World War I Notes Pick up the WWI Notes from the front M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI M ilitarism: building up a nations military A lliances: agreement between 2 or more countries to aid each other if needed I mperialism: Expanding empire be acquiring other countries N ationalism: Having Pride and strong support for the interests and rights on ones country Militarism The growing European divide had led to an arms race between the main countries. France and Germanys armies had more than doubled Competition between Britain and Germany for control of the seas. British introduced the Dreadnought battleship Germans soon followed and introduced their own battleships. Schlieffen Plan - a plan of action that involved attacking France through Belgium if Russia made an attack on Germany. Alliance When an alliance is signed, those countries become known as Allies. A number of alliances had been signed by countries between the years 1879 and These were important because they meant that some countries had no option but to declare war if one of their allies declared war first. Imperialism Imperialism is when a country takes over new lands or countries and makes them subject to their rule. By 1900 the British Empire extended over five continents France had control of large areas of Africa. The amount of lands 'owned' by Britain and France increased the rivalry with Germany who had entered the scramble to acquire colonies late and only had small areas of Africa. Nationalism The Congress of Vienna, held after the Napoleonic wars left both Germany and Italy as divided states. It was nationalism the re-unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany in France was angry because the settlement at the end of the Franco-Prussian war had given Alsace- Lorraine to Germany. Large areas of both Austria-Hungary and Serbia were home to differing nationalist groups, all of whom wanted freedom from the states in which they lived. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Archduke of Austria-Hungary visiting Bosnia. Bosnia, was taken over a few years earlier by A-H, there was bad blood between the two countries. Serbian terrorists - Black Hand Franz Ferdinand and his wife killed by Gavrilo Princp Chain Reaction 1.Assassination of Austria-Hungarys Archduke by Serbian terrorists group 2. A-H declares war on Serbia 3. Russia sides with Serbia and declares war on A-H 4. Germany helps Austria-Hungary, and declares war on Russia and its ally France 5. Britain comes to Frances defense, declares war on Germany Europe: A Powder Keg Waiting to Ignite How could the murder of an archduke start a world war? Central Powers (Bad Guys) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Triple Entente (Good Guys) Serbia, Russia, France, Britain From Neutrality to War Chapter 22 Neutrality President Wilson declares neutrality Atlantic Ocean geographically isolates the US 1/3 of the population was foreign born, or the children of foreign-born parents Wars are profitable Wilson Adopts Neutrality Americans made money off of the neutrality policy By the end of 1914 war was at a stalemate in Europe Stalemate neither side making progress or willing to try for peace Starve your enemies: British set up blockade of ships Germans unleash a new weapon: U-Boat Was this fighting dirty? Wilson to Germans: Total accountability for casualties! U-Boats & the Lusitania U-Boat: submarine like ship developed to break British Blockade and keep supplies from Allies Lusitania: US merchant ship sunk by U- Boats, 128 Americans died Murder on the High Seas! Allies, and Wilson call for Germany to stop unrestricted submarine warfare Germany responds by sinking the Arabic Wilson sends a strongly worded note Germans agree to stop sinking ships without warning Sussex Pledge offered by Germany after sinking the Sussex Would spare all merchant lives; called for US to make Britain end its blockade Wilson accepted pledge, couldnt accept condition Preparedness and Propaganda Preparedness movement building up military strength in an effort to be ready if necessary Propaganda whipping up support for your side Why is / was propaganda so effective? 1. What symbols or images are used in the poster? 2. What messages or words are used in the poster? 3. What does the government want the audience to do? 4. On a scale of 1 to 5 (5 being best), how effective do you think this poster is? Why? 5. What would make this image more effective? 1. What symbols or images are used in the poster? 2. What messages or words are used in the poster? 3. What does the government want the audience to do? 4. On a scale of 1 to 5 (5 being best), how effective do you think this poster is? Why? 5. What would make this image more effective? 1. What symbols or images are used in the poster? 2. What messages or words are used in the poster? 3. What does the government want the audience to do? 4. On a scale of 1 to 5 (5 being best), how effective do you think this poster is? Why? 5. What would make this image more effective? 1. What symbols or images are used in the poster? 2. What messages or words are used in the poster? 3. What does the government want the audience to do? 4. On a scale of 1 to 5 (5 being best), how effective do you think this poster is? Why? 5. What would make this image more effective? 1. What symbols or images are used in the poster? 2. What messages or words are used in the poster? 3. What does the government want the audience to do? 4. On a scale of 1 to 5 (5 being best), how effective do you think this poster is? Why? 5. What would make this image more effective? 1. What symbols or images are used in the poster? 2. What messages or words are used in the poster? 3. What does the government want the audience to do? 4. On a scale of 1 to 5 (5 being best), how effective do you think this poster is? Why? 5. What would make this image more effective? 1. What symbols or images are used in the poster? 2. What messages or words are used in the poster? 3. What does the government want the audience to do? 4. On a scale of 1 to 5 (5 being best), how effective do you think this poster is? Why? 5. What would make this image more effective? 1. What symbols or images are used in the poster? 2. What messages or words are used in the poster? 3. What does the government want the audience to do? 4. On a scale of 1 to 5 (5 being best), how effective do you think this poster is? Why? 5. What would make this image more effective? 1. What symbols or images are used in the poster? 2. What messages or words are used in the poster? 