World War IWorld War IThe War to End All Wars…The War to End All Wars…

Causes – What a Tangled Web We Weave

Nationalism Extreme patriotism in your nation

Assassinations Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo

Secret Alliances My friend hates your friend so we can’t be friends

even though we were friends in 6th grade

Militarism Aggressive strengthening of the military

Nationalism Countries of Europe involved in WWI

France Germany

Austria-Hungary

Ottoman Empire

Bulgaria

Great Britain

Italy

Russia

Archduke Ferdinand Heir to the Austrian throne Assassinated along with wife

by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo - Gavrilo Princip

Considered the “spark” that led to war

Serbia was annexed by Austria in 1908 from the Ottoman Empire

Alliances

Militarism1. Militarism was the dominant idea that a nation’s power was largely based on its ability to wage war.2. It was strongest in Germany, where its generals were also accustomed to exercising political influence.3. Emerging technologies in the late 1800s gave rise to new types of weapon and military machinery.4. Governments responded by increasing military spending, fueling an escalating tit-for-tat arms race.5. By the early 1900s the European powers, driven by nationalist rivalry and militarism, had modernized and equipped their armies and navies, bringing the continent closer to war.

Stalemate Stalemate: Situation in which neither side can

win a decisive victory Led to vicious attacks at Verdun and Somme Many lives were lost for the gain of a few

yards. War of attrition: “We can kill more of you guys

than you can kill of ours”

Trench Warfare Trench Warfare: Defending a position by

fighting from the protection of deep trenches. Deep intricate trenches were set up opposing

each other, very hard for two defensive sides to go on

the offensive Area in between known

as “No Man’s Land” Page 722 in textbook

America America Enters the Enters the

WarWarWhat were the 2 main reasons for the What were the 2 main reasons for the

United States to enter into WWI?United States to enter into WWI?

United States Enters

War

Germany submarines attacked American merchant ships RMS Lusitania sunk

Many Americans on board, increased ‘war fever’ in U.S.

French ship the Sussex sunk Germany agrees to suspend sub attacks

on merchant ships

Zimmerman Note Letter from Germany to Mexico

Germany would give Mexico the land back it lost in the Mexican-American war

Intercepted by Great Britain Shared with U.S. helped convince

Congress to declare war on Germany

American Expeditionary Force

General John J. Pershing led American troops in WWI

3 month training before deployment to Europe

Western Front was determined to be the theatre of operation

Russia resigns… Bolshevik’s took over Russia and enacted a

communist based government Vladimir Lenin took charge of the new Russian

Government Over 8 million Russians casualties Food riots in the cities Soldiers and Sailors deserting the fight Russian Civil War broke out…

Communist Russia begins

Final Battles Germany could focus on one front, the

Western Front Germans attacked British and French forces

at Somme and Marme American troops relieved the French 50 miles

outside Paris to push the German Army backHarlem Hellfighters

More combat time than any other American Unit

Armistice Central Powers were starving…literally

Food riots in cities Running out of soldiers

Germany was losing it’s allies Austria-Hungary reached it’s own peace with Allied

Powers Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire quit was in fall of

1918

Germany was severely punished Destroy all aircraft, tanks, big guns and u-boats

Armistice 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month

The cost of the war… Casualties

5+ million Allied Soldiers DEAD 3.5+ million Central Soldiers DEAD 20+ million combined WOUNDED 90% of Frenchmen of

service age served 7 out of 10 were dead

or wounded

Cost of war Financial impact ~$30 BILLION in property damage Allies spent ~$145 Billion

Britain and France in deep debt to American banks

Central spent ~$63 Billion Germany was broke and people starving

Peace Agreement Wilson’s Fourteen Points List of proposals for peace and prevention of another

war Settle national border disputes Military cutbacks Lower tariffs Banned secret agreement between countries League of Nations

Used to settle international disputes Failed but paved way for United Nations

Europeans wanted to punish Germany Prevent Germany from ever becoming a world power

Treaty of Versailes Palace of Versailles No representatives from Russia or Central

Powers were present European powers wanted Germany to pay

reparations…totaling ~$33 billion New boundaries were drawn up including the

new countries of Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania,

Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Poland was restored

Fight at home Treaties must be ratified by 2/3rd of Congress Many Republicans were afraid of the League

of Nations power of military use Treaty of Versailles never ratified in U.S. and

America never joined the League of Nations Signed separate peace agreement with

Austria, Hungary and Germany

Europe after the war