wp2300 – space segment concepts paul s. monks, john j. remedios, gary k. corlett and simon good...

WP2300 – Space SegmentWP2300 – Space Segment

Concepts Concepts

Paul S. Monks, John J. Remedios, Gary K. Corlett and Simon Good

Space Research CentreUniversity of Leicester

AimsAims

• The objective of this work within the CAPACITY study is to – Identify the requirements for an integrated observing

system focussed on the target applications • The aims of this work within the CAPACITY study

are – To provide a vision of integrated observing systems for

the target applications – To identify ground-based, airborne and space-based

components to the system that would add value (information) to observables directly required/measured by existing/potential new systems,

– To consider the most pressing application questions and make recommendations as to potential elements of appropriate space-based observing systems.

Broad recommendationsBroad recommendations

• With respect to a space segment of a measuring system for operational monitoring, it is clear there are three overall requirements that cannot be met by current or planned systems – High temporal/spatial resolution space-based

measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application to AQ

– High vertical resolution measurements in the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications

– High spatial/high precision monitoring of tropospheric climate gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and aerosol with sensitivity to PBL concentrations

How do we arrive at this?How do we arrive at this?

a) Air Quality (B)

b) Climate Applications (C)

c) Ozone and UV (A)

Emissions

Topography

Surface roughness

Wind direction

Wind speed

Temperature

Mixing height

Atmospheric stability

Atmospheric concentrations

Dispersion

Transformation

Deposition

TransportIndustry/ commerce

Energy production

Waste management

Domestic sources Agriculture

PM10 NOx SO2 Pb Benzene PAHsHeavy metalsCO

Population distribution

Health effects

Vulnerable habitats

Ecological impacts

Heritage sites

Heritage impacts

PM10 NO2 SO2 Pb Benzene PAHsHeavy metalsCO O3

Information needs

Source activities

(extent, location, production, energy consumption etc)

Emissions

(emissions rates by pollutant and source

activity)

Dispersion processes

(hourly wind speed/ direction,

temperature, stability, cloud cover, mixing

height, temperature; topography, land cover

etc)

Atmospheric concentrations

(hourly/ daily/ annual concentrations by

pollutant)

Exposures and impacts

(population, habitats, heritage sites)

Land cover

From GMES-BICEPS-AQ-Fiche

Information requirements

Air quality Management and Forecast

Existing satellite observationsO3, NO2, CO

Dedicated satelliteobservations

+ + +

Data assimilation

Applications

Reduction of uncertaintiesReduction of uncertainties

Ground based measurements

O3, NO2, CO

CAPACITY (ESA)

PROMOTE (ESA)GEMS (CE)

End user requirementsC

hem

ical

Tra

nsp

ort

mod

els

System Concept for AQSystem Concept for AQ

PROMOTE (ESA)

Current CapabilitiesCurrent Capabilities

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Title

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LAT

LIMA

SAN FRANCISCO

LOS ANGELESNEW ORLEANS

MEXICO

DALLAS

BOSTON

HOUSTON

CINCINNATI

MIAMI

CHICAGO

ANTIGUASAN DOMINGO

ATLANTA

CARACAS

SANTIAGO

MONTREAL

PLATA PUERTOPUERTO RICO

QUAYAQUIL

TORONTO

QUITO

WASHINGTON

BOGOTA

NEW YORK

SAINT MARTINPOINTE A PITRE

CAYENNE

BUENOS AIRES

MONTEVIDEO

DAKAR

SAO PAULO RIO

RECIFE

BANJOUL

ABIDJAN

LONDON

COTONOU

BRUXELLES

PARIS

LAGOS

AMSTERDAM

FRANKFURT

VIENNA

LIBREVILLE

DOUALAYAOUNDE

LUANDABRAZZAVILLE

WINDHOEK

ATHENES

HERAKLION

JOHANNESBURG

ISTANBUL

ANTALYA

KIGALIENTEBBE

ANKARA

TEL AVIV

NAIROBI

ANTANANARIVO

TEHERAN

DUBAI

MUMBAI

MALE

DELHI

COLOMBO

MADRASBANGKOK

HANOI

SINGAPORE

JAKARTA

SAIGON

BEIJING

SHANGAI

SEOUL

OSAKANAGOYA

TOKYO

EMEP – ground based network

EARLINET - LIDAR network

MOSAIC - in-service aircraft

Satellite – Science and operational AQ

forecasts

AQ Simplified Requirements

• Instruments should be sensitive to the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL).

• Re-visit times of 2 hours are threshold requirements• Horizontal resolutions should ideally be better than

20 km with a target of 5 km.• Night-time measurements would be ideal, as well as

daytime measurements.• Both trace gases and aerosol information are

required[major trace gases are O3, CO, NO2, SO2, HCHO, H2O and nitrogen species]

AQ rapid-revisit time mission

AQ Mission AnalysisAQ Mission Analysis

• Metop provides a basic set of measurements through GOME-2 (O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO) and IASI (CO). Aerosol information is likely to be available from GOME-2 and AVHRR but with caveats on uncertainty and spatial resolution achieved.

