World War II: Barcelona to World War II: Barcelona to BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

1914-Present Lesson 51914-Present Lesson 5

World War IIWorld War II• CombatantsCombatants

– The AxisThe Axis– The AlliesThe Allies

• CausesCauses– Economic depression Economic depression

& rise of fascism & rise of fascism • Fascism & NazismFascism & Nazism

– AppeasementAppeasement– Expansionism of Expansionism of

fascist/militarist Axis fascist/militarist Axis powerspowers

1939-451939-45• The Second World The Second World

WarWar– over 65 million over 65 million

deaddead– over 22 million over 22 million

refugeesrefugees– over 10 million over 10 million

Holocaust deathsHolocaust deaths– over $1 trillion in over $1 trillion in

costs & damagescosts & damages

Dismantling the Versailles Dismantling the Versailles PeacePeace• Hitler suspends reparation Hitler suspends reparation

payments, begins rearmingpayments, begins rearming• Germany occupies Germany occupies

Rhineland 1936Rhineland 1936– GBR and FRA do nothingGBR and FRA do nothing

• Anshuluss – combines Anshuluss – combines Austria with Germany, Austria with Germany, Western powers complain, Western powers complain, do nothingdo nothing

• The Munich Agreement, The Munich Agreement, 19381938– GER gets Sudetenland; Hitler GER gets Sudetenland; Hitler

promises no further expansionpromises no further expansion• RealityReality

– GER annexes CzechoslovakiaGER annexes Czechoslovakia

Descent into WarDescent into War• Germany invades Poland 1939Germany invades Poland 1939• Russia moves into Poland and Russia moves into Poland and

Baltic States Baltic States – GBR and FRA declare war against GBR and FRA declare war against

Germany Germany

• 1937 Japan invades China, 1937 Japan invades China, begins war therebegins war there

• 1940 – GER, ITA, JAP alliance 1940 – GER, ITA, JAP alliance

Learning from World Learning from World War IWar I

• New technology promoted speedy New technology promoted speedy attacks (mechanized war)attacks (mechanized war)

TTaannkkss

Learning from World Learning from World War IWar I

• New technology exposed heavy New technology exposed heavy defensive armsdefensive arms

Long-Long-Range Range

AircraftAircraft

Learning from World Learning from World War IWar I• New technology emphasized New technology emphasized combined combined

armsarms PPaarraattrrooooppss

Amphibious WarfareAmphibious Warfare

Blitzkrieg!Blitzkrieg!• ““Lightning War”Lightning War”

– Tanks, bombers, & Tanks, bombers, & “Shock Troops” push “Shock Troops” push deep into enemy linesdeep into enemy lines

– Heavy defenses bypassedHeavy defenses bypassed– Infantry consolidates Infantry consolidates

power over conquered power over conquered areaarea

• New strategy, no New strategy, no defense!defense!

Blitzkrieg!Blitzkrieg!• Early German victories by Early German victories by

1940:1940:– Poland (1 mo.)Poland (1 mo.)– Denmark (11 hrs.)Denmark (11 hrs.)– Norway (2 mo.)Norway (2 mo.)– Holland (2 days)Holland (2 days)– Belgium (1 mo.)Belgium (1 mo.)– France (3 mo)France (3 mo)

• Puppet Nazi govts. set up in Puppet Nazi govts. set up in all these countriesall these countries

Policies in Occupied Policies in Occupied EuropeEurope

• Puppet govts., martial Puppet govts., martial lawlaw

• Conversion to Conversion to ReichsmarksReichsmarks

• Collaboration & Collaboration & Resistance – supply Resistance – supply resources for German resources for German war machinewar machine

• Deportations—Jews, Deportations—Jews, Gypsies, communistsGypsies, communists

The Onslaught StallsThe Onslaught Stalls• Battle of Britain, 1940Battle of Britain, 1940

– GER can’t invade GBRGER can’t invade GBR

• ITA falters in SE ITA falters in SE Europe & N Africa, Europe & N Africa, 1941-421941-42– pulls GER resources pulls GER resources

from more important from more important frontsfronts

Reckoning in the PacificReckoning in the Pacific

• What is at stake for Japan:What is at stake for Japan:– needed resources plentiful needed resources plentiful

in vulnerable SE Asia – in vulnerable SE Asia – move into Indochina, move into Indochina, Malaya, Burma, PhilippinesMalaya, Burma, Philippines

– US withholds materials US withholds materials necessary for Japanese war necessary for Japanese war effect, negotiations break effect, negotiations break downdown• Pearl Harbor 1941Pearl Harbor 1941

1942: Turning the Tide1942: Turning the Tide• Britain critical but aliveBritain critical but alive• German assault on German assault on

Moscow stalled, lose Moscow stalled, lose 200,000+ at Stalingrad200,000+ at Stalingrad

• British win key battles British win key battles in North Africain North Africa

• Dec. 7, 1941: Japanese Dec. 7, 1941: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor attack on Pearl Harbor brings USA into warbrings USA into war

Ending

• 1944 Allies invade France, gradually surge into western Germany; Russia moves into eastern regions

• Germany surrendered May 1945

• Japan surrendered few months later, after Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed

Non-Western Effects of World War IINon-Western Effects of World War II

• The Bi-Polar WorldThe Bi-Polar World– The Cold WarThe Cold War– The Third WorldThe Third World

• Colonies seek Colonies seek independence:independence:

– IndiaIndia– French IndochinaFrench Indochina– The PhilippinesThe Philippines– AlgeriaAlgeria

Non-Western Effects of World War IINon-Western Effects of World War II

• Spread of communismSpread of communism– Eastern Europe & the “Iron Eastern Europe & the “Iron

Curtain”Curtain”

• The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan– Loans to aid Western nations Loans to aid Western nations

rebuilding from war (Soviet sees rebuilding from war (Soviet sees as US economic dominance)as US economic dominance)

• Creation of IsraelCreation of Israel– UN-mandated, 1947UN-mandated, 1947

– Rise of Israeli-Palestinian conflictRise of Israeli-Palestinian conflict

– Superpowers in the Middle EastSuperpowers in the Middle East

““The Butcher’s Bill”The Butcher’s Bill”• See total casualties for both warsSee total casualties for both wars

• Who are most affected/least affected?Who are most affected/least affected?– How might this affect their societies?How might this affect their societies?

German, 1939

American, 1943

American, 1942

Canadian, 1943

American, 1942

American, 1942

American, 1942

German, 1943