MR. BREDBERG

World War I

Today’s Objectives

I will be able to understand, analyze, explain the significance of, and discuss the reasons for American entry into World War I, the nature of Trench Warfare, and reasons for the success of the Entente’s forces.

Causes of World War I

Scramble for African Colonies!

Relentless Nationalism!French Revanchism! Arms Race!

Secret Alliances!

CAUSES OF THE WARLONG TERM

NATIONALISM Rivalry between Great Powers for Status, Influence

Germany, Austria France, Great Britain, Russia

Nationalist Aspirations Balkan States sought to united same peoples in one state Balkan nationalism posed threat to Russia, Austria, Turkey

Competition between national economies for profit IMPERIALISM

The competition for foreign empires in Africa, Asia Rivalry for influence in independent nations Competition for markets

MILITARISM, NAVALISM Nationalism demanded modern armies and navies Arms race ensued Nations could not permit rival to have better military

ALLIANCES Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy – Rumania, Bulgaria, Turkey Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain – Serbia, Belgium Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902

SHORT TERM July 24, 1914: Serb Black Hand member assassinates heir to the Austrian Throne Austria picks a fight with Serbia, who calls on Russia for assistance Austria asks Germany for help; Russia asks France for help Germany attacks France through Belgium without declaration of war European leaders allowed war to begin because they believed it would be quick,

decisive

World War I: Map

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Attitude on the Eve of the War

WAR IN EUROPE

Germany's War Plan Germany called for a swift defeat of France,

longer war with Russia Invaded neutral Belgium, Luxembourg without

declaration of war Failure to defeat France set stage for 3 years of

stalemate Military dictatorship gradually replaced Kaiser,

German Reichstag on running warAllied War Plans

French planned to attack into Alsace-Lorraine to recover lost land

French military planners spoke of elan and e’spririt de corps to overcome technology, German

Russia was to swiftly mobilize and attack Germany, Austria in the east

War in Europe

Western Front Soldiers dug trenches length of the front; machine guns and

artillery dominate battlefield Neither side could advance against the other's defenses. Allies and Germans both began to use technology to break

deadlock Both sides imposed blockades on the other using navies,

submarines Eastern Front

Aristocratic officers, peasant soldiers of Russia unprepared; Germany had world’s most modern army

Virtual destruction of the tsarist armies and steady loss of territory to Germany

Nicholas II, who had taken direct control of the front, incompetent

Germany quickly developed a war of maneuver: no static front Italian and Balkan Fronts

Russia did well against the Austro-Hungarians Bulgaria joins Central Powers in 1915 Serbia, Montenegro overrun by Central Powers in 1915 Italy joined allies to gain territory but did very poorly. Rumania joined allies to regain Transylvania and quickly

overrun

TECHNOLOGY AT WAR

The Submarine or U-Boat

The Tank

The Fighter

The Bomber

The Zeppelin

The Machine Gun

Role of Technology Allies, Central Powers tried to break stalemate using new weapons New weapons include:

Germans: Submarines, poisonous gas, bombers, fighters Allies: Tanks, destroyers, mass produced freighters Both sides had to develop new foods, techniques to replace what was lost due to

failed trade German unrestricted submarine warfare led to American entry to the war in

1917Technology was one way conflict became a total war

Weapons of World War I: Machine Gun

Weapons of World War I: Artillery

World War I Tactics: Trench Warfare

World War I: Life in the Trench

Trench Foot

Constant Attack!

Rats!

How can we use scienceto break the stalemate?

Trench Foot

World War I Tactics: Gas!

World War I Tactics: Over the top!

Men blinded by a gas attack.

World War I Tactics: Trench Warfare

No way to easily drive an enemy from their trenches.

Only way to take an enemy trench: Throw enormous amounts of men into enemy machine guns until they break.

New technologies are not up to the task!

By 1917, hundreds of thousands of soldiers are defecting from all sides. Decimation is introduced.