• Combination of O3 data from GOME-2 and IASI could provide greater height resolution in the PBL and free troposphere. Development work to support this product is highly recommended.

• Similar work could be performed for CO with advantage if a shortwave infra-red (SWIR) instrument could be flown to complement MetoP.

• Re-flight of an existing aerosol instrument could deliver required aerosol information at 550 nm. A new instrument achieving better uncertainty performance is highly desirable.

• Re-flight of an ice-free SCIAMACHY nadir near infra-red instrument could give better information on CO.

• The greatest requirement for the mission is frequent re-visit time (< 2 hours) as well as high spatial resolution (<20 km). This is not met by existing orbital elements such as MetOp and is necessary to meet existing basic operational modes.

AQ consolidated requirements

(with ability to meet them mapped on)

Order of importance

AQ Mission ConceptAQ Mission Concept• Frequent re-visit time and high spatial resolution (<20 km)• Options could be GEO or LEO or a combination of both.• If LEO, then an enhancement of the Metop/NPOESS systems would be

necessary both for complement of species and for coverage/spatial resolutions.

• Species: O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO, CO, aerosol AOD (550 nm), multi-spectral AOD for aerosol size.

• Instruments are likely to be UV-visible (O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO, aerosol) and mid infra-red (MIR) or SWIR for CO. The MIR can also supply complementary information for O3 and possibly nitrogen species.

• There is a requirement for an enhanced aerosol instrument/system delivering uncertainties of < 0.05 in aerosol optical depth at 10 km spatial resolution and enhancing our ability to discriminate aerosol type.

• Limb instruments would enable better correction for upper parts of NO2, O3, CO columns.

GOME-2Column

O3, NO2, SO2, H2COColumn AOD

B1 (Consolidated): Air Quality Protocol Monitoring Satellite Component Evolution

Ultimate Specification

Minimum Specification

IASICO

Col/Profile

NEWCombined CO

Profiles(Data)

CombinedUV/VIS & IRO3 Profiles

B2 H2O Profiles(Data)

B1 SPECIESImproved Revisit Times

Improved HorizontalResolution

< 2 hrs < 20 km

Meets SignificantCapacity Capability

NEWAEROSOL

Type<10% mis-assign

SCIA NADIR NIR CO

MODIS,MISR, POLDERColumn AOD (550 nm)

B1 Species: O3, CO, NO2, SO2, H2CO

[For B2, B3 add H2O; Nitrogen species are N2O5, HNO3, PAN, organic nitrates]

Aerosol OD (550 nm)

Multi-spectral AOD and type should be < 2 hours re-visit time but accept high spatial resolution (5 km) would be a trade-off.

Note: PBL sensitivity is mandatory for all measurements

Night-time data are important

NEWAEROSOL

Multi-spectralColumn AOD

AOD < 0.05, 10 km

PRIORITY

IASI B2 H2O

Col/Profile

NEWNitrogen

B3 Species

RecommendationRecommendation

• Both GEO and LEO options should be studied.• Priority 1 is to achieve the re-visit time with

high spatial resolution as the 2nd priority.• A key decision concerns our ability to measure

CO. Flight of both a MIR and SWIR instrument would provide the greatest performance but would add to mission complexity.

• Multi-spectral aerosol information with improved uncertainty (equivalent to <0.05 nm at 550 nm) would be ideal. Aerosol type measurements are also useful.

Climate

• Protocol monitoring is a different genre of mission

• NRT Climate i.e. H2O and Assessment though having different drivers have overlapping solution


ProtocolMonitoring

CO2, CH4, CFC

Ground-based monitoring

End users requirementsApplications

+ + + +

Future Missionse.g. OCO, GOSAT

Application Unproven

EVERGREEN (EC)

GEMS (CE)Dat

a A

ssim

ilai

ton

Space-borne profilee.g. H2O profiles

Current DataAIRS, SCIA

System Concept for Climate Protocol Monitoring

CO2 columns (cloud flagged)

CO2 columns with column errors < 3%

‘A priori’ surface albedo ‘A priori’ surface pressure

C1/C2 consolidated requirements

(with ability to meet them mapped on)

Protocol Monitoring

• The mission seeks to measure greenhouse gases, CO and aerosols.

• The mission is intended to be global and have PBL sensitivity for CH4, CO2, CO, NO2.

• The chief targets are CO2, CH4, CO, O3, NO2, aerosols

• Stratospheric aerosol measurements could be important during volcanic loading periods (e.g. Pinatubo) to ensure good tropospheric aerosol data.

