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World War Too!Is what comes after World War One.

Back Story of WW2

WW2 began after a long and difficult economic period

(The Great Depression – See Unit II for more)

More so for Germany – the Depression as well as

complications from the enforcement of the Treaty of

Versailles

Germany was in turmoil internally, with the continued

economic down turn.

All problems were viewed by the German people as their

government’s fault – not British, French, global economic

failure.

“Without leadership all is lost” –God.

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Slow economic growth

Hyper inflation – quantitative easing

produces more bank notes.

Massive numbers of unemployed

Adolf Hitler

• Rises to power in the midst of a Germany that has

or has accepted that there is no hope.

• Convinces Germans that:

-they need to be proud of being German

-they need to take responsibility for what has gone

on.

-remember who was responsible for all of this

Britain, France, and USA The Jews!

• History remembers that the Jewish people have

been: betrayed, murdered, out cast, abused by many

cultures over 1000’s of years. They are convenient.

Scapegoat

• Hitler fragments the German society.

• Anything that can unite Germans together is a

threat. Religion too.

Hitler and Germany

Ironically, the swastika is a symbol used by many religions

around the world.

Religion is direct threat to Hitler’s

image of what Germany should be.

Germans must owe allegiance to

party – the nation, no others!

Fascism.

German Political Party

Was it clear that this would end in..

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Nazi Germany

…this, and…

Nazi Germany

…sadly, this

Political Choices in Post WW1 Germany:

Options were extreme for Germans Mistakes of Hitler

While historians accept that Hitler was a masterful

politician, he was lacking in military leadership. There is no

doubt that Hitler was fortunately his worst enemy. There

are several pieces of historical evidence to support the

ineptitude of Hitler as a military tactician.

1. Dunkirk

2. Battle of Britain

3. Operation Barbarossa

4. Ukraine

5. Technology

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Dunkirk: May 26 1940

Dunkirk

German advance had force all forces to the shores of the English Channel

British, Belgian, Czechoslovakian, French Troops withdrawal

It is hoped that 50,000 soldiers can be saved from disaster.

Miracle of Dunkirk

Troops waiting on the beach for rescue, nowhere to go.

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A true miracle

The Little ships of Dunkirk rescued 338,000 soldiers

British retreat

The loss of materiel on the beaches was huge.

The British Army left enough equipment behind to equip

about eight to ten divisions. Left behind in France were,

among huge supplies of ammunition, 880 field guns, 310

guns of large calibre, some 500 anti-aircraft guns, about 850

anti-tanks guns, 11,000 machine guns, nearly 700 tanks,

20,000 motorcycles, and 45,000 motor cars and lorries.

Army equipment available at home was only just sufficient

to equip two divisions

Why did Hitler order the halt to the attack

knowing the entire area was surrounded?

What was he thinking? 50,000 POW taken

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Battle of Britain

July 1940-December 1940

"Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so

many to so few"

Battle of Britain

The Battle of Britain was the first major campaign to be

fought entirely by air forces, and was also the largest and

most sustained aerial bombing campaign to that date.

The Darkest Hour

Was a phrase coined by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the period of World

War II between the fall of France in 1940 and the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, a

time when the British Commonwealth stood alone against Nazi Germany and the Axis Powers in

Europe.

Battle of Britain

The German objective was to gain air superiority over the

Royal Air Force (RAF). From July 1940: coastal shipping

convoys and shipping centres, RAF airfields and

infrastructure. As the battle progressed, aircraft factories

and ground infrastructure were targeted and then

eventually the Luftwaffe resorted to attacking areas of

political significance and using terror bombing strategy.

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Battle of Britain

Air Raid Shelter in the London Tube (subway)

Battle of Britain

Air Raid Shelters

Battle of Britain Battle of Britain

By preventing Germany from gaining air superiority, the

battle ended the threat that Hitler would launch Operation

Sea Lion, an amphibious and airborne invasion of Britain. The

failure of Germany to achieve its objectives of destroying

Britain's air defences, or

forcing Britain to negotiate

an armistice or an outright

surrender, is considered its

first major defeat and a

crucial turning point in the

Second World War.

