writing like shakespeare

7/28/2019 Writing Like Shakespeare

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Introduction

Many students complain that Shakespearean language is too difficult to understand or ask whyShakespeare could not have written in 'normal' English. Shakespearean, or Elizabethan, English is'normal' English. It was the English spoken in the 16th and 17th centuries, Shakespeare did not make uphis own language, although he was responsible for coining countless new words (neologisms). If WilliamShakespeare were alive today, he would have the same difficulty that you have in understanding the wayour English is written and spoken.

There are a number of points that are very important to take into consideration when learning to read andunderstand Shakespearean language:

There are rules that you can learn. If you do not understand a phrase or a word, try to think about what it may mean before looking in the

notes. The more you read the better you will become. Studying Shakespearean texts will dramatically improve your skill in understanding other texts.Common Shakespearean Words

There are many words not in modern usage that commonly appear in Shakespearean texts and you

should be familiar with their meaning:

Word Modern equivalent Word Modern Equivalent

Thee You (object) Wherefore Why

Thou You (subject) Pray Please

Ye You (nominative, for higher statuscharacters - particularly gods

Prithee Please

Thine Your (possessive, placed in front of aword that begins with a vowel)

Fare-thee-well Goodbye

Thy Your (possessive, placed in front of aword that uses a consonant)

Nay No

Thyself Yourself (reflexive) Oft Often

Anon At another time/soon Verily In truth

E'en Evening Fie A curse word

Aye/yea Indeed Perchance Perhaps

N'er Never Morrow Tomorrow


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Some common words not in modern usage

Look carefully through these words and try to determine how they relate to the modern word. For example,morrow is very similar to tomorrow and to pray is similar to making a plea or request hence please.

Grammatical principles

Grammar in the Elizabethan period was a lot more flexible than it is now. Shakespeare used this flexibilityin grammar to make phrases sound more poetic as well as to help him create rhyme. Here are somecommon examples to help you prepare for understanding Shakespearean texts.

Typically, in modern usage, phrases are constructed with the subject first, the verb second and the objectlast:

Kishani rode the bike

Kishani (subject) rode (verb) the bike (object)

Subject Verb Object

Shakespeare, on the other hand, often constructs phrases with the subject first, the object second and theverb last:

Kishani the bike rode

Kishani (subject) the bike (object) rode (verb)

Subject Object Verb

You will also find that, in some cases, Shakespeare constructs phrases with the object first, the subject

second and the verb last

The bike Kishani rode

The bike (object) Kishani (subject) rode (verb)

Object Subject Verb

Examine some examples from Shakespeare to get a feel for the construction of his phrases. The followingare phrases taken from famous Shakespearean quotes:

Quote What light through yonder window breaks? (Romeo And JulietII, ii, 1)Analysis What light (subject) through yonder window (object) breaks (verb)? (Romeo AndJulietII, ii, 1)

Translation to modern usage What light breaks through yonder window?Analysis What light (subject) breaks through (verb) yonder window (object)?

Quote The barge she sat in (Antony and Cleopatra, II, ii, 193)Analysis The barge (object) she (subject) sat in (verb) (Antony and Cleopatra, II, ii, 193)


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Translation to modern usage She sat in the BargeAnalysis She (subject) sat in (verb) the barge (object)

Quote O, how this spring of love resembleth (Two Gentlemen of Verona I, iii, 84)

Analysis

This spring (subject) of love (object) resembleth (verb) (Two Gentlemen of Verona I,iii, 84)

Translation to modern usage This spring resembleth loveAnalysis This spring (subject) resembleth (verb) love (object)

Quote Now go we in content (As you like itI, iii, 139)Analysis Go (verb) we (subject) in content (object) (As you like itI, iii, 139)Translation to modern usage We go in contentAnalysis We (subject) go (verb) in content (object)

Quote What fools these mortals be (A Midsummer Night's Dream III, ii, 115)Analysis What fools (object) these mortals (subject) be (verb) (A Midsummer Night's Dream III,ii, 115)

Translation to modern usage These mortals are foolsAnalysis These mortals (subject) are (verb) fools (object)

Common Language Techniques to Look for

Shakespeare frequently uses language techniques in his compositions. He uses them to emphasise

points, make points and to generally shape meaning. There are some common techniques that he usesthat you should already be familiar with:

Alliteration Assonance Malapropism Metaphor OnomatopoeiaIf you are unsure of any of these techniques or how techniques shape meaning in texts, refer to Unit 11 inReference Package Two.


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Here are some that you may not be aware of:

Technique Definition Example

Anaphora Anaphora occurs whenthe same word orphrase in one sentenceis repeated in

subsequent (following)sentences or phrases.

Modern example 'People; time is of the essence,time is our friend, time our enemy. And people, let'smake this time count.'

Shakespearean example 'Thy Juliet is alive, Forwhose sake thou wast but lately dead. There artthou happy. Tybalt would kill thee, But thou slew'stTybalt. There art thou happy. The law thatthreaten'd death becomes thy friendAnd turns it toexile. There art thou happy.' (Romeo and JulietIII,iii, 134-139)

Antithesis This is the presentationof opposite ideas inwords, phrases or

sentences. Theygenerally follow eachother directly with aparallel grammaticalstructure.

Modern examples

When there is peace we move towards war andwhen there is war we move towards peace

'I'm in trouble if I do and I'm in trouble if I don't.'

Shakespearean example

'I have thee not, and yet I see thee still' (MacbethII, I, 36)

'My only love sprung from my only hate! Too earlyseen unknown, and known too late!' (Romeo andJuliet, I, v , 141-142)

Chiasmus Words are reversed intwo similar phrases.

Modern example

When the going gets tough, the tough get going.

Shakespearean example

...'tis true, 'tis true 'tis pityAnd pity 'tis true 'tistrue (HamletII, ii, 97-98)

Epanalepsis(eh-puh-nuh-LEAP-sis)

The same word isrepeated at thebeginning of thephrase/sentence andat the end.

Modern Example

Peace, all we need is Peace.

Shakespearean Example

How now? A rat? Dead, for a Ducat,dead! (Hamlet, III, iv, 23)


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Other Rhetorical Devices

REPETITION, PARALLELISM, CONTRAST, ANTITHESIS: devices which have the rational appeal oflogic and the aesthetic appeal of symmetry. For example: "Suit the action to the word and the word to the

action" uses contrasted repetition of "action" and "word" withinparallelgrammatical units (noun plusprepositional phrase).

ANAPHORA: repetition of word or words beginning a series of parallel syntactical units ("this scepteredisle, ... this blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England"). See sonnet 91.

DOUBLE EPITHET: two words of identical or almost identical meaning joined by a conjunction. The chiefeffect is richness or plenitude of style: "extravagant and erring," "foul and pestilent." One of Shakespeare'sfavorite devices; usually combines a Latinate and an Anglo-Saxon word.

HENDIADYS: two words joined by a conjunction although one modifies the other ("thispolicy and

reverence of age" means "this policy of reverencingage").

TRANSPOSITION: rearrangement of normal word order for effect (Noun-Verb-Direct Object may becomeN-DO-V, e.g. "I the apple ate" for "I ate the apple"; "gentle my lord" means "my gentle lord").

APOSTROPHE: direct address of an abstraction or of someone absent ("O time!..."; "Death, be notproud!")

HYPERBOLE: deliberate overstatement, exaggeration for effect ("I'm so hungry I could eat a horse").

ALLUSION: reference to or echo of familiar expressions, persons or objects from a cultural tradition (esp.biblical, classical, proverbial); e.g., a "prodigal son" alludes to the biblical parable.

CONNOTATION: double- and triple-level suggestive power of words; gold can connote wealth, but alsobeauty and excellence or greed; a dove, peace as well as innocence.

Colloquial language in Shakespeare

Greeting formulae

How now, mine host!How now, PistolWell met, Corporal NymWell met, Master FordGood morrow, good cousin Shallow

Blessings God save, your grace! God save you, Sir John! Bless you, sir! Bless thee, bully doctor!

Formulae following greeting And how doth my good cousin Silence? And hos doth my cousin, your bedfellow?
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Parting fomulae Will you go, Mistress Page? Will you go, gentles? Here, boys, here, here! Shall we wag? Farewell, good wenches... Have a care of thyself Fare thee well: commend me to them both.

Summoning

What ho! gossip Ford! what ho! Whos within there, ho! What! Davy, I say

Telling time Whats oclock? ... since the first cock (midnight) Ant be not four by the day (in the morning)

Grammar

Multiple negation in Shakespearethou hast spoken no word / all this while / ... Nor understood non neither (LLL, 1880-2) love no

man in good earnest, nor no further in sport neyther (AYLI, 196-7) I am not valiant neither (O,3541) Ist not enough, young man, / That I did never, no nor never can (MND, 780-1) Older grammar in ShakespeareUse of old nasal plural with eye'

Come, thou monarch of the vine, Plumpy Bacchus, with pink eyne! (A&C, 1466-7)Use of older inflected form of do, i.e. doth'

That doth invert the attest of eyes and ears (T&C, 3116)Use of old genitive as possessive pronoun, i.e. mine'

But no more deep will I endart mine eye (R&J, 444)Use of be, and not have, as an auxiliary verb When we born, we cry that we are come to this great stage of fools (Lear, 3010)

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~ A ~

ABATE: to shorten; to cast down; tobluntABATEMENT: diminutionABHOR: protest; disgust

ABIDE: to sojourn to expiateABLE: to upholdABRIDGEMENT: a short playABROAD: away, apartABROOK: to brook, abideABSEY-BOOK: a primerABSOLUTE: positive, certainCompleteABUSE: to deceive; deceptionABY: to expiate a faultABYSM: abyssACCITE: to cite, summonACCUSE: accusationACHIEVE: to obtainACKNOWN: 'to be acknown' is toacknowledgeACQUITTANCE: a receipt ordischargeACTION-TAKING: litigiousACTURE: actionADDITION: title, attributeADDRESS: to prepare oneselfADDRESSED: prepared

ADVANCE: to prefer, promote tohonourADVERTISEMENT: admonitionADVERTISING: attentiveADVICE: consideration, discretionADVISE: sometimes neuter,sometimes reflective, to consider,reflectADVISED: considerateADVOCATION: pleading, advocacyAFEARED: afraidAFFECT: to love

