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CURVC 4 M n S

0 2 4 6 8

  10 12 14 16 IS 2 0 22

  2 4

  26 26

  JO

  J2

  3 4

  56 IB

  4 0

Chromium  Equivoltnt • XCr + %Mo*l.5i\S *0.S i XCb

Fig. 1  — Schaeffler diagram (Ref.   2).

t h e e x i s t in g W R C - 1 9 8 8 d i a g r a m w i t h

reasonable accuracy, Lake (Ref . 6) has

sho wn that a coe f f ic ient for Cu wi l l im

p rove the accu racy fo r we ld me ta l s i n

wh ich Cu i s an impor tan t a l l oy in g e le

men t . One pu rpose o f th i s paper i s to

exam ine the ef fect of Cu , using data de

ve loped by bo th Lake and Ko teck i .

These data a l low compar ison of the   ca l

cu la ted FN w i th m easured FN fo r fe r

r i t ic-austen i t ic we ld meta ls over a range

of Cu.

A coeff icient for Cu in the   N i

e q

  of the

Schaeff ler or DeLong diagrams has been

proposed by va r ious researchers . Hu l l

has proposed a coeff icient of 0.44 (Ref.

7),

  Cast ro and deCadene t p roposed a

coef f ic ient o f 0 .6 (Ref . 8) , Potak and

Sagalevich prop osed a coe ff icien t of 0.5

(Ref . 9) , and Ferree proposed a

coeff icient of 0.3 (Ref.

  10).

 These reports

suggest the effect of Cu is signif icant and

shou ld be cons ide red wh en p red ic t i ng

FN.

D u r i n g d e ve l o p me n t o f t h e W R C -

1988  d iag ram , a Cu coe f f i c i en t was

sough t , bu t no t rend was ev iden t . The

major i ty o f the Cu data that was submi t

ted were for weld meta ls o f

  low-FN

  and

low-Cu  con ten t ( l ess than 0 .3% Cu) .

Abo ut 20 of the duplex ferr i t ic-austen i t ic

c o m p o s i t io n s i n c l u d e d C u a b o ve 1 % ,

but there were l i t t le data for duplex co m

p o s i t i o n s w i t h l o w C u f o r co mp a r i so n .

Thus,

  i t is l ikely that any effect of Cu was

stat ist ica l ly confounded wi th the FN ef

fect . Th is conc lusion is supported by the

Cu te rm tha t appeared in some o f the

analyses (on var ious subsets o f the

database) dur ing the developm ent o f the

WRC-1988  d iag ram , bu t the ca l cu la ted

coef f ic ients for Cu d i f fered wide ly, and

each had a large uncertainty (Ref.

  11).

Lake (Ref . 6) developed data

LL

TD

_CJ

5

o

O

l__U

100

80

60

40

20

n

1

o

D

'

Alloy

Alloy

1

255

2205

1 1 1

Q

  ° n ^

o

o

O D

J r ^

>o  o

1

  '

O D /

1

o•

s

—

—

0 10 20 30 40 50 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 100 110 120

Measured FN

Fig. 2 —   Data for the predicted  vs. measured FN values using a coefficient of 0.25 for Cu.

spec i f i ca l l y fo r eva lua t i on o f the e f fec t

o f Cu in the WRC -1 988 d iag ra m. H is

da ta have a un i fo rm d i s t r i bu t i on o ve r

the range of 0 to 4% Cu, which permi ts

accu ra te de te rmina t ion o f the e f fec t o f

C u .  Fur ther , Lake 's data are wel l d is

t r ibuted around the WRC-1988  d iag ram,

which permi ts examinat ion of the e f fect

o f Cu in d i f fe ren t so l i d i f i ca t i on modes

and FN ranges. He found the ef fect o f

Cu on the

  N i

e q

  to be l inear and fa i r ly

un i form regard less o f the locat ion wi th in

the  WRC-1988  d iag ram. As a resu l t ,

Lake proposed adding a Cu term to the

N i

e q

  of the WRC-1988  d iagram. For var

i ous austen i t i c we ld me ta l s con ta in ing

some ferr i te , th is contr ib ut ion to the  N i

e q

am ounted to a coef f ic ient o f 0 .25 to 0 .30

to be mul t ip l ied by the % Cu in the weld

meta l .

