World War II Results/Birth of the Cold War

- The end of WWII found Soviet forces occupying most of Eastern and Central Europe and the eastern portion of Germany.

Germany

- at the end of WWII, Germany and its capital (Berlin) were divided into 4 military zones controlled by the four major allied powers: the U.S., Britain, France, Soviet Union

Germany

Germany

- at the end of WWII, Germany and its capital (Berlin) were divided into 4 military zones controlled by the four major allied powers: the U.S., Britain, France, Soviet Union

- unable to agree on how to reunify Germany, the U.S., Britain, and France combined their territories into an independent West Germany while the Soviets made their territory an “independent” East Germany

Germany

Germany splits

Germany

- the same thing that happened to the country, took place with the capital resulting in a West Berlin and a East Berlin

Berlin splits

Germany

- the same thing that happened to the country, took place with the capital resulting in a West Berlin and a East Berlin a wall was Constructed by the Soviets to divide the city keeping the poor East Berlin citizens from

entering wealthy West Berlin

Berlin Wall

Germany

- the same thing that happened to the country, took place with the capital resulting in a West Berlin and a East Berlin

- The Berlin Wall was an enduring symbol of the cold war that divided the city in Germany. It was built by the USSR in hopes of driving the US and it allies out of Berlin.

a wall was Constructed by the Soviets to divide the city keeping the poor East Berlin citizens from

entering wealthy West Berlin

Truman Doctrine (1947)

- the United States would provide aid to countries threatened by Communists

Chinese Civil War (1945-1950)

Chinese Civil War (1945-1950)

- a struggle between the communists under Moa Ze-Dong and the nationalist under Chiang Kai-Sheik. The US will continue to support Sheik even when it became clear his cause was lost

Israel (1948)

- developed as a result of the Holocaust in hopes of giving the Jewish people a homeland. The problem with the nation of Israel was that it displaces the palatine people.

Marshall Plan (1949-1951)

- U.S. plan to send financial aid package to help Europe reconstruct and recover after WWII

containment

- a policy adopted by the United States to keep Communism from spreading outside its present borders

United Nations

- was formed near the end of WWII to create a body for the nations of the world to try to prevent future global wars.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

- The United States and the Soviets will agree to a treaty that bans testing atomic weapons in the atmosphere

The Hydrogen Bomb

- weapon was consider at least a 100 times more powerful that the Atomic Bomb.

GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act) (1944)

- provided federal aid to help veterans adjust to civilian life in the areas of hospitalization, purchase of homes and businesses, and especially, education.- designed to provide greater opportunities to returning

war veterans of World War II - provided tuition, subsistence, books and supplies,

equipment, and counseling services for veterans to continue their education in school or college.

GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act) (1944)

- Perhaps the greatest participation by the federal government in education

Levittown (middle class 1958)

- the largest planned community constructed by a single builder (William J. Levitt) in the United States

Levittown (middle class 1958)

- Levittown, Pennsylvania - the development occupied over 5500 acres in lower Bucks County and included churches, schools, swimming pools, shopping centers and 17,311 single-family homes to its 70,000-plus residents,

Levittown (middle class 1958)

- Levittown represented the American Dream of homeownership. To many others, Levittown epitomized postwar suburbia — a place often criticized but widely copied.

The AFL-CIO(1955) - created through the merger of the two unions.

George Meany of the AFL and Walter Reuther of the CIO served, respectively, as the organization's first president and vice president. The union provides assistance for member unions in legal matters, government representation, and organizing work. It also assists in resolution of disputes and promotes desired legislation at both national and state levels. It has been the most conservative labor union of the twentieth century.

Taft-Hartley Labor Act, (1947)

- qualified or amended much of the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act of 1935, the federal law regulating labor relations of enterprises engaged in interstate commerce, and it nullified parts of the Federal Anti-Injunction (Norris-LaGuardia) Act of 1932.

Taft-Hartley Labor Act, (1947) - established control of labor disputes by enlarging the

National Labor Relations Board and providing that the union or the employer must, before terminating a collective-bargaining agreement, serve notice on the other party and on a government mediation service.

The Korean War-Police Action(1950-1953)

Korea

Korean War (1950-1953)

- After communist North Korea invaded South Korea, American military forces led a counterattack that drove deep into North Korea itself.

- Communist Chinese forces came into the war on the side of North Korea and the war threatened to widen, but eventually ended in a stalemate with South Korea free of communist occupation.

Korean War (1950-1953)

- General Douglas MacArthur was fired because he ignored President Truman’s order. This showed the constitutional principal of civilian control of the military.

- American involvement in the Korean War in the early 1950s reflected the American policy of containment of communism.

38th Parallel

Containment

- American foreign policy throughout the Cold War to keep Communism from spreading and to resist communist aggression into other countries

• said Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam were to become fully independent countries, with

the last named partitioned near the 17th Parallel into two states pending reunification through “free elections” to be held by July 20, 1953. The United States and

South Vietnam did not agree with these agreements.

The Geneva Accords -

Containment

• proposes economic and military aid to those countries with anti-communist governments in the Middle East.

