written expression questions. problems with the form of the verb base form presentpresent partici-...
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WRITTEN WRITTEN EXPRESSIONEXPRESSIONQUESTIONSQUESTIONS
WRITTEN WRITTEN EXPRESSIONEXPRESSIONQUESTIONSQUESTIONS
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PROBLEMS WITH THE FORM OF THE VERB
BASE FORM
PRESENT PRESENT PARTICI-
PLE
PAST PAST PARTICI-
PLE
walk
hear
cook
sing
come
begin
walk(s)
hear(s)
cook(s)
sing(s)
come(s)
begin(s)
walking
hearing
cooking
singing
coming
beginning
walked
heard
cooked
sang
came
began
walked
heard
cooked
sung
came
begun
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AFTER HAVE, USE THE PAST PARTICIPLE
They had walk* to school. (Should be had walked)
We have see* the show. (Should be have seen)
He has took* the test. (Should be has taken)
Having ate*, he went to school. (Should be Having eaten)
My friend sung* in the choir. (Should be sang or has sung)
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AFTER BE, USE THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE OR THE PAST PARTICIPLE
We are do* our homework. (should be are
doing)
The homework was do* early. (should be
was done)
Tom is take* the book. (should be is taking)
The book was take* by Tom. (should be
was taken)
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AFTER WILL, WOULD, OR OTHER MODALS, USE THE BASE FORM OF THE VERB
VERBS FORMS AFTER MODALS
MODAL BASE FORM
(will, would, shall, should, can, + OF THE VERB could, may, might, must)
The boat will leaving* at 3:00. (should be will leave)
The doctor may arrives* soon. (should be may arrive)
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PROBLEMS WITH THE USE OF THE VERB
SKILL 20: KNOW WHEN TO USE THE
PAST WITH THE PRESENT
He took* the money when he wants* it.
• He took the money when he wanted it.
• He takes the money when he wants it.
• I know that he took the money yesterday.
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SKILL 20: KNOW WHEN TO USE THE PAST WITH THE PRESENT
Carrie Chapman Catt organized the (A)League of Women Voters after (B)successfully campaign for the (C)constitutional amendment that gave (D)women the right to vote.
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SKILL 20: KNOW WHEN TO USE THE PAST WITH THE PRESENT
Carrie Chapman Catt organized the (A)League of Women Voters after (B)successfully campaign for the (C)constitutional amendment that gave (D)women the right to vote.
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SKILL 21: USE THE CORRECT TENSE WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS
• We moved to New York in 1980.
• We had left there by 1990.
• We have lived in San Francisco since 1999.
• She got a job two years ago.
• She started working last week.
• She has worked very hard lately.
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SKILL 21: USE THE CORRECT TENSE WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS
In 1776 to 1800, the population of the U.S.
(A) (B)
continued to rise, reaching five million
(C) (D)
citizens by the turn of the century.
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SKILL 21: USE THE CORRECT TENSE WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS
In 1776 to 1800, the population of the U.S.
(A) (B)
continued to rise, reaching five million
(C) (D)
citizens by the turn of the century.
( from…to..)
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PROBLEMS WITH PASSIVE VERBS
USE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE
PASSIVE
The portrait was painting* by a famous artist.
(should be was painted)
The project will finished* by Tim.
(should be will be finished)
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PROBLEMS WITH NOUNS
USE THE CORRECT SINGULAR OR PLURAL NOUN
On the table there were many dish* (dishes)
The lab assistant finished every tests*. (test)
KEY WORDS FOR SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
For Singular Nouns each every single one a
For Plural Nouns both two many several various
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SKILL 24: DISTINGUISH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
• Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places, etc. which can be counted. For example: books, Italians, pictures, stations, men.A countable noun can be both singular - a friend, a house, etc. - or plural - a few apples, lots of trees, etc.
• Uncountable nouns are materials, concepts, information, etc. which are not individual objects and can not be counted. For example: information, water, understanding, wood, cheese, etc. Uncountable nouns are always singular.
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Uncountable Nouns
accommodationadvice
baggagebread
equipmentfurnituregarbage
informationknowledge
luggagemoneynewspasta
progressresearch
travelwork
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KEY WORDS FOR COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
For Countable Nouns many number few fewer
For Uncountable Nouns
much amount little less
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SKILL 25: DISTINGUISH THE PERSON FROM THE THING
• Ralph Nader is an authorization* in the field of consumer affairs. (should be authority)
• There are many job opportunities in accountant*. (should be accounting)
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DISTINGUISH THE PERSON FROM THE THING
Noun (thing) Endings Noun (person) Endings
-ism :socialism
-nce :excellence
-ness :sadness
-ion :information
-ment :government
-age :marriage
-ship :friendship
-er :employer
-or :actor
-ist :tourist
-ian :musician
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PROBLEMS WITH PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words, such as he, she, or it,
that take the place of nouns.
When you see a pronoun in written
expression questions on the TOEFL test, you
need to check that it serves the correct
function in the sentence (as a subject or
object, for example) and that it agrees with
the noun it is replacing.
