world war i standard 15 and 16. the outbreak of world war i the outbreak of wwi in 1914 was a test...
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World War I
Standard 15 and 16
The Outbreak of World War I• The outbreak of WWI in 1914 was a
test for America’s new foreign policy–The USA was an imperial power after
the Spanish-American War–The U.S. built the Panama Canal,
used the Roosevelt Corollary to control Latin America, & created the Open Door Policy in China–But, the USA maintained a policy of
neutrality in European affairs
MILITARISMALLIANCESIMPERIALISMNATIONALISM
What caused World War I?
Causes of the Great War• Nationalism: Strong feeling of pride toward one’s
country -sparked intense competition among nations, seeking to overpower one another
• Imperialism: strong countries taking over weaker countries & establishing colonies
-Europe competed fiercely for African & Asian colonies, created rivalry & mistrust
• Militarism: countries started building up arms to prepare for war
-truly great=strong military
Causes of the Great War• Alliance System: Growing rivalry
& mistrust led to creation of military alliances
-Designed to keep peace but instead will
push Europe into war
-Triple Alliance (1882) Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy
-Triple Entente (1907) Great Britain, France, Russia *Did not bind GB to fight
with F & R
Nationalism
Feelings of nationalism led strong countries to want to gain more power & led many weaker nations to want to re-define their boundariesNationalism was strong in the Balkans, where Serbia hoped to unite
with Austrian Slavs
In 1914, Serbian terrorists assassinated
Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Timeline to the start of World War I• July 23- A-H issued an ultimatum to Serbia; Serbia only
met a few demands; A-H did not want to negotiate
• July 28-Austria declared war on Serbia, Russia (ally of Serbia) then declared war on Austria
• August 1-Germany declared war on Russia
• August 3-Germany declared war on France
American Neutrality• When World War I began in 1914, President
Woodrow Wilson declared U.S. neutrality
But by 1917, the USA entered
WWI as an Allied Power…
WHY?Gallery Walk
America Enters the War• By 1917, the USA entered WWI as an
Allied Power because:–German unrestricted submarine
warfare violated U.S. free trade–Germany’s Zimmerman Telegram
offered to return the Mexican Cession if Mexico invaded the USA–President Wilson hoped to stop the
Central Powers & make the world “safe for democracy”
• The USA declared war in April 1917
Americans were killed when the Lusitania, Sussex, & Arabic sank
Total War• Combatants in World War I quickly
began to use total war tactics–Governments committed all their
nation’s resources & took over industry to win the war–Soldiers were drafted, the media
was censored, propaganda was created to support the war –The enemy became the other
nation, not just its soldiers
Total War• New weapons were introduced, such as machine
guns, tanks, airplanes, flame throwers, poison gas, blimps, heavy artillery, & submarines
• To protect soldiers from enemy fire, both the Allies & Central Powers built trenches
• But, trench warfare made it difficult for either side to gain an advantage
When the U.S. declared war in 1917, World War I had been going on for 3 yearsThe British, French, & Germans
had fought to a bloody stalemate on the Western Front
German u-boats patrolled the
Atlantic Ocean
Russia was so devastated that soldiers were sent to fight on
the Eastern Front without weapons while civilians starved
at home
When the U.S. declared war in 1917, World War I had been going on for 3 years
In Nov 1917, Vladimir Lenin & the Bolsheviks successfully
overthrew the Russian gov’t & established the Soviet Union,
the 1st communist nation
Espionage Act
• Many Socialists questioned the reasons for fighting. – Many felt the nations at war were using lower class citizens
in order to fight a war to win the title of capitalist leader (The nation that wins the war has the most money).
• Congress is worried that those that disagree with the US being in the war might become spies for the Soviet Union.
• Espionage Act- outlawed acts of treason and made it a crime to “utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal… or abusive language” criticizing the government, draft, military, flag, etc.
Eugene Debs
• Had run for President in 1912 and won 6% of the popular vote but no electoral votes.
• Leader of the Socialist Party– believed in public
ownerships of all major industries.
