wormholes and quantum entanglement may be linked - wired science

8/13/2019 Wormholes and Quantum Entanglement May Be Linked - Wired Science

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Theoretical physicists have forged a connection between the concept of entanglement amysterious quantum mechanical connection between two widely separated particles andthat of a wormhole, a hypothetical connection between black holes that serves as a shortcut

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Wormholes and QuantumEntanglement May Be LinkedBy Katia Moskvitch, ScienceNOW12.03.13

11:02 AM

Mathematical model of a wormhole.Image:AllenMcC./Wikimedia CommonsThis advance is so meta. Theoretical physicists have forged a connection between the concept

of entanglementitself a mysterious quantum mechanical connection between two widelyseparated particlesand that of a wormholea hypothetical connection between black holesthat serves as a shortcut through space. The insight could help physicists reconcile quantummechanics and Einsteins general theory of relativity, perhaps the grandest goal intheoretical physics. But some experts argue that the connection is merely a mathematical

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analogy.

Entanglement links quantum particles so that fiddling with one can instantly affect another.According to the bizarre quantum laws that govern the subatomic realm, a tiny particle canbe in two opposite conditions or states at once. For example, an atom can spin in onedirection or the otherup or downor both ways at once. That two-way state lasts onlyuntil the atoms spin is measured, however, at which point it collapses into either the up ordown state. Two atoms can then be entangled so that both spin two ways at once but theirspins are completely correlated, so that, for example, they point in opposite directions.Then, if the first atom is measured and found to be spin up, the second atom will instantlycollapse into the down state, even if its light-years away.

Wormholes, on the other hand, are a prediction of Albert Einsteins general theory ofrelativity, which describes how massive objects warp space and time, or spacetime, to createthe effects we call gravity. If an object is massive enough, it can create a funnellike hole inspacetime so steep that not even light can escape from ita black hole. In principle, two

widely separated black holes can connect like back-to-back trumpet horns to make ashortcut through spacetime called a wormhole.At first glance, entanglement and wormholes both seem to offer a way around Einsteinsdictum that nothing can travel faster than light. But in both cases, that hope is dashed.Entanglement cannot be used to send signals faster than light because one cannot control theoutput of the measurement on the first atom and thus willfully set the state of the distantone. Similarly, one cant zip through a wormhole because its impossible to escape the blackhole on the other end. Still, there is a connection. In June, Juan Maldacena, a theorist at theInstitute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and Leonard Susskind, a theorist atStanford University in Palo Alto, California, imagined entangling the quantum states of two

black holes. They then imagined pulling the black holes apart. When that happens, theyargued, a bona fide wormhole forms between the two black holes.That was perhaps not so surprising, because the researchers started with black holes. Butnow two independent teams of scientists say that it should also be possible to create a

wormhole connection between two ordinary quantum particles, such as quarks that make upprotons and neutrons.Kristan Jensen of the University of Victoria in Canada and Andreas Karch of the Universityof Washington, Seattle, start by imagining an entangled quark-antiquark pair residing inordinary 3D space, as they described online on 20 November in Physical Review Letters.The two quarks rush away from each other, approaching the speed of light so that it becomes

impossible to pass signals from one to the other. The researchers assume that the 3D spacewhere the quarks reside is a hypothetical boundary of a 4D world. In this 3D space, theentangled pair is connected by a kind of conceptual string. But in the 4D space, the string

becomes a wormhole.Julian Sonner of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge then builds uponKarchs and Jensens work. He imagines a quark-antiquark pair that pops into existence in astrong electric field, which then sends the oppositely charged particles accelerating inopposite directions. Sonner also finds that the entangled particles in the 3D world areconnected by a wormhole in the 4D world, as he also reported online on 20 November in

Physical Review Letters.To arrive at this result, Jensen, Karch, and Sonner use the so-called holographic principle, aconcept invented by Maldacena that states that a quantum theory with gravity in a givenspace is equivalent to a quantum theory without gravity in a space with one less dimensionthat makes up the original spaces boundary. In other words, black holes inside the 4D space
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v111/i21/e211603http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v111/i21/e211602http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/