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SKILL 26: DISTINGUISH POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
• They lent me their book. ADJECTIVE
• They lent me theirs. PRONOUN
Each morning they read theirs* newspapers. (should be their)
Could you give me your*? (should be yours)
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DISTINGUISH POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
my
your
his
her
its
ourtheir
mine
yours
his
hers
-
ours
theirs
must be accompanied by a noun
cannot be accompanied by a noun
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SKILL 27: CHECK PRONOUN REFERENCE FOR AGREEMENT
• The boys will cause trouble if you let him*.(should be them)
• Everyone must give their* name.(should be his or her)
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PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Adjective Endings Adverb Endings
-ent : excellent
-ant : important
-ful : careful
-ic : economic
-less : careless
-ive : expensive
-ous : dangerous
-al : natural
-able : capable
-ible : possible
-ly : recently
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USE BASIC ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS CORRECTLY
Adjectives have only one job: they describe nouns
or pronouns.
She is a beautiful woman.
adj. Noun
She is beautiful. Pronoun adj.
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USE BASIC ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS CORRECTLY
Adverbs do three different things. They describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
She sings beautifully verb adv.
She is a beautifully dressed woman. adv. Adj. Noun
She is a truly beautifully dressed woman. adv adv. Adj. noun
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SKILL 28: USE ADJECTIVES AFTER LINKING VERBS
She spoke nicely VERB ADV
She looks nice He seems unusually nice. SUB ADJ. S Adv. Adj.
Linking verbs:
appear feel seem
be look smell
become prove taste
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SKILL 29: POSITION ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS CORRECTLY
The information important* is on the first page. NOUN ADJ.
He has taken recently* an English course
ADV. OBJECT
An adverb that describes a verb cannot come between
the verb and its object.
Recently he has taken an English course.He has recently taken an English course.He has taken an English course recently.
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MORE PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVES
SKILL 30: RECOGNIZE –LY ADJECTIVES
-LY ADJECTIVES
costly
early
friendly
kindly
likely
lively
lonely
manly
daily
hourly
monthly
nightly
quarterly
weekly
yearly
lovely
northerly
easterly
southerly
westerly
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SKILL 31: USE PREDICATE ADJECTIVES CORRECTLY
The snake on the rock was alive.
The alive* snake was lying on the rock. (should be live)
PREDICATE ADJECTIVES
PREDICATE ADJECTIVES FORMS USED IN FRONT OF A NOUN
alike
alive
alone
afraid
asleep
like, similar
live, living
lone
frightened
sleeping
A predicate adjective appears after a linking verb such as be. It cannot appear directly in front of the noun that it describes.
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SKILL 32: USE –ED AND –ING ADJECTIVES CORRECTLY
The woman cleans the car. VERB
The cleaning woman worked on the car. ADJECTIVE
The woman put the cleaned car back in the garage.
ADJECTIVE
The cleaning* car…(should be cleaned)
The cleaned* woman… (should be cleaning)
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-ED AND –ING ADJECTIVES
TYPE MEANING USE EXAMPLE
-ING active It does the action of the verb.
…the happily playing children…
(the children play.)
-ED passive It receives the action of the verb.
..the frequently played record…
(Someone plays the record.)
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PROBLEMS WITH ARTICLES
ARTICLES COUNTABLE
SINGULAR
NOUNS
COUNTABLE PLURAL NOUNS
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
INDEFINITE
(general)
a dollar
an apple
_____dollars
_____apples
____money
____juice
DEFINITE
(Specific)
the dollar
the apple
the dollars
the apples
the money
the juice
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SKILL 33: USE ARTICLES WITH SINGULAR NOUNS
• I have money. (uncountable- no article needed)
• I have books. (countable plural- no article needed)
• I have a book. (countable singular- article needed)
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DISTINGUISH A AND AN
A AND AN
A A is used in front of a singular noun with a consonant sound.
Ex: a book, a man, a page
AN An is used in front of a singular noun with a vowel sound.
Ex: an orange, an illness, an automobile
Be careful of nouns beginning with H or U. They may have a vowel or consonant sound.
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MAKE ARTICLES AGREE WITH NOUNS
He saw a* new movies. - He saw a new movie. (singular)- He saw new movies. (plural)
AGREEMENT OF ARTICLES WITH NOUNS
You should never use a or an with a plural noun.
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DISTINGUISH SPECIFIC AND GENERAL IDEAS
Tom will bring the book tomorrow.
(There is one specific book that Tom will bring tomorrow.)
Tom will bring a book tomorrow.
(Tom will bring any one book).
SPECIFIC AND GENERAL IDEAS
ARTICLE MEANING USES
A or AN general idea Use when there are many, and you do not know which one it is.
Use when there are many, and you do not care which one it is.
THE specific idea Use when it is the only one.
Use when there are many, and you know which one it is.
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PROBLEMS WITH PREPOSITIONS
• Prepositions in a literal way
The boy ran up the hill. (The boy went in the direction up rather than down)
• In the idiomatic use
I call up my friend. (to call up someone means to telephone someone)
He succeeded in passing the course.
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SKILL 34: RECOGNIZE WHEN PREPOSITIONS HAVE BEEN OMITTED
• Can you wait* me after the game?
(wait for me)
• I plan* attending the meeting.
(plan on attending)
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PROBLEM WITH USAGE
United States paper money is all like
(A)
in that it is all printed with the face of a
(B) (C)
famous person such as Washington,
(D)
Lincoln, or Franklin.
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PROBLEM WITH USAGE
United States paper money is all like
(A)
in that it is all printed with the face of a
(B) (C)
famous person such as Washington,
(D)
Lincoln, or Franklin.
Answer: alike
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References
Phillips, Deborah. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test. New York: Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc.
and
Any sources from the internet and books