• Although some thought the Espionage Act violated the 1st Amendment, Debs was sentenced to 10 years for making a speech against the war
American Entry into World War I
• After America’s declaration of war in 1917, America had to mobilize before it could fight in Europe– The army had only 200,000 soldiers & needed
armaments– Wilson & Congress created 5,000 new bureaucratic
agencies to manage & win the war
Mobilization: The Military• To mobilize the military, President
Wilson & Congress created:–The American Expeditionary Force led
by John Pershing; The AEF was an “American” military independent of the Allied armies fighting in Europe
Mobilization: The Military• To mobilize the military, President
Wilson & Congress created:–The Selective Service Act to draft
men between the ages of 18 & 45 into the army–2.8 million were
drafted to fight–Black soldiers
were placed into segregated units
African-American Soldiers
“True Sons of Freedom” “Colored Man is No Slacker”
Mobilization: The Military• To mobilize the military, President
Wilson & Congress created:–War Industries Board oversaw the
production of military supplies; Encouraged mass-production & set production quotas–Food Administration created food
rations & encouraged Americans to grow “victory gardens” –Fuel Administration rationed coal, oil
& encouraged “lightless nights”
War Industries Board
U.S. Food Administration
U.S. Fuel Administration
Mobilization: The Military• To mobilize the military, President
Wilson & Congress created:–Committee on Public Information to
create propaganda in support of the American war effort–The CPI created posters, movies,
speeches & censored the press–The CPI helped encourage bond
drives to raise money for the war
CPI Propaganda
Bond Drives
Recruitment Posters
With the military & economy mobilized for war, the 1st U.S. troops began fighting in 1918
To combat German u-boats, the USA used a convey system to deliver soldiers & supplies to Europe
The U.S. on the Western Front, 1918
U.S. soldiers saw their 1st action in May 1918 outside
Paris, helped resist a German offensive, & participated in a counter-attack into Germany
The End of World War I• The arrival of fresh American soldiers
& war supplies helped the Allies at a crucial time:–By October 1918, the German gov’t
knew the war was over–The Ottomans, Austria-Hungary, &
Bulgaria had surrendered –Nov 11, 1918 Germany signed an
armistice with the Allies & World War I came to an end ----
The End of World War I• The world was transformed by
WWI: – 22 million soldiers & civilians
died; 20 million were wounded; 10 million became refugees
– Towns & farms along the Western & Eastern Fronts were destroyed
– The war cost an estimated $338 billion & massive funds were needed to rebuild Europe
22 million dead 20 million wounded
WWI Deaths (Not Including Wounded or POW)
Wilson’s Fourteen Points• President Woodrow Wilson
believed that America ought to take a lead in shaping the peace process• Near the end of the war,
President Wilson developed his peace plan known as the Fourteen Points:–Based on eliminating the reasons for
WWI (militarism, imperialism)–Hoped to avoid all future wars by creating
an international forum to discuss & arbitrate problems
Wilson’s Fourteen Points• President Wilson’s Fourteen Points
contained three main themes: • (Points 1-5) Create new rules that
would eliminate the causes of WWI–No more secret treaties–Reduction of militaries–Freedom of the seas–International control over colonies
to end imperialism
Wilson’s Fourteen Points• (Points 6-13) Divide weak empires like
Austria-Hungary & the Ottoman Empire into new nations based on national “self-determination”–New nations should have their
borders drawn with consideration to ethnic & national identities–New nations should be free to
choose their own governments
Wilson’s Fourteen Points• (Point 14) To create a League of
Nations to settle all future international problems by compromise rather than by war
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919• Wilson traveled to the Paris Peace
Conference in 1919 to help create the Treaty of Versailles:–He hoped his Fourteen Points would
become the framework for the peace treaty–But, Wilson quickly learned that
European leaders did not share his vision for a “peace without victory” & wanted Germany to be punished
British Prime Minister David Lloyd George
Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando
French Premier George Clemenceau
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson
“The Big Four”
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919• Delegates agreed to create a League of
Nations that included:–General Assembly of 27 nations with
an Executive Council–Court of International Justice–Agreement that arbitration &
economic sanctions would be used to settle conflicts–An agreement that member nations
would work together to stop future acts of aggression
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919• Other treaty provisions included: – Austria-Hungary was split in two, Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia, & Poland were formed– Germany had to accept the “war guilt clause,” pay
$33 billion in reparations, & lost all colonies – No mention of free trade; No end to imperialism,
no reduction in militaries for any of the Allies
Europe & Middle East Before & After
World War I