  The contr ibut ion is then added to

the o r ig ina l

  N i

e q

  a s ca l cu l a t e d a cc o r d

ing to the

 WRC-1988

  diagram (Ref. 4).

Using Lake's data as a basis, Kotecki

(Ref.  1  2) p roposed a coe f f i c i en t fo r Cu

of 0.25 in the

  N i

e q

  equ iva len t and p re

pared a tab le o f ca lcu la ted vs. measured

FN fo r a se r ies o f comp os i t i on s based

o n 2 2 C r - 5 N i - 3 M o - N ( A l l o y 2 2 0 5 ) an d

2 5 C r - 5 N i - 3 M o - 2 C u - N ( A l l o y 2 5 5 ) d u

p lex ferr i t ic-austen i t ic weld meta ls. For

con ven ienc e, th is is reproduce d as Table

1.  Two regressions of measured FN vs.

ca lcu la ted FN were per formed on these

data, as indicated at the bottom of Table

1.  In  the f i rst , a nonzero in tercept

  (con

stant) and a slope were pe rmi t ted . W hen

the standard error of an FN estimate was

observed to be g rea te r than the ca l cu

la ted i n te rcep t ( imp ly ing tha t the te rm

is not sta t ist ica l ly s ign i f icant) , a second

reg ress ion was pe r fo rmed in wh ich the

l i ne was fo rced th rough the o r ig in ( i n

tercept o f zero) . In th is second regres

s io n ,  the f i t (R-squared) is near ly the

same as in the f i rst regression, and the

slope is very close to   1 , wi t h a very sm al l

standard error . The data are then p lo t

ted in F ig . 2 wi th d i f ferent symbols that

i den t i f y wh ic h po in ts a re fo r A l l oy 255

(we ld me ta l s con ta in ing abou t 2% Cu) ,

a n d w h i c h p o i n t s a re f o r A l l o y 2 2 0 5

(we ld me ta l s con ta in ing ve ry l i t t l e Cu) .

As can be seen in Fig. 2, al l of the data

fa l l a long a 1:1  l ine, and there appears

to be no cluster ing of po in ts w i th or   w i t h

out Cu on ei ther side of the  1:1  l ine.

I f t he con t r i bu t i on o f Cu to the   N i

e q

were om i t ted , the ca lcu la ted N i equ iva

len t fo r eve ry A l l oy 255 we ld me ta l

w ou ld be about 0.5 less than is given in

Table  1 ,  and the result ing calculated Fer

r i te Num bers for the Al lo y 255 w eld met

als would therefore be on the order of 7

FN greater than the values give n in Ta ble

1 .Then v i r tua l ly a l l o f the Al loy 255 data

po in ts wou ld be above the   1:1  l ine o f

Fig.

  2 , ind icat ing a b ias. The good f i t o f

the l ine in F ig . 2 ind icates that the

coef f ic ient developed by Lake for Cu in

172-s I

  M A Y 1 9 9 2

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e

  N i

e q

  o f the WRC -1 988 d iag ram i s ,

l east to a f i rs t app rox im a t io n , qu i te

  WRC-1992

  d iag ram

ich is exact l y the same as the WR C-

  988 d iagram, except that the new  N i

e q

  WRC-1992  d i

is presented as Fig. 3.