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Battle of Britain

The objective to bring

the downfall of the RAF

was the intention of this

campaign, but was not

realized.

Battle of Britain

Represented a significant victory over Germany at a time when hope was uncertain.

Operation Barbarossa

June 1941

Operation Barbarossa

German Invasion of Russia

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Operation Barbarossa

Stalin’s non-aggression pact was no longer able to protect him and the USSR

Operation Barbarossa

Largest invasion of WW2

The Battle for Stalingrad

23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943

Battle of Stalingrad

The Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle of World War II

in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet

Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd)

in the southwestern Soviet Union. Marked by constant

close quarters combat

and disregard for military

and civilian casualties, it

is among the bloodiest

battles in the history

of warfare.

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Battle of Stalingrad

850,000 German casualties vs. 1,120,000 Soviet casualties

The Ukraine

German invasion of the Ukraine was a complete blunder from a tactical position.

The Ukraine

Forced labour, German or Soviet – did not matter

Technology

German technology was recognized as being vastly superior

to anything the Allied armies had fielded.

Included:

Infantry weapons:

Artillery

Aircraft

Ships

V Series

…and some very scary stuff.

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StG 44

The weapon was not appreciated by Hitler as it did not meet his needs – not the army’s

The V-2 Rocket

The V-1 Rocket Me 262

969 kmph vs P-51 Mustang’s speed of 703 kmph

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X-ray Gun

No actual weapon was found, but evidence suggests that several were built

Nazi UFO?

Moon Base…

Really?

Chapter 5 Vocabulary

1. Imperialism

2. Domestic Product (GDP)

3. Saturation Bombing

4. Baby Boomers

5. Zombies

6. Referendum

7. Genocide

8. Roma

9. Great Depression

10. Fascism

11. Totalitarianism

12. Appeasement:

13. Munich Agreement

14. Blitzkrieg

15. Corvettes

16. Luftwaffe's

17. Non-Agression Pact

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Canada During WW2

Battle of St. Lawrence.

Canada was supplying food,

oil, weapons and

ammunition to England.

Carried by cargo ships.

Convoys were all "parked"

in the St. Lawrence as it was

considered safe.

Convoys were organized

here before crossing

Atlantic.

St. Lawrence Seaway protected by RCN

Submarine nets protected

seaway.

Destroyers, air patrols.

This seaway had numerous

ports, ship building facilities,

railway and cargo

infrastructure.

Cargo superiority

At the height of WW2, the liberty ship production was increased to 44 day construction period.

Liberty Ship Production

Allied (US + Canada) were able to mobilize their industrial might and build massive projects throughout the

war. This was one of the greatest powers that Canada and the USA had over the Axis powers.

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Canada and the War at Sea

Important theatre of

operation.

Merchant Marine – true

veterans of WW2.

Supply routes to England

(Weapons, oil, food,

ammunition, soldiers)

They were the life line to

England.

Protection of convoys from

German U-boats.

German U-Boat threat

Hitler revisited the same tactics from WWI: The Wolf Pack

Enigma: secret code for German military, worked in tracking and organizing attacks on convoys.

Enigma was broken in 1941, but Germany was not aware of this!

Canadian Corvettes

To protect the convoys -

Corvettes: small, fast sub-

hunters.

They were really patrol

ships with a crew of 40-100.

They were cheap to build,

and could be produced in

large numbers.

Effective weapons: depth

charges (hedge hogs), small

guns and AA defenses.

Battle of the Atlantic

Destroyer: were much larger

and true sub-hunters. They

would hunt subs and protect

convoys.

While not as quickly

constructed, they were the go-

to ship of the RCN in WW2.

Armed with larger guns,

Sonar - passive (listen) or

active (ping)

Depth Charges (hedgehogs)

And torpedos

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Battle of the Atlantic

Some ships are famous for winning a single battle: HMS Victory .

Some ships are famous for a single tragic loss: USS Arizona .

And some ships are famous for an entire career of exemplary service: HMCS Haida, ‘the fightingest ship in the Royal Canadian Navy'.

