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TRANSCRIPT
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IIHTWorkshop
onComputer Hardware
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Introduction Knowing Functionality. After this session u will b able to Know following: SYSTEM BUSES SYSTEM BIOS CPU SOCKET SPECIFICATIONS BIOS CHIPS BATTERY JUMPERS PORTS and HEADERS PIN CONNECTORS SYSTEM CHIPSET AND CONTROLLERS
DMA CONTROLLER AND DMA SUPPORT AGP SUPPORT PLUG and PLAY POWER MANAGEMENT ( APM & ACPI ) MATH CO-PROCESSORS
POWER SUPPLY
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SYSTEM BUSES
THE Processor Bus: This is the Highest Level bus that the chipset uses tosend information to and from the processor.
The Cache Bus: Higher-Level architectures, such as those used by thePentium Pro and above employ a dedicated bus for accessing the systemcache.
The Memory Bus: This is a second-level system bus that connects thememory subsystem to the chipset and the processor. In some systems theprocessor and memory buses are basically the same thing.
The Local I/O Bus: This is a high-speed input/output bus used forconnecting performance-critical peripherals to the memory, chipset, andprocessor. For example, video cards, disk storage devices, high speednetwork interfaces for this sort. Most common I/O buses is PCI ( peripheralcomponent interconnect )
The Standard I/O Bus: Connecting to the above three buses is the good oldstandard I/O bus, used for slower peripherals (mice, modems, regular soundcard, low-speed networking and also compatibility with older devices.Example of this bus is ISA bus (Industry standard Architecture)
AGP Bus: The distinction between a bus and port is that a bus is generallydesigned for multiple devices for faster performance.
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Work of BIOSLayer# Layer
0 Hardware
1 System BIOS
2 Operating System (HAL,
Kernel)3 Application Softwares When Computer switched on for first time Processor will be ready
Start Executing, there is nothing in memory to be executed. Processor
Makers know this they pre-programmed a the processor to always look
For same place in the system BIOS ROM for the start of the BIOS BootProgram normally location at FFFF0h, right at the end of system memory.
BIOS performs a self test (POST). If there are any fatal errors, the boot
Process halts. POST beep codes can be found in this area. What is cause ? U can
Know thru the Beep codes. Normally computers make one Beep means Everything
Is OK. Then it boots Video card BIOS and Initiates Bootstrap Sequence.
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CPU Socket SpecificationsSocket Fits CPU Intel
ChipsetNumber of
pins
Socket 7 Pentium, MMX, K5,6x86, K6, IDT, WinChip,6x86MX, K6-2
82430TX 321
Socket 8 Pentium Pro 82440FX 387
Slot One Pentium II 82440BX,
82440JX
242
Slot One Pentium II (100 MHzSystem bus) Pentium III
(100 and 133 MHz)
82440BX82440JX
242
Slot One Celeron 82440EX 242
PGA370 Socketed Celeron,Pentium III 82440BX,82440LX,2440EX, i810,
i815
370
Slot Two Intel Xeon, Tanner 82440GX 330
PGA423 Pentium 4 I845, i850,i865
423
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BIOS Chips
BIOS Chips contained a small program code that is essential forComputer startup sequence. CMOS manufactured by two Companies.
AWARD & American Megatrends (AMI)
Their BIOS Contains settings to change/view for following:Processor CPU clock
Coprocessor SettingsFloppy Drive A
Floppy Drive B
IDE/ATA Drives
Base Memory Size
Extended Memory SizeCache Size
Memory Type and Configuration
Display Type
Serial Port(s), Parallel Port(s)
Plug and Play Devices
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BATTERY
The PC uses a low-power battery tomaintain certain data when the power is
off, for e.g. BIOS settings, current date &time, and resource assignment for Plug &Play devices and so other settings.
Computer uses this battery basically calledLithium battery. Its Cheap & Easilyavailable in the market.
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JUMPERS
Jumpers are pins on a motherboard or other device, that are used toprovide configuration information to the hardware. A single jumperconsists of pair of pins, with a small rectangular shunt that can be
placed over both pins to short them together. The hardware isprogrammed to act one way when the jumper is shorted, and another
way when it is left open. The jumpers are numbered as JP1, JP2 etc.The tasks can be perform by shorting jumpers are: Processor/CPU Voltage. Processor Core Clock Cache Size and Type Memory Size & Type
Flash BIOS Fail-Safe Settings CMOS Clear Battery Source Disable Jumpers Disable ATA Controllers
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PORTS & HEADERS
Ports are connectors use to connect external cables and devices to themotherboard. In addition to the keyboard and PS/2 mouseconnectors, some types of motherboard (such as the ATX) have onthe back edge of the motherboard integrated serial and parallel ports.
