you plan to use.

4. Include signposts in your presentation.

a. Numerical signposts: First..,Second..,Third...,Finally...

Numbering helps your listeners visualise your presentation better.

b. Parallel structure: Make use of parallel structures to show transitions between main ideas.

The main effect of the tsunami in Indonesia is...

The main effect of the tsunami in Thailand is...

c. Old-to-new transition:is a sentence that alerts your audience to where you have been to and where you are going next in your presentation.

The purpose is to leave your listeners with a clear idea of everything that you have spoken about.

1. Use phrases like, In conclusion, I would like to say..., I would like to summarise by stating..., To recap what I have just said..., etc. Write your summary here:

2. Restate the purpose of your presentation by saying, I hope you can see the purpose of my talk is..., My intention is..., I hope that you are aware that..., so we have to do something about it..., etc. Remind your audience the purpose of your talk here:

3. Thank your audience.

4. Invite questions from your audience and do not forget to thank the audience for posing questions.

1. Imagine you are giving a talk on procrastination, describe four ways that you can use to arouse your audiences attention in the introduction of your presentation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. Give an example of each of the following purpose or objectives of your presentation:

a. To inform :

__________________________________________________________

b. To teach:

__________________________________________________________

c. To persuade :

___________________________________________________________

d. To motivate :

___________________________________________________________

In this section, you were introduced to the steps in preparing an O.P. such as knowing your audience, knowing your objectives, choosing your topic. You were also taught how to organise your presentation in order to make the presentations work for you.

Tips for effective O.Ps.

1. Preparation

highlight the main points of your presentation. after each point construct a transition decide if a pause is necessary and for how long.

2. Practice

Practice makes perfect- do not memorise or write down your wntire presentation. Use the outline you created for your presentation make brief notes if you have problems remembering your points rehearse your presentation until you are comfortable with it

3. Style of speaking

style in O.P. refers to nonverbal cues such as pauses before you move to another point.

the style you choose will depend on whether your audience knows you, your rank(above or below them) and their ranks.

Languages come in two forms verbal and non-verbal. Non-verbal language refers to how you communicate without words-eye

contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture, movement, voice and appearance.

a. Eye-contact : always maintain eye contact with the audience.

: Good eye contact also helps you reflect self-confidence and

gives credibility to what you are saying.

b. Facial expression: Expression should reflect what you are saying.

c. Gestures: Use natural, animated gestures.

d. Movement: Dont stand in a frozen position. Moving about can help

accentuate your enthusiasm.

e. Voice: Enunciate the words clearly and use different tones. It should not

be too harsh or nasal but a pleasing melody.

f. Appearance: Pay significant attention to personal grooming.

this is where your ability to interact with the audience will be teste.Tips to handle questions better:-

a. Repeat the question, loudly and clearly, so that the audience knows what

has been asked.

b. Take a moment to reflect on the question before answering it.

c. If, you are not sure of the answer, ask for clarification or restate the question.

d. If you do not know the answer, say so. You dont have to apologise but

offer to look into it. You may ask the audience to help you with the answer.

e. Always wait for the questioner to finish asking the question before you begin to answer the question.

f. Do not have lengthy discussions with one person, engage the entire audience.

1. Take three breaths to relax yourself before you get out of your chair.

2. Then go up and thank the person who introduced you and then count to

10 before you start speaking.

3. This allows the audience to get settled and be ready to hear you.

4. Before you give your speech, think of them as caring, friendly people who want to hear you speak.

5. The positive image should relax you and put you in a good frame of mind.

6. A good place to practise your speeches is Toastmasters Club.

7. To know more go to http://www.toastmasters.org

You would have witnessed people giving talks or speeches at functions or during meetings. Describe briefly what you liked about the way they spoke and what you didnt like. What do you think they could have done to improve their speeches?___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

defined as any graphical representation of data used to communicate the contents or meaning (including spatial and temporal location) of the data.

Advantages of using visual aids:-

a.helps the audience to focus on what you are saying.

b. The audience retains the message better.

c. The message is conveyed more efficiently.

A strictly O.P. may be boring to an audience nowadays.

basically there are 2 categories: standard visual aids and electronically enhanced visual aids.

Standard visual aids

1. Handouts

given to audience to be taken with them2. Pictures and photographs

they mst be large enough to be seen by everyone in the audience.

3. Flipcharts and posters

it sets a more informal mood and are better used with a small audience (

4. Objects and models

A physical object displays exactness and realism.

