writing - pasca farmasi.ppt

7/21/2019 WRITING - pasca farmasi.ppt

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ENLGISH FOR SCIENTIFICCOMMUNICATION

for Graduate students of clinical and

industrial pharac!

"r# Christina A$ani% MS% Apt#

"r#&esin Gaspar% M#'d(aspar)esin*u)a!a#ac#id

'hone +,-./0,+-/1-23

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



Steps in paper 7ritin( )ased on

a research#4 1# 7ritin( the intro

4 8# 7ritin( the theories

4 2# 5ritin( the ethods4 0# 'resentin( the result and discussion

4 -# 7ritin( the conclusion

4 .# o$erall 9 7ritin( a (ood para(raph#



Steps in paper 7ritin( : )ased

on re$ie7 of literature;4 1# 5rite the outline

4 8# 5rite the intro

4 2# 5rite the ain parts6discussion4 0# 5rite the conclusion



LOGICAL STE'S IN5RITING A 'A'ER

1#Choose a topic

8#Narro7 the topic

2#State !our thesis6pro)le

0#5ritin( a tentati$e outline

-#Or(ani<e !our notes and 7rite the draft.#Re$ise !our outline and draft

3# T!pe !our final paper



T='ES OF

ACA"EMIC6SCIENTIFIC 'A'ER

4 1# 'aper )ased on a research

4 8# 'aper )ased on the re$ie7 of literature#

The forat is different



HO5 TO NARRO5 THE TO'IC

4 1# Gi$in( the su)/title

/ Research paper9

ho7 to a>e the outline

/ Artificial intelli(ence9 ho7 does it 7or>?8# Focusin( on one6t7o aspects9

Research paper9

/ the outline of a research paper / research paper for uni$# students

/ the ain parts in a research paper



OUTLINE OF A 'A'ER

4 I# Introduction6&ac>(round

4 II# Underl!in( theories : soeties not

e@plicit; III# Research ethods :optional;

I# Anal!sis6findin(s and discussion

# Conclusion and su((estions



MO"EL /1

4 STROBE9 the causes % earl! s!ptosand treatents :re$ie7 of literature;

4 I# INTRO"UCTION 8++/8-+

4 II# AN OERIE5 OF STROBE

A# The Causes

&# Earl! S!ptos

C# Treatents .++/3-+

III# CONCLUSION 2+/-+



INTRO"UCTION6&ACBGROUN"

4 MAIN 'OINTS TO &E INCLU"E"

@ introduce the topic

@ e@plain 7h! the topic is interestin(

@ e@plain the phenoenon9 7hats (oin( 7ron(? @To7hat e@tent has this pro)le )een dealt 7ith? 5hat

is the result? Is there an! (ap? So% 7hat is the

purpose of !our paper?

@ state !our thesis6pro)le and ho7 !ou 7ant to

approach the topic#



T='ICAL ED'ERESSIONS USE"

IN THE INTRO6&ACBGROUN"

4 /This paper deals 7ith ///

4 / This paper focuses on ////

4 This paper is tr!in( to e@plore ///

4 This paper is intended to identif!6find out

4 This paper is intended to pro$e ///4 This topic is interestin( to discuss)ecause ///



HO5 TO 5RITE THE THESIS

4 It is a stateent containin( !our

opinion6standpoint to respond to an

issue6pro)le#

4 E#(# 5h! people suffer fro heart attac>?

&ased on $arious sources% heart attac> is

caused )! three ain factors 9 A% & and

C# This paper is tr!in( to discuss these in

detail usin( # : ethods% approach;



Ho7 to forulate the pro)le

4 There three t7o ain pro)les concernin( the

topic and these can )e forulated as follo7s9

1; 5hat ?

8; Ho7 ?

2; To 7hat e@tent?

4 This paper ais to ans7er the follo7in(

uestions9 1; 5hat ##?



Ho7 to 7rite the o)ecti$es

4 This paper is intended

1; to define #

8; to identif! # 2; to find out

0; to copare ##

-; to (i$e alternati$e solutions



REFERRING TO THE FORMER

STU"IES

4 This topic has )een dealt 7ith )! se$eral

researchers% aon( others% A :;% & :;

4 The latest stud! dealin( 7ith this topic is

the one conducted )! D= fro A&C

: 8++;# &ut the result of those studies

sho7s that S /// ///# Therefore% it is

challen(in( to conduct siilar stud! )ut7ith different focus in order to ////



SIGNIFICANCE OF FORMER

STU"IES

4 >no7 7hat has )een done

: 7hen suari<in( forer studies%

use siple past tense;

///// something missing?