MIDDLE EAST & WORLD WAR I

The Ottoman Empire Sided with Germany as UK, Russia had proven

enemies Allies try to force way through Dardanelles

Needed to open supply route to Russia Gallipoli was a disaster for ANZAC troops used Cost UK support amongst Australia, New Zealand

British invade Middle East Used Indian, colonial troops Twin pushes - through Palestine, Iraq Capture Jerusalem, Baghdad before 1918

Russia and the Turks Russian armies drove Turks back into Anatolia Christians welcomed Russians Germans rushed to aid Turks, stop Russian

advances Military failures led to a genocidal assault on

Armenian Christians

MIDDLE EAST AND WWI

Arab Revolt Ottomans ruled Hejaz (Mecca, Medina) and south

coast of Persian Gulf Encouraged/aided by the British!

Allied Promises French, British promise Arabs independence after

war Secretly made plans to partition area amongst Allies

(Sykes-Pikot Treaty)

Britain and Manpower Needs British approach the World Zionist Congress and ask them to

encourage Jews to enlist in the British military. Zionist Congress agrees in exchange for British support for a Jewish

state in Palestine.

A WORLD AT WAR

The War Outside Europe Fighting spread to the colonies

Troops from the colonies were recruited for war in Europe

British naval power contributed greatly to the globalization of the war

The Indian Army provided much of Britain’s overseas armies for all fronts

Indian Army instrumental in Mesopotamia, Africa Asia-Pacific

Japan seized German possessions in Asia , Pacific China joined war to get voice at peace conference China sent 100,000 porters to Europe to free up

troops Germans sent their East Asian fleet on cruise to

raid commerce in Pacific, Indian Ocean

A WORLD AT WAR

Africa Allies quickly overran all German colonies except East

Africa Germans in East Africa led by a military genius who was

never defeated Germans invaded Belgian Congo, British East Africa, and

Mozamibique The Dominions contributed supplies and troops to the

British effort Many African divisions served in Europe, Middle East

The United States Germany made a major mistake with unrestricted

submarine warfare – US hated it Germany made a major mistake with Zimmerman

Telegraph to Mexico The U.S. entry into the war made it a major global power U.S. supplies and troops led Germany to believe it needed

to launch a major offensive.

Russian Revolution!

There is only 1 rifle for every 3 soldiers!Millions of Russian soldiers are being massacred regularly by the Germans.Russian generals are totally incompetent.

Russian Revolution

Russia Leaves the War!

Why would America want to get involved??

Reasons for American Entry: Uboats and the Lusitania

Reasons for American Entry: Zimmermann Telegram

Reasons for American Entry: Banks

American businesses were able to sell weapons and loan money to the countries fighting the war.

American banks had loaned $25 million to Germany.

American banks had loaned $2 billion to Britain and France.

Reasons for American Entry: Problems

Millions of immigrants live in the United States that are from Germany, the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, and Ireland.

Less than 35% of Americans support the war. WHY are they fighting the war in the first place?

How To Get Americans to Fight? Propaganda!

How to get Americans to fight? Arrest Dissenters!

DEBS

HAYWOOD

CUMMINGS

Frank Montgomery

Pro-War Paranoia!

Dauschunds are renamed “Liberty Pups!”Sauerkraut is renamed “Liberty Cabbage!”

The teaching of the German language was outlawed in many states!Many German-Americans anglicized their names!

THE HOME FRONTS

The Home Fronts in Europe Soldiers at front became angry with political

leaders Disturbed by civilians who continued to support the

war Governments

Took direct control of many industries Rise of strong centralized state bureaucracies Made use of sophisticated propaganda

Workers and Women Unions, socialist leaders increasingly tied to

government; workers rejected support of war Labor protests in Russia helped spark the fall of

the Tsar Women's participation in labor force increased Many pushed out of work after war ended Participation in the war effort helped them gain

vote in Britain, Germany, and the USA.

The End of the War

The Return to Offensive Warfare Failure of April 1918 offensive by the Germans

US troops arrived quicker than expected and halted German advance

Collapse of Austrians, Bulgars, Turks led Germany to agree to armistice in November 1918

Revolution in Germany 1918 – 1919 Soviet, Socialist revolutions lead to collapse of German

empire, creation of a Republic Many Germans came to blame the civilian government

that replaced the Kaiser. Cost

Immense destruction in Europe and very high death tolls (10 million)

Allies owed billions to the US: had to collect billions in reparations from Germany

Compounded by worldwide influenza epidemic that killed 50 million more.