3. What does the government want the audience to do? 4. On a scale of 1 to 5 (5 being best), how effective do you think this poster is? Why? 5. What would make this image more effective? War to End All Wars Wilson goes before the Senate: 1. Peace without victory for warring nations 2. A league of honor Germany responds by escalating their efforts; US breaks off all relations Zimmerman Note: If US enters the war, Mexico and Germany should become allies US Enters the War US declares war on Germany: April 2, 1917 Reasons for Entry U-Boat Attacks Lusitania Propaganda Zimmerman Notes Economic reasons Propaganda Assignment Create your own propaganda mini poster to fit the World War I time period. Your message must be clear Neat and legible Colored and organized In what way does a war effect a country? Negatives? Positives? Selective Service Act Selective Service Act: Created a national draft First time the US had established a draft before entering a war Men had to register Nearly 10 million registered Wilson needed America troops in France immediately Americans in the War American Expeditionary Force (AEF): Nicknamed the doughboys Infantry soldiers that fought under the command of General John Pershing 369 th Regiment All black unit that earned praise for their part in active combat New Weapon Technology Machine Guns rapid fire, automatic Flame Throwers sprayed burning fuel, small lightweight, carried by an individual The machine gun changed military strategy. A group of well- placed gunners could stop the advance of a much larger force. Combatant armies could no longer charge across open fields toward enemy lines. Allowed troops to knock out enemy machine gun nests and lob poison gas shells at enemy trenches. More than half of all battle casualties in World War I came from artillery. Trench Warfare Dug lines of trenches in the ground 1 st line: grenades & machine guns 2 nd line: ammunition & supplies 3 rd line: resting soldiers No Mans Land Unoccupied land between the two sides Easy targets Conditions: Water, rotting bodies, trench foot, fever, The trench system changed the experience of war by providing protection from heavy artillery and machine guns. But it also led to disease and infections because of the horrible conditions. Trench Foot New Weapon Technology Chemical Warfare Odorless mustard gas caused painful blisters, blindness, & lethal damage to lungs Gas masks were developed Tanks: Ended stalemate in the trenches Rolled across no-mans land protected Tanks could crush barbed wire, climb embankments, and cross ditches to attack enemy trenches, while protecting combatants from fire. Planes Take the fight to the sky Scout enemy territory German Zepplins: bombing raids British fighter planes The Seas British Battleships Dreadnought: more powerfully armed and more heavily armored German U-Boats Armed submarines, undetected until it was too late Sunk 1000 ships in the first 4 months of 1917 Submarines moved beneath the water undetected, Their torpedoes could not be stopped before reaching their targets. Meuse - Argonne Offensive Break through German lines to reach Sedan railroad, cut off main line of supply and communication of the German army. 1 million US troops took part in the assault, fighting through the Argonne forest (Gen. John Pershing) November 11, 1918 Germany agreed to an armistice, a truce. War was finally over The Home Front How did Americans on the home front support or oppose the war? Mobilization The Draft 9 million registered Volunteers 2 million Increased production fuel, ships, weapons, food governing boards oversee the economy New government agencies were formed to organize the war effort WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD Propaganda Campaigns Sell the War Patriotic Fever sets in CPI (Committee on Public Information) During the war, the government created this propaganda agency to build support for the war. Although CPI propaganda helped Americans rally around the war effort, it also contributed to increased distrust of foreign-born citizens and immigrants. Financing the War Increased the number of people paying the new income tax 437,000 in 1917 4.4 million in 1918 Liberty Bond Drives Bond = loan with interest The purchase of Liberty Bonds by the American public provided needed funding for the war and gave Americans a way to participate in the war effort New Government Organizes Industry for War WIB: War Industries Board: would tell factories what goods/products to produce and deliver to the military Less materials for clothes = shorter skirts Give up corsets for the metal Many jobs were created and the economy thrived Food and Fuel help win the war Herbert Hoover in charge of Food Administration and Fuel Administration created Relied on Spirit of self-sacrifice, rather than punishing those who hoarded food Victory Gardens Heatless Mondays Gasless Sundays Daylight Savings Time introduced- extra hour of daylight The Great Migration Pull factor =Job opportunities in the factories of the North Push Factor = poverty, Jim Crow, lynching terrorism See map page 309 of text African-Americans react to the war WEB DuBois urges blacks to enlist Wm. Henry Trotter disagrees. Why not make America safe for democracy? War opened thousands of jobs in the North. Racial tensions rose because blacks and whites were now fighting for jobs and housing, race riots broke out. Opposition to the War Many women Jeanette Rankin (1 st woman rep. in Congress) You can no more win a war than you can win an earthquake. Womens Peace Party For religious or political reasons, some Americans opposed the war. Among the leading peace activists were members of the Woman's Peace Party. The Suppression of Dissent Espionage and Sedition acts The Espionage and Sedition acts allowed the federal government to suppress antiwar sentiment. The laws made it illegal to express opposition to the war. Socialists and Wobblies Socialists and Wobblies who opposed the war became the targets of both patriot groups and the government for their antiwar positions. Many were jailed under the Espionage and Sedition acts. Schenck v. United States The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act in this 1918 case. It ruled that the government could restrict freedom of speech in times of "clear and present danger." The Suppression of Dissent Espionage Act 1917 crime to interfere with the draft, obstructthe war effort Schenck v. US (1919) Sedition Act 1918 Restricts freedom of speech disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive of government Other restrictions on speech and action 2,000 prosecutions including Eugene Debs (10 years) Public persecution of Germans Schenck v US: Clear and Present Danger