4 Bno7 7hat needs to )e done

e#(#Therefore% it is necessar! toconduct the siilar stud! )ut 7ith

different focus in order to ////



HO5 TO REFER TO THE

THEOR=6O'INION

4 JUOTING K reproducin( the e@actori(inal te@t9 ///////////

4 SUMMARIING

4 'ARA'HRASING

e#(# Accordin( to &ro7n :8++2902;% D is ///

&ro7n :8++29 02; states that D is ////

D% as stated )! &ro7n : 8++29 02;% is ////

D is /// : &ro7n% 8++29 02;



4 A #"efiniton

4 There are t7o ters used to refer to D% that is% A

and &# This concept has )een defined

differentl!# Accordin( to &ro7n : ;% D is6eans6 can )e defined as the process of #6

refers to the process of

4 On the other hand6in contrast% Siti M :; defines

D as Fro the t7o definitions a)o$e% there

are t7o characteristics of D% ainl! %%%% and



4 &ased on #%D can )e classified into

t7o 9D/1 and D/8# D/1 refers to the ##

7hile D/8 is used to refer to the

4



JUOTING

4 USING ONES 5OR"S6NO CHANGE

4 &ro7n : 8++3% 18; concludes% so>in(

is not the priar! cause of lun( cancer

&ut this has )een countered )! the

latest findin(s in Har$ard Medical

School# : &rian% 8+18;#

: under 0+ 7ords;



'ARA'HRASING

4 USING ONES I"EA &= 'UTTING THEM

IN =OUR O5N 5OR"S% THEN REF#;

4 &ro7n : 8++3% 18;% )ased on his research

conducted at A&C Hospital% cae to the

conclusion that lun( cancer is caused )!

se$eral factors and there are no sufficient

data to pro$e6state that so>in( is theost doinant factor#



HO5 TO "ESCRI&E THE

METHO"S4 1# Lan(ua(e 9

4 / Use siple past tense

4 / Use passi$e constructions6if possi)le

4 8# 'oints to )e included#

4 / t!pe of research

4 / sources of data% data collection% etc#4 / process6steps

4 /



EDAM'LE 1

4 This research is cate(ori<ed as a case

stud! since the purpose is to (et a

(lo)al picture a)out the 7hole case or

phenoenon# The data 7ere ta>en frothe patients of canter at A&S Hospital

fro anuar! to ul! 8+10 7ith the total of

0+ patients# The data 7ere then $erifiedand classified into Finall! #



Method / e@perient

4 First % the D 7as put into the tu)e and

heated until Then% it 7as # After

that% it 7as a(ain for a)out 2 hours#

Finall!% it 7as # and the process 7asdone#

4 Si(nals 9 first% second% then% ne@t% after

that% finall!#



'RACTICE

4 Ho7 do !ou descri)e the follo7in(

process? : past;

4 1# =ou produced au TOLAB ANGIN

7ith hi(h ualit!#

4 8# =ou tested the !o(hurt to a>e sure

that it 7as safe to eat6not containated#



RE'ORTING THE RESULTS

4 Lan(ua(e 9

4 1# Use siple past

4 8# passi$e or acti$e ## O>

4 2# T!pical e@pressions9

4 /It 7as found that #

4 /The aount6nu)er decreased )! 1+points

4 / The teperature reained unchan(ed



T!pical e@pressions

4 As seen in the ta)le6chart% the nu)er of

patients sufferin( fro lun( cancer has

increased sharpl! in the . onths#

4 There 7as a sharp increase in the

nu)er of patients of lun( cancer in the

last . onths#

4 The aount of ' in the 7as 0-



More e@pressions

4 As seen in the ta)le a)o$e% the aount

of )ased on the la) testin( 7as under

-+ #

4 There 7as no si(nificant chan(e in the

: fact or opinion6conclusion?;



'ractice

4 =ou 7anted to >no7 7hich 7as ore

effecti$e for a sore throat9 ao@!line or

c!pro@#

4 a# first% descri)e the testin( process

4 )# then report the result

4 &ased on the la) test% it 7as found that the

in inhi)itor! concentration of ao@# 7as.#+++ pp 7hile the in inhi)itor!

concentration in c!pro@ 7as 2%+++ pp#



"ISCUSS THE FIN"INGS

4 5hat 7as the result?

4 5hat 7as the trend?

4 "iscuss 9 7h! is it so?4 9 a>e soe interpretations#

4 : 5hat is the conlcusion? ;



HO5 TO 5RITE THE

CONLCUSION#

4 Gi$e the si(nal%

/ In conclusion%

/ &ased on the anal!sis% it can )e concluded that

4 Suari<e the results of anal!sis

4 Coent or recoend ?



Result% discussion% conclusion

4 5hat 7as the result ?

4 5h! 7as it so? Ho7 do !ou interpret it?

4 5hat is the conclusion?



Intro%Theor!%Result% Conclusion

4 Intro9 to 7hat e@tent is the !o(hurt safe

4 to consue#

4Theor!9 = is safe to consue if the

4 aount of ' in the is under -+

4 Result9 &ased on la) testin(% the aount

4 of ' is 0-#4 Concl# 9 = is safe to consue#

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