Richard Hakluyt, Discourse of Western Planting, 1584 A particular discourse concerning the great necessity and manifold commodities that are like to grow to this Realm of England by the Western discoveries lately

attempted, Written In the year 1584 by Richard Hakluyt of Oxford at the request and direction of the right worshipful Sir Walter Raieigh (excerpts)

• That this western discovery will be greatly for the enlargement of the gospel of Christ whereunto the

Princes of the reformed religion are chiefly bound amongst whom her Majesty is principal.

• That all other English Trades are grow beggarly or dangerous, especially in all the king of Spain's

Dominions, where our men are driven to fling their Bibles and prayer books into the sea, and to forswear

and renounce their religion and conscience and consequently their obedience to her Majesty

• That this western voyage will yield unto us all the commodities of Europe, Africa, and Asia....

• That this enterprise will be for the manifold employment of numbers of idle men…

• That this voyage will be a great bridle to the Indies of the king of Spain and a means that we may arrest

…one or two hundred sail of his subjects ships at the fishing in Newfoundland.

• That the richness that the Indian Treasure wrought in time of Charles the late Emperor father to the

Spanish king, is to be had in consideration of the Queen, most excellent Majesty, least the continual

coming of the like treasure from thence to his son, work the unrecoverable annoy of this Realm…

• What special means may bring king Phillip from his high Throne, and make him equal to the Princes his

neighbors, wherewithal is showed his weakness in the west Indies. […]

• That the Spaniards have executed most outrageous and more then Turkish cruelties in all the west

Indies, whereby they are every where there, become most odious unto them, who would join with us or

any other most willingly to shake of their most intolerable yoke, and have begun to do it already in divers

places where they were Lords heretofore. […]

• That the Queen of England's title to all the west Indies, or at the least to as much as is from Florida to

the Circle artic, is more lawful and right than the Spaniards or any other Christian Princes.

Write: Explain in your own words at least two of the rationales for English expansion in the

New World given by Richard Hakluyt in his 1584 document. Connect them to a political or

social event taking place in Britain or Europe as a whole at that time.

Topic: Early British Colonization in the New World (1500-1733)

Aim: Explain and analyze the reasons and effectiveness of early British attempts at

colonization in the New World.

Queen Elizabeth I ―The Virgin Queen‖—1558-1603 as depicted by George Gower in 1588

• Describe the factors

which led to England

lagging behind in the

race to establish

colonies in the New

World.

• How does this 1588

portrait of Queen

Elizabeth I illustrate

England‘s imperialist

goals?

• Detail the role of

British nationalism in

the late 1500s that

contributed to imperial

expansionism.

Name Occupation Master Edward Maria Wingfield Captaine Bartholomew Gosnoll

Captaine John Smyth Captaine John Ratliffe

Captaine John Martin Captaine George Kendall

- Councell

Master Robert Hunt - Preacher

Master George Percie Anthony Gosnoll George Flower Captaine Gabriell Archer

Robert Fenton. Robert Ford William Bruster Edward Harrington

Dru Pickhouse Thomas Jacob John Brookes Ellis Kingston

Benjamin Beast John Robinson Thomas Mouton Ustis Clovill

Stephen Halthrop Thomas Sands Edward Morish Kellam Throgmorton

Nathaniell Powell Edward Brown Robert Behethland John Penington

Jeremy Alicock George Walker Thomas Studley Richard Crofts

Nicholas Houlgrave Thomas Webbe John Waler John Short

William Tanker William Smethes Richard Simons Francis Snarsbrough

Edward Brookes Richard Dixon John Martin Roger Cooke

George Martin Anthony Gosnold Henry Adling Thomas Wotton, Sierg.

Thomas Gore Francis Midwinter Richard Frith

- Gentlemen

William Laxon Edward Pising Thomas Emry Robert Small

Anas Todkill John Capper - Carpenters

James Read - Blacksmith

Jonas Profit - Sailer

•Thomas Couper - Barber

John Herd William Garret - Bricklayers

Edward Brinto - Mason

William Love - Taylor

Nicholas Skot - Drum

John Laydon William Casson George Casson Thomas Casson

Willam Rods William White Ould Edward Henry Tavin

George Golding John Dods William Johnson William Unger

William Wilkenson, Surgeon

- Labourers

Samuell Collier Nathaniel Peacock James Brumfield Richard Mutton - Boyes

Maps of the Jamestown Settlement Areas

• Identify and explain the sources of

problems that the Jamestown settlers would

have faced in the early years of the colony

(1607-1610) including environmental, social,

cultural, and/or technological issues.

Early Jamestown and ―The Starving Time‖

• Fall 1607: 104 colonists arrived

• By spring, 1608: 38 survived

• 1609: 300 more immigrants

• By spring, 1610: 60 survived

• 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants total

• 1624 population: 1,200

• Adult life expectancy: under 40 years

• Death rate of children before age 5:

80%

• Describe the British views of the

indigenous population of the New

World contained in John Smith‘s

illustration.

Conflicts between British colonists

and the indigenous population:

1. Starving colonists frequently raided

local populations‘ food supplies.

2. Appointed Governor Lord de la Warr

carried out Company order to attack

locals starting in 1610.

3. First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in

1614 by marriage of John Smith and

Pocahontas, but couple returned to

England.

4. Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1622-

1644) ended with indigenous

population being pushed from area

and nearly eradicated.

John Smith‘s Depiction of Powhatan—1624

• Why do some historians view

the Iroquois Confederacy as an

early ‗democratic‘ model?

• How might the Iroquois

Confederacy seek to maintain

cohesion after European arrival?

• How did the Iroquois

Confederacy grow in power as a

result of contact with European

colonists?

• What roles might the Iroquois

Confederacy play in a conflict

between France and Britain?

Iroquois Lands and European Trade Centers, ca. 1590–1650

• 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of

tobacco.

• 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of

its colonists in an Indian attack,Virginia

produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

• 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds

of tobacco.

• 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds

of tobacco

Tobacco Production in the Chesapeake Prior to 1710

• How did tobacco production transform the

Jamestown colony?

• How did tobacco production change the

relationship between the colony, the Virginia

Company, and the Crown?

• How did tobacco production affect

the settlement patterns of the

Virginia colony?

Settlement Patterns in

Virginia—1600-1690

Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1605-1675)

•Maryland established as proprietary colony and refuge for Catholics during Charles I‘s reign

• like Virginia, tobacco farming formed the backbone of the economy

• passed the Toleration Act of 1649 ensuring religious freedoms for Christians with fines for

intolerance, but decreed death ―those who deny the divinity of Christ‖

Describe the circumstances behind the passing of the

Toleration Act of 1649 by Maryland‘s assembly.

• How did the British process of

colonization in Virginia and Maryland

differ from the Spanish model?

• How did the new British colonies of

the 17th and 18th century impact the

lives of indigenous peoples?

• Analyze and explain reasons for

possible long-term success in the

British colonies.

Lesson Summary Be able to address these questions with specific examples (names, dates, events, historical

developments)!

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Colony