AFFY: to affiance To trustAFRONT: in frontAGAZED: looking in amazementAGLET-BABY: the small figureengraved on a jewelAGNISE: to acknowledge, confessA-GOOD: a good deal, plenteouslyA-HOLD: a sea-termAIERIE: the nest of a bird of preyAIM: a guessALDER-LIEFEST: most loved of allALE: alehouse

ALLOW: to approveALLOWANCE: approvalAMES-ACE: two aces, the lowestthrow of the diceAMORT: dead, dejected

AN: ifANCHOR: an anchorite, hermitANCIENT: an ensign-bearerANGEL: a coin, so called because itbore the image of an angelANIGHT: by night

ANSWER: retaliationANTHROPOPHAGINIAN: a cannibal ANTICK: the fool in the oldplaysANTRE: a caveAPPARENT: heir-apparentAPPEAL: to accuse; accusationAPPEARED: made apparentAPPLE-JOHN: a kind of appleAPPOINTMENT: preparationAPPREHENSION: opinionAPPREHENSIVE: apt to apprehend

or understandAPPROBATION: probationAPPROOF: approbation, proofAPPROVE: to prove; to justify, makegoodAPPROVER: one who proves or triesARCH: chiefARGAL: a ridiculous word intendedfor the Latin ergoARGENTINE: silverARGIER: AlgiersARGOSY: originally a vessel ofRagusa or Ragosa, a Ragosine;hence any ship of burdenARGUMENT: subjectARMIGERO: a mistake for Armiger,the Latin for EsquireAROINT: found only in the imperativemood, get thee goneA-ROW: in a rowARTICULATE: to enter into articles ofagreement to exhibit in articlesASK: to require

ASPECT: regard, looksASPERSION: sprinkling; henceblessing, because before theReformation benediction wasgenerally accompanied by thesprinkling of holy waterASSAY: to attempt, test, make proofofASSINEGO: an assASSUBJUGATE: to subjugateASSURANCE: deed of assuranceASSURED: betrothed

ATOMY: an atom Used in contemptof a small personATONE: to put people at one, toreconcile to agreeATTACH: to seize, lay hold on


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ATTASKED: taken to task,reprehendedATTEND: to listen toATTENT: attentiveATTORNEY: an agent; to employ asan agent; To perform by an agentAUDACIOUS: spirited, daring, butwithout any note of blame attached to

itAUGUR: auguryAUTHENTIC: clothed with authorityAVAUNT: int. be gone, a word ofabhorrenceAVE: the Latin for hail; henceacclamationAVE-MARY: the angelic salutationaddressed to the Blessed Virgin MaryAVERRING: confirming

AVOID: get rid of

AWFUL: worshipfulAWKWARD: contrary

~ B ~

BACCARE: keep backBACKWARD: the hinder part; hence,when applied to time, the pastBAFFLE: embarrassBALKED: heaped, as on a ridge

BALLOW: a cudgelBALM: the oil of consecrationBAN: to curseBANK: to sail by the banksBARM: yeastBARN: a childBARNACLE: a shellfish, supposed toproduce the sea-bird of the samenameBASE: a game, sometimes calledPrisoners' baseBASES: an embroidered mantle worn

by knights on horseback, and reachingfrom the middle to below the kneesBASILISK: a kind of ordnanceBASTA: enoughBASTARD: raisin wineBATE: to flutter, as a hawkBATE: to except; To abateBAT-FOWLING: catching birds with aclap-net by nightBATLET: a small bat, used forbeating clothesBATTLE: army

BAVIN: used as a piece of wastewood, applied contemptuously toanything worthlessBAWCOCK: a fine fellowBAWD: procurer

BAY: the space between the maintimbers of the roofBEADSMAN: one who bids bedes,that is, prays prayers for anotherBEARING-CLOTH: a rich cloth inwhich children were wrapt at theirchristeningBEAT: to flutter as a falcon, to

meditate, consider earnestlyBEAVER: the lower part of a helmetBEETLE: a malletBEING: dwellingBEING: since, inasmuch asBE-METE: to measureBE-MOILED: daubed with dirtBENDING: stooping under a weightBENVENUTO (Italian): welcomeBERGOMASK: a rustic danceBESHREW: evil befalBESTRAUGHT: distraught, distracted

BETEEM: to pour outBETID: happenedBEZONIAN: a beggarly fellowBIDING: abiding-placeBIGGEN: a night-capBILBERRY: the whortleberryBILBO: a sword, from Bilboa, a townin Spain where they were madeBILBOES: fetters or stocksBILL: a bill-hook, a weaponBIN: been, areBIRD-BOLT: a bolt to be shot from a

crossbow at birdsBIRDING: part. hawking at partridgesBISSON: blindBLANK: the white mark in the middleof a target; hence, metaphorically, thatwhich is aimed atBLENCH: to start aside, flinchBLENT: blendedBLOOD-BOLTERED: smeared withbloodBLOW: to inflate BOARD: tomake advances to; accostBOB: a blow, metaph. a sarcasmBOB: to strike, metaph. to ridicule, orto obtain by railleryBODGE: to botch, bungleBODIKIN: a corrupt word used as anoath. 'Od's Bodikin,' God's little BodyBOITIER VERT: green boxBOLD: to emboldenBOLLEN: swollenBOLTED: sifted, refinedBOLTER: a sieve

BOLTING-HUTCH: a hutch in whichmeal was siftedBOMBARD: a barrel, a drunkardBOMBAST: paddingBONA-ROBA: a harlot


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BOND: that to which one is boundBOOK: a paper of conditionsBOOT: help, useBOOT: to help, to availBOOTLESS: without boot oradvantage, uselessBOOTS: bots, a kind of wormBORE: calibre of a gun; hence,

metaph. size, weight, importanceBOSKY: covered with underwoodBOSOM: wish, heart's desireBOTS: worms which infest horsesBOURN: a boundary; A brookBRACE: armour for the arm, state ofdefenceBRACH: a hound bitchBRAID: deceitfulBRAVE: handsome, well-dressedBRAVE: boastBRAVERY: finery; Boastfulness

BRAWL: a kind of danceBREAST: voiceBREATHE: to exerciseBREATHING: exercisingBREECHING: liable to be whiptBREED-BATE: a breeder of debate,a fomenter of quarrelsBREESE: the gadflyBRIBE-BUCK: a buck given away inpresentsBRING: to attend one on a journeyBROCK: a badger, a term of

contemptBROKE: to act as a procurerBROKEN: having lost some teeth byageBROKEN MUSIC: the music ofstringed instrumentsBROKER: an agentBROTHERHOOD: trading companyBROWNIST: a sectary, a follower ofBrown, the founder of theIndependentsBRUIT: noise, report, rumourBRUIT: to noise abroadBRUSH: rude assaultBUCK: suds or lye for washingclothes inBUCK-BASKET: the basket in whichclothes are carried to the washBUCKING: washingBUCK-WASHING: washing in lyeBUG: a bugbear, a spectreBULLY-ROOK: a bragging cheaterBURGONET: a kind of helmet

BURST: to breakBUSKY: bushy

BUTT-SHAFT: a light arrow forshooting at a target

BUXOM: obedientBY'RLAKIN: by our little Lady: an oath

~ C ~

CADDIS: worsted galloon, so calledbecause it resembles the caddis-worm

CADE: a cask or barrelCAGE: a prisonCAIN-COLOURED: red (applied tohair)CAITIFF: a captive, a slave; hence, awitchCALCULATE: prophesyCALIVER: a hand-gunCALLET: a trullCALLING: appellationCALM: qualmCAN: to know, be skillful inCANAKIN: a little canCANARY: a wine brought from theCanary IslandsCANDLE-WASTERS: persons whosit up all night to drinkCANKER: a caterpillar; The dog-roseCANSTICK: a candlestickCANTLE: a slice, cornerCANTON: a cantoCANVAS: to sift: hence,metaphorically, to prove

CAPABLE: subject to Intelligent;Capable of inheriting Ample,capaciousCAPITULATE: make a combinedforceCAPOCCHIA: a simpletonCAPRICIO: capriceCAPRICIOUS: lasciviousCAPTIOUS: capaciousCARACK: a large ship of burdenCARBONADO: meat scotched forbroiling; to scotch for broiling

CARD: the taper on which the pointsof the compass are marked under themariner's needleCAREIRE: the curvetting of a horseCARKANET: a necklaceCARL: a churlCARLOT: a churlCASTILIAN: a native of Castile; usedas a cant termCASTILIANO VULGO: a cant term,meaning, apparently, to use discreetlanguage

CATAIAN: a native of Cathay, a cantwordCATLING: cat-gutCAUTEL: deceitCAUTELOUS: insidious


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CAVALERO: a cavalier, gentlemanCAVIARE: the roe of sturgeonpickled; metaph. a delicacy notappreciated by the vulgarCEASE: decease; put off, made toceaseCENSURE: judgment; to judge,criticise

CENTURY: a hundred of anything,whether men, prayers, or anythingelseCEREMONY: a ceremonial vestment,religious rite, or anything ceremonialCERTES: certainlyCESS: rate, reckoningCHACE: a term at tennisCHAMBER: a species of great gunCHAMBERER: an effeminate manCHANSON: a songCHARACT: affected quality

CHARACTER: a letter, handwriting;to carve or engraveCHARACTERY: handwriting; Thatwhich is writtenCHARE: a turn of workCHARGE-HOUSE: a free-schoolCHARLES' WAIN: the constellationcalled also Ursa Major, or the GreatBearCHARNECO: a species of sweet wineCHAUDRON: entrailsCHEATER: for escheator, an officer

who collected the fines to be paid intothe Exchequer; A decoyCHEQUE: a technical term infalconry; when a falcon flies at a birdwhich is not her proper game she issaid to cheque at itCHEQUES: perhaps intended forethicsCHEER: fortune, countenanceCHERRY-PIT: a game played withcherrystonesCHEVERIL: kid leatherCHEWIT: coughCHILDING: pregnantCH'ILL: vulgar for 'I will'CHIRURGEONLY: in a mannerbecoming a surgeonCHOPIN: a high shoe or clogCHRISTENDOM: the state of being aChristianCHRISTOM: clothed with a chrisom,the white garment which used to beput on newly-baptized children