  WRC-1992

Whereas the Schae f f l e r d iag ram o f

rs pred ict ions fo r

 Cr

eq

  f rom 0 to 40 and

i

e q

  f ro m 0 to 32 , the WR C-1 992 d ia

  Cr

eq

  1

 7 to 31 and

  N i

e q

  f rom 9 to

  1

 8. The

  d iag ram can be ex tended to p re

at least as broad a range as covere d

A l though Fer r i te Numbers do no t

  Cr

eq

  and

i

e q

,  the pos i t i ons o f such a l l oys can

 Cr

eq

  and

i

e q

  un i t s on the WR C-1 992 d iag ram .

  l in

  5,

that used wi t h the

s a l l ow a w id e range o f i n i t i a l co m

on ly a ccu ra te fo r we ld c om pos i

  100  FN) drawn on

eq

  and

  N i

e q

  regions could result in er

For some  Cr

eq

  a n d  N i

e q

  va lues be

e

 WRC-1992

  d iagram, martensi te may

foun d in the we ld me ta l s . In the

  1 .  In contrast to

  N i

e q

  o f the WRC -1 992 d ia

  Self,

  13)  show tha t

Table 1—Measured FN vs. FN Calculated by WRC-88 Diagram, Data from Ref. 12

 Ni

eq

 +  0.25

(%Cu)

W e l d

Number

9292-622

9276-999

9276-057

9276-014

9292-678

9276-998

9276-854

9292-650

9292-136

9276-056

9292-112R

9276-996

9292-109

9276-012

9276-013

9276-864

9276-984

9292-174

9276-997

9292-358

9292-137

9292-112

9292-203

9276-004

9292-231

9276-904

9276-863

9276-853

9292-161

9276-053

9276-817

9276-055

9276-844

9292-204

9276-054

9292-202

Type

255

2205

255

255

255

2205

2205

255

255

255

255

2205

2205

255

255

2205

2205

255

2205

255

255

255

255

255

255

2205

2205

2205

255

255

2205

255

2205

2205

255

255

Regression: Measu red vs.

Constant

Std

  Err

  of Y Est

R Squared

No. of Observat

ons

Degrees of Freedom

X Coefficient(s)

Std Err of

  Coef.

CT

e

q

28.61

25.25

28.14

28.70

29.69

25.79

23.13

28.32

26.70

28.43

27.69

25.33

24.75

28.03

28.24

25.61

25.18

27.08

25.56

29.66

27.08

27.69

28.09

27.69

28.53

25.95

25.63

23.72

27.19

29.55

24.02

28.71

24.08

25.71

29.49

28.19

N i

e q

15.81

12.57

14.57

16.33

16.46

12.57

10.81

15.93

12.54

14.30

13.20

12.24

11.70

14.57

14.94

11.66

12.36

13.70

12.62

15.32

12.74

12.88

13.38

14.29

13.36

12.03

11.44

10.36

13.24

12.78

9.81

12.78

9.39

10.92

12.99

10.66

Calculated FN

3.663357

7.990919

0.769152

36

34

0.938617

0.088187

Calculated

FN

36

39

46

32

39

46

J6

33

57

51

58

45

46

45

43

57

4 1

46

42

5 0

58

63

6 0

45

65

56

6 1

54

52

8 1

69

73

8 1

71

7 7

99

Measured

FN

34

34

35

36

36

38

40

42

42

44

45

46

46

47

49

49

50

50

53

53

53

53

54

56

58

60

61

62

64

73

75

75

76

88

88

100

Measured

Minus Calculated

FN

- 2

- 5

- 1 1

4

- 3

- 8

4

9

- 1 5

- 7

- 1 3

1

0

2

6

- 8

9

4

11

3

- 5

- 1 0

- 6

11

- 7

4

0

8

12

- 8

6

2

- 5

17

11

1

Regression: Measured vs. Calculated FN

Constant 0

Std Err of Y Est 7.938712

R Squared 0.765457

No .

 of Observations 36

Degrees of Freedom 35

X Coefficient(s)  1.001287

Std Err of

 Coef.

  0.023495

martensi te . Because of the d i f fer ing e f

fec ts o f Mn in the two tempera tu re

ranges, i t is not possible to include a  s in

gle l ine bounding  martensite-containing

weld meta ls on the WRC-1992  d iag ram.

Example

 1:

 Overlay of AISI

 1

050 steel with

AWS A5.4 Class E312-16 e lectrode.