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and a wormhole between them are mathematically equivalent to their holographicprojections existing on the boundary in 3D. These projections are essentially elementaryparticles that function according to the laws of quantum mechanics, without gravity, and astring connecting them. The wormhole and entangled pair dont live in the same space,Karch says. But, he adds, mathematically they are equivalent.But how big an insight is this? It depends on whom you ask. Susskind and Maldacena notethat in both papers, the original quantum particles reside in a space without gravity. In a

simplified, gravity-free 3D model of our world, there cant be any black holes or wormholes,Susskind adds, so the connection to a wormhole in a higher dimensional space is meremathematical analogy. The wormhole and entanglement equivalence only makes sense in atheory with gravity, Susskind says.However, Karch and colleagues say that their calculations are an important first step toward

verifying Maldacena and Susskinds theory. Their toy model without gravity, Karch says,gives a concrete realization of the idea that wormhole geometry and entanglement can bedifferent manifestations of the same physical reality.This story provided by ScienceNOW, the daily online news service of the journal Science.Related

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The Truth About ISON: What Happened to the Comet Over Thanksgiving?Post Comment| 40 Comments| PermalinkBack to top

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Euroranger

As long as I don't end up being one of the guys wearing a red shirt, I'm totally okay with

all this.

2

EnigmaMaitreya

When it is conceded that the Speed of Light is only the limit of Electromagnetic

Propagation / Electromagnetic Movement, then progress can finally be made.

We limit ourselves to be Bats were we insist the Speed of sound is the limit of all

movement. As in if Sound is your means of measuring anything, well then obviously the

Speed of Sound will be the Hammer you use to make sure that anything moving faster

than the speed of sound, well isn't really moving faster than the sound of speed.

2 1

Nathan Vaughn

Except things like gravity also propagate at the speed of light and obviously(?) is

not electromagnetism. (The photon is not its force carrier)

4

EnigmaMaitreya

And we have verified this with some measurement tool that is not

electromagnetic, meaning what it is measuring is the electromagnetic

response to gravity?

What woulda bat see, if we used any number of techniques available now

to slow a photon down to subsonic speeds and ... hum present it to said

observing bat? Would the observing bat not in fact be convinced that thephoton verified that that the Speed of Sound was the Cosmic Speed Limit?

1

Nathan Vau hn

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You got me. I just know that's part of Einstein's work and it's been

experimentally verified.

So if the sun were to vanish into nothingness not only would we still

have light for 8 minutes on Earth, we'd also still be in orbit around

the area where the sun once was for another 8 minutes. Then the

planet would shoot off into a straight line afterward.

2

EnigmaMaitreya

I understand that and I agree on the light, but I am not convinced

about the rest.

We just don't know enough about what Gravity really is, what Dark

matter really is and What Dark Energy Really is. I assume that Dark

anything doesn't mean it is really Dark, it is just Dark (as in not

visible) in the Electromagnetic Spectrum.

1

Nathan Vaughn

Gravity is pretty well understood - a dent in spacetime caused by

mass or energy. We've only just found the force carrying particle -

although we've thought it was there for a while - just hadn't seen it.

The two Dark things - matter & energy are definitely *not*

understood and that's part of the reason they're called "dark". The

"dark" in "dark matter" also comes from the fact that it appears to

not reflect light.

1

EnigmaMaitreya

And Light is the Electromagnetic Spectrum.

I hear you on the Gravity but I am not convinced as there is Macro

Scale Gravity and Quantum Gravity and then there is the effect that

Dark Matter has. It is this lack of unity that keeps me on the fence

about being convinced but until further information is had then one

must always use the best model available. I just think that we need

to remember it is just that, a model and not a finitely stated law as in

a Truth, a Fact.

Why I state the Effect Dark Matter has is ... well lets use the

Observing Bat, he is seeing the photon at Mach 0.1, now we stop

doing what we are doing and the Photon goes back to the speed oflight and for the Observing Bat, well the Photon just disappeared, in

short it would become Black to the Sonic Spectrum.

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Nathan Vaughn

I should mention my phrase "shoot off into a straight line" is

incorrect. Earth was always traveling in a straight line, it was space

that was bent by the sun. The dent the sun made in spacetime

would disappear at the speed of light.

1

Philosopher3000

The speed of light 'limit' is not equivalent to to a speed of sound. Sound only

propagates in a medium, it's a pressure wave. EM radiation propagates even in a

void, and most of the EM spectrum simply passes through matter uneffected, or

doesn't propagate when it encounters a medium. So your analogy is mistaken.

