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Overview of CCS Roadmaps and Projects
ContactProfessor Chris Greig Director UQ Energy Initiative
The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 | Australia
Office: +61 (0) 7 3346 0656Email: [email protected]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Report Authors > Professor Chris Greig
The University of Queensland
> Dr Geoffrey Bongers Gamma Energy Technology
> Ms Caroline Stott The University of Queensland
> Ms Stephanie Byrom Gamma Energy Technology
Who should read this report This working paper was developed as a companion document to the Energy Security and Prosperity in Australia: A Roadmap for CCS report. The roadmap provides a framework to assure Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as an option for achieving emissions reductions in a timely manner in Australia.
This working paper provides an overview of published CCS roadmaps; Australian CCS projects; and international CCS projects.
Greig, C., Bongers, G., Stott, C. and Byrom, S. (2016) Overview of CCS Roadmaps and Projects, The University of Queensland, Brisbane. ISBN 978-1-74272-178-1
Steering Committee
The authors would like to thank the Steering Committee, Funders and Feedback Contributors who supported, contributed to, and provided feedback on this report. The robust review, challenge, diverse opinions and honest engagement we have received has strengthened this report.
We would particularly like to acknowledge and thank CO2CRC, CSIRO, ANLEC R&D, ACALET, Coal Innovation NSW and the Federal Department of Industry, Innovation and Science for their considerable enabling support of this project.
We would also like to acknowledge the advice and feedback from various industry leaders and subject matter experts from Government, Oil & Gas, Coal and Power industries.
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Contents
1 ReviewofPublishedCCSRoadmaps..................................................................................1 Australia........................................................................................................................................21.1 Canada..........................................................................................................................................31.2 ThePeople’sRepublicofChina(PRC)...........................................................................................51.3 Netherlands..................................................................................................................................61.4 Norway.........................................................................................................................................71.5 UnitedKingdom(UK)....................................................................................................................81.6 UnitedStatesofAmerica(USA)....................................................................................................91.7 InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)..............................................................................................111.8
2 SnapshotoftheAustralianProjects................................................................................12 LearningsfromkeyCCSprojectstodate:statusandbarriers....................................................122.1 Gorgon,BarrowIsland,WesternAustralia.................................................................................132.2 SouthWestHub,Harvey,WesternAustralia..............................................................................142.3 ZeroGen,Stanwell,Queensland.................................................................................................152.4 Callide,Biloela,Queensland.......................................................................................................162.5 CTSCo,SuratBasin,Queensland.................................................................................................172.6 Otway,NirrandaSouth,Victoria.................................................................................................182.7 CarbonNet,GippslandBasin,Victoria.........................................................................................192.8 NSWCO2StorageAssessmentProgram.....................................................................................202.9
3 SnapshotofInternationalProjects.................................................................................21 Powersector...............................................................................................................................223.13.1.1 BoundaryDam,Estevan,Saskatchewan..............................................................................223.1.2 PetraNova,Thompsons,Texas............................................................................................233.1.3 KemperCountyIGCC,KemperCounty,Mississippi...............................................................243.1.4 SinopecShengli,Dongying,Shandong.................................................................................253.1.5 GreenGenIGCC,TianjinCity,BohaiRim...............................................................................263.1.6 ROAD,Rotterdam,Netherlands...........................................................................................273.1.7 HaifengPower,Shanwei,Guangdong..................................................................................28 Gasandoilsector.......................................................................................................................293.23.2.1 ValVerdeGasPlants,ValVerdeBasin,Texas......................................................................293.2.2 Sleipner,NorthSea,Norway................................................................................................303.2.3 Snøhvit,BarentsSea,Norway..............................................................................................313.2.4 CenturyPlant,PecosCounty,Texas.....................................................................................323.2.5 LulaOilField,AtlanticOcean,Brazil.....................................................................................333.2.6 Uthmaniyah,EasternProvince,KingdomofSaudiArabia...................................................34 Ironandsteelsector...................................................................................................................353.33.3.1 AbuDhabiCC(U)SProject,AbuDhabi,UAE.........................................................................35 Industrialsector..........................................................................................................................363.43.4.1 IllinoisIndustrialCCSProject,Decatur,Illinois.....................................................................363.4.2 Quest,FortSaskatchewan,Alberta......................................................................................373.4.3 GreatPlainsSynfuel,NorthDakota&Weyburn,Saskatchewan.........................................383.4.4 CoffeyvilleGasification,Kansas/Oklahoma........................................................................393.4.5 AirProducts,PortArthur,Texas...........................................................................................403.4.6 TexasCleanEnergyProject,Penwell,Texas.........................................................................413.4.7 TomakomaiCCSDemonstrationProject,SouthernHokkaido,Japan...................................42
4 LowEmissionFossilFuelResearchandDevelopment.............................................43 Technologyandcommercialreadiness......................................................................................434.1 Australianlowemissionsfossilfuelstocktake............................................................................434.2
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ListofFigures
Figure1:Addressingthebarrierstolarge-scaleimplementationofCCSinAustralia............................2Figure2:CanadiancaptureandstorageR&Dneeds..............................................................................4Figure3:ProposedCCSRoadmapforthePeople’sRepublicofChina...................................................5Figure4:NetherlandsCCSroadmap......................................................................................................6Figure5:NordicCCSRoadmapfortheimplementationofCCStowards2050......................................7Figure6:ThefivekeyinterventionstheUKGovernmentisundertakingintheCCSRoadmap.............8Figure7:USACCSandPowerSystemsSubprogramsRoadmap..........................................................10Figure8:CCSinthepowerandindustrialsectors(inthe2°Cscenario)..............................................11Figure9:Actualandexpectedoperationdatesforlarge-scaleCCSprojectsintheOperate,Execute
andDefinestages.........................................................................................................................21Figure10:Technicalandcommercialreadinesslevelindicationscale...............................................43
ListofTablesTable1:CCSroadmapsummary............................................................................................................1Table2:KeyCCSactivitiesinAustralia.................................................................................................12Table3:Fossilfuellowemissionstechnologystocktake.....................................................................44
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1 ReviewofPublishedCCSRoadmapsACarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)roadmapgenerallyfocusesonavision,goalsandactionsrequiredtoencouragethedevelopmentanddeploymentofCCS.Thefocusistypicallybothshorterterm(5to10years)andlongerterm(10to30years)withaviewtodevelopcommercialandcompetitiveemissionsreductionabatementtechnology.Giveneachdistinctnationalorjurisdictionalcontext,differenttechnologyandpolicyapproaches,eachroadmapisunique.Table1summarisesthefocusofkeyCCSroadmapscoveredinthispaper.
Table1:CCSroadmapsummary
Jurisdiction ReleaseDate RoadmapFocus ResponsibleOrganisationAustralia1 2008 ImmediateR&D
requirementsandcommercialdeployment
CO2CRC
Canada 2006 Accelerateddeployment CANMETEnergyTechnologyCentre
China 2015 Eliminatethetechnical,legal,policyandfinancialissuesrestrictingfullscaleimplementation
DepartmentofClimateChangeoftheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission
EuropeanUnion N/A Netherlands 2014 Accelerateddeploymentvia
focusedR&Dandfacilitatingprojects
CATOtheDutchnationalR&DprogrammeforCO2capture,transportandstorage
Norway 2015 AccelerateddeploymenttocombineCCSwithexisting,economicallyviableprojectsandpolicymeasures
NORDICCSNordicCCSCompetenceCentre
UnitedKingdom 2012 DemonstrationsupportedbyR&Dandinternationalcollaborations
DepartmentofEnergyandClimateChange
UnitedStatesofAmerica 2014 R&Dfollowedbydemonstrationswithaviewtocommercialdeployment
DOEfortheroadmap/NETLfortheR&Dreporting
International(IEA) 2013 Deployment,basedontechnologydemonstrations
InternationalEnergyAgency
1AnupdatedroadmapforthedevelopmentanddeploymentofCCSinAustraliawaspreparedbytheNationalCCSCouncilin2013–howeverithasnotbeenofficiallyreleasednorhasitbeenadoptedbyAustralianstakeholders.ARoadmapfortheDevelopmentandDeploymentofCarbonCaptureandStorageinAustralia–ChrisGriegprivatecommunication.
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Australia1.1Releasedin2008,Australia’sCCSTechnologyRoadmap2coveredcaptureandstoragetechnologiesinaninternationalcontext.Theroadmapfocusedonworktodevelopskillsandknowledge,researchanddevelopment,demonstrationandapplicationandadvancedsystemswithaviewtoremoveorreducethecommercialbarriers(refertoFigure1)toCCSdeployment.
Figure1:Addressingthebarrierstolarge-scaleimplementationofCCSinAustralia
Source:PresentationbyPeterJCookandDennisRVanPuyvelde2008,Australia’sCCSTechnologyRoadmap
AnupdatedroadmapforthedevelopmentanddeploymentofCCSinAustraliawaspreparedbytheNationalCCSCouncilin2013–howeverithasnotbeenofficiallyreleasednorhasitbeenadoptedbyAustralianstakeholders.Thisunpublishedroadmaprecommendedpriorityactionsforinvestmentandpolicytosupport:3
• Explorationandappraisalofgreenhousegasstorageresourcesinadvanceofintegratedprojects;
• Anumberofearlymover,integratedindustrialCCSprojectsinvolvingprivatesectorinvestment,suchthatactivityisvisibleoverthenextten-yearperiod;
• Sufficientplanningforstrategic,large-scalegreenhousegasstorageandpipelineinfrastructurehubsandnetworks;
• Targetedresearchanddevelopment,especiallyinrelationtogreenhousegasstorageandaligningbroaderprogramswithinternationalprograms;and
• DevelopmentandimplementationofanationalstrategyforCCScommunicationsandengagementtobuildongovernmentandindustryinitiativesandimprovepublicunderstandingoftheroleofCCSinAustralia’senergyfuture.