The Haida sank more enemy surface tonnage than any other Canadian warship during WW2.

Torpedo Strikes

A torpedo does not have to ignite any fuel or ammunition, it simply breaks the back of a ship!

Secrets of the War at Sea.

USS Indianapolis:Heavy cruiser.

Ordered to deliver a secret cargo to an secret air base in the Pacific. It would make it to the secret destination, but would be sunk by Japanese submarine I-58 on it’s return July 30, 1944.

Of the 1196 crew, 880 men went into the water, 321 came out.

Air WarBritish Commonwealth Air Training Plan (Located on Pg. 60)

The English/Australian/Canadian pilots all trained here.

1. It was safe to fly because there were no Germans.

2. Few people lived in Northern Canada.

Over 200,000 trainees passed through Canada during this time.

The contribution of Canada in the Battle of Britain was immense.

Women pilots were used as messengers and for cargo, allowing men to take on combat roles.

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British Commonwealth Air Training PLan RCAF in WW2

Hurricane: Fighter plane that

was mass-produced¸equal to

the German Messerschmitt

Accounted for 60% of

downed German planes

during Battle of Britain.

Spitfire:Was a faster fighter

interceptor than the

Hurricane, with a higher

victory-to-loss ratio.

RCAF in WW2

Mosquito: Made out of

wood and had two rolls

Royce engines that could

reach high altitude. The

purpose of this plane was to

take wood workers who

had no jobs during the war

and use them to make these

planes out of wood.

Ended up producing a highly

effective multi-role

fighter/bomber.

No. 6 Group (Bomber Command)

Top: Wellington light bomber, Below: Halifax heavy bomber

No. 6 Group RCAF was a Canadian Air Force (RCAF) bomber squadron based in England.Canadian bombers saw action in 1941 and were attached to RAF Bomber Command groups.

Canada wanted its own identifiable presence in Allied air operations, and did not want its air force to be merely a “source of manpower” for the Royal Air Force.

To this end, 6 (RCAF) Group was formed on 25 October 1942

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The Bombing of Dresden

Attack on the German city of Dresden February 13 & 15, 1945

Over 1200 bombers (2100 including fighter escorts) were launched.

City was heavily damaged

Targets were to be infrastructure only

Turned towards a heavy civilian loss: 25,000 killed, as many as 200,000

Battle of Hong Kong

On December 8, 1941 Japan attacks Hong Kong. Hong Kong was a colony of the UK.

Considered by British to be too far away to protect write off - will lose it to Japan.

UK would not defend it. They put up a fight then retreat.

British had troops there as did India. Canada adds 1973 soldiers as a token force: (not worth much) They were completely untrained, with many soldiers having never fired a weapon.

Battle of Hong KongCanada's first combat of World War II was a disaster.

Moved to support Hong Kong was poorly thought out.

Hong Kong is attacked, allied soldiers cannot hold back Japanese they were overwhelmed.

Disadvantage: Terrain was too large Dividing Canadians/UK/Indians into two groups or pockets and isolated them.

13th and 18th of December, Japan asked for them to surrender but they refused.

For untrained troops they fought extremely well.

On the 17th of December relief ships were sunk in Pearl Harbour.

All hope was gone at this point.

Battle of Hong Kong

25th of December, Hong Kong surrendered.

Of the 1970 Canadians in Hong Kong 290 were killed in combat, 590 died as POW’s, and the rest were prisoners of war.

The Prisoners of War: Were place in lumber camps.

POW’s were only fed 800 calories a day which was a starvation diet. They were treated brutally. The Japanese hated them because they were considered cowards to surrender.

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Battle of Hong Kong

Bushido:The Japanese Warrior Code:

fight until the death, no surrendering.

The treatment of any prisoner was in

direct conflict with the Japanese ideal

of being a warrior. Soldiers who

surrender while still able to resist:

criminal!

Thus they felt that prisoners had

earned their brutal treatment.

In 1948 a confidential analysis

concluded that proper training and

equipment would have made little

difference to the Canadians who

were stationed in Hong Kong.