IASI

CH4, CO, CO2, O3GOME-2O3, NO2

Column AOD (550 nm)Absorbing aerosol OD

C1: Climate Protocol Monitoring Satellite Component Evolution



SCIANADIR NIR

CH4, CO, CO2,

NEWNADIR UV/VIS

O3, NO2Improved SpatialResolution10 km

Improved re-visit times12 hours

NEWAEROSOL OD

0.05 uncertainty 550 nm

Absorbing Aerosol OD0.01 uncertainty

Improved re-visit times6-12 hours


CombinedUV/VIS/NIR & IRO3, CO Profiles

(Data)

NEWNADIR NIRCH4, CO

CH4 error (2%)Improved Spatial Resolution 10 km

SAGE equivalentStrat. Aerosol

TOMS, MODIS,MISR, POLDER

Equivalent Column AOD (550 nm)

NEWCO2

CO2 error (PBL)

CH4, CO2, CO and NO2 measurements should be PBL sensitive.

Note CO2:

CO2 (highlighted in red) information does not meet capacity requirements but could be sufficient for some user services

PRIORITY

Near real-time/ AssessmentNear real-time• The mission seeks to derive climate information in near real-

time• This mission concept is driven by NRT system assimilation and

the improvement in representation of climate from assimilation of observations for rapidly varying

• The targets are H2O (very important), O3, aerosols/cirrus, stratospheric tracer information.

• Stratospheric aerosol is required as well as tropospheric aerosols

Assessment• The mission seeks to provide a fundamental capability for

scientific assessment of the climate system.• The mission targets can be sub-divided into radiative forcing,

oxidising capacity and stratospheric ozone.• There are many target species and domains but the UTLS is

particularly important.• Vertical resolution and no. of species is more important than re-

visit times.

C2: Climate Near Real Time Data Satellite Component Evolution



IASIO3, H2O, CO2,

CH4, N2OGOME-2

AOD 550 nm Absorbing Aerosol OD

CURRENTLIMB

C2 Species

NEWC2 Species

Improved revisit times. H2O (1-6 nhrs); O3 (6 hours) Improved Horizontal Spatial Resolution: 50 km

NEWLIMB

IR or MicrowaveC2 Species

Improved vertical resn: 2 km horizontal resolution; 50 km


C2 Species:

H2O, O3, CH4, N2O (SF6 and CO2 as alternative tracers)

Aerosol OD

Cirrus OD

Stratospheric Tracers

NEWCH4, N2O

Tropospheric columnsCH4 error 2%

Improved spatial resn. 10 km

SAGEStrat. Aerosol

TOMS, MODIS,MISR, POLDER

Column AOD (550 nm)

NEWCO2

CO2 error (PBL)

PRIORITY

NEWAEROSOL OD

0.05 uncertainty 550 nmAbsorbing Aerosol OD

0.01 uncertainty

Cirrus OD 100%

Improved re-visit times1-6 hours

Climate Assessment – consolidated requirements

C3: Climate Scientific Assessment Satellite Component Evolution



MetopIASI Nadir IR FTS

O3, H2O, CO, C2H6, CH4, N2ONadir UV-VIS

O3, H2O, NO2, CH2O, Aerosol, Solar irradiance

Meets SignificantCapacity CapabilityCURRENT

Limb IR FTSIR species

Oxidising Capacity

Radiative Forcing

Ozone

NEW SCIA NIRCH4, CO

CH4 error < 2%Horiz resn < 10 km

NewOccultation or

MicrowaveHCl

NEWTrop Aerosol

0.05 nm 10 km


CURRENTLimb Microwave (in addition to Limb IR)

O3, H2O (clouds)Cirrus OD, ClO (MS), SO2 (enh.)


Integrated Approach

CombinationO3 profiles

(data)


IR species:

O3, H2O, CO, HNO3, H2O2, CH3COCH3, PAN, C2H6, CFCs, HCFC, PSCs, CH4, N2O, SF6, N2O5, ClO (LS), ClONO2, SO2 (enh.)

PRIORITY

PRIORITY

Climate SummaryClimate Summary

• Protocol monitoring is a different genre of mission

• NRT Climate i.e. H2O and Assessment though having different drivers have overlapping solution in terms of instrument suite

Climate SummaryClimate Summary

• Protocol monitoring is a different genre of missionGHG monitoring mission

Could be met by additional SWIR channel

• NRT Climate i.e. H2O and Assessment though having different drivers have overlapping solution in terms of instrument suiteLimb viewing-climate gas mission scenario

(Later overlap with Ozone and UV)

Ozone and UV

• Many of the requirements can be met by existing systems

• But …


Dedicated satellites: O3 profiles, strat (H)CFCs,

H2O, CH4, aerosolsT, PSCs, HNO3, Active Cl/Br

Ozone Trend Assessment,

Polar O3 monitoring, U/V forecast

Total. O3, Trop. (H)CFCs

Ground-based measurements

Existing satellitesTotal O3, OClO

End users requirementsApplications

+ + +

Balloon programme: Cly, NOy

[Recommendation]

Surface albedo, tropospheric aerosol,

tropospheric O3

European assessment – SCOUT (CE)

System concept for O3/UV

Ozone/UV Satellite (Consolidation)

For ozone/UV missions, a system can be consolidated which a) Delivers O3 columns and UV for Protocolb) Delivers O3 profiles for NRTc) Delivers trace species and aerosols for

assessment.