InparallelwiththisroadmaptheNationalCCSCouncilcommissionedanalsounpublishedreportonMobilisingPrivateSectorInvestmenttoAccelerateEarlyMoverCCSProjects.4
2PresentationbyPeterJCookandDennisRVanPuyvelde,2008,Australia’sCCSTechnologyRoadmap3ARoadmapfortheDevelopmentandDeploymentofCarbonCaptureandStorageinAustralia–ChrisGriegprivatecommunication.4MobilisingPrivateSectorInvestmenttoAccelerateEarlyMoverCCSProjects–ChrisGriegprivatecommunication.
3
Canada1.2TheCanadaCO2Capture&StorageTechnologyRoadMap5releasedin20066providedasnapshotofkeyinformationstakeholdersneededtoknowregardingCanadianopportunitiesfordevelopingCCSinfrastructureandsystems.ThisincludedtheroleofCCSintheemerginglocalandglobalenergycontext,nationalandglobalopportunitiesforCCStechnologies,currentstateofCCStechnologyintheCanadiancontext,specifictechnologyneedsandpathwaysfordevelopingthesetechnologies,andthecriticalnextstepsandchampionstofacilitatethesuccessofCCS.
InanattempttoleverageitsinherentopportunitiestodevelopCCSsixareaswhereidentifiedinthe“wayforward”componentoftheroadmap:
1. Policyandregulatoryframework2. Publicoutreachandeducation3. Technologywatchandinternationalcollaboration4. Scienceandtechnologyresearchanddevelopment5. Demonstration6. Nationalcoordination.
Threetimehorizons–short,mediumandlong-term–wereusedtosummarisethecaptureandstorageneedsidentifiedascriticalforresearchanddevelopment(refertoFigure2).
5GovernmentofCanada2008,CCTRM–Canada’sCleanCoalTechnologyRoadmap,Quebec,April6Theroadmaphassincebeenarchived.
4
Figure2:CanadiancaptureandstorageR&Dneeds
Source:GovernmentofCanada2008,CCTRM–Canada’sCleanCoalTechnologyRoadmap,Quebec,April
5
ThePeople’sRepublicofChina(PRC)1.3TheChinaroadmap7releasedin2015bytheAsianDevelopmentBankaimstoprovideclearlinksbetweenearlystageCCSdemonstrations,phasedscale-up,andtheGovernment’semissionreductionobjectives.ItprovidesanoverviewofthecontributionCCScouldmaketomitigationefforts,currentdeploymentactivitiesandhighlightsplanstomaintainmomentum.8
Theroadmapprovidesalong-termvisionandchartsoutspecificdemonstrationanddeploymentgoalsoverashorttolong-termhorizon(refertoFigure3).Therecommendednextstepsfocusonpublicationoftheroadmapandengagingwitharangeofstakeholderstoencouragediscussionandmobilizesupportforimplementation,including:
• InitiatediscussionswithpolicymakerstosecureendorsementofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsandincludetheminthePRCclimatechangepolicyframework;
• Setappropriatetargetsforimmediateearlystagedemonstrationprojectsandlaterup-scalingwithinthepolicyframeworkrecommendedinthisRoadmap;
• Initiateaprocessfortheshort-listingandselectionofearlystagedemonstrationprojectsreadyforFEEDstudies;
• DevelopapolicyandregulatoryframeworkusinginformationfromthisRoadmapasinputandconsideringtheactualpolicyenvironmentatthetime;
• TheframeworkneedstoincludearrangementsforfacilitatingCO2-enhancedoilrecovery(EOR)andtodeterminewhetherpowerplantsbeingbuiltfromthestartofthe13thplanshouldberequiredtobeCCS-ready;and
• Learnfrominternationalexperience.
Figure3:ProposedCCSRoadmapforthePeople’sRepublicofChinaSource:AsianDevelopmentBank2015,RoadmapforCarbonCaptureandStorageDemonstrationandDeploymentinthe
People’sRepublicofChina,MandaluyongCity,Philippines,AsianDevelopmentBank7AsianDevelopmentBank2015,RoadmapforCarbonCaptureandStorageDemonstrationandDeploymentinthePeople’sRepublicofChina,MandaluyongCity,Philippines,AsianDevelopmentBank8AnEnergyTechnologyRevolutionKeyInnovationActionRoadmaphasbeenrecentlypublished.IntheRoadmapunderActionItem4:CarbonCapture,utilizationandstoragetechnologyinnovation.Item4.2Innovationobjectives• By2020,builda1milliontonnewholechainCCUSdemonstrationproject• By2030,buildCCUShubscoveringoil,chemical,electricity,coalandbio-engineering;CommercialCCSisappliedin
coal-firedpowerstations.• By2050,CO2emissionreductioncostreducedby60%comparedwith2015.WholechainCCUSisappliedtoelectricity,
coal,chemical,mineralprocessing.
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Netherlands1.4The2014NetherlandsCATO9CCSImplementationPlan10describesactionsneededtoaccelerateCCSdevelopmentanddeploymenttolevelsthatwouldallowCCStofulfilitsCO2reductionpotential.Theroadmap11identifiesthemajorresponsibilitiesforgovernmentandindustrystakeholders.WhileitseekstoenableCCSdevelopmenttowards2050thefocusisonactionsintheshorttomediumterm.EachactionorfocusareaseekstoaddressoneormoremainissuesthatneedtoberesolvedtosuccessfullydeployCCS.
Currenthurdleshavebeenidentifiedandsubdividedintofiveclassesorissues.EachissueneedstobeaddressedsufficientlytoremovethebarrierstowardsdeploymentandcreateasituationwherebyCCScanbeacompetitivetechnologytoabateCO2emissions.Toaddresstheseissuesseparateactionsforeachissuehavebeenformulated,includingthemaininitiator(individualresponsibility)andtherequiredtimeframeforimplementationofeachaction(refertoFigure4).Insummarytheseare:
1. RoleofCCSinabatingCO2emissions2. ResearchanddevelopmenttoimproveperformanceofCCSandimprovestakeholder
capacitybuilding3. ImprovementofeconomicconditionstoacceleratethedeploymentofCCS4. Establishshort,effectiveandtransparentprocedurestodevelopandimplementCCS
projects5. CCSprojectdevelopersneedsufficientcertaintyaboutlong-termspatialplanning,long-term
politicalcommitmentandeconomicviability.
Figure4:NetherlandsCCSroadmap
Source:CATO,2014,CarbonCaptureandStorageRoadmapfortheNetherlands,http://ccs-roadmap.ecofys.com/index.php/CCS_Roadmap
9CATOistheDutchnationalR&DprogrammeforCO2capture,transportandstorage.10CATO,2014,CarbonCaptureandStorageRoadmapfortheNetherlands,http://ccs-roadmap.ecofys.com/index.php/CCS_Roadmap11UnlikeotherCCSroadmapstheDutchuseaweb-basedreportingoptionandintheroadmapitself,ametrolinerepresentseachissue,withthestationsrepresentingactions.
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Norway1.5The2013NordicCCSRoadmap12clearlystatesthatNordicclimatetargetscannotbemetwithoutCCS.NotingtherationaleforCCSandoutliningNorway’suniquepositionofhavinglarge-scalestorageresourcesanddecadesofindustryexperience,theroadmapprovidesanoverviewofthepotentialtoachieveeconomiesofscaleandcombineCCSwithexisting,economicallyviableprojects,includingEOR,todrivedeployment.
Theroadmapconsiderstechnicalanalysisandbenefitsofeconomicallyviableoptions,identifyingnaturalgassweeteningasthefavouredoptiontodriveCCSdeployment,followedbyindustryclustersandnaturalgasplantswithCCStosupplyoffshoreoilfieldsandfurtherabroad.Itconsidersfourscenariostobeimplementedby2050(refertoFigure5):
1. Scenario1:Statusquo2. Scenario2:TheNorwegianGovernment’scommitmenttoimplementaCCSprojectby2020,
(abating~1MtofCO2/year)3. Scenario3:Newgassweeteningprojectsonlinetowards2020,withtwotothreeprojects
assumedby2050(capturingatotalof~4MtofCO2/year)4. Scenario4:IndustrialCCSprojects,focusingoncementandsteel.
Italsoconsiderstheessentialpoliciestodrivedemonstrationanddeployment,recommending:
• Governmentsupportviacapitalgrants;• Mechanismstosupportoperationofplants;• CCScertificatesforfossilfuelsuppliers;• InclusionofbiogenicCO2sourcesundertheETS;• Feed-in-Tariffs;and• MeasurementreportingguidelinesforCO2transport(byship)undertheETS.
Figure5:NordicCCSRoadmapfortheimplementationofCCStowards2050
Source:NordicCCSCompetenceCentre,2013,NordicCCSRoadmap:AvisionforCarbonCaptureandStoragetowards2050,http://www.sintef.no/globalassets/project/nordiccs/nordiccs-bok---small_2013-11-1.pdf
The2015roadmapupdatecallsforurgentactiontocreatepublicinvestmentinthefirstjointCO2
hubandstoragesiteandlinkwithEOR,prioritisepurchaseofgreenmaterialsproducedwithCCS,strengthenEUETSasthelong-termdriverforCCSandcapitalgrantstosupportlargeprojects.