Two objects, moving in opposite directions at 0.75 the speed of light, can still

communicate with each other, using light, and to each the speed remains C, only

the wavelength changes.

Interestingly, Gravity seems to propagate instantaneously at infinite scale, if only

we could communicate using gravity. But how does one create and destroy mass

amounts of matter?

1

EnigmaMaitreya

But but but we now know that a void is not really a void and that quite

possibly a void is impossible. Just funnin with ya a bit, it is true about thevoid not being a void.

Regardless how do we know that properties of one or more components of

Dark Matter is NOT the medium by which the Electromagnetic Spectrum

propagates through?

1

Philosopher3000

Because, the light doesn't change speed, it changes wavelength.There is no PRESSURE wave of electric or magnetic waves, it's an

oscillation of space-time itself. That 'dark matter' and 'dark energy'

stuff between the stars (everywhere) is just EM radiation or particles

of matter that don't interact with 'regular' matter. We can't step

outside the universe, so we don't know if EM radiation could exist

outside space-time, or if that even makes any sense. "Void" is just

the relative absence of normal matter.

EnigmaMaitreya

I a appreciate your reply and understand what your saying, I also

believe you are asserting you know finitely what Dark matter and

Dark Ener is. I think we can ust a ree that I do not a ree with
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7/12

your assertion and thus am not convinced your conclusions are

proven.

Nathan Vaughn

As I said in another post and as has been pointed out in reply here "Gravity

seems to propagate instantaneously at infinite scale" is incorrect. Gravityalso propagates at the speed of light.

Chris DeLong

Special relativity dictates that c is the limit for electromagnetic and

gravitational wave propagation. Thus, gravity is not propagated

instantaneously at infinite scale. I really like your analysis of the false

analogy, though.

Philosopher3000

There is no such thing as 'gravitational waves'. They keep looking,

but they are not finding. http://www.space.com/20939-gra...

If a star collapses via SuperNova and becomes a black-hole, the

total mass remains almost the same. If a significant amount of the

mass is turned to energy, then the nearly instantaneous absence of

that matter should cause a detectable decrease in the gravity in thatarea of space-time, but we have yet to measure a 'wave' or

'propagations' of such a change in force. I think that the absence of

that matter instantaneously effects all other matter in the universe,

regardless of distance, and what distinguishes matter from all other

forms of energy is just it's relationship to 'gravity', which is actually

not a force, but just a warp in space-time. The search for quantum

gravity is a mistake.

Chris DeLong

That is all well and good, I appreciate your point. However, we

cannot surmise that something doesn't exist because their is no

evidence of it. That is an appeal to ignorance, a very popular

informal logical fallacy. Though, it is true that gravitational waves

have not been physically observed, they have been mathematically

inferred and it is prudent to consider that they probably exist.

EnigmaMaitreya

And one should consider that a Bat could posit that there is an

Electromagnetic Spectrum but can not think of any way to prove it.
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Malafactor

"We limit ourselves to be Bats were we insist the Speed of sound is the limit of all

movement"

Actually we limit ourselves to what we can measure, so far we have found nothing

that travels faster than light, so we can safely say, for now, that nothing travelsfaster than light.

EnigmaMaitreya

I can live with that restatement. As in essence it is Dogma vs Inspiration -

the Eureka moment.

Greg Miernicki

WHOA.

1 2

Wang Chung

We are all living in a simulation where the mechanism of that simulation is outside the

boundaries of our observation. Like PacMan trying to understand how he is able to cross

one side of the screen and appear at the other end.

EnigmaMaitreya

he he, and I defy anyone to prove you wrong. Personally it does not freak me out

or cause any loss of sleep for me, not knowing if I am just a clever program, a brain

cell in a Universal Mind or just a Collection of energies (aka life forms) that appear

to be more or less working together for some indeterminate time for no apparent

reason or purpose.

Jaramie

What is the propagation speed of quantum entangled collapse? If the entangled particles

were separated by light years and then you measured the spin on one side would the

other particle collapse instantly as the article states? Or would it be bound by light speed

as well?

OrphanIsland

I'm gonna post this one last time,

I've heard on the ether that a spinning (10000rpm) EM shield improves efficiency by over

100% , maybe a small experiment on a higher speed shield for anti-inertial effects put a

hi h recision scale under the receiver and check it's wei ht?