Chinese Genocide of WW2

While much less information is known of this atrocity, it ranks among the bloodiest events of WW2.

Conservative estimates claim 3 million fatalities, while more liberal estimates are in the 10 million victim range.

Chinese Genocide

Rape of Nanking in December 1937 300,000 to 600,000 people (20,000 – 80,000 were females subjected to gang rapes then killed to eliminate witnesses). 90,000 POW’s: shot, bayonetted, burned, beheaded, buried alive.

The sword from “The Contest.”

(Beheading contest).

Japanese Heroes of Nanking

Two Japanese officers compete in challenge to first kill 100 prisoners by sword. Guy on left wins with a tally of

106 vs. the score of only 105.

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Japan’s Unit 731

Medical, Biological and Chemical Unit

Unit 731Experiments on Chinese -referred to as “logs,” with reports stating how many logs fell during testing.

1. Vivisection without anesthetic

2. Blood loss, and gangrene studies

3. Germ warfare (Cholera, Anthrax, dysentery, Bubonic Plague)

4. Weapons testing (grenades, flame throwers)

5. Human limits: food/water deprivation, hypothermia, centrifuge, burns, injections of saline solution or animal blood.

General Ishii, commander od Unit 731. Arrested by the USA after the surrender of Japan. Was given immunity, allegedly moved to New England and worked for US military.

The Dieppe Raid

Who?

When?

Where?

What?

Why?

How?

The Dieppe Raid

August 19, 1942

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The Dieppe Raid

August 19, 1942

The War at Home

World War 2 was a moment

in history that forced

Canada to break free of the

Great Depression

Canadians were put back to

work changing the mass

unemployment to masses of

employed.

Industrial output doubled

from 1939 to 1945 in order

to meet war time goals.

War at Home _ continuedThe Canadian government took full control of the economy, and turned it into a war-winning weapon.

During the Second World War, Canadian industries manufactured materials and supplies for Canada, the United States, Britain, The total value of Canadian war production was almost $10 billion - approximately $100 billion in today’s dollars.

The Canadian contribution made a crucial difference to the winning of the war. For a nation of 11 million people it was an incredible accomplishment.

Canadian Production

$11 billion dollars of

munitions

1.7 million small arms

43,000 heavy guns

16,000 aircraft

2 million tonnes of

explosives

815,000 military vehicles,

50,000 tanks and

armoured gun carriers

9,000 boats and ships

Anti-tank and field

artillery

Naval guns

Small arms and automatic

weapons

Radar sets and Electronics

Synthetic rubber

Uranium for the

’Manhattan Project’

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War ProductionCanada was faced with the challenge of creating - practically from scratch -a strong industrial base to produce weapons and war materials for the war effort.

Canadian industry and the workforce of our country stepped up with an amazing response to this situation and helped contribute to the Allied victory in the war.

It lent money to Britain interest-free, gave it a gift of war supplies in January.In 1942 and then donated surplus production to Canada’s allies through the Canadian Mutual Aid Board.

Canada was making war production available to the Allied countries which could not afford to buy it.

The country was wealthy. Everyone who wanted to work could. There were limits on wages and restrictions in the choosing and changing of jobs.

There were also some shortages and rationing of food and other products.

Income taxes, an invention of the First World War is still a legacy.

War Measures Act

Japanese Internment Camps Conscription

The Conscription Crisis of

1944 was a political and

military crisis following the

introduction of forced

military service in Canada

during World War II.

Conscription was declared

late in the war, only 2463

conscripted men reached

the front lines.

Out of these, 79 lost their

lives.

King’s claim:

"not necessarily

conscription but

conscription if necessary.“

Canadian

Zombies

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Canada: The Italian Campaign1943

Italy was selected as a target;

1. Open a front (third one with Russia and soon to be France) – spread the Germans thin.

2. Belief that Italy would not resist an allied invasion as Italy was no longer in the war.

The defense of Italy was based on a series of lines that would hold the allied army – causing maximum damage.

German troops in Italy were also all veterans of combat.

Germans lead by Marshall Kesselring:

Directed by Hitler to protect Italy.