12NordicCCSCompetenceCentre,2013,NordicCCSRoadmapUpdate2015:AvisionforCarbonCaptureandStoragetowards2050,https://www.sintef.no/globalassets/project/nordiccs/nordiccs-roadmap-updated-2015-12-033.pdf
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UnitedKingdom(UK)1.6TheUKCCSRoadmap13releasedin2012setsoutthestrategiccontextfortheGovernment’sinterventionstosupportthedevelopmentanddeploymentofcost-competitiveCCSandthestepsbeingtakentoachievethisoutcome.Toaddresstheidentifiedchallengestheprogramofinterventionsincludes(referalsotoFigure6):
• ACCScommercialisationprogram;• A4-year,coordinatedresearchanddevelopment,andinnovationprogram;• DevelopmentofamarketforlowcarbonelectricitythroughElectricityMarketReform
includingavailabilityofFeed-in-TariffsandContractsforDifferenceforlowcarbonelectricitytailoredtotheneedsofCCSequippedfossilfuelpowerstations;
• InterventiontoaddresskeybarrierstothedeploymentofCCSincludingworktosupporttheCCSsupplychain,developtransportandstoragenetworks,prepareforthedeploymentofCCSonindustrialapplicationsandensuretherightregulatoryframeworkisinplace;and
• Internationalengagementfocusedonsharingknowledgetohelpacceleratecostreduction.
Figure6:ThefivekeyinterventionstheUKGovernmentisundertakingintheCCSRoadmapSource:GovernmentofUnitedKingdom,2012,CCSRoadmap,DepartmentofEnergyandClimateChange
13GovernmentofUnitedKingdom,2012,CCSRoadmap,DepartmentofEnergyandClimateChange
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UnitedStatesofAmerica(USA)1.7ThefirstCCSroadmapintheUSAwaspublishedbytheDepartmentofEnergy’s(DOE)NationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory(NETL)in2002.14Ithasbeenupdatedin2010forcarboncaptureandstorage,andthestorageroadmapupdatedagainin2014(refertoFigure7).
Thegoalofthe2014carbonstoragetechnologyplanwastosetoutaplanfortheUSAtosolvekeytechnologychallengesandensureadvancedtechnologiesfordeploymentofCCSareavailableby2030,including:
• SupportthefindingsoftheCCSTaskForce15todevelopcost-effectivetechnologiestoensuresafe,publicallyacceptableCO2storagewhilemeetingregulatoryrequirements;
• Ensureadvancedtechnologiesareavailableby2020forfirstmoverprojects.Firstmoverprojectsincludeearlycommercial-scaleprojectsindepletedoilreservoirsandsalineformations,deployedwitheconomicbenefitsthatoffsetthecostofcapture;and
• Ensureadvancedtechnologiesareavailableby2030tosupportbroaddeploymentprojects.Broaddeploymentprojectsincludenext-generationcommercial-scaleprojectsinallstoragetypeswithanemphasisonsalineformations.
TheoverallobjectiveoftheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’s(DOE)CarbonStorageprogramistodevelopandadvanceCCStechnologiesbothonshoreandoffshorethatwillsignificantlyimprovetheeffectivenessofthetechnology,reducethecostofimplementation,andbereadyforwidespreadcommercialdeploymentinthe2025–2035timeframe.
Toaccomplishwidespreaddeployment,technicalandeconomicbarriersmustbeaddressedanddataandinformationgeneratedandcommunicatedtoinformregulatorsandindustryonthesafetyandpermanenceofCCS.Fourprogramgoalshavebeenestablishedthatsupportthescale-upanddevelopmentofCCSleadingtowidespreaddeployment.
1. Developandvalidatetechnologiestoensure99percentstoragepermanence2. Developtechnologiestoimprovereservoirstorageefficiencywhileensuringcontainment
effectiveness3. Supportindustry’sabilitytopredictCO2storagecapacityingeologicformationstowithin
±30percent4. DevelopBestPracticeManualsformonitoring,verification,accounting,andassessment;site
screening,selection,andinitialcharacterization;publicoutreach;wellmanagementactivities;andriskanalysisandsimulation.
14USDepartmentofEnergy,2014,CarbonStorageTechnologyProgramPlan,DepartmentofEnergy:OfficeofFossilEnergy15Earlyin2010anumberofUSAExecutivedepartmentsandFederalagenciesestablishedanInteragencyTaskForceonCCS.Inlate2010theTaskForcedeliveredaseriesofrecommendationsonovercomingthebarrierstothewidespread,cost-effectivedeploymentofCCSwithin10years.ThereportconcludedthatCCScanplayanimportantroleindomesticGHGemissionsreductionswhilepreservingtheoptionofusingabundantdomesticenergyresources.
10
Figure7:USACCSandPowerSystemsSubprogramsRoadmapSource:USDepartmentofEnergy,2014,CarbonStorageTechnologyProgramPlan,DepartmentofEnergy:OfficeofFossil
Energy
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InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)1.8Unlikespecificcountryorregionalroadmaps,theIEAsetsavisionandactionitemsforCCSdeploymentwithoutanyspecificdeliverymechanisms(refertoFigure8).The2013IEATechnologyRoadmap:CarbonCaptureandStorage16summarisesthechallengeintofourmainareas:
• Lackofeconomicdrivers;• Lackofpolicysupport;• Technicaldifficulties;and• Limitedpublicunderstanding.
Theroadmapidentifiestheshortterm(2013–2020)ascriticaltotheaccelerateddevelopmentofCCS.Sevenkeyactionsintheleadupto2020weredeemednecessarytolaythefoundationforscaled-upCCSdeployment.Theserequireseriousdedicationbygovernmentsandindustry,butarerealisticandcoverallthreeelementsoftheCCSprocess.Theseinclude:
1. IntroducefinancialsupportmechanismsfordemonstrationandearlydeploymentofCCStodriveprivatefinancingofprojects
2. Implementpoliciesthatencouragestorageexploration,characterisationanddevelopmentforCCSprojects
3. Developnationallawsandregulationsaswellasprovisionsformultilateralfinancethateffectivelyrequirenew-build,baseloadfossilfuelpowergenerationcapacitytobeCCS-ready
4. ProvecapturesystemsatpilotscaleinindustrialapplicationswhereCO2capturehasnotyetbeendemonstrated
5. SignificantlyincreaseeffortstoimproveunderstandingamongthepublicandstakeholdersofCCStechnologyandtheimportanceofitsdeployment
6. Reducethecostofelectricityfrompowerplantsequippedwithcapturethroughcontinuedtechnologydevelopmentanduseofhighestpossibleefficiencypowergenerationcycles
7. EncourageefficientdevelopmentofCO2transportinfrastructurebyanticipatinglocationsoffuturedemandcentresandfuturevolumesofCO2.
Figure8:CCSinthepowerandindustrialsectors(inthe2°Cscenario)
Source:IEA(InternationalEnergyAgency)2013,TechnologyRoadmap:Carboncaptureandstorage,IEA/OECD,Paris
16IEA(InternationalEnergyAgency)2013,TechnologyRoadmap:Carboncaptureandstorage,IEA/OECD,Paris
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2 SnapshotoftheAustralianProjects
LearningsfromkeyCCSprojectstodate:statusandbarriers2.1ThereareeightkeyCCSprojectsthatdemonstratelearningsforCCSinanAustraliancontext,asoutlinedinTable2:KeyCCSactivitiesinAustralia.
TheseprojectsarelocatedinWesternAustralia(twoprojects),Queensland(threeprojects),Victoria(twoprojects)andNewSouthWales(oneproject)andincludefullrangesystemoperationtrials,pilot-scaletechnologydemonstration,prototypedemonstrationandcommercialtrial.
Table2:KeyCCSactivitiesinAustralia
Project ConsiderationsGorgon,BarrowIsland,WesternAustralia
IntegratedCarbonCaptureandSequestrationDemonstrationProjectfromnaturalgasprocessingplantwithdedicateddeepsalinegeologicalstorage.OperationwilldemonstratelargestcarboncaptureandstorageinAustralia.
Callide,Biloela,Queensland
Successfuldemonstrationofretrofittedoxy-combustioncoal-firedpowergenerationtechnology.Providespathwaytolarge-scaleoxy-combustioncoal-firedpowergeneration.Communicationofsuccessofprojecttowidercommunityhasbeeninadequate.
CarbonNet,GippslandBasin,Victoria
ProvidespathwayforfullchainCCSdemonstrationinVictoria.KeepsCCSasanoptioninVictoria(andforNSW).
CTSCo,SuratBasin,Queensland
ProvidespathwayforafullchainCCSdemonstrationinQueensland.PathwaytopermittingofonshoresalinereservoirCO2storageinQueenslandusingconventionalandMATtrapping.
Otway,NirrandaSouth,Victoria
Successfuldemonstrationofend-to-endCO2capture,injectionandstorageinbothdepletedafieldandsalineformation.withsuccessfulcommunityengagementforaprojectofinternationalsignificance.ProvidespathwaytopermittingofsalinereservoirCO2storageinAustraliaandinternationallyusingunconventionalMATandVMATCO2trapping.
SouthWestHub,Harvey,WesternAustralia
Provideswell-suitedsiteforR&DforunconventionalMATandVMATCO2trapping.ProvidespotentialtechnicaladvancementtodoublethequantityofgeologysuitableforstoringCO2inAustraliaandinternationally.
ZeroGen,Stanwell,Queensland
Thelackofasuitablestoragelocation,theveryhighcapitalcost,andintricategovernmentandindustryfundingresultedinthisprojectnotprogressing.DemonstratedverysuccessfullocalcommunityengagementinQueensland.Providedgoodunderstandingofprojectcostescalation.
NSWCO2StorageAssessment
ProvidesapathwaytobetterunderstandingAustralia’sstorageresources.Prospectivecommercial-scalestoragesitehasbeenidentifiedintheDarlingBasinwithexplorationongoing.HasindicatedthattheSydneyBasinisnotprospective.