Tab le 2 l i s t s t yp i ca l p la te compos i

t i o n a n d a l l - w e l d - me t a l co mp o s i t i o n

p roduced w i th th i s e lec t rode . The

  Cr

eq

and  N i

e q

  for the  AISI  1050  steel (0.0 and

1  7.50, respectively) do not permit an FN

ca lcu la t i on fo r th i s m a te r ia l . The

  Cr

eq

and

  N i

e q

  for the

  E31

 2-16  e lec t rode a l l -

we ld -m e ta l com pos i t i on (29 .0 and 11 .9 ,

respe ct ive ly) resu l t in a pred icted 88.2

FN for this material . I f the Cr

eq

  and   N i

e q

for each com pos i t ion is p lo t ted in F ig . 4

and a l i ne is d ra wn b e tw een the p o in t

corresponding to the AISI  1  0 5 0 c o m p o

si t io n (Poin t A in F ig . 4) and the po in t

corresponding to the

  E31

 2 -1 6 com pos i -

W E L D I N G R E SE A RC H S U P P L E M E N T

  I  173-s

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Table   2—Cladding  of AISI 1050 with E312-16

AISI E312-16

Mater ia l 1050

  All-V

C % 0.50

M n % 0 .30

Si % 0.02

Cr % -

Ni % -

N % 0.004

Cr

eq

  0.00

N i

e q

  17.58

WRC-1988

  FN -

0.060

1.20

0.60

29.00

8.60

0.06

29.00

11.90

88.2

30 %

  Di lut ion

Cladding

0.192

0.93

0.43

20.30

6.02

0.043

20.30

13.60

4.6

Table

  3 -

Mater ia l

C %

M n %

S i %

Cr %

Ni %

M o %

N %

Cr

eq

N i

eq

-Joining

WRC-1988

  FN

304 to A36 with  w w -•_-_

AISI

304

0.05

1.60

0.40

18.75

9.90

0.08

0.04

18.83

12.45

3.2

ASTM

A36

0.20

0.80

0.20

—

—

—

0.004

0.00

7.08

—

E309L-16

Al l -We ld -Meta l

0.03

1.40

0.60

24.40

12.70

0.20

0.06

24.60

14.95

17.4

70%

E309L-16,

AISI 304,

  15%

0.059

1.34

0.51

19.89

10.38

0.15

0.049

20.04

13.39

4.3

15%

A36

g

10

Fig. 3 — WRC-1992 diagram.

22 24 26

Cr

eq

  = Cr • Mo

  +

  0.7 Nb

(due to unequal p la te th ickness of a co m

p lex j o in t des ign , fo r exa m p le ) , then

Po in t F w ou ld s l i de a long th i s l i ne p ro

por t ionate ly toward the greater contr ib

utor. In any case, the average base metal

con t r i bu t i on to the we ld poo l wou ld l i e

along this l ine.

T h e a l l - w e l d - m e t a l  Cr

eq

  an d  N i

e q

(24 .60 and  1 4 .9 5, respec t ive ly) for the

E309L-1

  6 electrode is shown as Point G

in Fig. 5, and a  17.4  F N w o u l d b e p r e

d icted for that e lect rode. The root pass

we ld me ta l , cons ist ing o f the E309L-1 6

electrode and equal parts of

 the

 two base

meta ls, must l ie a long the l ine f rom Point

G to Poin t F in F ig . 5 . Ag ain ass um ing

n o r ma l 3 0 % b a se me t a l d i l u t i o n w i t h

the shielded metal arc process, the root

pass we ld w ou ld   lie  30% of the d istance

along the l ine f rom Point G to Poin t F.

Th is is shown as Poin t H in F ig . 5 . The

calcu la t ions to reach Poin t H are shown

be low.

t ion (Point B in Fig. 4), then al l possible

mixtures o f these two mater ia ls must l ie

along this l ine.