Now what?

War’s over… now what?

PARIS PEACE TREATIES

14 Points Woodrow Wilson's plan for a non-punitive peace Germany agreed to an armistice based on 14 Points Thwarted by the Entente allies

Britain and France demanded reparations Demanded a treaty that blamed Germany for the war

Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Allied leaders assembled in Paris Germany was deliberately humiliated Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empires were dismembered Russia not invited as Allies were at war with Bolshevism Colonies of European Nations, China

Largely ignored Envoys were often not even consulted

NEW BORDERS:COLLAPSE OF FOUR EMPIRES

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

Wilson’s 14th Point Only part of the 14th Points enacted US Senate did not ratify the treaty USSR, former Central Power nations were not admitted

The League of Nations Goal: International organization for nations to consult, avoid war Reality: had no real power to enforce peace, punish aggressors Reality: France, UK dominate Colonies not represented

RISE OF NATIONALISM IN AFRICA, ASIAWorld War I impacted colonies

Colonial Contribution African, Asian troops conscripted for European

armies Battles of Marne (1914) won with assistance of

Senegalese troops British conquer Middle East largely using Indian

Army Colonies served as important sources of food, raw

materials During the course of the war

European vulnerability became evident European troops withdrawn from colonies for

European fronts Administrative personnel were recalled Africans, Asians filled posts previously reserved

for Europeans

RISE OF NATIONALISM

To maintain support Europeans made many promises Promised independence But they often failed to fulfill them after the war

War cast doubts on claims of European superiority Its disruptions bolstered nationalist movements.

Africa, Southwest Asia, Asia ignored at Paris Peace German colonies divided amongst victors as

mandates Ho Chi Minh attends the peace conference,

seeking independence for Vietnam; Ignored. Arabs in Turkish Empire become mandates of UK,

France

INDIA

Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj India colonized long before Africa, Asia

Was first to establish independence movements Western-educated minorities organized politically Sought to bring about the end or modification of

colonial regimes Indian National Congress

Regional associations of Western-educated Indians Most often urbanized elite Formed Indian National Congress party in 1885 Primary function of early party was to present

grievances to British Most of the issues concerned the Indian elite, not the

poor Despite limited aims, Congress party allowed the

formation of Indian identity

INDIA

Social Foundations of a Mass Movement British economic and social policies

Helped the Congress party attract a mass following

Marginalized all Indians including elite Indians

Supported the massive costs for the colonial army, high-salaried bureaucrats

Tolerated the importation of British-manufactured goods.

Problems among the peasantry including shortfalls of food supplies Induced nationalists to blame the British

policies Encouraged peasants to shift from the

production of food to commercial crops.

Indian troops of the British Empire, in France during WWI

Indian troops of the British Empire, near the front. 3rd Lahore Division.

Indian Sikh troops in WWI.

INDIAN OPTIONS

The Rise of Militant Nationalism Some nationalists such as B. G. Tilak emphasized Hindusim

Tilak, supporters used Hindu religious festivals as means of recruitment.

Tilak urged the boycott of British manufactured goods Tilak's conservative Hinduism frightened moderates,

Muslims, Sikhs Tilak's support for violence led to his arrest, deportation

Some Hindus Embraced terrorism as a means of ending British rule Terrorist groups favored secret organizations Targeted British officials and public buildings British suppression, lack of mass support reduced threats Peaceful schemes for protest drew support from Tilak,

terrorists Congress Party lawyers emerged as leaders of nationalist

movement All India Muslim League and Muhammad Ali Jinnah

League founded in 1906 to represent Muslim interests Jinnah joined in 1916 and helped bring Congress Party and

League together

INDIAN OPTIONS

The Emergence of Gandhi and the Nationalist Struggle India played a significant role in World War I

Even the nationalist leaders of India supported the war effort Wartime inflation reduced standards of living among the Indian

peasants Produced famine in some regions.