13
Gorgon,BarrowIsland,WesternAustralia2.2ProjecttocompressandinjectreservoirCO2extractedfromrawgasasaroutinepartofgasprocessingoperationsintoadeepundergroundreservoir.
TheGorgonCarbonDioxideInjectionProjectisanintegralcomponentofthegasprocessingplantonBarrowIsland,andonceoperational,willrepresentthelargestinvestmentingreenhouseemissionsmitigationundertakenbyindustryglobally.
Projecttype CO2storage17
Industry NaturalgasprocessingProjectfocus Undergroundinjection,monitoringandreservoirmanagementProjectstatus UnderconstructionPlanneddateforoperation
2017(operations)
TechnicalDetails ReservoirCO2streamcompressedviasix,fourstagecompressortrainsandinjectedvianineinjectionwells.Projectincludesactivepressuremanagementandmonitoringactivities.
Storage/Utilisation DupuyFormationreservoirover2kmbelowsurface.Scale,CO2tpa 3,400,000–4,000,000(over100,000,000overthelifeofproject)Cost(2013) USD$2BPartners Chevron,Shell,ExxonMobil,OsakaGas,TokyoGas,ChubuElectric,
AustralianGovernment
CO2Capture CO2Storage18
• GorgonisanonshorenaturalgasprocessingfacilityproducingLNGfromanoffshoreconventionalnaturalgasfield
• Gorgonisusingcommerciallyavailableamine(industrial)capturetechnology
• CO2isseparatedfromrawnaturalgasasaroutinepartofgasprocessingoperationstobeundertakenattheGorgonProject.
• Specificallynaturalgasprocessingtechnology,nottransferabletopostcombustioncapture
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedforstorageis3-4milliontonnesperyear
• 3.4–4milliontpaofreservoirCO2sourcedfromthegasprocessingfacility,compressedinandtransportedtonineinjectionwellsina7kmpipeline
• Storagelocation:• Dedicateddeepsalinegeologicalstorage
underBarrowIsland,aClass1naturereserve
• Activepressuremanagementviawaterextractionfromthereservoir
• Programofsurfaceandsubsurfacemonitoringandreservoirmanagement
• Brineextractionwithreinjectioninshalloweraquifer
17ZeroCO22016,GorgonCO2InjectionProject,http://www.zeroco2.no/projects/gorgon18Chevron2016,GorgonProject,https://www.chevronaustralia.com/our-businesses/gorgon
March2016:Aerialviewofthegasprocessingplantsitelookingsoutheast.Thethreecarbondioxidecompressormodulescanbeseeninthelowerleftofthephoto.
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SouthWestHub,Harvey,WesternAustralia2.3IntendedsiteforR&DonunconventionalMATandVMATCO2trapping.19
ProvidespotentialtechnicaladvancementtodoublethequantityofgeologysuitableforstoringCO2inAustraliaandinternationally.
Projecttype Pilot-scaletechnologydemonstration20
Industry ResearchProjectfocus StorageProjectstatus EvaluatePlanneddateforoperation
2025
TechnicalDetails Researchandgeo-sequestrationdemonstrationprojectStorage/Utilisation OnshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2 65,000Tonnes(overall)Cost(2012) AUD$48MtodatePartners WesternAustralianDepartmentofMinesandPetroleum,SouthWest
HubJointVenture,AustralianGovernment
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• Noconfirmedcapture(CO2source)associatedwiththecurrentstageoftheproject
• TheinitialdrillingprogrammeconfirmedinOctober2012theexistenceoftheLesueurreservoir2.5kilometresunderground
• Theprojectpartnersarecurrentlyworkingonafour-yearresearchprojecttodeterminethelong-termstoragepotentialoftheLesueurSandstoneFormation
• Researchwillcontinueonunconventionalmigrationassistedtrapping(MAT)andverticalmigrationassistedtrapping(VMAT)forCO2intheLesueurSandstoneFormation
19DepartmentofMinesandPetroleumWA2016,GeologicalSurveyofWesternAustralia(GSWA),http://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/Geological-Survey/Geological-Survey-262.aspx20GCCSI(GlobalCarbonCaptureandStorageInstitute)2015,SouthWestHub,http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/south-west-hub
15
ZeroGen,Stanwell,Queensland2.4Thelackofasuitablestoragelocation,theveryhighcapitalcost,andintricategovernmentandindustryfundingresultedinthisprojectnotprogressing.
DemonstratedverysuccessfullocalcommunityengagementinQueensland.
ProvidedfirstunderstandingofrealisticcostsforCCSprojects.
Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial21
Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,StorageProjectstatus Cancelled2011TechnicalDetails Pre-combustioncombustionMHIair-blowngasifierStorage/Utilisation OnshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 2,000,000Scale,MWenet 390Cost(2010) AUD$6.93BPartners AustralianFederal&QueenslandGovernment,ACALET,Stanwell
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• ZeroGenwouldhaveusedanMHIair-blowngasifier
• 530MWegrossIGCCpowerplantinasinglegasifier&gasturbineconfiguration
• 390MWeNet(at65%capture)• 140MWe(26%)auxiliaryload• 31.3%HHVthermalefficiency• 85%plantavailability• ProposedCO2capturelevel65%initially-
and90%duringthedemonstrationphase• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedisgreater
than2milliontonnesperyear(65%capture)
• 2-3milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby400+kmpipeline
• Storagelocation–notresolved:• Basecasewastheclosesttothe
project(NorthernDenisonTrough)andwhichwasfoundtobenotsuitable
• Alternativeswereunderinvestigationbutprogresswaslimitedduetolackoftenementsandtheeventualcancellationoftheproject
21UniversityofQueensland2012,ZeroGenIGCCwithCCS:ACaseHistory,http://www.uq.edu.au/energy/zerogen-igcc-with-ccs-a-case-history
16
Callide,Biloela,Queensland2.5Successfuldemonstrationofretrofittedoxy-combustioncoal-firedpowergenerationtechnology22.
Indicatespathwaytolarge-scaleoxy-combustioncoal-firedpowergeneration.Communicationofsuccessofprojecttowidercommunityhasbeeninadequate.
Projecttype Prototypedemonstration23
Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture(nostorage)Projectstatus Completed2015TechnicalDetails Oxy-combustionretrofitofexistingcoal-firedpowerplantStorage/Utilisation OnshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 75Scale,MWenet 30Cost(2008) AUD$245MTotalFullyLoadedCapitalPartners CSEnergy,ACALET,Glencore,Schlumberger,J-POWER,Mitsui,IHI,
AustralianandQueensland,Governments,JCoal,METI
CO2Capture24 CO2Storage
• TheCallideProjectwasanoxyfuelretrofitofaidledfacilityoriginallycommissionedin1972
• 30MWegrossoxy-combustionpulverisedcoalpowerplant
• CO2capturelevelupto15%(partialcapture)
• 75TPDdesignCO2capturecapacity• Communicationofsuccessofprojectto
widercommunityhasbeeninadequate
• Potentialstoragesites(8)examinedaspartofproject
• Identifiedsiteswereultimatelyfoundnottobesuitableforvariousreasons,including:
• Geological• Distancetosite• Availabilitywithinoperatingperiod
• Usefulinformationwasgeneratedandhasbeenreported
• LackofGHGlegislationwasachallenge
22IHIEngineeringAustraliaPtyLtd2016,AdvancedTechnology–OxyfuelforCarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS),http://www.ihi.com.au/technology/advanced-tech-in-australia/23CallideOxyfuelProject2016,CallideOxyfuelProject,http://www.callideoxyfuel.com/What/CallideOxyfuelProject.aspx24MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology2016,Callide-AOxyfuelFactSheet:CarbonDioxideCaptureandStorageProject,http://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/callide_a_oxyfuel.html
17
CTSCo,SuratBasin,Queensland2.6ProposinganintegratedCCSdemonstrationinQueensland.25
IntendeddemonstrationofpermittinganonshorereservoirCO2storageinQueenslandusingmigrationassistedtrapping(MAT)whichincludespermittingan‘IndustriallyScalablemodule’PCCplant.
GlenhavenSitenearWandoan
Projecttype Pilot-scaletechnologydemonstration
Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Storage,includingPCCplantattachedtoanexistingSuratBasinpowerProjectstatus EvaluatePlanneddateforoperation
2021
TechnicalDetails PCCcaptureandgeo-sequestrationdemonstrationprojectStorage/Utilisation OnshoreReservoirinSuratBasinScale,CO2 60,000Tonnesperannumforthreeyears,for180,000Tonnes(overall)Cost(2014) AUD$43MtodatePartners CTSCo,Glencore,ACALET,AustralianGovernment
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• TheprojectproposesademonstrationscalecaptureofCO2fromanexistingsupercriticalcoal-firedpowerplantusingpost-combustioncapturetechnology
• PCCplantproposalbasedonHuaneng’sexistingprovenShanghaiPCCplantdesign
• 120,000tpaCO2capturecapacityascurrentlyoperatedbyHuanengasan‘industriallyscalablemodule’
• Theinitialdrillingprogrammeconfirmed• PrecipiceSandstoneinjectionsitegeologyas
verysuitableforCO2storage• The3Dseismicsurveyconfirmedthe
continuityofthereservoirandsealacrossthedemonstrationarea
• Theprojectaimstoestablishabasisfor• permittingoflong-termcaptureandCO2
storageinQueensland• Theprojectwillcontributetosecuringthe• optionofalarge-scaleSuratBasinCarbon
CaptureandStorage(CCS)project• Analysisofthetargetreservoirconfirmsa
veryhighlevelofconfidence(P95)thatthegeologyisviableandsafeforCO2storage
25CTSCo2016,CTSCo,http://www.ctsco.com.au
18
Otway,NirrandaSouth,Victoria2.7SuccessfulendtoenddemonstrationofCO2capture,injectionandstorageinadeepgeologicalformationswithsuccessfulcommunityengagementforaprojectofinternationalsignificance.26
IndicatespathwaytopermittingofonshoresalinereservoirCO2storageinAustraliaandinternationallyusingunconventionalMATandVMATCO2trapping.
