worlds oldest crop native to middle east ancestral form is winter habit 2-row hulled the ancestral...
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World’s oldest cropNative to Middle EastAncestral form is •winter habit •2-row •hulled
The ancestral state
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2-row vs. 6-row
1 gene/30,000 genes
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Winter vs.Spring
What is the difference between winter and spring barley, and what the *%^&(+ is a facultative barley? The three growth habit classes of barley are winter, facultative and spring. A winter barley is planted in late fall and is harvested the following summer. A spring barley is planted in the spring and harvested the same summer. If you plant a winter barley in spring, it will not flower, or it will flower too late. If you plant a spring barley in the fall, it will (in many temperate environments) die from low temperature injury. A facultative barley can be planted in the spring or the fall, and it is cold-tolerant. There are three principal physiological traits involved: vernalization sensitivity, photoperiod sensitivity, and low temperature tolerance. Vernalization sensitivity means the plant needs exposure to low temperature before it can flower. Winter barleys are vernalization-sensitive whereas facultative and spring types are not. Photoperiod sensitivity means the plant will not flower until the day length reaches a critical threshold. Many winter barleys, most facultative barleys, and few spring barleys are sensitive to short days. Low temperature tolerance is an induced trait. Winter and facultative barleys are more cold tolerant than spring barleys. Since the traits are controlled by different genes our bets are on photoperiod-sensitive, cold-tolerant facultative varieties.
http://barleyworld.org/FAQ_sheet.php
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Hulled vs. Hull-less
The headache of pearls
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Malt vs. FeedWhy some varieties are better for making beer than others•Barley malt is the perfect combination of starch, enzymes, flavors, and aromas for brewing, distilling, baked goods, cereals and confections. There are many types of barley malt – from light to dark – but all are variations on two principal themes: germination and kilning. Different end-uses require different malt quality specifications. Some of the principal characteristics used to define malting quality are protein (low, moderate, or high), malt extract (high), enzyme activity (moderate to high), and beta glucan (low). •Feed barley is used as food for animals. Varieties also differ in their feeding properties but unfortunately feed barley is simply sold by the ton. Feed barley prices are often so low that farmers grow other crops - if they can do so. As a consequence, barley’s adaptability to extreme climates makes it an important feed grain only in areas where it is unprofitable to grow (or import) maize. •Hooded barley is a unique type of feed barley that has hoods, rather than awns. These types are usually cut green for hay or silage. The lack of awns allows for easy chewing by the animals.
Malt
Feed
Forage
A rule of thumb is that good malt barley is good feed barley, but not the reverse. In general, malt barley commands a premium over feed barley, but yield less. Many genes determine malting and feed quality; two genes determine the hooded trait.
http://barleyworld.org/FAQ_sheet.php
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Malting barley variety development Grain to Glass 11 – 13 years
2-3
3-4
3
3
Time frame (yrs)
Activity
Breeding and selection; initial agronomic assessment
• Segregating generations• Doubled haploid populations
Preliminary to advanced agronomic testing and micro-malting of samples
from multiple environments
AMBA Pilot Scale Test must be rated satisfactory in 2/3 years of testing
AMBA Plant Scale malting and brewing trials must be rated satisfactory in 3/3 brewing trials
Amount of seed required for one malting quality assessment
Amounts of seed available and scale
0
200 grams
7 kilograms/location
2 locations
800 metric tons
0g – 1 kg for breeding program
1 kg – 20 kg for breeding and extension programs
20 kg –100 kg for breeding and extension programs. Initiate large-scale increase of pure seed for commercial scale quality assessment and variety release
Large volumes for on-farm testing and commercial scale malting and brewing
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Molecular breeding
Measure meaningful genetic diversity
Measure the traits that matter
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Why Barley?
•Diversify • New products• Rotation
•Whole grains in a complete diet •Full spectrum local supply•We have very productive areas for growing barley
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Raising barley – from seed to seed
• Variety choice
• Planting
• Management
• Harvest
• Storage
• End uses
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Varieties
•Self-pollinated• Breed true
• Variation due to limited cross-pollination, mixture, mutation, breeding method
•Growth habit• Winter, spring, facultative
•Seed source • Certified, farmer-farmer, saved
•Ownership• Public, PVP, licensed, patented
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Planting
•How• Broadcast, drill
•Seedbed preparation• Tillage, minimum-tillage, no-
tillage •Seeding rate • Lbs/acre; seeds/square foot
•Seeding date • Growth habit
• Don’t spring-plant a winter• Diseases
• Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus is a problem in early-seeded winters
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Management and who to contact at OSUMike Flowers (CSS Extension)
Weeds: Andrew Hulting (CSS Extension)• Companion Crops• Herbicides • Tillage • Mulches
Diseases: Chris Mundt (BPP)• Yield and quality loss
• Stripe rust • Contamination
• Smut• Health hazards
• Ergot• Fusarium Head Blight
• Genetic resistance • Fungicides
Insects: Sujaya Rao (CSS)• Cereal Leaf Beetle
Nutrition:John Hart, Dan Sullivan (CSS)• N,P, K, +, +,+
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Harvest
Combine• Plot • Small• Standard
Cutting• Hand tools• Mowers• Binders
Threshing• Abrasion• Mechanical threshers
Cleaning• De-hulling• Removing chaff• Removing other seeds
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Storage
•Moisture•Insects•Rodents•Fungi
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MarketingProtein, seed weight/size (test weight, plump/thin)
• Malt (extract, enzymes), • Food (beta glucan),• Feed (protein, test weight), • Forage (protein, fiber)
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Bringing it all home to Oregon
Maja. Hyslop Farm. Lewisburg, OR 2010
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Growth habit, end-use and disease resistance are key considerations for making management decisions and
income projections
Maja. Hyslop Farm. Lewisburg, OR 2010
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Growth habit: winter, facultative, and springHighest yields with winter or facultative barley Seeded mid-October and harvested in early July
At least 6,000 lbs per acre and test weights > 50 lbs./bu
Winter breeding nursery. CBARC. Pendleton, OR 2009
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Late spring (March/April) plantings of barley will likely yield less than fall plantings and will require irrigation to
achieve maximum yield
Spring breeding nursery. Hyslop Farm, Lewisburg, OR 2010
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Facultative varieties: plant any time Late winter/early spring (~ February) seeding of winter,
facultative, or spring varieties is an option for some growers
Spring breeding nursery (foreground) and winter breeding nursery (background). Hyslop Farm. Lewisburg, OR 2010
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Principal end-uses are feed, food, forage, and malt
Rogue ale hour. OR 2010
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Malting varieties must meet specific quality criteria for malting and brewing
The maltster and brewer will specify which variety (ies) will be contracted
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Feeders will typically specify test-weight
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The food barley market is developingThe driver is Beta glucan = soluble dietary fiber
Key differentiators are hulled vs. naked
waxy vs. normal starchThe hull is removed by genetics, de-hulling, pearling, or
milling
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Forage varieties are hooded – no awnsHarvested for hay, green chop, silage
Grazed Grain
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The barley form of stripe rust can be very severe in the Willamette Valley: complete crop loss
Scald: a matter of degreeBYDV can be a problem in early fall plantings
Stripe rust on susceptible varieties.Hyslop Farm. Lewisburg, OR Any year
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Variety recommendations Winter
Feed – Strider, Alba (2012)Food – Streaker (2012), WinCrisp (2013)
Forage – Verdant (2011)Malting – Endeavor (2-row), Maja (6-row; facultative)
Spring2-row