writing the research paper zooey 9810003m angela 9810010m
TRANSCRIPT
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Writing the Research Paper
Zooey 9810003m
Angela 9810010m
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Chapter I: Introduction
A. Area of Study: Provide a general
introduction to the topic; outline the
problem B. Definition of Terms: Define important
terms & concepts C. The purpose of the study D. Assumptions: Make hypotheses for
the proposed study
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Chapter II: Literature Review
A. History: Provide a review of the
historical background B. Current Literature: Include a review of
current relevant with the analysis of
pros and cons C. Research Problem: Provide research
questions
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Chapter III: Methodology
A. Research Questions and Hypotheses: Propose them based on literature review (major points)
B. Research Design: Quantitative research: Use a survey (three design
considerations; discuss how to design questionnaire)
Qualitative research: Use interviews (present a rationale for the design of choice)
* Grounded theory: Develop a theory after gathering and analyzing the data
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C. Sample: Quantitative research: Describe sampling
techniques and rationale for method used for selecting the sample and sample size
Qualitative research: describe the criteria for the selection for the participants and setting
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Research Questions and Hypotheses:
4 categories of research questions:
1. Descriptive questions: Provide information about what is or has been happening related to the research topic
2. Normative questions: Provide information compared with some standard or expected observation
3. Correlative questions: Identify relationship
4. Impact questions: Indentify effect
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Research Questions and Hypotheses:
Two types of hypotheses:
1. Directional hypothesis: e.g.," If ss can get teachers’ positive comments.
(then) they will have a better writing performance because (pro 1).”
2. Null hypothesis: e.g.,” There is no difference between teachers’
positive comments and ss’ writing performance because (con 1).”
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Research Design
Mixed-Methods Models Design: Apply the quantitative and qualitative methods simultaneously (parallel) or sequentially.
4 design options: 1. Pragmatic parallel mixed-methods 2. Pragmatic sequential mixed-methods 3. Transformative parallel mixed-methods 4. Transformative sequential mixed-methods
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Survey Research
3 design considerations:
1. Descriptive approach: A survey describing the characteristics of a sample at one point in time (e.g., senior students’ research paper writing difficulties in the Department of Applied English at I-Shou University in 2009)
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2. Cross-sectional approach: A survey examining several groups at one point in time (e.g., different grade level students’ writing difficulties in the AE Department at ISU in 2009)
3. Longitudinal approach: A survey examining one group at different points in time (e.g., 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year graduates’ perceptions of RP course in the AE Department at ISU in 2006-2008)
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5 probability sampling:
1. Simple random sampling: Each member has a number (code) and each population has an equal chance to be selected
2. Systematic sampling: Select every nth name from the list, so need to estimate the needed sample size
3. Stratified sampling: Divide the populations into subgroups (e.g., genders) or levels (e.g., proficiency levels) and then draw randomly from each subgroup
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4. Cluster sampling: Choose groups of individuals (e.g., city blocks or classrooms in a school, and study all of the samples there)
5. Multistage sampling: Combine sampling strategies (e.g., use cluster sampling to randomly select classrooms and use random sampling to select a sample with each classroom)
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Data Collection Procedures
Quantitative research: Describe the procedures that the data will be collected by using a survey
Open Questions
Close Questions: Classificational questions, List questions, Ranking questions, Scale (rating) questions
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Data Collection Procedures
Qualitative research: Describe the use of audiotapes, note-taking
Interviewer is the important tool.
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Data Analysis Procedures
Quantitative research: Describe how you handled the data; provide statistical procedures (e.g., compute mean score or frequency)
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Data Analysis Procedures
Qualitative research: Describe data analysis strategies; explain multiple sources of data
Form your grounded theory
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Limitations of the Study
Explain anticipated limitations of the study
Ex: Sample size is too small.
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Results
Just report what the data say (you may give the subheading based on each hypothesis)
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Results
A. Findings from the quantitative results (% or mean)
Ex: 4.2 means that most participant agree that…
B. Findings from the qualitative results (3 excerpts)
C. Fit into your hypotheses or not (e.g., broadly/partially/do not fit)
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Discussions and Conclusion
A. Interpret the meanings of data (discuss “why” your participants would think/say so)
B. Discuss whether the findings fit into the literature or not
C. Form any grounded theory?
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Discussions and Conclusion
D. The results will be useful to “whom”?
E. Any limitation to reach the generalizability
F. Draw conclusions and suggestions (about improvement)
*based on your or minority’s opinions