Projecttype Pilot-scaletechnologydemonstration
Industry ResearchProjectfocus CaptureandStorageProjectstatus OngoingPlanneddateforoperation
2008(injectioncommenced)
TechnicalDetails CCSend-to-enddemonstrationandin-fieldresearchanddevelopmentStorage/Utilisation SalineReservoiranddepletedgasfieldsScale,CO2 80,000Tonnes(todate)Cost(2016) AU$100MPartners CO2CRCand32Industry,Government,andScientificpartners
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• Scalable,experimental,captureskidforoffshorehighCO2concentrationgasextractionpurposestocommenceoperationin2016
• 15,000tonnesofCO2-richgas(80mol%CO2)fromtheButtressproductionwellwasinjectedandmonitoredinasalineformation
• Successfullyinjectedandcloselymonitored65,000tonnesofCO2-richgasinadepletedgasfield
• TheprojectssuccessfullycompletedresearchfocusedonCO2storageinsalineformations
• Theprojectfeaturesamajormonitoringandverificationprogramdetectingaslittleas5,000tonnes,anddemonstratingthatCO2canbestoredfor1,000yearsormore
• ResearchandmonitoringwillcontinuewithstudiestodevelopinnovativeseismictechniquestomonitorCO2
• Researchwillcontinueonunconventionalmigrationassistedtrapping(MAT)andverticalmigrationassistedtrapping(VMAT)forCO2
26CO2CRC2016,CO2CRC,http://www.co2crc.com.au/
19
CarbonNet,GippslandBasin,Victoria2.8InvestigatingthefeasibilityofcommercialscaleCarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)inGippsland.27
ProvidingapathwaytofullchainCCSinVictoria.
Projecttype Commercial
Industry CoaltoProducts,PowerGeneration,IndustryProjectfocus Storage(currentstage),FullChain(nextstage)Projectstatus DefinePlanneddateforoperation
2020s
TechnicalDetails Investigatingthefeasibilityofestablishingacommercialscale,multi-usercarboncaptureandstoragenetworkinGippsland
Storage/Utilisation OffshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000–5,000,000Cost(2015) AU$150MfundingawardedtodatePartners AustralianandVictorianGovernments(VictorianDepartmentof
economicDevelopment,Jobs,TransportandResources,CommonwealthDepartmentofIndustry,InnovationandScience,GlobalCCSInstitute,CSIRO,CO2CRC,MelbourneUniversityPeterCookCentreandANLECR&D
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• AimtoprovideacommerciallyviableCCShubnetworktosupportmultipleCO2sources
• Completedjointworkprogramsoncaptureoptionswithindustry,feasibilitydesignsforaCCSnetworkandfinancialmodellingofthetransportandstoragenetworkonafeeforservicebasis
• Theprojecthas“undertakenasignificantamountofworktoidentifyandevaluateitsthreeshort-listedpotentialstoragesites”
• SecuredfiveGreenhouseGasAssessmentPermitsintheoffshoreGippslandBasin
• PreparedadeclarationofidentifiedStorageFormationforaprioritisedstoragesite
• Intendtoundertakefurtherinfieldappraisalactivitiestoenableanapplicationforaninjectionlicencetobesubmittedtoregulators
27DepartmentofEnergyandResourcesVictoria,2016,TheCarbonNetProject,http://earthresources.vic.gov.au/earth-resources/victorias-earth-resources/carbon-storage/about-carbon-capture-and-storage/the-carbonnet-project
20
NSWCO2StorageAssessmentProgram2.9ProvidesapathwaytobetterunderstandingAustralia’sstorageresources.28Prospectivecommercial-scalestoragesitehasbeenidentifiedintheDarlingBasinwithexplorationongoing.HasindicatedthattheSydneyBasinisnotprospective.
Projecttype Technologydevelopmentinrelevantenvironment
Industry ResearchProjectfocus StorageProjectstatus ExplorationPlanneddateforoperation
Unknown
TechnicalDetails SeismicacquisitionandexplorationdrillingofprospectiveNSWsedimentarybasins
Storage/Utilisation OnshoreSalineReservoirCost(2015) AUD$22Mtodate;FuturebudgetofAUD$20+MPartners NSWandAustralianGovernments,ACALET
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• Nocaptureassociatedwiththisproject • Stage1AintheSydneyBasinwascompletedin2012,withtheresultsindicatinglimitedCO2storageprospectivityinthefoursitesinvestigated
• Stage1Bdrillingactivitiesinearly2014intheDarlingBasinidentifiedaprospectivestoragesitewithatheoreticalstoragecapacityof550milliontonnesofCO2
29• AStage2explorationprogramisnowbeing
plannedaimedatverifyingandbuildingupontheseearlyresults
28NSWCO2StorageAssessmentProgram.FinalReportonStage1B-DarlingBasinDrillingProgram.DivisionofResources&Energy,NSWDepartmentofTradeandInvestment,RegionalInfrastructureandServices.December2014.29Watson,M,Bunch,M,Haese,R,Michael,K,Tenthorey,E,Daniel,R,Black,JandKnight,J,2015.GeologicalInterpretationandDynamicModellingofWellDatafromtheNSWDarlingBasinDrillingProgram–Revision2.CooperativeResearchCentreforGreenhouseGasTechnologies,Canberra,Australia,CO2CRCPublicationNumberRPT15-5384.150pp
21
3 SnapshotofInternationalProjectsThefollowingsnapshotofaninvestigativestudyintothesuiteoflargeandsmallscaleCarbonCaptureUtilisationandStorage(CC(U)S)andHighEfficiency-LowEmissions(HELE)-relatedprojectsinternationally,particularlythoseapplicabletolarge-scalepowergenerationwithCC(U)S.Thesnapshothasconsideredprojectsintermsofthetechnicalmeritsandthemoneyspent/committed,particularlyrecentsignificantfunding.
TheCC(U)Sprojectsnotdirectlyrelatedtopowergeneration,butinvolvingdecarbonisation,havealsobeenincluded,asthetechnicalandprojectlearningscouldbetransferabletothepowersector30.
Inadditiontothe15large-scaleprojectsinoperation(Operatestage)andsevenduetobecomeoperationalin2016and2017(presentlyintheExecutestage),thereareafurther11projectsinadvancedplanning(Definestage).These11projectshaveacombinedCO2capturecapacityofaround15Mtpa31.
Figure9:Actualandexpectedoperationdatesforlarge-scaleCCSprojectsintheOperate,ExecuteandDefinestages
Source:GCCSI(GlobalCarbonCaptureandStorageInstitute)2016,GlobalStatusofCCS2015,http://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/default/files/publications/196843/global-status-ccs-2015-summary.pdf
30Oettinger,M.2016,SummaryofImportantNationalandInternationalHELEandCC(U)SDemonstration-ScaleandLarge-ScaleProjectActivitiesLastRevised–February2016Version5.231GCCSI(GlobalCarbonCaptureandStorageInstitute)2016,GlobalStatusofCCS2015,http://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/default/files/publications/196843/global-status-ccs-2015-summary.pdf
22
Powersector3.1
3.1.1 BoundaryDam,Estevan,SaskatchewanDemonstrationofpostcombustioncarboncaptureretrofitonrefurbishedcoal-firedpowergenerationwithfullchainCCSatlarge-scale.
IntegratedCarbonCaptureandSequestrationDemonstrationProjectfromrefurbishedcoal-firedplantproducinglowemissionbaseloadelectricity.32,33
Projecttype Systemqualificationtrial
Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation
2014(operations)
TechnicalDetails Post-combustioncaptureusingShellCansolvaminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000Scale,MWe 110Cost(2015) CN$1.3B(CN$800MforCCSunclear)Partners CanadianFederal&SaskatchewanGovernment,Shell,Cenovus
CO2Capture34 CO2Storage
• BoundaryDamisusingShellCansolvpost-combustioncapturetechnology(SO2capturethenCO2captureusingamines)
• 139MWegrossconventionalpulverisedcoalpowerplant
• 110MWeNet(at90%capture)• 29MWe(21%)auxiliaryload• ~26%HHVthermalefficiency• 85%designplantavailability(~45%first
year)• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1
milliontonnesperyear(90%capturerate)
• 1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby66kmpipeline
• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheWeyburn
OilField• SomeCO2istobeusedatthe
Aquistoreproject2kmawayfrompowerplant
32GCCSI(GlobalCarbonCaptureandStorageInstitute)2015,BoundaryDam,http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/www.globalccsinstitute.com/files/content/in_focus/122958/images/Boundary%20Dam_infocus.jpg33Saskpower,2016,BoundaryDamCarbonCaptureProject,http://www.saskpowerccs.com/ccs-projects/boundary-dam-carbon-capture-project/34MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,2016,CCSProjectDatabase,https://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/index.html
23
3.1.2 PetraNova,Thompsons,TexasIntendedlarge-scalepost-combustioncapturedemonstrationonaslipstreamfromacoal-firedpowerplant.