CHUCK: chicken, a term ofendearmentCHUFF: a coarse blunt clownCINQUE PACE: a kind of danceCIPHER: to decipher

CIRCUMSTANCE: an argumentCITAL: recitalCITE: to inciteCITTERN: a guitarCLACK-DISH: a beggar's dishCLAP I' THE CLOUT: to shoot anarrow into the bull's eye of the targetCLAW: to flatter

CLEPE: to callCLIFF: clef, the key in musicCLING: to starveCLINQUANT: glitteringCLIP: to embrace, encloseCLOUT: the mark in the middle of atargetCOAST: to advanceCOBLOAF: a big loafCOCK: a cockboatCOCK: a euphemism for GodCOCK-AND-PIE: an oath

COCKLE: tares or darnelCOCKNEY: a cookCOCK-SHUT-TIME: the twilight, whencocks and hens go to roostCOG: to cheat, dissembleCOGNIZANCE: badge, tokenCOIGN: projecting corner stoneCOIL: tumult, turmoilCOLLECTION: drawing a conclusionCOLLIED: blackenedCOLOUR: pretenceCOLOURABLE: specious

COLT: to defraud, befoolCO-MART: a joint bargainCOMBINATE: betrothedCOMBINE: to bindCOMMODITY: interest, profitCOMMONTY: used ludicrously forcomedyCOMPACT: compacted, composedCOMPARATIVE: drawingcomparisonsCOMPARATIVE: rival COMPARE: comparisonCOMPASSIONATE: movingcomparisonCOMPETITOR: one who seeks thesame thing, an associate in any objectCOMPLEMENT: accomplishmentCOMPLEXION : passionCOMPOSE: to agreeCOMPOSTION: compositionCOMPTIBLE: tractableCON: to learn by heart; Toacknowledge

CONCEIT: conception, opinion, fancyCONCUPY: concubineCONDITION: temper, qualityCONDOLEMENT: griefCONDUCT: escort


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CONFECT: to make up intosweetmeatsCONFOUND: to consume, destroyCONJECT: conjectureCONSIGN: to sign a common bond,to confederateCONSORT: company; to accompanyCONSTANCY: consistency

CONSTANT: settled, determinedCONSTANTLY: firmlyCONSTER: to construeCONTEMPTIBLE: contemptuousCONTINENT: that which containsanything; That which is containedCONTINUATE: uninterruptedCONTRACTION: the marriagecontractCONTRARY: to opposeCONTRIVE: to conspire; to wearaway

CONTROL: to confuteCONVENT: to convene, summon tobe convenientCONVERT: to changeCONVERTITE: a convertCONVEY: to manage; To filchCONVEYANCE: theft, fraudCONVICT: convictedCONVICTED: overpowered,vanquished; A doubtful wordCONVINCE: to conquer, subdueCONVIVE: to feast together

CONVOY: escortCONY-CATCH: to cheatCONY-CATCHING: poaching,pilferingCOOLING CARD: usedmetaphorically for an insurmountableobstacleCOPATAIN HAT: a high-crowned hatCOPE: to reward, to give in returnCOPY: themeCORAGIO: courageCORAM: an ignorant mistake forQuorumCORANTO: lively danceCORINTH: a cant term for a brothelCORINTHIAN: a wencherCORKY: dry like corkCORNUTO: a cuckoldCOROLLARY: a surplusCORPORAL: corporeal, bodilyCORPORAL OF THE FIELD: anaide-de-campCORRIVAL: rival

COSTARD: the headCOSTER-MONGER: peddling,mercenaryCOTE: a cottageCOTE: to quote, instance

COTE: to come alongside, overtakeCOT-QUEAN: an effeminate man,molly-coddleCOUCHINGS: crouchingsCOUNT CONFECT: a noblemancomposed of affectationCOUNTENANCE: fair shewCOUNTERFEIT: portrait; A piece of

base coinCOUNTERPOINT: a counterpaneCOUNTERVAIL: to counterpoise,outweighCOUNTRY: belonging to one'scountryCOUNTY: count, earlCOUPLEMENT: unionCOURT HOLY-WATER: flatteryCOVENT: a conventCOVER: to lay the table for dinnerCOWISH: cowardly

COWL-STAFF: the staff on which avessel is supported between two menCOX MY PASSION: an oath, aeuphemism for 'God's Passion'COY: to stroke, fondle to condescendwith difficultyCOYSTRIL: a kestrel, a cowardly kindof hawkCOZEN: to cheatCOZENAGE: cheatingCOZENER: a cheaterCOZIER: a tailor

CRACK: to boastCRACK: a loud noise, clap; A forwardboyCRACKER: boasterCRACK-HEMP: a gallows-birdCRANK: a winding passageCRANKING: windingCRANTS: garlandsCRARE: a ship of burdenCRAVEN: a dunghill cockCREATE: formed, compoundedCREDENT: creditable; Credible;CredulousCREDIT: reportCRESCIVE: increasingCRESTLESS: not entitled to beararms, lowbornCRISP: curled, windingCROSS: a piece of money, so calledbecause the coin was formerlystamped with a crossCROW-KEEPER: one who scarescrows

CROWNER: a coronerCROWNET: a coronetCRY: the yelping of hounds; A pack ofhounds; A company, usecontemptuously


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CRY AIM: to encourageCUE: the last words of an actor'sspeech, which is the signal for the nextactor to beginCUISSES: pieces of armour to coverthe thighsCULLION: a base fellowCUNNING: skill; skilful

CURB: to bend, truckleCURRENTS: occurrencesCURST CURSTNESS: shrewishnessCURTAIL: a curCURTAL: a docked horseCURTAL-AXE: a cutlassCUSTALORUM: a ludicrous mistakefor Custos RotulorumCUSTARD-COFFIN: the crust of acustard-pudding

CUSTOMER: a common woman

CUT: a cheat; 'To draw cuts' is todraw lots

CYPRESS: a kind of crape

~ D ~

DAFF: to befool; to put off; this seemsto be a corruption of 'doff.'DAMN: to condemnDANGER: reach, control, power

DANSKER: a DaneDARE: to challengeDARKLING: in the darkDARRAIGN: to set in arrayDAUB: to disguiseDAUBERY: impositionDAY-WOMAN: a dairy-maidDEAR: dire; that which has to do withthe affections; piteous; importantDEARN: lonelyDEBOSHED: debauched; drunkenDECK: to bedew (this is probably a

form of the verb 'to dag,' now aprovincial word); a pack of cardsDECLINE: to enumerate, as in goingthrough the cases of a nounDECLINED: fallenDEEM: doom; judgmentDEFEAT: to undo, destroy;destructionDEFEATURE: disfigurementDEFENCE: art of fencingDEFEND: to forbidDEFENSIBLE: having the power to

defendDEFTLY: dexterouslyDEFY: renounceDEGREES: a stepDELAY: to let slip by delaying

DEMERIT: merit, desertDEMURELY: solemnlyDENAY: denialDENIER: the 12th part of a French solcoinDENOTEMENT: marking; note ormanifestationDENY: to refuse

DEPART: departure; to partDEPARTING: parting, separationDEPEND: to be in serviceDERIVED: born, descendedDEROGATE: degradedDESCANT: a variation upon amelody, hence, metaphorically, acomment on a given themeDESIGN: to draw up articlesDESPATCH: to deprive, bereaveDESPERATE: determined, boldDETECT: to charge, blame

DETERMINE: to concludeDICH: optative mood, perhapscontracted for 'do it.'DIET: food regulated by the rules ofmedicine; to have one's food regulatedby the rules of medicineDIFFUSED: confusedDIGRESSING: transgressing, goingout of the right wayDIGRESSION: transgression DIG-YOU-GOOD-DEN: giveyou good evening

DILDO: the chorus or burden of asongDINT: strokeDIRECTION: judgment, skillDISABLE: to disparageDISAPPOINTED: unpreparedDISCASE: to undressDISCONTENT: a malcontentDISCOURSE: power of reasoningDISDAINED: disdainfulDISLIMN: to disfigure, transformDISME: a tenth or titheDISPARK: to destroy a parkDISPONGE: to squeeze out as from aspongeDISPOSE: disposal; to conspireDISPOSITION: maintenanceDISPUTABLE: disputatiousDISPUTE: to argue, examineDISSEMBLY: used ridiculously forassemblyDISTASTE: to corruptDISTEMPERED: discontented

DISTRACTION: a detached troop orcompany of soldiersDISTRAUGHT: distracted, madDIVERTED: turned from the naturalcourse


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DIVISION: a phrase or passage in amelodyDIVULGED: published, spoken ofDOFF: to do off, strip; to put off withan excuseDOLT: a small Dutch coinDOLE: portion dealt Grief,lamentation

DON: to do on, put onDONE: 'done to death,' put to deathDOTANT: one who dotes, a dotardDOUT: to do out, quenchDOWLAS: a kind of coarse sackingDOWLE: the swirl of a featherDOWN-GYVED: hanging down likegyves or fettersDRAB: a harlotDRABBING: whoringDRAUGHT: a privyDRAWN: having his sword drawn;

drunk, having taken a good draughtDRIBBLING: weakDRIVE: to rush impetuouslyDROLLERY: a puppet-showDRUMBLE: to dawdleDRY: thirstyDUC-DAME: perhaps the Latin duc-ad-me, bring him to meDUDGEON: a daggerDULL: soothing

DULLARD: a dull person

DUMP: complaintDUP: to do up; lift up

~ E ~

EAGER: sour; harsh; bitingEANLING: a yeanling, a lambEAR: to ploughECHE: to eke outEFT: ready, convenient

EISEL: vinegarELD: old ageEMBOSSED: swollen intoprotuberances; covered with foamEMBOWELLED: disembowelled,emptiedEMBRASURE: embraceEMINENCE: exalted stationEMPERY: empireEMULATION: jealousy, mutinyEMULOUS: jealousENCAVE: to place oneself in a cave

