writing a scientific paper m ballow, md division of allergy & immunology department of...
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Writing a Scientific Paper
M Ballow, MDDivision of Allergy & Immunology
Department of PediatricsUniversity at Buffalo
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Processes to consider before you can write a paper
• Proposal and hypothesis
• Anatomy of a study– Design -
• Clinical study - case control, randomized placebo- controlled, etc
• In vitro experiments
• Animal model
– Statistical considerations - power analysis
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Processes to consider before you can write a paper
• Methods - how are you going to collect the data– Supplies, equipment, personnel
• Data collection
• Data analysis
• Now are you ready to write the paper?
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Create Displays of the Data.
· Raw Samples/Photographs
· Tables
· Graphs
· Figures
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The Data
• Data manager-– Excel spreadsheet– Specialized program with graphing capability
• Prism
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Crunch the Data
• Appropriate statistical analysis of the raw data– Computer programs
• Prism, Statview, SSPS, others
– Seek help or consultation
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Format for Most Scientific Papers• Title• Authorship/ institutions• Abstract
– Key words– Nonstandard abbreviation
• Introduction• Methods and material• Results• Discussion• Conclusion• Acknowledgments- people, grants, others• References
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Write The Methods Section First.
• This is simply a description of what methods you used• “Spell out” detail
– Reagents (source), special equipment– If published elsewhere - reference material
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Write The Results Section Second.
This is a description of what you found.
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RESULTS:
The text is often quite short.
The data displays are the heart of this section.
Highlight important points with Tables and figures.
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Results section
• Divide into subsections to make it easier to understand– Start each subsection with a statement of the
experimental plan– Example -
“Specific mAbs identify CD32 isoforms and CD32a allelic variants by flow cytometry”
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Results section
• A picture is worth a “thousand” words– Use tables, figures and pictures (microscopy)
• Use text to pull together the data, tables, graphs, and figures you have created.
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Data presentation
• Tables
• Graphs
• Photographs
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Table 1. Inhibitory effect of trichostatin A (TSA) on glucocorticoid suppression of interleukin (IL)-8 cytokine release in U937, HUT-78 and Jurkat cells.
IL-8 expression U937 Hut-78 Jurkat
Dex suppression (% max. LPS) 28 ± 3% 43 ± 5% 33 ± 3%Dex suppression (% max. LPS) + TSA 14 ± 4%* 21 ± 9%* 30 ± 15%TA suppression (% max. LPS) 66 ± 9% 55 ± 6% 43 ± 3%TA suppression (% max. LPS) + TSA 23 ± 3%* 15 ± 4%* 10 ± 2%*Dex suppression (% max. TNF-α) 28 ± 4% 20 ± 3% 16 ± 2%Dex suppression (% max. TNF-α) + TSA
21·5 ± 5%* 9 ± 2%* 14 ± 4%TA suppression (% max. TNF-α) 40 ± 4% 42 ± 3% 46 ± 4%TA suppression (% max. TNF-α) + TSA
11 ± 3%* 7 ± 2%* 6·5 ± 2%*
Results are expressed as mean ± SD. *P < 0·05 compared to suppressive effect of steroid alone. Dex: dexamethasone; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-α.c
Anatomy of a Table
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Anatomy of a Figure
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Photomicrograph
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DISCUSSION:
· Know the relevant literature.
· Have the articles (not just theabstracts) at your disposal.
· Enter the bibliography into End Note or software of your choice.
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Discussion
• The first few paragraphs should highlight new findings/ discovery from your data
• Compare your results with the literature– Be specific– Cite the literature– Be critical but nice/diplomatic
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Discussion
• Conclude only that which you have proven with your data.
• Speculate in last paragraph– Diagrams– Make it clear that this is speculation
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WRITE THE “INTRODUCTION”
FOURTH.
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Introduction• Give enough background (with references) to set
up the importance of your question or hypothesis• Last paragraph
– Briefly state the results– Importance of the results
• Example - “Our findings have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of disease-mediated by immune complexes and for developing antibody and DC-based therapies------”
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WRITE THE ABSTRACT-
FIFTH
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Abstract
• Think of it as pulling out (abstracting)the crucial parts from each of the previousSections
• Some Journals have sections within the “abstract” - background- objective- methods- results- conclusion
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Write Your Title - Last.
• By now you should know what the core of the paper is.
• Often the title is a phrase or sentence which
encapsulates your conclusion.
“The anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG is mediated through the inhibitory Fc receptor”
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The Title and Abstract Are Important
• 10 to 100 people will read your title for every one that reads the abstract.
• 10 to 100 people will read the abstract for every one that reads the paper.
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PERSONAL SUGGESTIONS
• Set aside blocks of time to write (2-3 hrs.).
• It helps to briefly outline the section first.
• Once you start writing just let the ideas flow.
• Fix paragraph order, sentence structure and word choice later.
• Do multiple drafts.
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STYLE
In scientific writing clarity is the mostimportant thing.
Better to be clear than to befuzzy.
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Avoid abbreviation unless they are truly necessary and unless they are standardized in the literature.
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DON’T GET DISCOURAGED
• Most papers require multiple drafts before submission
- have a colleague read the manuscript
• Most publications require multiple submissions before acceptance
-decide on a hierarchy of appropriate journals
- be realistic
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Summary
Be proud of yourself!