IndicatesintegratedCarbonCaptureandSequestrationDemonstrationProjectappliedtoconventionalpulverisedcoalpowerplantsforlowemissionbaseloadelectricity.35,36
Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial
Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus UnderconstructionPlanneddateforoperation
2016(operations)
TechnicalDetails Post-combustioncaptureusingMHIKS-1aminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,400,000Scale,MWe 250(equivalentasslipstream)Cost(2013) US$1BTotalFullyLoadCapitalCostPartners USDoE,NRG,JXNippon,MHI
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• PetraNovaisusingMHIKS-1post-combustioncapturetechnology
• 610MWegrossconventionalpulverisedcoalpowerplant
• 240MWe(90%capturefromslipstream)• Anexternalsupplyofheatandpowerfor
CCS(noheat/powerfromhostplant)• Captureunithasownutilitiessupplyfacility• 85%designplantavailability• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis
1.4milliontonnesperyear(90%capturerate)
• 1.4milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby132kmpipeline
• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheWest
RanchOilField,JacksonsCounty
35EENews,2014,PetraNova,http://www.eenews.net/image_assets/2014/09/image_asset_789.jpg36NRG,2016,PetraNova,http://www.nrg.com/generation/projects/petra-nova/
24
3.1.3 KemperCountyIGCC,KemperCounty,MississippiLargestfullchainfacilityintegratingpowergenerationwithCO2captureandenhancedoilrecovery37.
IndicatesCarbonCaptureandSequestrationappliedtoIGCCcoal-firedpowerplanttoproducelowemissionbaseloadelectricity38.
Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial
Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus ExecutePlanneddateforoperation
2016(operations)
TechnicalDetails Pre-combustioncaptureusingUOPSELEXOLTMtechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 3,500,000Scale,MWe 524Cost(2013) US$2.8B,now$6.4B(Oct2015)Partners MississippiPower,SouthernEnergy,KBR,USDoE
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• KemperCountyIGCCisusingUOPSELEXOLTMpre-combustioncapturetechnology
• 582MWegrossIGCCcoal-fuelledpowerplant• 524MWenet(at65%capture)• 58MWe(10%)auxiliaryload• ~30%HHVthermalefficiency• 85%designplantavailability• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis
3.5milliontonnesperyear(65%capturerate)
• Significantconstructioncostover-runshaveoccurred
• 3.5milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbylong(98km)pipeline
• Storagelocation:• Enhancedoilrecovery
37MississippiPower,2016,KemperCountyEnergyFacility,http://www.mississippipower.com/about-energy/plants/kemper-county-energy-facility/home.cshtml38WikiCommons2016,KemperCounty,http://archive.freeenterprise.com/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/media/WikiCommons_Kemper_659px.jpg?itok=A8c2szLd
25
3.1.4 SinopecShengli,Dongying,ShandongLarge-scaleCCSprojectfromconventionalcoal-firedpowergenerationlocatedinChina39.
IndicatespathwayforfullchainCCSdemonstrationfrompowergenerationonlandinChina.
Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial
Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus DefinePlanneddateforoperation
2017(operational)
TechnicalDetails Post-combustioncaptureusingaminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000
Scale,MWe660MW(250MWequivslipstream)
Cost(2015) notyetfinalisedPartners Sinopec
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• Sinopecisproposingtouseaminepost-combustioncapturetechnology
• 660MWeNetnewbuildconventionalpulverisedcoalpowerplant(Unit5atShengli)retrofittedwithcapturetechnology(250MWequivalentslipstream)
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1milliontonnesperyear(90%capturerate)
• 1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbyapproximately80kmpipelineoverland
• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheShengli
oilfield,YellowRiverdelta,Dongying
39SinopecWeekly,2016,SinopecShengli,http://www.sinopecweekly.com/images/attachement/jpg/site41/20121209/90fba61bb07d122e740337.jpg
26
3.1.5 GreenGenIGCC,TianjinCity,BohaiRimLarge-scaleCCSprojectfromIGCCcoal-firedpowergenerationlocatedinChina.
IndicatespathwayforfullchainCCSdemonstrationfrompowergenerationonlandinChina40.
Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial
Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus EvaluatePlanneddateforoperation
2020(operational)
TechnicalDetails Post-combustioncaptureusingaminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 2,000,000
Scale,MWe400(approximately)
Cost(2015) notyetfinalised
PartnersCapture:ChinaHuanengGroup(52%),sevenChineseenergyenterprises(each6%)andPeabodyEnergy(6%)
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• GreenGenIGCCisproposingtouseaminepre-combustioncapturetechnology
• 400MWegrossIGCCcoal-fuelledpowerplant• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis2
milliontonnesperyear
• 2milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbymedium-longlength(50-100km)pipeline
• Storagelocation:• Allstorageoptiontypesareunder
evaluation,withenhancedoilrecovery(EOR)opportunitiesattheTianjinDagangoilfieldimportant
40CleanBiz,2016,SinopecShengli,http://www.cleanbiz.asia/sites/default/files/huaneng_greengen_plant.jpg
27
3.1.6 ROAD,Rotterdam,NetherlandsProposedfirstlarge-scaleCCSprojectfrompowergenerationlocatedincontinentalEurope.
Multiplevendorstodeliveramine-basedpost-combustioncaptureforcoal-firedpowerplants.41,42
Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial
Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus DefinePlanneddateforoperation
2017(operational)
TechnicalDetails Post-combustioncaptureretrofitusingFluorEconamineTMtechnologyStorage/Utilisation DepletedGasReservoirScale,CO2tpa 1,100,000
Scale,MWe250(asslipstream)
Cost(2012) €1.2BPartners E.ON.BeneluxN.V.,GDF-SuezandTAQAEnergyB.V.
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• ROADisproposingtouseFluorEconamineTMpost-combustioncapturetechnology
• 250MWeslipstreamfrom1.07GWegrossnewconventionalultra-supercriticalpulverisedcoalpowerplant(asretrofit)
• 90%capture(fromslipstream)• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1
milliontonnesperyear(at90%capturerate)
• Fundinggapremainsforproject,whichhasyettobeclosed.
• 1.1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby25kmpipeline(5kmonshoreand20kmoffshore)
• Storagelocation:• TAQAEnergy’sP18-4offshore
depletedgasreservoir
41Bellona,2016,BellonaandCCS,http://bellona.org/assets/sites/6/ROAD.jpg42ROADCCS,2016,ROAD,http://road2020.nl/en
28
3.1.7 HaifengPower,Shanwei,GuangdongIndicatesopportunityforsignificantcapitalcostreductioninthedeliveryofpost-combustioncapturetechnologythroughChineseconstructionanddeployment.
Plannedlarge-scaledemonstrationofcarboncapture,transportandstorageindeepsalinereservoirinChina.43
Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial
Industry PowerGenerationProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus IdentifyPlanneddateforoperation
2018(operational)
TechnicalDetails Post-combustioncapturefromnewbuild1GWultra-supercriticalunitStorage/Utilisation OffshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000
Scale,MWe1GW(250MWequivslipstream)
Cost(2015) notyetfinalised
PartnersChinaResourcesPower,ChinaNationalOffshoreOilCorporation,UK-China(Guangdong)CCUSCentre
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• ChinaResourcesPowerisproposingtousepost-combustioncapturetechnology
• 1GWeNetnewbuildconventionalpulverisedcoalpowerplant(Unit3atHaifeng)retrofittedwithcapturetechnology(250MWequivalentslipstream)
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1milliontonnesperyear(90%capturerate)
• 1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbyapproximately150kmpipelineoverland
• Storagelocation:• DeepsalineformationintheSouth
ChinaSeaforpermanentstorageorforCO2enhancedhydrocarbonrecovery
• Theprojectteamhasfoundtwocandidatestoragesitesapproximately90kmand150kmsouthoftheproject
43ScottishCarbonCaptureandStorage,2016,ChinaResourcesHaifengCCUS,http://www.sccs.org.uk/images/news/2014/China_Resources_Power_Haifeng_CCUS_demo_Proj-1.jpg
29
Gasandoilsector3.2
3.2.1 ValVerdeGasPlants,ValVerdeBasin,TexasSince1999therehasbeensafeandreliabletransportandstorageofCO2capturedfromfivenaturalgasprocessingplantsatlarge-scale.44
CommercialCarbonCaptureandTransportProjectfromfivenaturalgasprocessingplantswith356kmofpipelinesoverlandandEnhancedOilRecoverystorage.
Projecttype Commercialscale-up
Industry NaturalgasprocessingProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation
1999(transportoperations)
TechnicalDetails IndustrialcaptureusingUOPSELEXOLTMtechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,300,000Cost UnknownPartners BlueSource,Occidental,Chevron
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• Mitchell,GrayRanch,Puckett,PikesPeakandTerrellareonshoregasprocessingfacilitiesproducingnaturalgasfromonshorefields
• UOPSELEXOLTMcapturetechnologyisbeingused
• Thesametypeoftechnologycanbeusedforcoal-derivedsyngas
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1.3milliontonnesperyear
• 1.3milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbylong(356km)pipelinenetwork
• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryatSharonRidge
oilfield
44Rigzone2016,Map:ValVerdeBasin,Texas,http://www.rigzone.com/news/image_detail.asp?img_id=1098
30
3.2.2 Sleipner,NorthSea,NorwaySince1996therehasbeensafeandreliableoffshorestorageofCO2atlarge-scale.45,46
IntegratedCarbonCaptureandSequestrationDemonstrationProjectfromnaturalgasprocessingplantwithoffshorededicateddeepsalinegeologicalstorage.
Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial
Industry NaturalgasprocessingProjectfocus Capture,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation
1996(operations)
TechnicalDetails CaptureusingaminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation OffshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 900,000Cost(2015) US$100MPartners Statoil
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• Sleipnerisanoffshorenaturalgasprocessingfacilityproducingnaturalgasfromanoffshoreconventionalnaturalgasfield
• Sleipnerisusingaminecapturetechnology• Specificallynaturalgasprocessing
technology,nottransferabletopostcombustioncapture
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis0.9milliontonnesperyear
• 0.9milliontpasupercriticalCO2withdirectinjection(notransportnecessary;gasprocessingfacilityandinjectionwellarebothlocatedonoffshorerig)
• Storagelocation:• Dedicatedoffshoredeepsaline
geologicalstorageinUtsiraFormation
45PowerTechnology,2016,Sleipner,http://www.power-technology.com/uploads/feature/feature1138/1-sleipner.jpg46Statoil2014,CarbonCaptureandStorage,http://www.statoil.com/en/TechnologyInnovation/NewEnergy/Co2CaptureStorage/Pages/default.aspx
31
3.2.3 Snøhvit,BarentsSea,NorwaySince2008large-scaleCCSisoperatingsafelyandreliably(Norwayoffshore).47
IntegratedCarbonCaptureandSequestrationDemonstrationProjectfromnaturalgasprocessingplantwithoffshorededicateddeepsalinegeologicalstorage.48
Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial
Industry NaturalgasprocessingProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation
2008(operations)
TechnicalDetails IndustrialcaptureusingaminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation OffshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 700,000Cost(2002) €150MCapitalCostestimateforpipeline,well,compressortrainPartners Statoil,Petoro,Total,GDFSuez
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• Snøhvitisanonshore(locatedonMelkøyaIsland)naturalgasprocessingfacilityproducingLNGfromanoffshoreconventionalgasfield
• Snøhvitisusingaminecapturetechnology• Specificallynaturalgasprocessing
technology,nottransferabletopostcombustioncapture
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis0.7milliontonnesperyear
• 0.7milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbylong(153km)subseapipeline
• Storagelocation:• Dedicatedoffshoredeepsaline
geologicalstorageintheStøFormation
47ZeroCO2.NO2016,Snøhvit,http://www.zeroco2.no/projects/snoehvit/48Statoil2014,Snøhvit,http://www.statoil.com/en/TechnologyInnovation/NewEnergy/Co2CaptureStorage/Pages/Snohvit.aspx
32
3.2.4 CenturyPlant,PecosCounty,TexasLargestfullchainCC(U)Sfacilitywithupto8.4MTPAcaptured,transportedandstored(usedforEOR).49,50
Verylarge-scaleCO2capture,transportand(EOR)storageisoperatingsafelyandreliablyoverlongdistancesonlandinTexas.
Projecttype Commercialscale-up
Industry NaturalgasprocessingProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation
2010(transportoperations)
TechnicalDetails CapturefromnaturalgasusingUOPSELEXOLTMtechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 8,400,000Cost(2010) US$1.1BPartners OccidentalPetroleum,SandridgeEnergy,KinderMorgan
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• CenturyPlantisusingUOPSELEXOLTMcapturetechnologytoremoveCO2fromnaturalgas
• Thesametypeoftechnologyisusedforpre-combustioncapture
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis8.4milliontonnesperyear
• 8.4milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby~260kmlongpipeline
• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryinthePermian
BasininTexas(variouslocations)
49ZeroCO2.NO,2016,CenturyPlant,http://www.zeroco2.no/projects/century-plant/image_mini50ZeroCO2.NO,2016,Projects,http://www.zeroco2.no/projects/
33
3.2.5 LulaOilField,AtlanticOcean,BrazilLarge-scaleCO2captureandstorageisoperatingsafelyandreliably(Braziloffshore).51
Projecttype Commercialtrial
Industry OilandgasProjectfocus Capture,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation
2013(operational)
TechnicalDetails LowtemperaturecaptureusingmembranetechnologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 700,000Cost(2013) US$100MPartners Petrobras
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• LulaOilFieldfloatingproduction,storage,andoffloading(FPSO)vesselwithcarboncapturefacilityproducingoilandgasfromanoffshoreconventionalfield
• FPSOisusingmembranecapturetechnology
• Itisanambienttemperatureprocess,notapplicabletopre-combustioncapture
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis0.7milliontonnesperyear
• 0.7milliontpasupercriticalCO2withdirectinjection(notransportnecessary;gasprocessingfacilityandinjectionwellarebothlocatedonFPSO)
• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheLulaOil
Field,locatedinSantosBasin,offthecoastofRiodeJaneiro.
51PennEnergy2016,PetrobrasLulaNordeste,http://www.pennenergy.com/content/dam/Pennenergy/online-articles/2013/May/Petrobras%20Lula%20Nordeste.JPG
34
3.2.6 Uthmaniyah,EasternProvince,KingdomofSaudiArabiaUthmaniyahCO2-EORDemonstrationProject.52,53
Projecttype Commercialtrial
Industry OilandgasProjectfocus EnhancedOilRecoveryProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation
2015
TechnicalDetailsNaturalgasprocessing,almostpureCO2streamisdehydratedandcompressed
Storage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 800,000Cost UnknownPartners EXPEC-AdvancedResearchCenter(AramcoSubsidiary)
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• 40millionstandardcubicfeetperdayofCO2willbecapturedatHawiyahNGLplant
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis0.8milliontonnesperyear
• 0.8milliontpasupercriticalCO2tobeinjectedintofloodedoilreservoirsunderhighpressuretoenhanceoilrecovery
• Projectincludes85kmpipelineconnectingtheNGLplantandthestoragelocation
• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryatUthmaniyah.
52SaudiAramco2015,LaunchingtheKingdom’sfirstcarboncaptureproject,http://www.saudiaramco.com/en/home/news-media/news/capturing-carbon.html53GCCSI,2016,UthmaniyahCO2-EORDemonstrationProject,https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/uthmaniyah-co2-eor-demonstration-project
35
Ironandsteelsector3.3
3.3.1 AbuDhabiCC(U)SProject,AbuDhabi,UAEIntendeddemonstrationofcarboncapturetechnologyatcommercialscalefromdirectreducedironsteelmanufacturing.54
IndicatesapathwayforCCSfromnon-traditionalsteelmakingusingnaturalgasorcoal.
Projecttype Commercialtrial
Industry IronandSteelProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus UnderconstructionPlanneddateforoperation
2016(operations)
TechnicalDetails CO2capturefromhydrogenplantwithnaturalgasfeedStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 800,000Cost(2013) UnknownPartners AbuDhabiFutureEnergyCompanyandADNOC
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• TheEmiratesSteelcomplexincludesadirectreducedironmakingprocessusinghydrogenproducedfromnaturalgas
• Theprojectisusingpre-combustioncaptureofCO2producedinthehydrogenunit
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis0.8milliontonnesperyear
• DemonstratesthatsyngaswithCCScouldbeusedforsteelmaking
• Thesourceofsyngascouldbenaturalgas(methanereforming)orcoal(gasification)
• 0.8milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbymedium(45km)pipeline
• Storagelocation:• Enhancedoilrecovery
54ConstructionWeekOnline.com,2016,EmiratesSteelPlant,http://www.constructionweekonline.com/pictures/Emirates-Steel-plant.jpg
36
Industrialsector3.4
3.4.1 IllinoisIndustrialCCSProject,Decatur,IllinoisLarge-scaleCO2(capturedfromnon-powergenerationsource)storageinonshoredeepsalinereservoirs(onmainlandUSA).
Successfullypermittedfirstlarge-scaleonshoreCO2storageinanonshoredeepsalinereservoirintheUnitedStates.55
Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial
Industry EthanolmanufactureProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation
2016(operations)
TechnicalDetailsCapturefromgrainfermenterventgasusingAlstomamineprocess(postcombustioncapture)
Storage/Utilisation OnshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000Cost(2013) US$208millionPartners ArcherDanielsMidland,USDoE SchlumbergerCarbonServices
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• TheArcherDanielsMidlandcomplexincludesanethanolfermentationprocess
• TheprojectisusingtheAlstomamineprocesstocaptureCO2fromventgasproducedbythefermentationprocess
• Thisisasimilarprocessthatisusedforpost-combustioncapture
• CO2capturefromnon-powergenerationindustry
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1milliontonnesperyear
• 1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbyshort(1.7km)pipeline
• Storagelocation:• Dedicateddeepsalinegeological
storageintheMountSimonsandstoneformation
55GCCSI,2014,TheGlobalStatusofCCS,2014;ProjectsMap,http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/large-scale-ccs-projects#map
37
3.4.2 Quest,FortSaskatchewan,AlbertaOperationofprojectdemonstratesthatlarge-scaleCO2storageinonshoredeepsalinereservoirscanoccursafely(inCanada).56
Constructionandoperationofprojectsuccessfullydemonstrateslarge-scaleonshoreCO2storageinadeepsalinereservoirinCanada.