END: 'Still an end,' continually for everENFEOFF: to place in possession infee simpleENGINE: a machine of warENGLUT: to swallow speedily

ENGROSS: to make gross or fatENGROSSMENT: immoderateacquisitionENKINDLE: to make keenENMEW: to shut up, as a hawk isshut up in a mewENSCONCE: to cover as with a fortENSEAMED: fat, rank

ENSHIELD: hiddenENTERTAIN: encounter; experienceENTERTAINMENT: treatment; adisposition to entertain a proposal;serviceENTREATMENTS: interviewsEPHESIAN: a toper, a cant termEQUIPAGE: attendanceEREWHILE: a short time sinceESCOT: to pay a man's reckoning, tomaintainESPERANCE: hope, used as a war-

cryESPIAL: a scout or spyESTIMATION: conjecture ESTRIDGE: ostridgeETERNE: eternalEVEN: coequal; to equalEXAMINE: to questionEXCREMENT: that which growsoutwardly from the body and has nosensation like the hair or nails; anyoutward showEXECUTOR: an executioner

EXEMPT: excludedEXERCISE: a religious serviceEXHALE: to hale or draw out to drawthe swordEXHIBITION: allowance, pensionEXIGENT: death, endingEXION: ridiculously used for 'action'EXPECT: expectationEXPEDIENCE: expedition,undertaking; hasteEXPEDIENT: expeditious, swiftEXPIATE: completedEXPOSTULATE: to expound, discussEXPOSTURE: exposureEXPRESS: to revealEXPULSE: to expelEXSUFFICATE: that which has beenhissed off, contemptibleEXTEND: to seizeEXTENT: a seizureEXTERN: outwardEXTIRP: to extirpateEXTRACTING: distracting

EXTRAUGHT: part. extracted,descendedEXTRAVAGANT: foreign, wanderingEXTREMES: extravagance ofconduct; extremities


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EYAS: a nestling hawkEYAS-MUSKET: a nestling of themusket or merlin; the smallest speciesof British hawk

EYE: a glance; oeillad; a shade ofcolour, as in shot silk

EYNE: eyes

~ F ~

FACINOROUS: wickedFACT: guiltFACTIOUS: instant, importunateFACULTY: essential virtue or powerFADGE: to suitFADING: a kind of ending to a songFAIN: glad; gladlyFAIR: beautyFAITOR: a traitorFALL: to let fallFALLOW: fawn-colouredFALSE: falsehoodFALSING: deceptiveFAMILIAR: a familiar spiritFANCYFANCY-FREE: untouched byloveFANG: to seize in the teethFANTASTIC: a fantastical personFAP: drunk

FAR: fartherFARCED: stuffedFARDEL: a burdenFARTUOUS: used ridiculously for 'virtuous.'FAST: assuredly, unalterablyFAT: dullFAVOUR: countenance; complexion;qualityFEAR: the object of fear; to affrightFEARFUL: subject to fear, timorousFEAT: dexterous; to make fine

FEATER: comp. degree. more neatlyFEATLY: nimbly, daintilyFEATURE: beautyFEDERARY: confederateFEEDER: agent, servantFEE-GRIEF: a grief held, as it were,in fee-simple, or the peculiar propertyof him who possesses itFEERE: a companion, husbandFEHEMENTLY: used ridiculously for'vehemently.'FELL: the hide

FENCE: art or skill in defenceFEODARY: one who holds an estateby suit or service to a superior lord;hence one who acts under thedirection of another

FESTER: to rankle, grow virulentFESTINATELY: quicklyFET: fetchedFICO: a figFIELDED: in the field of battleFIG: to insultFIGHTS: clothes hung round a ship toconceal the men from the enemy

FILE: a list or catalogue; to defile Tosmooth or polish To make evenFILL-HORSE: shaft-horseFILLS: the shaftsFILTH: a whoreFINE: end; to make fine or speciousFINELESS: endlessFIRAGO: ridiculously used for'Virago.'FIRE-DRAKE: Will o' the WispFIRE-NEW: with the glitter of noveltyon, like newly- forged metal

FIRK: to chastiseFIT: a canto or division of a song Atrick or habitFITCHEW: a polecatFIVES: a disease incident to horsesFLAP-DRAGON: raisins in burningbrandyFLAP-JACK: a pan-cakeFLAT: certainFLATNESS: lowness, depth FLAW:a gust of wind sudden emotion, or thecause of it; to make a flaw in, to break

FLECKED: spotted, streakedFLEET: to float To pass away to passthe timeFLEETING: inconstantFLESHMENT: the act of fleshing thesword, hence the first feat of armsFLEWED: furnished with hanging lips,as hounds areFLIGHT: a particular mode ofpractising archeryFLIRT-GILL: a light womanFLOTE: wave, seaFLOURISH: an ornament; toornament, disguise with ornamentFLUSH: fresh, full of vigourFOIL: defeat, disadvantageFOIN: to fence, fightFOISON: plentyFOND: foolish, foolishly affectionateFOOT-CLOTH: a saddle-clothhanging down to the groundFOR: for that, becauseFORBID: accursed, outlawed

FORBODE: forbiddenFORCE: to stuff, for 'farce.'FORCED: falsely attributedFORDO: to kill, destroy To wearyFOREIGN: obliged to live abroad


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FOREPAST: formerFORESLOW : to delayFORFEND: to forbidFORGETIVE: inventiveFORKED: hornedFORMAL: regular, retaining its properand essential characteristicFORSPEAK: to speak against

FORSPENT: exhausted, wearyFORTHRIGHT: a straight path;forthrights and meanders, straightpaths and crooked onesFORWEARY: to weary, exhaustFOSSET-SELLER: one who sells thepipes inserted into a vessel to givevent to the liquor, and stopped by aspigotFOX: a sword; a cant wordFOX-SHIP: the cunning of the foxFRAMPOLD: peevish, unquiet

FRANK the feeding place of swineFRANKED: confinedFRANKLIN: a freeholder, a smallsquireFRAUGHT: freightedFRAUGHTAGE: freightFRAUGHTING: to fraught. loading orconstituting the cargo of a shipFRESH: a spring of fresh waterFRET: the stop of a guitar; to wearaway To variegateFRIEND: to befriend

FRIPPERY: an old-clothes shopFROM: prep. contrary toFRONT: to affront, opposeFRONTIER: oppositionFRONTLET: that which is worn on theforeheadFRUSH: to break or bruiseFRUSTRATE: frustratedFUBOFF: to put offFULFILL: to fill fullFULL: completeFULLAM: a loaded die

FULSOME: lustfulFURNISHED: equipped

FURNITOR: furnitory, an herb

~ G ~

GABERDINE: a loose outer coat, orsmock frockGAD: a pointed instrument, a goad

Upon the gad, with impetuous haste,upon the spur of the momentGAIN-GIVING: misgivingGAIT: going, stepsGALLIARD: a kind of dance

GALLIASSE: a kind of shipGALLIMAUFRY: a ridiculous medleyGALLOW: to scareGALLOWGLASS: the irregularinfantry of Ireland, and the Highlandsof ScotlandGAMESTER: a frolicsome person Aloose woman

GARBOIL: disorder, uproarGARISH: gaudy, staringGARNER: to lay by, as corn in a barnGAST: frightenedGAUDY: festiveGAZE: an object of wonderGEAR: matter of business of any kindGECK: a foolGENERAL: the generality, commonpeopleGENERATIONS: childrenGENEROSITY: noble birth

GENEROUS: nobleGENTILITY: good mannersGENTLE: gentlefolk; noble; toennobleGENTRY: complaisance, conductbecoming gentlefolkGERMAN: akin AppropriateGERMEN: seed, embryoGEST: periodGIB: a he-catGIFTS: talents, endowmentGIGLOT: a wanton girl

GILDER: a coin of the value of 1s. 6d.or 2sGILT: money State of wealthGIMMAL: doubleGIMMOR: contrivanceGING: gang GIRD: to gibe; asarcasm or gibeGLEEK: to scoff; a scoffGLOSE: to comment; hence, to begarrulousGLUT: to swallowGNARL: to snarlGOOD-DEED: indeedGOOD-DEN: good-evening,contracted from 'Good-even.'GOOD-YEAR orGOOD-JER: acorruption of the French goujere; thevenereal diseaseGORBELLIED: corpulentGOURD: a species of game ofchanceGOUT: a dropGOVERNMENT: discretion

GRACIOUS: abounding in graceDivineGRAINED: engrainedGRAMERCY: int. grand mercy, muchthanks


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GRANGE: the farmstead attached to amonastery, a solitary farm-houseGRATILLITY: used ridiculously for'gratuity.'GRATULATE: to congratulateGRAVE: to buryGREASILY: grosslyGREEK: a bawd

GREEN: immature, fresh, unusedGREENLY: foolishlyGREET: to weepGRIZE: a stepGROSSLY: palpablyGROUNDLING: one who sits in the pitof a theatreGROWING: accruingGUARD: decoration; to decorateGUARDAGE: guardianshipGUINEA-HEN: the pintado, a cantterm

GULES: red, a term in heraldryGULF: the throat

GUN-STONE: a cannon ballGUST: taste, relish

GYVE: to fetter

~ H ~

HACK: to become common

HAGGARD : a wild or unreclaimedhawkHAG-SEED: seed or offspring of ahagHAIR: course, order, grainHALIDOM: holiness, sanctification,Christian fellowship; used as an oath,and analogous to 'By my faith.'HALL: an open space to dance inHALLOWMAS: All Hallows' DayHAP: chance, fortuneHAPPILY: accidentally

HANDSAW: perhaps a corruption ofHeronshaw; a hernHARDIMENT: defiance, brave deedsHARLOCK: charlock, wild mustardHARRY: to annoy, harassHAUGHT: haughtyHAUNT: companyHAVING: property, fortuneHAVIOUR: behaviorHAY: a term in fencingHEADY: violent, headlongHEAT: of 'to heat,' heated

HEBENON: henbaneHEFT: a heaving; furnished with ahandle: hence, metaphorically,finished off, delicately formedHELM: to steer, manage