The lever rule is then used to est imate

the pos i t i on o f the we ld me ta l . In

sh ie lded me ta l a rc we ld ing , t yp i ca l d i

lu t io n is 30 % . A w el d pass of E31 2-1 6

w i t h 3 0 % d i l u t i o n f r o m A I S I

  1050

  steel

wou ld l i e a t a Po in t C , l oca ted 30% o f

the d istance f ro m Point B to Poin t A in

Fig.  4 . Ma themat i ca l l y , th i s can be  c a l

culated as

Cr

eq

(C)  = 0 .7  Cr

eq

(B) 4-  0 .3  Cr

eq

(A)  =

0.7 29.00) + 0.3 0.00) = 20 .30,

Ni

eq

(C)

  = 0.7

  Ni

eq

(B

0.7(11.90)+ 0.3(17.58)

+ 0.3

  Ni

eq

(A)

13.60.

The  Cr

eq

  and  N i

e q

  o f Po in t C correspond

to 4 .6 FN , w hic h ind icates that the we ld

pass w i l l have su f f i c i en t FN to avo id

f issuring (Ref. 4). Any addit ional passes,

ove r lapp ing pa r t o f th i s f i r s t pass, w i l l

a lso l ie a long the l ine between Poin t B

and Poin t A, but they wi l l be closer to

Point B than is Point C, so al l subse quent

passes w i l l con ta in even more fe r r i t e

than the f i rst pass, and the weld cladding

should be crack- f ree.

Example 2: Joining AISI 304 Stainless Steel

to ASTM A36 with  E309L-16 Electrode.

Tab le 3 l i s t s t yp i ca l p la te compos i

t i o n s a n d a l l - w e l d - m e t a l co m p o s i t i o n

f r o m t h e e l e c t r o d e . T h e  Cr

eq

  an d  N i

e q

for the A36 steel (0.00 and 7.08, respec

t i ve l y ) do no t pe rmi t an FN ca lcu la t i on

fo r th i s ma te r ia l . The

 Cr

eq

  an d  N i

e q

  for

the AISI 304 steel  (18.83  and 12.45, re

spec tively) result in a ca lcu late d 3.2 FN

fo r th i s ma te r ia l . The

 Cr

eq

  and

  N i

e q

  for

these two base metals are shown in Fig.

5 as Poin t D (A36 ) and Poin t E (304 ) .

Any mix tu re o f these two base me ta l s

w i l l l i e a long the l i ne connect ing Po in t

D to Point E. I f each base metal   c o n

t r ibutes equal ly to the weld meta l , then

the ove ra l l base me ta l con t r i bu t i on i s

g i ven by the midpo in t o f the l i ne be

tween Point D and Point E, indicated in

Fig.  5 as Point F. I f one base metal  c o n

tr ibuted more than the other to the joint

Cr

eq

(F)  = 0.5  Cr

eq

(D)  + 0.5  Cr

eq

(E)

(0.00)4-0.5 (18.83)  = 9 .47

0.5

Ni

eq

(F)

  = 0.5

  Ni

eq

(D)

0

(7.08)4-0.5 (12.45) = 9 .77

5

  Ni

eq

(E)

  = 0.5

Cr

eq

(H) : 0 .7  Cr

eq

(G)  + 0.3 Cr

e q

(F) :

0.7

24.6 0)+ 0.3 9.47) = 20.04

Ni

eq

(H ) = 0 .7  Ni

eq

(G) + 0.3  Ni

eq

(F)  = 0.7

(14.95)+ 0.3 (9 .77) = 13.39

Point H corresponds to 4 .3 FN , whi ch

would be expected to resu l t in a crack-

f ree root pass in th is jo in t . Higher   d i l u

t i o n ,

 or excess d i lu t ion f ro m the A36 side

of the jo in t , c ou ld reduce the ferr ite  c o n

tent and  increase the l ike l iho od of crack

ing.

I t is not necessary actual ly to plot the

ca l cu l a t e d

  Cr

eq

  a n d

  N i

e q

  for the base

meta l s and e lec t rode on the ex tended

WR C-1 992 d iag ram in o rde r to ob ta in

use fu l i n fo rma t ion . A f te r ca l cu la t i on o f

th e

  Cr

eq

  an d

  N i

e q

,

  on ly the f i na l we ld

metal need be plotted on the  WRC-1992

diagram to obta in a we ld m eta l FN pre

d i c t i o n .