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(c) Dec 2013

A shield like that could possibly give us super-void G.

I.E. Could effect the results of the Gravity experiment, giving us the true atomic level G

Universal constant that we crave, it will be a curve after all, just extend it to as close to

infinity as we can.

(c) Dec 2013

It will also "prove" dark matter on Earth.

(c) Dec 2013

PS: I'd love to change that "effect" to "affect"

PPS: If I'm right the Gravity experiment will report a HIGHER number

OrphanIsland

These cats obviously don't understand zero point mathematics, you people should askSteven Hawking to explain it to yas again.

Philosopher3000

I thought we lived in a 4D space-time? They seem confused between theoretical

mathematical dimensions of space and real dimensions in a time-scape.

The_Doorman

I'm no theoretical physicist (though I do play one on TV.../s), but I do not recall a

wormhole being defined/described as a "connection between black holes that serves as a

shortcut through space." I was previously unaware of anything necessitating black holes

in relation to wormholes...

The Alcubierre Warp Drive achieves its "speed" via wormholes, but has nothing to do with

Black Holes... or did I miss something?

EnigmaMaitreya

Yeah you missed something .... well I think you did.

As I understand it, Warp Drives will crate a Bubble were normal space exist inside

and ... unknown to me .... exist outside that, and a low amount of space time exist

in front (or is it back) of the bubble and a high amount of space time exist behind

(or is it in front) of the bubble. With a key ingredient be anti-matter, not for power

but to create all of the previous.

Star Gate Technology on the other hand did use worm holes that connected to

two gates forming a means of travel.

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10/12

Nathan Vaughn

Anti-matter isn't needed- negative energy is. Space in front is condensed;

behind is expanded.

And the correlation between worm holes & black holes is, I think, that if

you've bent space enough to create the worm whole, you have created a

black hole.

EnigmaMaitreya

As I understand Anti-Matter that is in fact negative Energy vs normal

matter being positive energy. But that aside we are seemingly on the

same page.

And I have never read anything about Black Holes linked to Warp

Drives.

Nathan Vaughn

To your point, perhaps, antimatter may be what's needed to create

negative energy. Not sure about that though. I've always heard that

antimatter & matter sipmly annihilate one another in the most ideal

generation of energy possible: E=mc^2 But if there's some other

way of using antimatter than just slamming it into regular matter,

perhaps. I don't know. I just follow physics, I'm not a physicist.

Nathan Vaughn

I did not mean to imply black holes were linked to warp drives.

Antimatter I can say with some certainty is not negative energy.

Matter isn't energy, although there is an equation you may have

heard of that explains the conversion rate of one to the other.

EnigmaMaitreya

Nah I haven't I may be connecting inappropriate dots Matter and

Anti-Matter have different properties , not the least of which is

charge(?).

I don't know anymore than I have been able to grasp what I read

about negative (?) cold. So the report goes that if, for example one

used Kelvin as the measure, then 0 is not really the end of things

being cold. What is implied (my connecting dots) is that there is a

max temp and a min temp, on both sides of zero (+ and -). I am

having epic failure handling that concept.
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Nathan Vaughn

I don't think there's is a maximum temp, except for all the matter in

the universe being converted to energy at the most efficient rate

possible.

Minimum temp is definitely a thing though, although unattainable.

Just imagine if you took out literally every source of energy possible- you cannot go any colder than that. That's the theoretical absolute

minimum. Just conceptually, how could you possibly go any lower

than absolutely no energy? There's nothing more to remove!

EnigmaMaitreya

No, that was the point of the paper, it was saying they had

measured(?) activity(?) below 0 Kelvin, and not just marginal but

significantly. I am fairly certain it implied that the temperature would

wrap around to the, for lack of better words, Max Temperature.

The only way I have been able to deal with this in thought, is to use a

computer binary byte(word what ever) were the high order bit is the

designator for + or - (breaks down here because the byte should be

8 bit and not 7+sign) and you can subtract from max till it reaches

zero but then subtraction begins a negative value that ends up at

max again.

Nathan Vaughn

Oh geez maybe I need to re-read this article more thoroughly >

wormholes and quantum entanglement may be linked - wired science

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