Must be large enough to be seen by the audience and small enough to be carried around.

models are three dimensional. scaled-down replicas of a car, building, atom, etc.

1. Transparencies

are transparent plastic sheets.

can photocopy text and pictures onto special thermal transparencies.

then make sure the venue or institution has an OHP.

2. Audiovisual aids and power point

with the digital revolution, words, sound, and images are available in binary

digital format.

The power point is an excellent visual aid that can create very professional and impressive presentations.

It allows the use of colour, animation and sound.

2 major factors are quality and clarity to grab and maintain audiences

attention.

audience too expect professionally developed and competently used visual

aids.

Typeface and type size

Visual Aids Titles Subtitles TextFlipcharts & posters 3 inches high 2 to 2 inches high 1 highTransparencies & power point

30 36 pt 24pt 18pt

handouts 18pt 14pt 12ptslides 24pt 18pt 14pt

Typefaces can also affect the clarity of the message that the visuals are trying to convey. The following are some suggested typefaces and the sort of image they project.

Typeface Image Sample

Times Roman Official Goals are dreams we convert to plans and take action to fulfill. Zig Ziglar

Palatino Upbeat You are the sum total of all your choices up to now. Dr. Wayne Dyer

Garamond Sophisticated Its faith in something and enthusiasm for something that makes life worth living. Oliver Wendell Holmes

Helvetica shows an urban image. Century and Bodoni typeface describe a friendly and trendy image.

Generally do not use more than 2 different typefaces for a visual. Also the typeface(s) used must be consistent for all the visuals in your presentation.

1. use only 4 to 6 lines for a visual.

2. Limit each line to not more than 40 characters.

3. Use phrases rather than sentences.

4. Use both uppercase and lowercase to make it more readable.

5. Emphasise man points with different colours and type sizes.

6. Select only 2 or 3 colurs per visual.

7. One visual should only contain one point or idea.

8. Make them near and simple.

9. Ensure that the spelling, grammar and punctuaion are correct in order to make the visual appear professional.

# Visual aids are just aids- they can either make your presentation a success or failure-depending on how you use them.

Make sure the visuals supplement your speech rather than replace them.

Otherwise the audience may get the impression that you are not well prepared or are unfamiliar with the content.

the use of appropriate visuals also depends on your audiences knowledge of the subject matter.

If you are talking to a group of foreigners on how to make laksa, you may need to supplement with pictures, photographs or slides of the various local ingredients.

But if the same presentation is made to a group of locals, yu only need to tell them what is required.

The size of the room or hall, the seating arrangement, lighting and equipment available should be taken into consideration in preparing your speech.

Does the seating arrangement allow everyone to see the visual aid being used?

If you are using a projector, are there adequate plugs or outlets for the equipment to be used?

Do you need room to be completely dark when you are showing your visual?

In this section, we offered you guidelines and tips not only on developing visual aids but also on how to present well. It also focussed on the types of O.Ps, i.e., informative, persuasive and goodwill presentations. We also discussed in detail the types of visual aids you can use in your presentation and why you need to use them.

1. The use of visual aids benefits not only the audience, but also the speaker. Discuss 3 advantages of visual aids to the listener.

_________________________________________________________

2. Discuss 3 advantages of using visual aids to the speaker.

_________________________________________________________

3. For the following situations, what visual aids would be used:

a. A talk to kindergarten children on road safety.

_______________________________________________________

b. A talk to a group of foreigners on Malaysian batik.

_______________________________________________________

c. A talk to your course mates on revising effectively for examinations.

_______________________________________________________

1. The Virtual Presentation Assistant Using Visual Aids

http://www.ukans.edu/cwis/units/coms2/vpa/vpa7.htm

2. Visual Aids

http://www.gepcities.com/libbyeddleman/visual_aids.htm?200615

3. Outloud Online Visual Assistant

http://www.tamu.edu/scom/test203/va/index.html

In this unit, you were introduced to the 2 main important things you will be engaged in as a learner: producing written papers and O.Ps. We talked about the sources and the info media that you can use particularly in ODL. This unit also introduced you to the strategies that you can apply to ascertain that the info that you have gathered is current nd reliable. Apart from these, you learnt how to cite sources using the Chicago editorial style. Finally, you were introduced to O.Ps: the types of O.Ps and the types, benefits and guidelines for using visual aids to enhance your presentations.

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