  However , p lo t t i ng a l l t he da ta

174-s I  M A Y  1992

8/17/2019 WRC_1992.pdf

5/8

s

A

/ ,.

^

5

nf^

^s*

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Cr,

q

4 5

= Cr

16 17

Mo •

18 19 20

0.7 Nb

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

  —  Illustration of dilution calculation in Example  1.

3

CM

8

7

6

5

4

3

Ijt

F

/

YY

A

/

t

/ '

AF

FA

o

/

/

S /

U  /

y

\i,

/

A

fa /

/

V

Y/J

y v

y

'/

P

'46

m

¥A

y

YY^Y

VYY/Y

Yfr

'4<

0 ^

_-_^a

V ^

^

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6/8

8/17/2019 WRC_1992.pdf

7/8

tO

  LOo r - t o i o ^ j - c o c M r i o c n o o

T - T

-

  1—

  T—  ^  T— T

-

  ^ - ^ W # « _ -

n o

  S20

  • N  0 2  • 0  9C  • N =

 b3

 N

CO   C\J t -

co

o

CO

en

o j

co

CM

CM

CM

CNJ

rvj

ro

Al

M

o

  _

CM - Q

m

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o n t h e d i a g r a m i s u s e f u l i n t h a t i t g i v e s

a c l e a r e r p i c t u r e o f t h e s i t u a t i o n , s o t h a t

o n e c a n a p p r e c i a t e t h e r is k s o f h i g h e r

t h a n e x p e c t e d d i l u t i o n .

It  is a l s o p o s s i b l e t o e x t e n d t h e

  W R C -

1992  d i a g r a m t o h i g h e r  N i

e q

,  t o e x a m

i n e d i s s i m i l a r m e t a l j o i n t s i n v o l v i n g

n i c k e l - b a s e a l l o y s . It is r e a s o n a b le t o e x

p e c t t h a t o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n s c o u l d b e

f o u n d t h a t w o u l d p r o d u c e w e l d m e t a l

c o m p o s i t i o n s f a l l i n g w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f

t h e d i a g r a m .

T o f a c i l i t a t e t h e u se o f t h i s n e w d i a

g r a m ,  F i g s . 6 a n d 7 a r e c o p ie s o f t h e

W R C - 1 9 9 2 d i a g r a m a n d a n e x t e n d e d

v e r s i o n f o r d i s s i m i l a r m e t a l w e l d p r e d i c

t i o n s .

C o n c l u s i o n s

W e p r o p o s e a n e w d i a g r a m , t h e

W R C - 1 9 9 2 d i a g r a m fo r t h e F N p r e d i c

t i o n o f s t a i n l e s s s t e e l w e ld s . I t im p r o v e s

t h e F N p r e d i c t i o n a c c u r a c y f o r s t a i n l e s s

s t e el w e l d m e t a l s t h a t h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t

C u c o n t e n t s . F o r w e l d s w i t h

  low-Cu

  c o n

t e n t s , i t s p r e d i c t i o n s a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y

d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e o f t h e W R C - 1 9 8 8

d i a g r a m .

W e a l s o o f f e r t h e d i a g r a m o n e x

t e n d e d a x e s ( s i m i l a r t o t h e r a n g e o f t h e

S c h a e f f l e r d i a g r a m ) f o r i m p r o v e d p r e

d i c t i o n o f F N f o r d i s s i m i l a r w e l d a n d

c l a d d i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s .

References

1.   O lson , D. L . 1985 . Pred ic t ion o f

a u s t e n i t i c w e ld m e t a l m i c r o s t r u c t u r e a n d

proper t ies .

  Welding journal  64(10):281

 -s to

295-s.

2.

  Schaeffler, A. L.  1 9 4 9 .  Cons t i tu t ion d i

ag ram fo r s ta in less s tee l we ld meta l .  Metal

Progress

 56(11 ) : 6 8 0 - 6 8 0 B .

3 . D e L o n g ,

  W.