The Eisenhower Doctrine -

Containment

• At the height of the "cold war," complaints about the growing "missile gap” between the United States and the Soviet Union led to secret gathering of data on Soviet missile capabilities through photographs obtained from U-2 reconnaissance plane overflights of the Soviet Union.– May 1960, plans were finalized for a crucial Paris

summit conference between western nations and leaders of the Soviet Union with disarmament to be the main focus.

Containment

– A successful summit were destroyed when on May 1, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet air space. • On the first day of the Paris summit, Soviet Premier

Nikita Khrushchev stormed out after delivering a condemnation of U.S. spy activities.

Containment

led a communist revolution that took over Cuba in the late 1950s

- Many Cubans fled to Florida and later

attempted to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. This

"Bay of Pigs" invasion failed. Kennedy will call of air support which will lead to its failure.

Fidel Castro -

1962

- the Soviet Union stationed missiles in Cuba, instigating the Cuban Missile Crisis.

1962

1962

- the Soviet Union stationed missiles in Cuba, instigating the Cuban Missile Crisis.- President Kennedy ordered the Soviets (Khrushchev) to

remove their missiles and for several days the world was on the brink of nuclear war.

1962

- the Soviet Union stationed missiles in Cuba, instigating the Cuban Missile Crisis.- President Kennedy ordered the Soviets (Khrushchev) to

remove their missiles and for several days the world was on the brink of nuclear war.

- Eventually, the Soviet leadership "blinked" and removed their missiles.

Treaties and Organization after World War II

www.youtube.com/watch?v=VO40SpSBjbc

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) (1949)

- an alliance of nations that consisted of the United States, Canada, and the democracies in Europe to prevent against Soviet expansion in Europe- formed in response to the Berlin Crisis

NATO

The OAS(Organization of American States) (1951)

- a regional organization that promoted the economic development of Latin America and cooperation between the U. S. and its Latin American neighbors. - The Alliances for Progress was the program of

economic aid to Latin American countries initiated by President Kennedy to build on the good will established by FDR's Good Neighbor Policy.

OAS

SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) (1954)

- a treaty, signed by representatives of the United States, Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand , Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand ,that provided for collective action against aggression.

SEATO

Warsaw Pact (1955)

- an alliance of nations that consisted of the Soviet Union and socialist/communist states in central and eastern Europe

Warsaw Pact

The U.N. Security Council

- the organization within the United Nations that has the authority to send troops to different countries. - It has five permanent members USA, RUSSIA, CHINA,

GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE

U.N. Security Council

• The UN's role in international collective security is defined by the UN Charter, which gives the Security Council the power to:

• Investigate any situation threatening international peace;• Recommend procedures for peaceful resolution of a

dispute;• Call upon other member nations to completely or partially

interrupt economic relations as well as sea, air, postal, and radio communications, or to sever diplomatic relations;

• Enforce its decisions militarily, or by any means necessary;• Avoid conflict and maintain focus on cooperation.

The Communist takeover in China

- happening after WWII, this surprise increased American fears of communist domination over most of the world.- Rather than being strong

allies, the communist nations of China and the Soviet Union became rivals for territory and diplomatic influence

The Communist takeover in China

a split which American foreign policy exploited under President Nixon in the 1970s.

Missile Race

- When the Soviet Union matched the United States in nuclear weaponry in the 1950s, the threat of a nuclear war that would destroy both countries was an ever-present fear throughout the Cold War.-

Missile Race

- America, under President Eisenhower, adopted a policy of "massive retaliation" (missile build-up) to deter any nuclear strike by the Soviets.

The National Security Act of 1947

- mandated a major reorganization of the foreign policy and military establishments of the U.S. Government. -

The National Security Act of 1947

– The act created many of the institutions that Presidents found useful when formulating and implementing foreign policy, including the National Security Council (NSC).

-

The National Security Act of 1947

- The Council itself included the President, Vice President, Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, and other members (such as the Director of the

Central Intelligence Agency), who met at

the White House to discuss both problems

with national security crises.

The National Security Act of 1947

- Established the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which grew out of World War II era Office of Strategic Services

Impact of the Cold War at home

The fear of communism and the threat of nuclear war affected American life throughout the Cold War.

Senator Joseph McCarthy

- played on American fears of communism by recklessly accusing many American governmental officials and citizens of being communists based on flimsy or no evidence. -

Senator Joseph McCarthy

- This led to the coining of the term McCarthyism, or the making of false accusations based on rumor or guilt by association.

The House Un-American Actives Committee (1947)

- a special committee formed to investigated charges of Communism in the Movie industries and other industries.– it was their duty to purge the country of any

Communist influences. – While HUAC investigated numerous industries,

Hollywood became the best-known target of this infamous committee because of its high profile

Alger Hiss, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (1953)

- convicted for spying for the Soviet Union, and the construction of nuclear weapons by the Soviets using technical secrets obtained through spying, increased domestic fears of communism. - Alger Hiss was a former

advisor to FDR.

Duck and Cover Drills

- During the 1950s and 1960s American schools regularly held drills to train children in case of a nuclear attack, and American citizens were urged by the government to build bomb shelters in their own basements.

Duck and Cover Drills

Fallout shelters - These were suppose to be well stocked with necessity in order to help live in a nuclear broke out.

Sputnik (1957)

- The first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth launched by the Soviets. - Proved that Soviet

technology was equal to that of Americans

- Help start the Space Race and an increase emphasis on math and science in American to compete with Soviets education.