HENCE: henceforwardHENCHMAN: a page or attendantHENT: to seize, takeHERMIT: a beadsman, one bound topray for anotherHEST: command HIGH: used incomposition with adjectives toheighten or emphasize their

signification, as, high-fantastical HIGHT: called HILD:held HILDING: a paltryfellow HINT: suggestion HIREN: aprostitute. with a pun on the word'iron.' HIT: to agree HOISE: tohoist, heave up on high HOIST:hoisted HOLP: to help;helped HOME: to theutmost HONEST:chaste HONESTY:chastity HONEY-STALKS: the redclover HOODMAN-BLIND: thegame now called blindman's-buff HORN-MAD: probably, 'harn-mad,' that is, brain-mad HOROLOGE: a clock HOT-HOUSE: a brothel HOX: tohamstring HUGGER-MUGGER:secrecy HULL: to drift on the sealike a wrecked ship HUMOROUS:fitful, or, perhaps, hurried HUNT-COUNTER: to follow the scent thewrong way HUNTS-UP: a holla usedin hunting when the game was onfoot HURLY: noise,confusion HURTLE: to clash

HURTLING: noise,confusion HUSBANDRY: frugalityManagement HUSWIFE: a jilt

~ I ~

ICE-BROOK: an icy-cold brookI'FECKS: int. in faith, a euphemismIGNOMY: ignominyIMAGE: representationIMBARE: to bare, lay openIMMEDIACY: close connexionIMMOMENT: unimportantIMP: to graf;. to splice a falcon'sbroken feathers; a scion; a childIMPAWN: to stake, compromise

IMPEACH: to bring into question;impeachmentIMPEACHMENT: cause of censure,hindranceIMPERCEIVERANT: duff of


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perceptionIMPETICOS: to pocketIMPORTANCE: importunityIMPORTANT: importunateIMPORTING: significantIMPOSE: imposition, meaningcommand or task imposed upon anyone

IMPOSITIONS: commandIMPRESE: a device with a mottoIMPRESS: to compel to serveINCAPABLE: unconsciousINCARNARDINE: to dye redINCENSED: incited, egged onINCH-MEAL: by inch-meal, byportions of inchesINCLINING: compliant; inclinationINCLIP: to embraceINCLUDE: concludeINCONY: fine, delicate

INCORRECT: ill-regulatedIND: IndiaINDENT: to compound or bargainINDEX: a preface INDIFFERENT:

ordinaryINDIGEST: disorderedINDITE: to invite; to convictINDUCTION: introduction, beginningINDURANCE: delayINFINITE: infinite powerINGRAFT: to engraff, engraftedINHABITABLE: uninhabitable

INHERIT: to possessINHOOPED: penned up in hoopsINKHORN-MATE: a contemptuousterm for an ecclesiastic, or man oflearningINKLE: a kind of narrow fillet or tapeINLAND: civilized, well-educatedINLY: inward; inwardlyINQUISITION: enquiryINSANE: that which causes insanityINSCONCE: to arm, fortifyINSTANCE: example; information;reason, proofINTEND: to pretendINTENDING: regardingINTENDMENT: intentionINTENTIVELY: attentivelyINTERESSED: alliedINTERMISSION: pause, delayINTRENCHMENT: not capable ofbeing cutINTRINSE: intricateINTRINSICATE: intricate

INVENTION: imaginationINWARD: an intimate friend; intimateINWARDNESS: intimacy

IRREGULOUS: lawless, licentious

ITERATION: reiteration

~ J ~

JACK: a mean fellowJACK-A-LENT: a puppet thrown at inLent

JACK GUARDANT: a jack in officeJADE: to whip, to treat with contemptJAR: the ticking of a clock; to tick as aclockJAUNCE: to pranceJESS: a strap of leather attached tothe talons of a hawk, by which it isheld on the fistJEST: to tilt in a tournamentJET: to strut JOURNAL: dailyJOVIAL: appertaining to JoveJUDICIOUS: criticalJUMP: to agree to hazard; hazardJUMP: exactly, nicelyJUSTICER: a judge, magistrateJUT: to encroach

JUTTY: a projection; to jut outbeyond

JUVENAL: youth, young man

~ K ~

KAM: crookedKECKSY: hemlockKEECH: a lump of tallowKEEL: to skinKEEP: to restrainKEISAR: Caesar, EmperorKERN: the rude foot soldiers of theIrishKIBE: a chilblainKICKSHAW: a made dishKICKSY WICKSY: a wife, used indisdainKILN-HOLE: the ash-holeunder a kilnKIND: natureKINDLE: to bring forth young; usedonly of beastsKINDLESS: unnaturalKINDLY: naturalKIRTLE: a gownKNAP: to snap, crack

KNAVE: a boy; A serving-man

KNOT: a figure in garden bedsKNOW: to acknowledge

~ L ~


18/29

LABRAS: lipsLACED-MUTTON: a courtesanLAG: the lowest of the people; late,behindhandLAKIN: ladykin, little lady, anendearing term applied to the VirginMary in the oath, 'By our lakin.'LAND-DAMN : perhaps to extirpate;

Hanmer thinks it means to kill bystopping the urineLAPSED: taken, apprehendedLARGE: licentious, freeLARGESS: a presentLASS-LORN: deserted by a mistressLATCH: to smear To catchLATED: belatedLATTEN: made of brassLAUND: lawnLAVOLTA: a danceLAY: wager

LEAGUE: besieging armyLEASING: lyingLEATHER-COATS: a kind of appleLEECH: a physicianLEER: countenance, complexionLEET: a manor courtLEGE: to allegeLEGERITY: lightnessLEIGER: an ambassador residentabroadLEMAN: a lover or mistressLENTEN: meagre That which may be

eaten in LentL'ENVOY: the farewell or moral at theend of a tale or poemLET: to hinder to binder; hindranceLETHE: deathLEVEL: to aim; that which is aimedatLEWD: ignorant, foolishLEWDLY: wickedlyLEWDSTER: a lewd personLIBBARD: a leopardLIBERAL: licentiousLIBERTY: libertinismLICENCE: licentiousnessLIEF: dearLIFTER: a thiefLIGHTO' LOVE: a tune so calledLIGHTLY: easily, generallyLIKE: to please; to liken, compare;likelyLIKELIHOOD: promise, appearance LIKING: conditionLIMBECK: an alembick, a still

LIMBO: or Limbo patrum, the placewhere good men under the OldTestament were believed to beimprisoned till released by Christ afterhis crucifixion

LIME: bird-lime; to entangle as withbird-lime To smear with bird-lime Tomix lime with beer or other liquorLIMN: to drawLINE: to cover on the inside Tostrengthen by inner worksLINSTOCK: a staff with a match atthe end of it used by gunners in firing

cannonLIST: a margin, hence a bound orenclosureLITHER: lazyLITTLE: miniatureLIVELIHOOD: appearance of lifeLIVERY: a law phrase, signifying theact of delivering a freehold into thepossession of the heir or purchaserLIVING: lively, convincingLOACH: a fish so calledLOB: a looby

LOCKRAM: a sort of coarse linenLODE-STAR: the leading-star, pole-starLOFFE: to laughLOGGATS: the game called nine-pinsLONGLY: longinglyLOOF: to lull, bring a vessel up to thewindLOON: a low contemptible fellowLOT: a prize in a lotteryLOTTERY: that which falls to a man

by lotLOWT: a clownLOWT: to treat one as a lowt, withcontemptLOZEL: a spendthriftLUBBER: a leopardLUCE: n. the pike or jack, a fresh-water fishLUMPISH: duff, dejectedLUNES: fits of lunacyLURCH: to defeat, to win; to shift, toplay tricksLURE: a thing stuffed to resemble abird with which the falconer allures ahawkLUSH: juicy, luxuriantLUSTIG: lusty, cheerfulLUXURIOUS: lascivious

LUXURY: lustLYM: a limer or slow hound

~ M ~

MADE: having his fortune madeMAGNIFICO: the chief magistrate atVenice


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MAGOT-PIE: a magpie, a pie whichfeeds on magotsMAIL: covered as with a coat of mailMAIN-COURSE: a sea-termMAKE: to do up, bar; To doMALKIN : a familiar name for Mary;hence a servant wenchMALLECHO: mischief

MAMMERING: hesitatingMAMMETS: a woman's breasts AdollMAMMOCK: to break, tearMAN: to tame a hawkMANAGE: managementMANDRAGORA : or Mandrake a plantof soporiferous quality, supposed toresemble a manMANKIND: having a masculinenatureMARCHES: frontiers, borders

MARCHPANE: a kind of sweetbiscuitMARGENT: marginMARRYTRAP: an oathMARTLEMAS: the Feast of St.Martin, which occurs on the 11th ofNov. when the fine weather generallyends; hence applied to an old manMATCH: an appointmentMATE : to confound, dismayMEACOCK: tame, cowardlyMEALED: mingled

MEAN: instrument used to promote anend; the tenor part in a harmony;opportunity, powerMEASURE: reach; A stately danceMEAZEL: a leper, spoken incontempt of a mean personMEDAL: a portrait in a locketMEDICINE: a physicianMEED: reward, hire MeritMEHERCLE: by HerculesMEINY: retinueMELL: to mix, to meddleMEMORISE: to cause to berememberedMEPHISTOPHILUS: the name of afamiliar spiritMERCATANTE: a foreign traderMERELY: simply, absolutelyMESS: a company of fourMETAPHYSICAL: supernaturalMETE-YARD: measuring-wandMEWUP: to confineMICHER: a truant MICKLE: much

MILL-SIXPENCE: a milled sixpenceMINCE: to do any thing affectedlyMINCING: affectedMISCREATE: illegitimateMISDOUBT: to suspect

MISER: avariceMISPRISE to despise; To mistakeMISPRISION: mistakeMISSIVE : messengerMISTEMPERED: angryMISTHINK : to think ill ofMISTRESS the jack in bowlingMOBLED: muffled

MODERN: commonplaceMODULE : a model, imageMOE: and more; Of frequentoccurrenceMOIETY: a portionMOME: a stupid personMOMENTANY: momentaryMONTHS-MIND: a monthlycommemoration of the dead, but usedludicrously to mean a great mind orstrong desireMOOD: anger

