world war ii
DESCRIPTION
WORLD WAR II. 1939-1945. Axis Powers and Leaders. Germany. Adolph Hitler Leader of Nazi political party Blamed Jews for all of Germany’s economic problems. Italy. Benito Mussolini Promised a new Roman Empire. Japan. Emperor Hirohito Wanted full political and economic control of Pacific - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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WORLD WAR IIWORLD WAR II1939-19451939-1945
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Axis Powers and Axis Powers and LeadersLeaders
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Germany Germany
• Adolph Hitler
• Leader of Nazi political party
• Blamed Jews for all of Germany’s economic problems
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ItalyItaly
• Benito Mussolini
• Promised a new Roman Empire
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JapanJapan• Emperor Hirohito• Wanted full
political and economic control of Pacific
• Believed in militarism and military run society
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JapanJapan
• Prime Minister Hideki Tojo
–Responsible for all military operations during the war
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AlliedAllied LeadersLeaders
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Great BritainGreat Britain
• Winston Churchill
• Great orator and leader who kept British citizens from giving up
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FranceFrance
• Charles De Gaulle
• Led opposition against Germany after they took over France
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Soviet Union (Russia)Soviet Union (Russia)
• Joseph Stalin
• Great Purge – killed all people who opposed his rule or spoke against Soviet Union
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Soviet Union (Russia)Soviet Union (Russia)
• Did not join allies until Hitler double crossed him
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CAUSES OF WWIICAUSES OF WWII
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Axis AggressionAxis Aggression
• Axis Powers wanted to gain economic and political control of the World
• Japan invaded Manchuria and China to force US to recognize their dominance
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Axis AggressionAxis Aggression
• US refused to recognize Japan and placed embargos of oil and steel
• Germany wanted to gain all lands lost after the WWI in the treaty of Versailles
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Axis AggressionAxis Aggression
• Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 to show its dominance
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AppeasementAppeasement
• Policy of giving into political pressure to avoid war
• Allowed Germany to recapture some lands & rebuild their military
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War Breaks out in War Breaks out in EuropeEurope
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Munich PactMunich Pact
• Hitler and Stalin sign a non-aggression pact agreeing not to attack each other
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September 1, 1939September 1, 1939
• Germany and Soviet Union invade Poland after being warned not to invade by France and Great Britain
• Official start of World War II
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US IsolationismUS Isolationism
• US did not want to be involved in another European War
• US was still going through the Great Depression
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Lend-Lease Act Lend-Lease Act
• US gave military supplies to Great Britain in exchange for islands in the Caribbean
• FDR compared it to “lending a garden hose to a next-door neighbor whose house is on fire”.
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Lend-Lease Act Lend-Lease Act
• US used the war to end the Great Depression
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World War II World War II Battles and Battles and StrategiesStrategies
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Axis War StrategyAxis War Strategy
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Strategies - EuropeStrategies - Europe
• BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg – fast, lightning attacks on your enemy before they can recover
• Invade and conquer France
• Use German Air Force to bomb Great Britain until they surrender
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Strategies - EuropeStrategies - Europe
• Destroy Munich Pact and quickly defeat Soviet Union
• Take complete control of Europe before US got involved in the war
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Strategies - PacificStrategies - Pacific
• Japan wanted full military and economic control of Pacific
• Felt US needed to recognize their power in Pacific
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Strategies - PacificStrategies - Pacific
• Attack US Pacific Ocean military base and then invade Australia and Hawaii
• They thought US would rather respect them than fight a long, costly war
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Pearl HarborPearl Harbor
• Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacked the US military base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
• Destroyed US Pacific fleet of warships
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Pearl HarborPearl Harbor
• Dec 8 – US declared war on Japan
• Dec 10 – Germany and Italy declared war on US
• US now fully involved in World War II
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Allied StrategyAllied Strategy
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Strategy - EuropeStrategy - Europe
• Defeat Hitler first
• Most US resources were sent to Europe and Africa to fight Germany and Italy
• Attack Hitler from all directions and push back toward Germany
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Battles – Europe Battles – Europe and Africaand Africa
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Battle of Britain (Aug 1940)Battle of Britain (Aug 1940)
• British cities were relentlessly bombed by German Air force
• Churchill refused to allow British citizens to give up
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El Alamein (Nov 1942)El Alamein (Nov 1942)• German forces threatening to seize Egypt
and the Suez Canal were defeated by the British.
• Importance– Prevented Hitler from gaining access to
Middle Eastern oil and attacking the Soviet Union from the south.
– Allies got access to Germany from the South
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Stalingrad (Sept 1942) Stalingrad (Sept 1942) • Hundreds of thousands of German
soldiers were killed or captured in the Russian city of Stalingrad.
• Importance
– This defeat prevented Germany from seizing the Soviet oil fields
– Allies got access to Germany from East
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Normandy (D-Day) June 6, 1944
• Allied troops under Gen. Dwight Eisenhower landed in German-occupied France
• Importance– Despite intense German opposition and
heavy American casualties, the Americans were able to liberate France.
– Allies were able to attack Germany from the west
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V-E Day (May 8, 1945)V-E Day (May 8, 1945)• US and Russian forces closed in
on Germany from all sides
• Adolph Hitler killed himself before he could be captured
• German forces surrendered, ending the war in Europe
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World War II Battles and Strategies Pt 2
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Strategy - PacificStrategy - Pacific
• Island Hopping–seizing islands closer and closer to
Japan and using them as bases for air attacks on Japan
–cutting off Japanese supplies through submarine warfare against Japanese shipping
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Battles – Pacific Battles – Pacific OceanOcean
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““Miracle of Midway”Miracle of Midway”
• American naval forces defeated a much larger Japanese force as it prepared to seize Midway Island
• Importance– The American victory ended the
Japanese threat to invade Hawaii.