Projecttype Fullrangesystemoperationtrial
Industry Oilupgrading-refineryProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation
4Q2015(transportoperations)
TechnicalDetails Pre-combustioncaptureusingaminetechnologyStorage/Utilisation OnshoreSalineReservoirScale,CO2tpa 1,100,000Cost(2013) CN$1.35BPartners Shell,Chevron,MarathonOil,CanadianandAlbertaGovernments
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• TheQuestcomplexincludesasteammethanereformerprocessusingnaturalgasandproducinghydrogen
• Theprojectisusingpre-combustioncaptureofCO2producedinthesteammethanereformerunit
• Thesametypeoftechnologycanbeusedforcoal-derivedsyngas
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1.1milliontonnesperyear
• 1.1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby65kmpipeline
• Storagelocation:• Dedicateddeepsalinegeological
storageintheCambrianBasalSandsformation
• PossibleEOR
56Shell2016,QuestCarbonCaptureandStorageProject,http://www.shell.ca/en/aboutshell/our-business-tpkg/upstream/oil-sands/quest.html
38
3.4.3 GreatPlainsSynfuel,NorthDakota&Weyburn,SaskatchewanSince2000,safeandreliablelarge-scalecapture,transportacrossaninternationalborder,andstorageofCO2.57
Large-scaleCO2captureandtransportisoperatingsafelyandreliablyonland,andacrossaninternationalborderforEOR.58,59
Projecttype Commercialscale-up
Industry SyntheticnaturalgasmanufactureProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus 2000(transportoperation)Planneddateforoperation
4Q2015(transportoperations)
TechnicalDetailsPre-combustioncapturefromcoalgasificationusingRectisolTMtechnology
Storage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 3,000,000Cost(2013) US$1.1B(capture)&US$100M(pipeline)Partners DakotaGasificationCompany,CenovusEnergy,Apache
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• TheGreatPlainsSynfuelPlantisusingRectisolTMpre-combustioncapturetechnologytoremoveCO2fromacoalgasifiersyngasproductstream
• Learningscouldbedirectlytransferredtopowergeneration,asitisalsoappliedtocoal-derivedsyngas
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis3milliontonnesperyear
• 3milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbylong(~320km)pipelineacrosstheNorthDakota/Saskatchewaninternationalborder
• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheWeyburn
andMidaleOilFieldsinSaskatchewan
57DakotaGasificationCompany2016,Gasification,http://www.dakotagas.com/Miscellaneous/img/Impact_Images/GPSP750w.jpg58DakotaGasificationCompany2016,CO2CaptureandStorage,http://www.dakotagas.com/CO2_Capture_and_Storage/59PetroleumTechnologyResearchCentre2016,Weyburn-Midale,http://ptrc.ca/projects/weyburn-midale
39
3.4.4 CoffeyvilleGasification,Kansas/OklahomaLarge-scaleCO2capture,andtransportoverlongdistancesonlandandacrossastateborderareoperatingsafelyandreliably.60
Large-scaleCO2captureandtransportisoperatingsafelyandreliablyonland(betweenKansasandOklahoma)forEOR.
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• CoffeyvilleGasificationPlantisusingUOPSELEXOLTMpre-combustioncapturetechnologytoremoveCO2fromacoalgasifieratanammonianitrogenfertiliserplant
• Learningscouldbedirectlytransferredtopowergeneration,asitisalsoappliedtocoal-derivedsyngas
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1milliontonnesperyear
• 1milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby~110kmlongpipelineacrosstheKansas/Oklahomastateborder
• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheNorth
BurbankUnitinOsageCounty,Oklahoma
60NETL(NationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory)2016,CommercialExamples;CoffeyvilleResourcesNitrogenFertilizersPlant,https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/X7RoZ_ipHtkw2m9a3Kjv71Vl3lj7KkSN0uZqMpj-AI7E9t-g20xLmih7E2ZoN4r9ORN5umqWzhS7My8-waoFcLFM4gSfQ3SKJf6SsGRuChuDzT86e-duIo9z6gEMy4cyFg
Projecttype Commercialtrial
Industry Fertiliser(fromcoal)Projectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation
2013(transportoperations)
TechnicalDetailsPre-combustioncapturefromcoalgasificationusingUOPSELEXOLTMtechnology
Storage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000Cost(2013) unknownPartners CVREnergy,ChaparralEnergy,BlueSource
40
3.4.5 AirProducts,PortArthur,TexasLarge-scaleCO2captureandtransportisoperatingsafelyandreliablyoverlongdistancesonland(inTexas).61
1MTPAscaleCO2captureusingretrofittedvacuumswingadsorptiontechnologyinafullchainCC(U)SprojectinTexas.
Projecttype Commercialtrial
Industry OilrefiningProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus OperationalPlanneddateforoperation
2013(transportoperations)62
TechnicalDetails Vacuumswingadsorption(90%capture)technologyStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,000,000Cost(2013) US$431MPartners AirProducts,Denbury,Valero,UniversityofTexas,USDoE
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• ThePortArthurcomplexincludesasteammethanereformerprocessusingnaturalgasandproducinghydrogen
• TheprojectisusingretrofittedvacuumswingadsorptioncaptureplantforcapturingCO2producedinthesteammethanereformerunit
• Thesametechnologycouldbeusedforpre-combustioncapture
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis1milliontonnesperyear
• 1.0milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedbylong(158km)pipeline
• Storagelocation:• EnhancedoilrecoveryintheWest
HastingsandOysterBayouOilFields,Texas
61NETL(NationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory)2015,RecoveryAct:DemonstrationofCO2CaptureandSequestrationforSteamMethaneReformingProcessGasUsedforLarge-ScaleHydrogenProduction,http://www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/project-information/proj?k=FE000238162AirProducts2013,AirProductsCelebratesTexasCarbonCaptureDemonstrationProjectAchievement,http://www.airproducts.com/company/news-center/2013/05/0510-air-products-celebrates-texas-carbon-capture-demonstration-project-achievement.aspx
41
3.4.6 TexasCleanEnergyProject,Penwell,TexasPlannedlarge-scaleCCSprojectfrompoly-generationfacilitylocatedinTexas.63
DemonstrationofCCSfromIGCC/poly-generationatlarge-scalewithCO2usedforEOR.64
Projecttype Commercialtrial
Industry PowerGeneration,FertiliserProjectfocus Capture,Transport,StorageProjectstatus Define(scheduledfinancialclosing2016)Planneddateforoperation
2019(operations)
TechnicalDetails Pre-combustioncapturefromcoalgasificationusingRectisolTMStorage/Utilisation EnhancedOilRecoveryScale,CO2tpa 1,700,000
Scale,MWeNet 245(equivalent
Cost(2014) US$1.727B
PartnersSummitPower,Siemens,Linde,R.W.Beck,BlueSource,USDoEandTexasBureauofEconomicGeology
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• TheTexasCleanEnergyProjectisproposingtouseLindeRectisolTMpre-combustioncapturetechnologytoremoveCO2fromacoalgasifieratapolygenerationplant(ureafertiliserplant,powergeneration)
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis2.2milliontonnesperyear(0.5milliontonnesperyearwillbeusedinureamanufacture)
• 1.7milliontpasupercriticalCO2transportedby1.6kmpipelinetointerconnectwithKinderMorganCentralBasinCO2pipeline(CO2wouldbecomingledinthepipelinewithCO2fromothersources)
• Storagelocation:
• EnhancedoilrecoveryinthePermianBasininTexas
63PowerTechnology2016,TexasCleanEnergyProject,http://www.power-technology.com/projects/texas-clean-energy-project/texas-clean-energy-project2.html64TexasCleanEnergyProject2016,TexasCleanEnergyProject,http://www.texascleanenergyproject.com/
42
3.4.7 TomakomaiCCSDemonstrationProject,SouthernHokkaido,JapanDemonstrationofCCSfromahydrogenproductionunitatlarge-scalewithCO2tobestoredinadeepsalineaquifer.65
Projecttype Commercialtrial
Industry OilRefining/HydrogenProductionProjectfocus Capture&StorageProjectstatus ConstructionPlanneddateforoperation
2017
TechnicalDetailsAminescrubbingofhydrogenoff-gasstream.CO2tobestoredintwooffshoresites.
Storage/Utilisation SalineAquiferScale,CO2tpa 100,000Cost Unknown
PartnersTheGovernmentofJapan-MinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry(METI).ExecutionoftheprojectistobeundertakenbyJapanCCSCo.,Ltd.(comprising35companies)
CO2Capture CO2Storage
• TheProjectwilluseabsorptionviaanaminechemicalsolvent-basedprocess
• EstimatedamountofCO2capturedis100,000tonnesperyear
• Dedicatedgeologicalstorage–deepsalineaquifers.Twoseparatenearshorereservoirshavebeenidentifiedasstoragesites.
• Storagelocation:• SandstonelayeroftheMoebetsu
Formationatadepthof1,000-1,200metresbelowtheseabed,andT1MemberoftheTakinoueFormationatadepthof2,400-3,000metresbelowtheseabed.
• Whilethewellheadsforbothinjectionwellsarelocatedonshore,theinjectionpointfortheMoebetsuFormationislocated2.9kmoffshoreandtheinjectionpointfortheTakinoueFormationislocated4.1kmoffshore.66
65JapanCCSCoLtd,TomakomaiCCSDemonstrationProject,http://www.japanccs.com66GCCSI,https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/pilot-and-demonstration-projects
43
4 LowEmissionFossilFuelResearchandDevelopment
Technologyandcommercialreadiness4.1Thetechnologyreadinesslevel(TRL)indexisagloballyacceptedbenchmarkingtoolfortrackingprogressandsupportingdevelopmentofaspecifictechnologythroughtheearlystagesoftheinnovationchain.Onceatechnologyhasprogressedtodemonstrationanddeploymentasetofseparatefactorsareintroducedtoassistinthedeterminationofthecommercialreadinessofatechnologyorproject.Commercialreadinessissometimesdescribedasapathwaytocommercialisation.
Commercialreadinessindex(CRI)providesarigorousstructureforevaluatingwhereoneormoreindustrysectorsarefacingbarriers,andenablesustostructureourfundingsupporttobestreducerisksandbarriersatthevariousstagesofthepathwaytocommercialisation.
Figure10:Technicalandcommercialreadinesslevelindicationscale
Source:ARENA(AustralianRenewableEnergyAgency)2014,CommercialReadinessIndexforRenewableEnergySectors,CommonwealthofAustralia
Australianlowemissionsfossilfuelstocktake4.2ThehighlevelassessmentofthefossilfuellowemissionstechnologiesinAustraliaarepresentedinTable3.
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