USA Clarke: His job was to open up Italy.

UK: Montgomery wanted to be Prime Minister after the war. Rome is his key to the election following the war.

Clarke and Montgomery had a personality conflict with each other.

German Defensive Lines (or Winter Line)

The Winter line of Italy 1943

Italian Campaign

Italy was the soft under belly

of Europe and Stalin had

been isolated.

Panzer Turret 88's mm:

A gun that was put into the

ground and could defeat any

tank.

23 000 machine gun nests

Overlapping fields of fire.

The defense of Italy was

very well planned

Canada: The Italian Campaign1943

Monte Cassino :Was a Abbey on top of a hill halted the UK and USA for four months. It was considered a "killing zone" and had a 360 degree view to bomb.

There were more casualties during the Italian Campaign than the Western front in France.

Soon to be forgotten once France was invaded.

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Battle of Ortona

Canadian Troops moved North eventually making it to the Italian city of Ortona where they met heavy German resistance.

The Canadians fought well at Ortona. However, it was at a great cost:

502 dead and 1,873 wounded.

In Italy, 6,000 Canadians died

Canada: The Italian Campaign1943

- 93 000 Canadian men in

Italy. They were ordered to

rest and recover so that

they wouldn't take Rome.

- June 6, 1944 → No one

remembers Italy anymore

because of D-day

D-Day: Operation Overlord

D. Day was the invasion of Normandy. It happened on Juno Beach and was a Canadian attack. There were 5 beach heads, 2 US called Utah and Omaha, 2 British called Gold and Sword, and 1 Canadian

called Juno.

D-Day: Juno Beach

D-Day was the invasion of

Normandy (Operation

Overlord)

June 6, 1944

There were 5 beach heads:

Utah and Omaha (US beaches)

Gold and Sword, (British)

Juno (Canadian)

Juno Beach:Was the second

most difficult beach to assault.

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Hitler’s Atlantic Wall D-Day: Juno1.1 million Canadians served in WWII, including 106,000 in the Royal Canadian Navy and 200,000 in the Royal Canadian Air Force- 42,042 killed - 54,414 wounded

14,000 Canadians landed on D-Day 450 jumped by parachute or landed by glider

- 340 killed - 574 wounded - 47 taken prisoner

D-Day Juno and BeyondThe beach was fronted by the small villages of Courseulles-sur-Mer, Bernièresand St. Aubin.

Canadian Objectives:

1. To establish a beachhead, capture the three small seaside towns,

2. Advance ten miles inland, cut the Caen -Bayeux highway,

3. Seize the Carpiquet airport west of Caen,

4. Form a link between the British beachheads Sword and Gold.

3rd Canadian Division progressed further inland than any of the Allies on D-Day.

During the first six days of the Normandy campaign, 1,017 Canadians died.

Juno Beach

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Canada’s Northern European CampaignFollowing the Normandy landings, the Canadian Corps was given the task to head North easterly towards the Netherlands.

The fighting in Normandy continued throughout June and July of 1944. The Canadians experienced some of the hardest fighting imaginable against the powerful Panzer divisions in the struggle to capture the city of Caen.

In the face of fierce resistance and heavy losses, progress was slower than the US or British forces.

More than a month elapsed before Carpiquet airfield was captured as a preliminary to the seizure of Caen. Caen was taken on July 10.

From Normandy to the NetherlandsAfter taking Caen, the first task given to the Corps was to break out of Caen across the Orne River with the objective of enlarging the bridgehead and holding down German troops to assist the American breakout in the west.

The fighting was tough and bloody, resulting in heavy losses; however, the strategic gains were great as the Canadians held against some of Germany's best armoured formations.

With this action the US were able to break free of there German defenders and begin the encircling around the German forces. Forces the Germans to pull back to face the American threat.

From the Netherlands to Germany

August 25, 1944, Germany

withdraws from France, and

sets up for a last-ditch defense

of the homeland.

May 9, 1945 Germany

surrenders declaring V-E Day.

V-J Day declared 3 days after

the bombing of Hiroshima and

Nagasaki.

WW2 ends August 15, 1945