MOON-CALF: a nick-name appliedto CalibanMOONISH : inconstantMOP: nodMORISCO: a MoorMORRIS-PIKE: Moorish-pikeMORT: death, applied to animals ofthe chaseMORT-DU-VINAIGRE: a ridiculousoathMORTAL: fatal, deadly MurderousMORTIFIED: ascetic

MOSE: a doubtful word, applied tosome disease in a horseMOTION: solicitation Emotion; apuppetMOTIVE: one who moves; That whichmovesMOTLEY: or the many-coloured coatof a fool, or a foolMOTLEY-MINDED: foolishMOUSE-HUNT: a weaselMOW: to make grimacesMOY: a coin, probably a moidoreMUCH: int. significant of contempt;used ironicallyMURE: a wall

MUST: a scrambleMUTINE: to mutiny; a mutineer

~ N ~

NAPKIN: a handkerchief

NATURAL: an idiotNAYWARD: towards denialNAYWORD: a catch-word, by-wordNEB: the beakNEELD: a needle


20/29

NEIF: handNEPHEW: a grandsonNETHER-STOCKS: stockingsNEXT: nearestNICE: foolishNICK: score or reckoning; to brandwith follyNIGHTED: black as night

NIGHT-RULE: nightly solemnity NINE MEN'S MORRIS: aplace set apart for a Moorish dance bynine menNINNY: a fool, jesterNOBILITY: noblenessNOBLE: a coin, worth 6s. 8dNODDY: a doltNONCE: for the nonce, corruptedfrom 'for then once,' for the occasionNOOK-SHOTTEN: indented withbays and creeks

NOURISH: a nurseNOVUM: a game at dice

NOWL: headNUTHOOK: a hook for pulling downnuts, hence a thief

~ O ~

O: a circle

OAR: to row as with oarsOBSEQUIOUS: behaving asbecomes one who attends funeralobsequiesOBSEQUIOUSLY: funereallyOBSTACLE: ridiculously used for'obstinate'OCCUPATION: persons occupied inbusinessOCCURENT: an incidentOD'S: a euphemism for 'God's' inexclamations such as OD'S BODY,

OD'S HEARTLINGS, OD'SPITTIKINS, and OD'S PLESSEDWILLOEILLIAD: an amorous glanceO'ERPARTED: having too importanta part to actO'ER-RAUGHT: overreachedovertaskedOFFERING: challengingOFFICE: benefit, kindness use,functionOLD: a cant term for great, as we say

fine, or prettyONCE: some timeONEYER: a banker; a doubtful wordOPE: open; to open OPEN: plain;public; to give tongue as a hound

OPERANT: activeOPINIONED: used ridiculously forpinionedOPPOSITE: adversaryOPPOSITION: combatOR: beforeORDER: measuresORDINANCE: rank, order

ORGULOUS: proudORT: leaving, refuseOSTENT: show, appearanceOSTENTATION: show, appearanceOUNCE: a beast of prey of the tigerkindOUPHE: a fairyOUSEL-COCK: the blackbirdOUT: all out, fully

OUT-LOOK: to face downOUTWARD: not in the secret of

affairs; outsideOWE: to own

~ P ~

PACK: to practice unlawfulconfederacy; a number of peopleconfederatedPADDOCK: a toadPAID: punished

PALABRAS: words, a cant term, fromthe SpanishPALE: to enclosePALL: to wrap as with a pallPALLED: impairedPALMER: one who bears a palm-branch, in token of having made apilgrimage to PalestinePALMY: victoriousPARCELLED: belonging toindividualsPARD: the leopard

PARITOR: an apparitorPARLE: talkPARLOUS: perilous keen, shrewdPARTED: endowed, giftedPARTIZAN: a pikePASH: the face; to strike violently, tobruise, crushPASS: to practice; To surpassexpectationPASSANT: a term of heraldry,applied to animals represented on theshield as passing by at a trot

PASSING: surpassingly, exceedinglyPASSION: to have feelingsPASSIONATE: to sufferPASSY-MEASURE: a kind of dancePASTRY: the room where pastry was


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madePATCH: a mean fellowPATCHED: dressed in motleyPATCHERY: trickeryPATH: to walkPATHETICAL: affected, hypocriticalPATIENT: to make patient, tocompose

PATINE: the metal disc on which thebread is placed in the administration ofthe EucharistPATTERN: to give an example ofAfford a pattern forPAUCAVERBA: few wordsPAUCAS: few, a cant wordPAVIN: a dancePAX: a small image of ChristPAY: to despatchPEAT: a term of endearment for achild

PEDASCULE: a pedant,schoolmasterPEER: to peep outPEIZE: to balance, weigh downPELTING: paltryPERDU: lostPERDURABLE: durablePERDY: a euphemism for Par DieuPERFECT : certain; to informperfectlyPERIAPTS: charms worn round theneck

PERJURE: a perjured personPERSEVER: to perseverePERSPECTIVE: a telescope, or somesort of optical glassPEW-FELLOW: a comradePHEEZE: to comb, fleece, curryPIA-MATER: the membrane coveringthe brain, the brain itselfPICK: to pitch, throwPICKED: chosen, selectedPICKERS: (and stealers), the fingers,used ridiculouslyPICKING: insignificantPICKT-HATCH: a place noted forbrothels. Merry Wives of WindsorPIED: motley-coated, wearing themotley coat of a jesterPIELED: shavenPLIGHT: pitchedPILCHER: a scabbardPILL: to pillagePIN : a malady of the eye; The centreof a target

PINFOLD: a pound, a place toconfine lost cattlePIONED: diggedPLACKET: a petticoat-frontPLAINSONG: a simple air

PLAITED: intricatePLANCHED: made of boards

PLANTATION: colonizing,planting a colonyPLAUSIVE: plausiblePLEACHED: interwovenPOINT: a lace furnished with a tag bywhich the breeches were held up

POINT-DE-VICE: faultlessPOISE: balance DoubtPOLLED: barePOMANDER: a perfumed ballPOMEWATER: a kind of applePOOR-JOHN: a herringPOPINJAY: a parrotPORT: pomp, state; a gatePORTABLE: bearablePORTANCE: conduct, behaviorPOSSESS: to informPOTCH: to push violently

POTENT: a potentatePOUNCET-BOX: a box for holdingperfumesPOWER: forces, armyPRACTISE: wicked stratagemPRACTISANT: a confederatePRANK: to dress upPRECEPT: a justice's summonsPRECIOUSLY: in business of greatimportancePREGNANCY: fertility of inventionPREGNANT: fertile of invention

Ready ObviousPRENOMINATE: to namebeforehand, to prophesyPRE-ORDINANCE: old-establishedlawPRESENCE: the presence-chamberHigh bearingPREST: readyPRETENCE: designPRETEND: to portend To intendPREVENT: to anticipatePRICK: the mark denoting the houron a dial; to incite; To choose bypricking a hole with a pin opposite thenamePRICK-SONG: music sung in parts bynotePRICKET: a stag of two yearsPRIDE: heatPRIG: to stealPRIME: rank, lecherousPRIMER: more-importantPRIMERO: a game at cards

PRINCIPALITY: that which holds thehighest placePRINCOX: a coxcombPRISER: a prize-fighterPROCURE: to bring


22/29

PREFACE: interj. much good may itdo youPROFANE: outspokenPROGRESS: a royal ceremonialjourneyPROJECT: to shape or contrivePROMPTURE: suggestionPRONE: ready, willing

PROOF: strength of manhoodPROPAGATE: to advance, toforwardPROPAGATION: obtainingPROPER-FALSE: natural falsehoodPROPERTIED: endowed with theproperties ofPROPERTIES: scenes, dresses, &c.used in a theatrePROPERTY: to take possession ofPROPOSE: to suppose, for the sakeof argument; To converse

PROPOSE: conversationPROROGUE: to deferPROVAND: provenderPROVISION: forecastPUCELLE: a virgin, the name givento Joan of ArcPUDENCY: modestyPUGGING: thievingPUN: to poundPURCHASE: to acquire, win; gain,winningsPUT: to compel

PUTTER-ON: an instigator

PUTTER-OUT: one who lends moneyat interestPUTTING-ON: instigation

PUTTOCK: a kite

~ Q ~

QUAIL: to faint, be languid, be afraid;

to cause to quailQUAINT: curiously beautifulQUAKE: to cause to quake or trembleQUALIFY: to moderateQUALITY: those of the same nature;rank or conditionQUARREL: a suit, causeQUARRY: game, a heap of gameQUART D'ECU: a quarter crownQUARTER: the post allotted to asoldierQUAT: a pimple; used in contempt of

a personQUEASY: squeamish, unsettledQUELL: murderQUENCH: to grow coolQUERN: a hand-mill

QUEST: enquiry, search, inquest, jury QUESTRIST: one who goesin search of anotherQUICK: so far gone in pregnancy thatthe child is aliveQUICKEN: to come to lifeQUIDDIT: a subtle questionQUIDDITY: that which makes a thing

what it is; the essential natureQUILLET: quidebet, a subtle case inlawQUINTAIN: a post for tilting atQUIP: sharp jest, a tauntQUIRE: to sing in concertQUIT: to requite, respond; past tenseof the verb to quit, quitted

QUITANCE: requitalQUIVER: active

QUOTE: to note

~ R ~

RABATO: a ruffRABBIT-SUCKER: a weaselRACE: breed; inherited natureRACK: wreck; to enhance the price ofanything To drive as cloudsRAG: a term of contempt applied topersons

RAKE: to coverRAPT: transported with emotionRAPTURE: a fitRASCAL: a lean deerRASH: quick, violentRATE: opinion, judgmentRATE: to assign, to value To scoldRATOLORUM: a ludicrous mistakefor RotulorumRAUGHT: past tense of reachRAVIN : ravenous; to devourRAWLY inadequately

RAWNESS: unprovided stateRAYED: arrayed, servedRAZED: slashedREAR-MOUSE: the batREBATE: to deprive of keennessREBECK: a three-stringed fiddleRECEIPT : money receivedRECEIVING: capacityRECHEAT: a point of the chase tocall back the houndsRECORD: to singRECORDER: a flute

RECURE : to cure, recoverRED-LATTICE: suitable to an ale-house, because ale-houses hadcommonly red latticesRED-PLAGUE: erysipelas