  T. 1974. Ferr i te in

aus ten i t i c s ta in less s tee l we ld meta l .

  Weld

ing Journal

  53(7) :273-s to 286-s.

4 .  S i e w e r t , T . A . , M c C o w a n , C . N . , a n d

O l s o n ,  D . L  1 9 8 8 .  Ferr i te number predict ion

to   100 FN in sta in less steel weld met al .  Weld

ing Journal

  67(1 2):289-s to 29 8-s.

5. Kotecki , D. ) .  1 9 8 8 .  Ver i f i ca t ion o f the

NBS-CSM fe r ri te d iag ram. In te rna t iona l  Ins t i

tu te o f W e ld ing Docu ment l l -C-834-88 .

6. Lake, F. B.  1 9 9 0 .  Effect of Cu on stain

less s tee l we ld meta l fe r r i te con ten t , Paper

p resen ted at AWS Ann ua l Mee t ing .

7.

  H u l l ,

  F . C. 197 3 . De l ta fe r r i te a nd

martensi te form at ion in sta in less steels.

  Weld

ing journal  52(5):193-s  to 203-s.

8. Castro, R. J., and deC aden et, J. |.  1974.

Welding Metallurgy of Stainless and Heat Re

sisting Steels.

  Cambr idge Un ive rs i t y Press ,

Cambr idge, U.K.

9. Potak,  M „  and Saga levich, E. A.  1972.

Structura l d iagram for sta in less steels as ap

pl ied to cast metal and metal deposi ted dur

i n g w e ld i n g .

  Avt. Svarka

  (5):10—13.

10 .  Fer ree , J . A. 1 969 . F ree m ach in in g

austeni t ic sta in less steel . U.S. Patent

3 ,460 ,939 .

11 .

  McCowan, C. N. , S iewer t , T . A. , and

O l s o n ,

  D . L. 1989. Sta inless steel weld me tal :

P r e d i c t i o n o f f e r r i t e c o n t e n t . WR C Bu l l e t i n

3 4 2 ,

  We ld i n g R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , N e w Yo r k ,

N.Y.

12.  Kotecki , D. J.

 1

 99 0. Ferr i te measure

ment and con t ro l in dup lex s ta in less s tee l

we lds . We ldab i l i t y o f Mate r ia ls — Proceed

ings o f the Mate r ia ls W e ldab i l i t y Sympo s ium.

October , ASM In te rna t iona l , Mate r ia ls Park ,

O h io .

1  3. Sel f , ) . A. , Mat lock, D. K„ and Olson,

D. L.  1  984 . An ev a lua t ion o f aus ten i t i c Fe-

Mn-Ni we ld meta l fo r d iss im i la r meta l  w e l d

ing .

  Welding Journal  63(9) :282-s to 288-s.

WRC Bulletin 370

February 1992

Recommendations Proposed by the PVRC Committee on Review of ASME

Nuclear Codes and Standards Approved by the PVRC Steering

Committee

The ASME Board on Nuclear Codes and Standards (BNCS) determined in 1986 that an overall technical

review of existing ASME nuclear codes and standards was needed. The decision to initiate this study was re

inforced by many fac tors , but most impo rtantly by the need to capture a pool of knowledge and lessons

learned

from the existing generation of technical experts with codes and standards background.

Project responsibility was placed with the Pressure Vessel Research Council and activity initiated in

 Jan

uary 1988. The direction was vested in a Steering Committee which had overview of six subcommittees.

The recommendations provided by nuclear utilities and industry were combined with the independent  con

siderations and recommendations of the PVRC Subcommittees and Steering Committees.

Publication of this document w as spo nsored by the Steering C ommittee on the Review of ASME Nuclear

Codes and Standards of the Pressure Vessel Research Council. The price of WRC Bulletin 37 0 is $30.00 per

copy, plus $5.00 for U.S. and $10.00 for overseas, postage and handling. Orders should be sent with pay

ment to the Welding Research Council, Room 1301, 345 E.

 47th

 St.,

 New

 York, NY 1001 7.