Central Europe was redrawn to reduce the power of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Land was taken from Germany & given to Poland; Germany’s border with France was
demilitarized to avoid a future invasion
New nations were created from territory taken from Russia (who left WWI early
after the Bolshevik Revolution)
The Ottoman Empire was divided; Britain & France gained mandates in the
Middle East
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919• On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was
signed by Germany & officially ended WWI
But, many U.S. Senators did not like the treaty because of the League of Nations
But, President Wilson could not sign the treaty because Article I of the Constitution gives the
Senate the power to ratify all treaties
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919• All the major European powers signed the
Treaty of Versailles & joined the League of Nations• But, the
Senate was divided about what joining the League would mean for the future of the United States
The Debate over the League of Nations• 2/3 of the Senate was needed to ratify the
treaty & join the League:–Internationalists supported Wilson & saw
the League as a way to guarantee world peace in the future–Strong reservationists led by Henry
Cabot Lodge wanted major changes to Article 10–Irreconcilables led by William Borah
wanted isolationism & refused to join the League under any circumstances
Rejection in the Senate• Reservationists & Irreconcilables
attacked the treaty & League:–Wilson did not want to weaken the
League of Nations & refused to compromise with the Senate–Wilson toured the U.S. to gain public
support for the treaty, but had a stroke during the tour
• In 1920, the Senate voted against the treaty & U.S. membership in the League of Nations
The U.S. never joined the League & signed its own peace treaty with Germany in 1921
Members of the League of Nations (in black)
Conclusions• The impact of the Great War:–The U.S. began the 20th century as an
imperial power & reluctantly entered WWI to protect free trade–Involvement in WWI led to changes
for women & blacks, an economic boom, & the restriction of liberties–The U.S. played a major role in the
peace process, but refusal to join the League weakened the ability of world leaders to stop World War II
Effects of World War I
Great Migration
• During the WWI, the Mexican Revolution caused people to flee from Mexico to the Southern portions of the United States.
• A job shortage, especially for African Americans who were still discriminated against followed.
• Hundreds of thousands of African Americans decide to move to northern cities for job opportunities and to escape the discrimination of the south.
Life in the 1920s • The 1920s were an era of change: –Increased wealth, consumerism,
leisure time, & new forms of entertainment led to a “Jazz Age”–By 1920, more Americans lived in
cities than in rural areas–Rural Americans reacted to these
changes by attacking behaviors they viewed as “un-American”
1920s LegislationAmendment Date Law
16 February 3, 1913 Income Tax
17 May 31, 1913 Direct Election of Senators
18 January 16, 1919 ProhibitionRepealed December 5, 1933
19 August 18, 1920 Prohibits any US citizen from being denied the right to vote based on sex.
Prohibition• In 1920, the 18th Amendment went
into effect & Prohibition began:–Supported by rural Protestants who
believed drinking led to crime, abuse, & job accidents–26 states had already outlawed
alcohol before 1920 –The Volstead Act made the sale,
manufacture & transportation of alcohol illegal
The U.S. Treasury Dept was in charge of enforcing the Volstead Act
Prohibition• But, many urban Americans resisted
prohibition:–Most immigrants considered drinking part
of socializing–Wealthy urban Americans wanted to
enjoy themselves–Bootleggers made illegal alcohol & rum
runners smuggled foreign alcohol into the country –Secret saloons (speakeasies) were created
to sell booze–Rum Runners smuggled booze from Canada,
the Caribbean, & Europe
Bootleggers & moonshiners made illegal booze
Why are they called “bootleggers”?
Speakeasies were secret saloons or nightclubs
Prohibition• Prohibition had some negative effects
on America in the 1920s:–Smuggling & bootlegging increased
crime & lawlessness–Organized crime grew & took
control of the illegal alcohol trade–Mob bosses paid off politicians,
judges, & police departments–The federal gov’t could not enforce
prohibition effectively
Organized crime grew in American cities, especially in Chicago where Al Capone’s
gang was dominant
Gangster Al Capone made $60 million per year in bootlegging & became a notorious icon
To control the liquor trade, mobsters resorted to bloody gang killings; The most notorious was
the St. Valentines Day Massacre in 1929
The Roaring Twenties • Participation in WWI transformed the
United States in the 1920s:–The USA was the richest & most
developed country in the world–Mass production, high wages, new
consumer goods & forms of entertainment labeled the decade the “Roaring Twenties”
“A Return to Normalcy”• In 1920, Americans elected Republican Warren
Harding who promised a “return to normalcy”
“America’s present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy;
not revolution, but restoration…”—President Warren Harding, 1920
What would a “return to normalcy” mean for America after WWI?