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REDUCE: to bring backREECHY: smoky, dirtyREFELL: to refuteREFER: to reserve toREGIMENT: governmentREGREET: a salutation; to saluteREGUERDON: requitalRELATIVE: applicable

REMEMBER: to remindREMORSE: pityREMORSEFUL: full of pity,compassionateREMOTION: removalREMOVED : sequestered, remoteRENDER: to describe you; account

RENEGE: to renounce, todenyREPAIR: to renovate, comfortREPEAL: to reverse the sentence ofexile

REPROOF: confutationREPUGN: to resistREQUIEM : mass for the dead, socalled because it begins with thewords " Requiem eternam dona eis,Domine"RESOLVE: to satisfy; To dissolveRESPECT: considerationRESPECTIVE: respectful, thoughtful;correspondingRESPECTIVELY: respectfullyRETAILED: handed down

RETIRE: retreat; to draw backREVERB: to echoREVOLT: a rebelRIB: to enclose as within ribsRID: to destroyRIFT: to split; a splitRIGGISH: wantonRIGOL: a circleRIPE: drunkRIVAGE: the shoreRIVAL: a partnerRIVALITY: equal rankRIVE: to fireROAD: the high road, applied to acommon womanROISTING: roistering, violentROMAGE unusual stirRONVON: a term of contempt appliedto a womanROOD: the crucifixROOK: a cheaterROPERY: rogueryROPE-TRICKS: tricks such as are

played by a rope-dancerROUND: to whisper; to become greatwith child; to finish off; a diadem;unceremoniousROUNDEL: a dance or song

ROUNDURE: an enclosureROUSE: carousalROYNISH: mangyRUBIOUS : ruddyRUDDOCK: the redbreast

RUSH: to pushRUSHLING: rustling

~ S ~

SACRIFICIAL: reverent, as wordsused in religious worshipSACRING-BELL: the little bell rung atmass to give notice that the elementsare consecratedSAD: seriousSADLY: seriouslySADNESS: seriousnessSAFE: to make safeSAG: to hang downSALT: lascivious; tasteSANDED: marked with yellow spotsSANS: withoutSAUCY: lasciviousSAW : a moral sayingSAY: silken; assay, taste, relishSCAFFOLDAGE; the gallery of atheatreSCALD: scurvy, scabby

SCALE; to weigh in scalesSCALL: a scab, a word of reproachSCAMBLE : to scrambleSCAMEL: probably a misprint for sea-mel, sea-mewSCAN: to examine subtlySCANT : to cut short, to spare; scanty,short scarcelySCANTLING: a small portionSCAPE: to escape; a sallySCATHE: injury; to injureSCATHFUL: destructive

SCONCE: the headSCOTCH: to bruise or cut slightlySCRIMER : a fencerSCROYLE a scabby fellowSCULL: a shoal of fishSCURVY: scabby; meanSEAL: to set one's seal to a deed;hence, to confirmSEAM: fatSEAMY: showing the seam orsewingSEAR: scorched, withered; to

stigmatizeSEARCH: to probe; hence, to apply ahealing remedySEATED: fixed, confirmedSECT: a slip or scion A political party


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SECURELY: inconsideratelySEEL: to closeSEELING: closing, blindingSEEMING: seemly, becomingly;outward manner and appearanceSEEN: versed, instructedSELD : seldomSELF-BOUNTY: native goodness

SEMBLABLY : alikeSENIORY: senioritySENNET: a flourish of trumpetsSEPULCHRE: to burySEQUESTRATION : separationSERE: drySERJEANT: a bailiffSERPIGO : a cutaneous diseaseSERVICEABLE: 'serviceable vows,'vows that you will do her service, or beher servantSETEBOS: the name of a fiend

SETTER: one who watches travellersto give information to thievesSEVERAL: land which is not commonbut appropriatedSHAME: to be ashamed; modestySHARDS: shreds, broken fragmentsof pottery; the wing cases of beetles;hence 'sharded,' and 'shard-borne,'SHARKED: snatched up, as a sharkdoes his preySHEEN: brilliancySHEER: pure; unmixed

SHENT : rebuked, blamed; hurtSHERIFF'S-POST; a post at the doorof a sheriff, to which royalproclamations were fixedSHIVE: sliceSHOT: the reckoning at an ale-houseSHOUGHS: shaggy dogsSHOULDERED: plungedSHOVEL-BOARD: game played bysliding metal pieces along a board at amarkSHREWD: mischievousSHRIFT: confession; absolutionSHRIVE: to confessSHRIVING-TIME: time for confessionSHROUD: to enshroud oneself, coveroneself upSIDE-SLEEVES: loose hangingsleevesSIEGE: seat; stool; rankSIGHT: an aperture in a helmetSIGHTLESS: invisible; unsightlySIGN: to give an omen

SILLY: simple, rusticSIMULAR: counterfeit, feignedSINGLE: feebleSIR : a title applied to a bachelor ofarts at the Universities

SITH: sinceSITHENCE : sinceSIZES: allowancesSKAINS-MATES: scapegracesSKILL: to be of importanceSKILLESS: ignorantSKIMBLE-SKAMBLE: rambling,disjointed

SKINKER: a drawer of liquorSKIRR: to scourSLACK: slackenSLAVE: to turn to slavish usesSLEAVE: floss-silkSLEDDED: sledgedSLEIDED: untwisted, raw, applied tosilk (Gower)SLEIGHTS: artificesSLIPPER: slipperySLIPS : a kind of noose, or leash; apiece of base money

SLIVER : to slice; a sliceSLOPS: loose breechesSLUBBER: to slur overSMIRCHED: smeared, soiledSMOOTH: to flatterSMOOTHED: flattered, fawned uponSNEAP: taunt, sarcasmSNEAPED : pinched SNECK-UP: gohang!SNUFF: anger; 'To take in snuff' is totake offenceSOFTLY: gently

SOIL: spot, taintSOLICIT: solicitationSOLIDARE: a small coinSOLVE: solutionSOMETIMES: formerlySOOTH: truth; conciliation; trueSORE L: a buck of the third yearSORRIEST: most sorrowfulSORRY: sorrowful, dismalSORT: a company; rank, condition; lot'In a sort,' in a manner; to choose tosuit; to consortSOT: foolSOUL-FEARING : soul-terrifyingSOWL: to lug, dragSOWTER: name of a dogSPECIALLY: a special contractSPED: settled, done forSPEED: fortuneSPERR: to bolt, fastenSPIAL: spySPILL: to destroySPILTH: spilling

SPLEEN: violent haste; used of thelightning flashSPRAG: quickSPRING: shoot, bud; beginningSPRINGHALT: stringhalt, a disease


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of horsesSPRITED: hauntedSPURS: roots of treesSQUANDERED: scatteredSQUARE: to quarrel; the front part ofa woman's dress, stomacher;equitableSQUARER: quarreller

SQUASH: an unripe peascodSQUIER: a square or ruleSQUINY: to squintSTAGGERS: a disease in horses,attended with giddiness: hence anybewildering distressSTAIN: to disfigureSTALE: a decoy; a gull; a prostitute;to make stale, deprive anything of itsfreshnessSTANDUPON: to be incumbent onSTANIEL: an inferior kind of hawk

STARK: stiffSTARKLY: stifflySTATE: a canopied chairSTATION: attitude; act of standingSTATIST: a statesmanSTATUA: a statueSTATUE: image, pictureSTATUTE: security, obligationSTATUTE-CAPS: woollen caps wornby citizensSTAY: a chequeSTEAD: to profit

STEELED: set or fixedSTERNAGE: steerage, courseSTICKLER: an arbitrator in combatsSTIGMATIC: a deformed personSTIGMATICAL: deformedSTILL: constant; constantlySTILLY: softlySTINT: to stop to stopSTITHY: a smith's forge; to forgeSTOCCADO: a stoccata, or thrust infencingSTOCK: a stockingSTOMACH: courage, stubbornness;appetite, inclinationSTONE-BOW: a cross-bow forthrowing stonesSTOUP: a cupSTOUT: strong, healthySTOVER: fodderSTRACHY: A word of doubtfulmeaningSTRAIGHT: immediatelySTRAIN: lineage; disposition

STRAITED: straitenedSTRANGE: foreign ; coy, reservedMarvellousSTRANGENESS: coyness, reserveSTRANGER: foreigner

STRAPPADO: a kind of punishmentSTRICTURE: strictnessSTROSSERS: trowsersSTUCK: a thrust of a swordSTUCKIN: corruption of stoccataSTUFF: baggage; material,substanceSTUFFED: filled, stored

STY: to lodge as in a stySUBSCRIBE: to yield to succumbSUCCESS : issue, consequence;successionSUCCESSIVE : succeeding; insuccessionSUDDEN: hasty, rashSUDDENLY: hastilySUFFERANCE: sufferingSUGGEST: to tempt, enticeSUGGESTION: temptation,enticement

SUITED: dressedSULLEN: doleful, melancholySUMPTER: a horse that carriesprovisions on a journeySUPPOSE: a trick, impositionSUPPOSED: counterfeitSURCEASE: to cease; cessation,endSURPRISE: to capture by surpriseSUR-REINED : over-workedSUSPECT: suspicionSUSPIRE: to breathe

SWABBER: a sweeper of the deck ofa shipSWARTH: black; quantity of grass cutdown by one sweep of the scytheSWASHER : swaggererSWASHING: dashing, smashingSWATH: The same as 'swarth.'SWATHLING: swaddlingSWAY: to move onSWEAR: to adjureSWEAROVER : to out-swear

SWIFT: ready, quickSWINGE-BUCKLER: a bully

~ T ~

TABLE: a tablet, note-bookTABLE-BOOK: note-bookTABLES: the game of backgammonA note-bookTABOUR: a small side-drum

TABOURER: a player on the tabourTABOURINE : tambourine, drumTAG: the rabbleTAINT: taintedTAINTURE: defilement


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TAKE: to infect, blast, bewitchTAKEIN: to conquerTAKEOUT: to copyTAKEUP: to borrow money, or buyon credit; To make up a quarrelTAKING: infection, malignantinfluenceTAKINGUP: buying on credit