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Iwo Jima and Okinawa Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• Islands were within a couple hundred miles of Japan
• Both invasions cost thousands of American lives and even more Japanese lives
• Heavy fighting by Japanese soldiers to protect these islands
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Kamikaze FightersKamikaze Fighters
• Japanese soldiers who would commit suicide rather than surrender
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Iwo Jima and Okinawa Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• Importance
–US could set up military air fields to easier bomb Japan
–Made an invasion of Japan possible
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Use of the atomic bombUse of the atomic bomb
• US did not want to invade Japan because they did not want heavy casualties
• President Truman ordered the use of a new weapon called an atomic bomb
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August 6, 1945August 6, 1945
• America dropped the atomic bomb on Japanese city, Hiroshima
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August 9, 1945August 9, 1945
• America dropped atomic bomb on Nagasaki
• Over 250,000 people instantly killed in both cities
• Thousands more died from radiation
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V-J DayV-J Day• September 2, 1945
• Japan formally surrendered to the United States
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Contributions of Contributions of Minorities to AlliesMinorities to Allies
Minority units suffered high casualties and won numerous medals for bravery in action.
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Tuskegee AirmenTuskegee Airmen
• Squad of black air fighter pilots who served with distinction in Europe
• No pilots were shot down during war
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Nisei RegimentsNisei Regiments
• Asian American groups who worked as spies and soldiers for United States
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CodetalkersCodetalkers• Navajo Indians
who used their language to code US messages in Pacific
• Japanese could not decode intercepted US messages
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Mexican AmericansMexican Americans
• Fought for US in non-segregated military units
• Other minorities were segregated from white units
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WWII – War WWII – War CrimesCrimes
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War CrimesWar Crimes
• During WWII, brutal crimes were committed against the innocent by all countries involved in war
• Millions of innocent people were killed by random bombing, genocide, and discrimination
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Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March• American POWs suffered brutal
treatment by the Japanese after the surrender of the Philippines in 1942.
• Forced to march through jungle without food or water
• The treatment of POW’s in the Pacific war reflected the savagery of the fighting
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HolocaustHolocaust
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HolocaustHolocaust
• Genocide: The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group
• Final solution: Hitler’s decision to exterminate all Jews
• Jews were rounded up and sent to concentration camps to be killed
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HolocaustHolocaust
• Holocaust victims: 11 million total–Jews (6 million)
–Poles
–Slavs
–Gypsies
–“Undesirables” (homosexuals, mentally ill, political dissidents)
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Nuremburg TrialsNuremburg Trials
• Nazi leaders and others were convicted of war crimes
• Emphasized individual responsibility for actions during a war, regardless of orders received
• Led to increased demand for a Jewish homeland
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Japanese Japanese InternmentInternment
Japanese Americans were sent to camps (prison) during
the war
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Reasons for InternmentReasons for Internment
• Strong anti-Japanese prejudice on the West Coast
• False belief that Japanese Americans were aiding the enemy
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InternmentInternment
• Japanese sued gov’t for violating their civil rights
• Supreme Court Case of Korematsu vs United States ruled US did not violate Japanese civil rights
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InternmentInternment
• A public apology was eventually issued by the U.S. government in 1980’s.
• Financial restitution was made to survivors
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Geneva ConventionGeneva Convention
• Meeting in Switzerland to ensure the humane treatment of prisoners of war by establishing rules to be followed by all nations
• “The conduct of war often reflects social and moral codes of a nation “
• Set up the rules of war for future wars
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World War II World War II On the HomefrontOn the Homefront
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On the HomefrontOn the Homefront
• United States success in World War II required the total commitment of the nation’s resources.
• Public education and the mass media promoted nationalism
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United States United States ResourcesResources
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US ResourcesUS Resources
• U.S. government and industry worked together to distribute resources
• Office of War Mobilization created to control resources
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Economic Economic ResourcesResources
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Economic ResourcesEconomic Resources
• Rationing maintained a steady supply of materials for war
• War bonds and income tax were used for financing the war
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Economic ResourcesEconomic Resources
• Business was retooled from peacetime to wartime production
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Human ResourcesHuman Resources
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Human ResourcesHuman Resources
• More women and minorities entered the labor force
• Citizens volunteered in support of the war effort
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WomenWomen
• Replaced men who went to serve in the military (e.g., Rosie the Riveter).
• They participated in non-combat military roles
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African-AmericansAfrican-Americans• Double V Campaign
–Victory in war and victory in equality at home
–Demanded an end to segregation in military
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Military ResourcesMilitary Resources
• The draft/selective service was used to provide personnel for the military
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Role of Media and Role of Media and Mass Mass
CommunicationsCommunications
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Role of the MediaRole of the Media• Media and communications
assisted the gov’t in supporting the war
• U.S. government maintained strict censorship of reporting of the war–Censorship: blocking certain
materials from being published
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Role of the MediaRole of the Media
• Hollywood produced movies, plays, and shows that boosted morale and patriotism
• Portrayed the enemy in stereotypical ways
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Political, economic Political, economic and social and social
consequences of the consequences of the warwar
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Legacy Of WWIILegacy Of WWII
1. Massive destruction and death
2. End of Allied cooperation and beginning of “Cold War” – political tensions
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Legacy Of WWIILegacy Of WWII
3. US and Soviet Unions are only superpower countries
4. Atomic fallout – all countries rushed to get atomic bomb
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Legacy Of WWIILegacy Of WWII
5. US troops permanently stationed around the world
6. US will maintain a standing army in peacetime
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Legacy Of WWIILegacy Of WWII
7. Germany (and Berlin) divided into 4 military zones
• each zone controlled by one of the 4 major Allied powers