writing chemical equations chemical equations a chemical equation is a representation of a chemical...
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Writing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equations
A chemical equation is a representation of a chemical reaction; the formulas of the reactants (on the left) are connected by an arrow with the formulas of the products (on the right).
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Writing Chemical Equations
Word Equations
To write a word equation, write the names of the reactants to the left of the arrow separated by plus signs; write the names of the products to the right of the arrow, also separated by plus signs.
Reactant + Reactant Product + Product
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Writing Chemical Equations
Methane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water
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Writing Chemical Equations
iron + oxygen iron(III) oxide
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Writing Chemical Equations
A skeleton equation shows the chemical formulae for the products and reactants, but not balanced. (More about balancing soon.)
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Writing Chemical Equations
Write the formulas of the reactants to the left of the yields sign (arrow) and the formulas of the products to the right.
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Writing Chemical Equations
A skeleton equation is a chemical equation that does not indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products.
Here is the equation for rusting:
Fe + O2 Fe2O3
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Writing Chemical Equations11.1
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Writing Chemical Equations
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the reaction but is not used up in the reaction.
Without Catalyst With Catalyst
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for Conceptual Problem 11.1
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Balancing Chemical Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations
What are the steps in writing a balanced chemical equation?
A balanced equations follows conservation of matter. (Same amounts(moles, atoms) of reactant elements and same amounts of product elements.)
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Balancing Chemical Equations
To write a balanced chemical equation, first write the skeleton equation. Then use coefficients to balance the equation so that it obeys the law of conservation of mass.
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for Conceptual Problem 11.2
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for Conceptual Problem 11.2
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Classifying Reactions
Six general types of reaction are
combination,
decomposition,
single-replacement,
double-replacement,
combustion,
and acid-base.
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Classifying Reactions
Combination Reactions A combination reaction is a chemical change
in which two or more substances react to form a single new substance.
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for Conceptual Problem 11.4
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Classifying Reactions
Decomposition Reactions A decomposition reaction is a chemical
change in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler products.
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for Conceptual Problem 11.5
Problem Solving 11.15 Solve Problem 15 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.
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Classifying Reactions
Single-Replacement Reactions A single-replacement reaction is a chemical
change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound.
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Classifying Reactions
The activity series of metals lists metals in order of decreasing reactivity.
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for Conceptual Problem 11.6
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Classifying Reactions
Double-Replacement Reactions A double-replacement reaction is a chemical
change involving an exchange of positive ions between two compounds.
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for Conceptual Problem 11.7
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Classifying Reactions
Combustion Reactions A combustion reaction is a chemical change
in which an element or a compound reacts with oxygen, often producing energy in the form of heat and light.
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for Conceptual Problem 11.8
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Predicting the Products of a Chemical Reaction
Predicting the Products of a Chemical Reaction How can you predict the products of the five general
types of reactions?
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Predicting the Products of a Chemical Reaction
The number of elements and/or compounds reacting is a good indicator of possible reaction type and thus possible products.
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Predicting the Products of a Chemical Reaction11.2
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Predicting the Products of a Chemical Reaction11.2
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Predicting the Products of a Chemical Reaction11.2
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Predicting the Products of a Chemical Reaction11.2
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Predicting the Products of a Chemical Reaction11.2
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1. What type of reaction is described by the following equation?
6Li + N2 2Li3N combination reaction decomposition reaction single-replacement reaction combustion reaction
11.2 Section Quiz.
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11.2 Section Quiz.
2. Balance the following equation and indicate whether it represents a combustion, combination, or decomposition reaction.
H2SO4 H2O2 + SO2
H2SO4 H2O2 + SO2, combination reaction
H2SO4 H2O2 + SO2, decomposition reaction
H2SO4 2H2O2 + SO2, combination reaction
H2SO4 2H2O2 + SO2, decomposition reaction
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11.2 Section Quiz.
3. Predict the missing product in the following unbalanced equation.
Pb(NO3)2 + KOH KNO3 + ____________
PbOH2
Pb(OH)4
Pb(OH)2
PbOH
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Net Ionic Equations
A complete ionic equation is an equation that shows dissolved ionic compounds as dissociated free ions.
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Net Ionic Equations
An ion that appears on both sides of an equation and is not directly involved in the reaction is called a spectator ion.
The net ionic equation is an equation for a reaction in solution that shows only those particles that are directly involved in the chemical change.
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Net Ionic Equations
A net ionic equation shows only those particles involved in the reaction and is balanced with respect to both mass and charge.
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Net Ionic Equations
Sodium ions and nitrate ions are not changed during the chemical reaction of silver nitrate and sodium chloride so the net ionic equation is
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for Conceptual Problem 11.9
Problem Solving 11.28 Solve Problem 28 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.
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Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate
Predicting the Formation of a PrecipitateHow can you predict the formation of a precipitate in
a double-replacement reaction?
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Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate
You can predict the formation of a precipitate by using the general rules for solubility of ionic compounds.
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Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate11.3
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Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate
Will a precipitate form when a sodium carbonate solution is mixed with a barium nitrate solution?
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Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate
Sodium nitrate is soluble but barium carbonate is insoluble. The net ionic equation is
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