TALE: counting, reckoningTALL: strong, valiantTALLOW-CATCH: a lump of tallowTANG: twang, sound; to soundTANLING : anything tanned by thesunTARRE : to excite, urge onTARRIANCE: delayTARTAR: TartarusTASK: to tax; ChallengeTASKING: challengingTASTE: to try

TAWDRY-LACE : a rustic necklaceTAXATION: satire, sarcasmTAXING : satireTEEN: griefTELL: to countTEMPER: to mixTEMPERANCE: temperatureTEMPERED: mixedTEND: to attend toTENDER: to hold, to esteem; To haveconsideration forTENT : to probe as a wound; a probe

for searching a woundTERCEL: the male of the goshawkTERMAGANT: a ranting character inold playsTESTED: pure, assayedTESTERN: to reward with a tester, orsix-penceTHARBOROUGH: a constableTHEORICK: theoryTHEWES: sinews, musclesTHICK: rapidlyTHICK-PLEACHED : thicklyintertwinedTHIRD-BOROUGH: a constableTHOUGHT: anxiety, grief So 'to takethought' is to give way to griefTHRASONICAL: boastfulTHREE-MANBEETLE :a woodenmallet worked by three menTHREE-MAN-SONG-MEN: singers ofglees in three partsTHREE-PILE: three-piled velvetTHRENE: lament

THRID: thread, fibre THROE : to putin agoniesTHRUM : the tufted end of a thread inweavingTHRUMMED made od coarse ends or

tuftsTICKLE: ticklishTIGHT: nimble, activeTIGHTLY: briskly, promptlyTIKE: a curTILLY-VALLY: int. an exclamation ofcontemptTILTH : tillage

TIMELESS: untimelyTINCT: stain, dyeTIRE: attire, head-dress; to tear as abird of prey Hence, metaphorically, tofeed; to attire, dressTANG: twang, soundTOD: to yield a tod of woolTOKENED: marked with plaguespotsTOKENS: plague spotsTOLL: to exact toll To pay tollTOOTOO: excessively

TOPLESS: supreme, withoutsuperiorTOUCH: touchstone for testing goldTrait An acute feelingTOUCHED : prickedTOUSE: to pull, dragTOWARD : nearly readyTOWARDS: nearly readyTOYS: trifles, foolish tricksTRADE: beaten pathTRANECT: a ferryTRANSLATED: transformed

TRASH : to cheque, as a huntsmanhis houndsTRAVAIL: labour, toilTRAY-TRIP: an old game played withdiceTREACHERS: traitorsTREATIES: entreatiesTRENCHED: carvedTRICK: technically, a copy of a coatof arms; hence, any peculiarity whichdistinguishes voice or feature; todress upTRICKED: blazonedTRICKING: ornamentTRICKSY: elegantly quaintTRIPLE: thirdTROJAN: a cant word for a thiefTROL-MY-DAMES: the name of agame; also called pigeon-holesTROTH-PLIGHT: betrothedTROW: to trust, thinkTRUE: honestTRUNDLE-TAIL: a long-tailed dog

TUCKET-SONANCE: a flourish onthe trumpetTUNDISH: a funnelTURLYGOOD: a name adopted bybedlam-beggars


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TURN: to modulateTWANGLING: twangingTWIGGEN: made of twigs, wicker

TWILLED: Retained by wovenbranchesTWINK: a twinkling

TWIRE: to peep, twinkle

~ U ~

UMBERED: stained, dark, as withumberUNANELED: without extreme unctionUNAVOIDED: unavoidableUNBARBED: untrimmedUNBATED: unbluntedUNBOLT: to discloseUNBOLTED: unsifted, unrefinedUNBREATHED: unpractisedUNCAPE: to throw off the houndsUNCHARGED: undefended, appliedto the gates of a cityUNCLEW: to unravel, undoUNCOINED: unalloyed, unfeignedUNDERGO: to undertakeUNDERTAKER: one who takes upanother's quarrelUNDER-WROUGHT: underminedUNEATH: hardly

UNEXPRESSIVE: inexpressibleUNFAIR: to deprive of beautyUNHAPPILY: censoriouslyUNHAPPY: mischievousUNHATCHED: undisclosedUNHOUSELED: without receiving thesacramentUNIMPROVED: unreprovedUNION: a pearlUNJUST: dishonest UNKIND:unnaturalUNLIVED: bereft of life

UNMANNED: untamed, applied to ahawkUNOWED: unownedUNPREGNANT: stupidUNPROPER: common to allUNQUESTIONABLE: not inquisitiveUNREADY: undressedUNRESPECTIVE: inconsiderateUNSISTING: unrestingUNSTANCHED: incontinentUNTEMPERING: unsofteningUNTENTED: unsearchable

UNTRADED: unused, uncommonUNTRIMMED: spoiled of grace orornamentUNTRUE: untruthUNVALUED: invaluable

UPSPRING REEL: a boisterousdanceURCHIN: the hedge-hogUSANCE: usuryUSE: interest

UTIS: riotous merriment, whichaccompanied the eighth day of a

festivalUTTER: to expel, put forthUTTERANCE: extremity

~ V ~

VADE: to fadeVAIL: to lowerVAILING: loweringVAINNESS: vanityVALANCED: adorned with a valenceor fringe; applied to the beardVALIDITY: valueVANTAGE: advantageVANTBRACE: armour for the front ofthe armVARLET: a servant, valetVAST: a waste-place; metaphorically,the dead of night; a gulfVASTIDITY: immensityVASTLY: like a wasteVASTY: vast, waste

VAUNT: to speak vaingloriously of;boast of; bragVAUNT-COURIERS: forerunnersVAWARD: vanguard; advancedguard of an army; metaphorically, thefirst of anythingVEGETIVES: herbsVELURE: velvetVELVET-GUARDS: velvet trimmings;applied metaphorically to the citizenswho wore themVENEW: a bout in fencing,

metaphorically applied to repartee andsallies of wit VENEY: a bout atfencingVENGE: to avengeVENTAGES: holes in a flute orflageoletVERBAL: wordyVERY: true, realVIA: off with you!VICE: to screw; the buffoon in the oldmorality playsVIE: to challenge; a term at cards; to

play as for a wagerVIEWLESS: invisibleVILLAIN: a lowborn manVINEWED: mouldyVIOL-DE-GAMBOYS: a bass viol


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VIRGINALLING: playing as on thevirginals, a kind of a spinetVIRTUE: the essential excellencevalourVIRTUOUS: excellent; endowed withvirtuesVIZAMENT: advisementVOLUBLE: fickle

VOLUNTARY: volunteerVOTARIST: votary, one who hastaken a vowVULGAR: the common people;common

VULGARLY: publicly

~ W ~

WAFT: to wave, beckon; To turnWAFTAGE: passage; waving,beckoningWAGE: to reward as with wagesWAILFUL: lamentableWAIST: the middle of a shipWANNION: 'with a vengeance.'WAPPENED: withered, overwornWARD: guard PrisonWARDEN: a large pear used forbakingWARDER: truncheon

WARN: to summonWASSAIL: a drinking bout; FestivityWAT: a familiar word for a hareWATCH: a watch light;to tame bykeeping constantly awakeWATER-GALL: a secondary rainbowWATER-RUG: a kind of dogWATER-WORK: painting indistemperWAX: to growWAXEN: perhaps, to hiccoughWEALTH: weal, advantage

WEAR: fashionWEATHER-FEND: to defend from theweatherWEBANDPIN: the cataract in theeyeWEE: small, tiny; to thinkWEED: garmentWEET: to wit, knowWEIGHOUT: to outweighWELKIN; the sky; sky-blueWELL-LIKING: in good conditionWELLSAID: int. well done!

WEND: to goWESAND: the wind-pipeWHELK: a wealWHELKED: marked with whelks orprotuberances

WHEN: an exclamation of impatienceWHENAS: whenWHERE: whereas; a placeWHIFFLER: an officer who clears theway in processionsWHILE-ERE: a little while agoWHILES: untilWHIP-STOCK: handle of a whip

WHIST: hushed, silentWHITE: the centre of an archery buttWHITELY: pale-faced. A doubtfulwordWHITING-TIME: bleaching timeWHITSTER: bleacher

WHITTLE: a clasp knifeWHOO-BUB: hubbubWHOOP: to cry out withastonishmentWICKED: noisome, banefulWIDOW : to give a jointure to

WIDOWHOOD: widow's jointureWIGHT: personWILD: wealdWILDERNESS: wildnessWIMPLED: veiled, hoodedWINDOW-BARS: lattice-work acrossa woman's stomacherWINDRING: windingWINTER-GROUND: to protect (aplant) from frostWIS: in the compound 'I wis,'certainly

WISH: to commendWISTLY: wistfullyWIT: knowledge, wisdomWITHOUT: beyondWITS: five, the five sensesWITTOL: a contented cuckoldWITTY: intelligentWOMAN-TIRED: hen-pecked WONDERED: marvellouslygiftedWOOD: madWOODCOCK a simpletonWOODMAN: a forester, huntsman; Acant term for a wencherWOOLWARD: shirtlessWORD: to flatter or put off with words;To repeat the words of a songWORLD: 'To go to the world' is to getmarried; So 'a woman of the world' is amarried womanWORM: a serpentWORSER: worseWORSHIP: to honour

WORTH: wealth, fortuneWORTS: cabbagesWOT: to knowWOUND: twisted aboutWREAK: vengeance; to avenge


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WREAKFUL: revengeful, avengingWREST: an instrument used fortuning a harpWRIT: gospel, truthWRITHLED: shrivelled

WROTH : calamity, misfortuneWRUNG: twisted, strained

WRY: to swerve

~ X ~

XANTHIPPE: Socrate's scolding wife

~ Y ~

YARE: ready, being understood

YARELY: readilyYAW: out of controlY-CLAD: cladY-CLEPED: called, namedYEARN: to grieve, vex YELLOWNESS: jealousyYELLOWS: a disease of horsesYEOMAN: a sheriff's officer

YIELD: to reward; To reportYOND: and yonder

YOUNKER: tyro

~ Z ~

ZANY: a clown, gull

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