• In the 1920s, American foreign policy “returned to normal” by embracing isolationism:– The U.S. rejected
the Treaty of Versailles & never joined the League of Nations
– Many citizens felt the U.S. was “duped” into joining WWI & became committed to neutrality
Foreign Policy• However, U.S. isolationism was
selective because the USA did play a role in world affairs:–The U.S. hosted a naval conference
aimed to reduce the military strength of all nations –Loaned European nations billions of
dollars to help rebuild after WWI–Joined other world powers in a
commitment to world peace by signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact
“The chief business of the American people is business.”—President Calvin Coolidge, 1925
• In the 1920s, three Republican presidents were elected (Harding, Coolidge, & Hoover) who helped America “return to normalcy” by adopting pro-business policies:– Kept taxes low so Americans
could spend their wages– Kept gov’t interference in
business to a minimum to allow private enterprise to flourish
Pro-Business Policies • Pro-business policies meant no new
progressive reforms:– Americans felt confident that reforms had limited
the influence of monopolies, cleaned up cities, & regulated the economy
– As workers wages rose & their hours declined, Americans were happy to spend their money
The “Roaring Twenties”• Pro-business policies & mass
production techniques developed during WWI led to an industrial revolution in consumer goods:–Industrial growth led to high wages
for workers & cheap products for Americans to buy–The appetite for consumer goods &
availability of cheap credit led to a decade of spending known as the “Roaring Twenties”
America entered an industrial revolution making consumer goods like cars & appliances
Henry Ford’s mass production techniques made automobiles affordable for many Americans
Urbanization
By 1920, more people lived in cities than in
rural areas due to the industrial revolution, mass immigration, &
jobs during WWI
Urbanization• The dominance of urban America divided
society:– Urban society was characterized by diversity,
consumerism, freedom, & entertainment– Rural society was characterized by religious
fundamentalism, nativism, & tradition• Throughout the 1920s, the values of these 2
societies clashed
The 1920s: A Clash of ValuesUrban: Women Rural: Women
The 1920s: A Clash of ValuesUrban:
African-AmericansRural:
African-Americans
The 1920s: A Clash of ValuesUrban: Immigration Rural: Nativism
The 1920s: A Clash of ValuesUrban: Drinking Rural: Prohibition
The 1920s: A Clash of ValuesUrban: Science Rural: Religion
Consumerism • The 1920s saw a burst of personal
prosperity & consumer spending–Mass production led to a huge
number of new products: Cars, electric appliances, new fashions–Advertising boomed to convince
people to spend their money–Companies offered ways for
consumers to buy on credit through monthly installment plans
Consumer Goods, Advertising, & Credit
Harlem Renaissance• The Great Migration during WWI led
to a concentration of African Americans in northern cities• The Harlem Renaissance was the
flourishing of black culture:–Jazz blended African & European
musical traditions into a distinctly “American” style of music–Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington
were popular jazz musicians
The “Jazz Age”
Harlem Renaissance–The most popular
author was Langston Hughes, who wrote poems & novels
about black pride• Harlem represented the
“New Negro”: the idea that African Americans should freely express themselves, embrace their culture, & strive for racial equality
Changing Role of Women• Women’s roles changed in the
1920s– In 1920, the 19th Amendment
granting women the right to vote (But, many women did not vote)–New fashion trends, voting
rights, & more leisure time led to an increased sense of freedom–Advertisers emphasized women’s
sexuality & appearance
Changing Role of Women• Many young, unmarried
women embraced their independence & sexuality as “flappers”:– Fashions like shorter
hemlines, “bobbed” hair, & hats– Smoked cigarettes, drank
alcohol, danced at clubs, used makeup –Many had sex outside of
marriage & used cars to “park” with boys
• These behaviors were shocking to traditional-minded women
Literature • The 1920s produced some of
America’s most important literature–Authors F. Scott Fitzgerald & Sinclair
Lewis were critical of 1920s consumerism & conformity–Some authors became part of a the
“Lost Generation” who rejected war & were very critical of American society
Sports Mania • New forms of entertainment emerged in
the 1920s as Americans gained more leisure time & personal income–Baseball, boxing, & football were
popular sports –Radio broadcasts brought sporting
events to national audiences–Sports gave Americans a new
generation of heroes
Sports Heroes of the 1920s
Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees was the biggest sports hero of the 1920s
Baseball was segregated; Satchel Paige & Josh Gibson and Jackie Robinson, were
Negro League heroes
Sports Heroes of the 1920s
Other sports heroes of the 1920s include: Red Grange, Gertrude Ederle, Bobby Jones
Popularity of Movies & Radio• Movies & radios became widely popular in the 1920s:– Over 500 stations connected the nation by broadcasting
music, sports, as well as news, religious, comedic, & dramatic programming
– “Talking” movies helped grow Hollywood & celebrity movie stars
– By 1929, over 100 million people went to movies each week
Music of the 1920s
Tin Pan Alley produced 90% of the popular music in the 1920s, focusing on ragtime, dance music, & jazz
Irving Berlin was the most popular of the ragtime composers
of the 1920s
Movies in the 1920s
“The Jazz Singer” was the first “talking” picture
Improved Transportation• Automobiles transformed
America:– Henry Ford’s assembly line
made cars affordable; By 1929, 1 of 5 Americans owned a car– Car manufacturing became
the biggest industry in the nation & stimulated the U.S. economy–New roads, gas stations, &
shopping centers were built– Cars gave people freedom
& became a symbol of status
Improved Transportation• Airplanes captured the attention of
Americans in the 1920s–In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made
the 1st trans-Atlantic solo flight, becoming the biggest celebrity of the 1920s
The AutomobileThe First Shopping Center
Intolerance in the 1920s• In the 1920s, America experienced a
new wave of nativism:–800,000 Southern & Eastern
European immigrants arrived each year in the early 1920s–Rural folks associated immigrants
with “anti-American” cultures: non-Protestant religions & supporters of anarchy or socialism
The Red Scare
• In 1917, Lenin led the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution & created the 1st communist gov’t
• During WWI & 1920s, Americans feared a similar revolution in the U.S.– Eugene Debs formed an American Socialist Party & ran for
president– Unskilled workers were unhappy with low wages & went on
strike
Palmer Raids• Under the leadership of Attorney General A.
Mitchell Palmer, arrests and deportations of possible leftist, radical, and communist immigrants were carried out in 1919 and 1920.
• All part of the Red Scare– 10,000 arrested– 3,500 held in detention– 556 Deported under the Immigration Act of 1918
• Later many of the arrest warrants were deemed illegal and groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) got involved.
Sacco & Vanzetti• During the Red Scare, suspected
immigrants were under attack:–In 1920, two Italian immigrants
named Sacco & Vanzetti were arrested & charged with murder–Sacco & Vanzetti were anarchists
(believed in no gov’t) but claimed to be innocent of the crime–With only circumstantial evidence,
they were found guilty & executed
Immigration Restrictions• In 1921 & 1924, the gov’t passed new laws restricting
immigration:– These laws created quotas that placed a maximum number
on how many immigrants could enter the United States– The laws discriminated against Southern & Eastern
European immigrants & Asian immigrants
The Ku Klux Klan• The 1st KKK disbanded when Reconstruction ended
in the 1870s, but the 2nd KKK formed in 1915 to protect rural, Christian values• The 1920s saw an increase in membership in
the Ku Klux Klan:–The KKK promoted traditional values &
“100% Americanism”–Used violence & fear to attack African
Americans, immigrants, Catholics, Jews, unions, socialists
• By 1924, the KKK had 4.5 million members & elected politicians to power in several states
Religious Fundamentalism• In the 1920s, rural Americans found
comfort in religious fundamentalism (a literal interpretation of the Bible)–Disliked the immigrants, flappers,
socialists they saw in cities –Evangelists used the radio to
broadcast Christian messages–Rejected many modern scientific
theories; Towns in the South & West outlawed teaching evolution
Religious Fundamentalism• In 1925, teacher John Scopes was
arrested in Dayton, TN for teaching evolution in his biology class
The Scopes “Monkey Trial” was a national sensation
ACLU attorney Clarence Darrow defended Scopes;
Represented urban America, science & modernity
Former presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan served as prosecutor; Represented fundamentalism & rural America
Scopes was found guilty & fined $100, but evolutionists believed they won because Darrow got Bryan to admit that the world
might not have been made in six 24 hour days
Conclusions• America in the 1920s experienced a
decade of change:–Wealth, consumerism, credit, cars,
radios, advertising –Pro-business gov’t attitude &
isolationist foreign policy –New freedoms for women & African
Americans –Attempts by tradition-minded rural
folks to protect against the rapid changes of America