A cable goes from the port and is plugged into the header on the
board. The following are the headers that are commonly found on atypical Baby AT style motherboard.
Serial Ports (Mouse, External Modem, Infrared Reception etc) Parallel Ports (Printer, Scanner, External Modems etc.) PS/2 Ports (Keyboard, Mouse) USB (Universal Serial Bus) (Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, Scanner,
External CD-writers, External Hard Disks, Portable RemovableDrives etc) SATA Ports (Serial ATA) (for internal Hard Drives) Primary and Secondary IDE/ATA Channels (40 pin or 80 pin Cable) Floppy Disk Channel
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PIN CONNECTORS
The Motherboard providesseveral connectors that areattached to the case LEDs,indicators and switches.
These are the pin connectorsU will find on modernmotherboard
Power switch
IDE/ATA Hard Disk ActivityLED
Speaker CPU Fan
Suspend mode Switch
Suspend Mode LED
Pin # Signal
1 Power LED
Output(positive)
2 No Connection(NC)
3 Power LED
Ground(negative)
4 Key lock Signal(Positive)
5 Key lock
Ground(negative)
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SYSTEM CHIPSET and
CONTROLLERS
The System Chipset and Controllers are the logic circuits that are theintelligence of the motherboard. They control data transfers betweenthe processor, cache, system buses, peripherals. Since data flow insuch a criticalissue in the operation and performance of so many
parts of the computer. The term chipset is also used to refer to the main processing
circuitry on many video cards. The name is used because the conceptis similar a highly integrated circuit used to perform a set of functions.However, there work is different so as it is different chipset notSystem chipset
The following are the Most Motherboard Controllers are found: The Manufacturer Control Chip from here u can identigy which
company Chipset belongs to. The keyboard controller, which manages not only the keyboard but
also the integrated PS/2 mouse. The Super I/O, which handles input and output from the serial
ports, parallel port, floppy disks, and in some cases, the IDE harddisks as well
Additional built-in controllers that are normally found in expansioncards: video, sound, network and SCSI controllers being the mostcommon.
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DMA CONTROLLERS and DMA
SUPPORT DMA refer as Direct Memory Access.
DMA is controlled by the chipsets DMA controller, and thebetter (and newer) the controller, the more DMA modes itsupports
Common Modes are: Simple DMA Mode
ULTRA-DMA Mode DWORD DMA Mode Multi-Word DMA ModeDMA Controlled by the chipsets DMA controller, and the better
(and newer) the controller, the more DMA modes it supports.Bus mastering is an enhancement of DMA whereby the remotedevice not only can send data into memory directly, it actuallytakes control of the bus, and performs, the transfer itselfinstead of using, THE DMA controller. This cut downoverhead on CPU which usually slow down the process, WithDMA System Performance can b improved by 25%. BecauseDMA controller directly talks to device, further improving
performance.
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PLUG and PLAY
Plug and Play (PnP) is specification that usestechnology enhancements in hardware BIOSesand operating systems, to enable supporteddevices to have their system resource usage(IRQs, I/O port addresses, DMA channels) setautomatically, Intended to help eliminate some ofthe problems with getting peripheral devices to
work without stepping on each others toes, Plugand Play requires support from the Chipset aswell.
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POWER MANAGEMENT
Power Management Supports two Mode:
APM (Advanced Power Management)
ACPI (Advanced Composite PowerInterface)
Old CPUs 80286 to Pentium II supportsAPM Power Management because chipset
Limitations. But Newer CPUs & Motherboard Supports
ACPI
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MATH COPROCESSORS
FPU
(FLOATING POINT UNIT)
Processors Co-Processors
8086 8087
8088 8087
80286 8028780386SX 80387SX
80386SL 80387SX
80386SLC 80387SX
80486SLC 80387SX
80486SLC2 80387SX
80386DX 80387DX
80486SX 80487SX,
DX2/OverRide
80487SX Included FPU
80486DX2 DX2/OverRide
80486DX4
Pentium I,II,III,IV
Included FPU
Math Coprocessors wereAdditional chip was left as
an option to help reduce
the cost of computers,
Co-Processors allow theHardware for Floating Point
Math. Math CoProcessors
Will speed up computers
Operation when utiltizing
Software applications that
Take advantage of its
Capabilities.
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SMPS (SWITCH MODE POWER
SUPPLY)
The PC Power Supply is primarily designed to take AC power from
the wall outlet and convert it into much lower DC voltages needed
by the System. It must be able to shutdown the system it it is
overloaded, short circuits or overheats.
If CPU is the Brain then power supply is equivalent of of heartdelievering the systemslife blood electricity to each and every
component. If the supply is overloaded overheated or otherwise
MAILFUCNTIONING
Classification of SMPS:FORM FACTOR: XT, AT, ATX, NLX, SFX
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END OF SESSION