Consolidated system therefore would ideally deliver assessment capabilities at a minimum to provide all 3 services.

Ozone/UV Climate NRT/Assessment - Summary of requirements

• Limb instrument(s) that measures a range of trace species and complements the Nadir measurements made on Metop/NPOESS.

• Implementation options include a limb-MIR of at least 2 km resolution, potentially in combination with a limb microwave instrument in order to meet the optimal number of requirements.

• A limb UV/VIS system to measure NO2 and potentially BrO would be invaluable.

• Solar occultation instruments require consideration including re-flight of SAGE III.

• Ground-based systems provide a total ozone verification system, validation and source gas monitoring, but cannot provide the range of height resolved information required.

A3 (Consolidation): Ozone Layer Scientific Assessment Satellite Component Evolution

SCIA LimbBrO, NO2

A1 GOME-2Column O3UV Aerosol

Solar IrradianceIASI UT H2O



OSIRISNO2

A2 HIRDLSO3

A2 SCIA LimbO3

A2 MLSO3

A2 MIPASO3 Meets Significant

Capacity Capability

A3 Species:

ClO (LS), HNO3, H2O, tracers

MIR: + PSCs, (H)CFCs, ClONO2

Microwave: + HCl, ClO (MS), SO2 (enh)


CURRENTIR

A3 SPECIES

CURRENTMICROWAVEA2 SPECIES

NEWIR or MICROWAVE

or UV LimbO3

Ver. Res. 2 km, 50 kmInc. UT

NEW UV VISLimb BrO,NO2Ver. Res. 2 km

NEWIR

A3 SPECIESVer. Res. 2km

NEWMICROWAVEA3 SPECIESVer. Res. 2km

New AerosolRev. Time6-24 hours





– High spatial/high precision monitoring of climate gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and aerosol with sensitivity to PBL concentrations

Specific SummariesSpecific Summaries

Stratospheric Ozone/Surface UVStratospheric Ozone/Surface UV

• Protocol monitoring requirements can be met by the planned MetOp and ground-based systems.

• The other stratospheric NRT and assessment themes require limb sounding capabilities. – For NRT, only ozone profiles are mandatory but measurements

of other species are highly desirable: ClO, polar stratospheric clouds, stratospheric aerosol, HNO3, H2O, tracers, and HCl.

– For assessment, all the NRT measurements are required with, in addition, HCFCs, ClONO2, and SO2 (enhanced).

• A limb MIR system is therefore suggested but a limb MM also has significant complementary capabilities, particularly in cloudy regions of the atmosphere. A limb UV-VIS instrument can monitor the important compounds of NO2 and BrO.

Air QualityAir Quality

• All AQ requirements are essentially similar with a – prime requirement for high spatial (<20 km) and

temporal (<2 hours) resolution – measurements of O3, CO, NO2, SO2, HCHO, and

H2O – with sensitivity to the PBL.

• Instruments types are likely to be nadir UV-VIS-NIR with either Short-Wave Infra-Red (SWIR) or Mid Infra-Red (MIR) capability for CO.

• For aerosol measurements at multiple wavelengths would enhance the system ideally in conjunction with night time measurements.

ClimateClimate

• Protocol monitoring system was notably different to those for NRT and assessment.

• Kyoto protocol monitoring demands high precision measurements of CH4 and CO (and CO2) – This builds on the SWIR measurements

demonstrated by SCIAMACHY. – Improved NO2 measurements (spatial resolution

of 10 km) would also be ideal.• It is suggested that climate protocol monitoring

systems could be combined with AQ systems in the evolution of a GMES system.

Climate (cont’d)Climate (cont’d)

NRT & Assessment

• The priorities are limb sounder measurements for high vertical resolution (<2 km).

• For NRT, measurements of H2O, O3, CH4, and N2O suggest either limb MM or limb MIR

• For assessment, limb MIR is more likely to be a priority to measure the large range of necessary species to monitor changes in radiative forcing, oxidising capacity and stratospheric ozone with sensitivity also to the upper troposphere.





– High spatial/high precision monitoring of climate gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and aerosol with sensitivity to PBL concentrations

wp2300 – space segment concepts paul s. monks, john j. remedios, gary k. corlett and simon good...

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