Following the war Nationalists were frustrated by the British refusal to move

directly toward independence. Initial promise of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919 Offset by the Rowlatt Act, which limited Indian civil rights.

Frustrations led to the Rise of Gandhi Permitted Gandhi to build a nationwide protest against

colonialism Gandhi combined the qualities of a Hindu mystic with the

acumen of a Western-educated lawyer Both peasants and the middle classes supported his leadership His boycotts, campaigns of civil resistance made him acceptable

to both radical, moderate nationalists As a Hindu mystic, Gandhi could mobilize widespread support

for his movement

WAR, NATIONALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST

In the years after World War I Ottoman rule collapsed

Old Ottoman state to be partitions between Allies, Greeks, Armenians

Only a small Turkish state built around Ankara remained Constantinople placed under international control Greeks seek more lands in Asia Minor, invade rump

Turkish state Rise of Turkish Nationalism

Turks rally to Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal): organizes, arms Turkish armies

Drive Greek armies out of Asia Minor Negotiates with Allies for return of Turkish lands Abolishes Caliphate, Sultanate in 1922 and creates a

republic Begins process of westernization, modernization of

Turkish state, culture Massive liberties granted to women – first such move in

Middle East

WAR, NATIONALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Arabia Wahhabist State in Central Arabia Prior to World

War I Wahhabis were puritanical religious fanatics Sought to cleanse Islam of all foreign influences Religious sect allied to Saud family ruling

central Arabia Arab Uprising against Turks

Began in Hejaz (region containing Mecca and Medina) under Hashemite Emirs

After World War I Wahhabists conquer Hejaz and expel pro-British Hashemite emirs

Create unified Arabian state called Saudi Arabia British make Hashemite emirs rulers of

Transjordan and Iraqi mandates

NATIONALISM IN EGYPT

The British and Egypt British occupation in 1882 following Ahmad Orabi Rebellion

Left the Egyptians with both Turkish khedives, British overlords British left Khedival government in place but ran Egyptian foreign policy,

defense Lord Cromer directed British policy in Egypt.

Attempted economic reforms to reduce debts, improve irrigation, public works.

The masses of the Egyptian population realized little benefit from the changes. Ayan (greater landlords) able to extend control farther into the

countryside The great estates came to monopolize most Egyptian land Small landholders reduced to tenancy.

Resistance to the British administration of Egypt Resistance by the elite

Emerged from within the lower officer ranks of Egyptian army, Emerged from within the ranks of the Egyptian business classes Journalists were particularly prominent in the nationalist movement Journalists attacked the British administration and British racial

attitudes Three nationalist parties were created

NATIONALISM IN EGYPT

To forestall more violent nationalist movements The British granted a new constitution to Egypt Allowed parliamentary representation When World War I broke out, the British suspended the

constitution and imposed martial lawRevolt in Egypt 1919

Martial law in Egypt during World War I imposed great hardships on the peasantry

British refusal to allow Egyptian delegation to attend the peace conferences

This touched off a rebellion but British able to regain control

British forced to recognize nationalist Wafd party under Sa'd Zaghlul

Between 1922 and 1936 British forces were progressively withdrawn to the Suez

Canal zone They reserved their right to defend their interests in Egypt The Wafd party failed to enact significant social or

economic reforms.

ARAB MANDATES

Entente powers broke promises made to Arabs Allies promised Arabs independent states in Middle

East following War Sikes-Pikot Treaty

Divided Middle East between Allied Nations Gave Arab lands to European powers

Arabs expected independent Arab states British and French forces occupied Ottoman empire Created artificial states within the League of Nations

Called Mandates, placed under control of British, French

Allies were supposed to prepare Arabs for independence

French did not, British did

Ottoman troops in WWI, preparing for a possible gas attack.

ARAB MANDATES

In Syria, Iraq, Lebanon Arab resistance to the mandate system was common British eventually placed Hashemite King on Iraqi throne

Palestine, Balfour Declaration and Zionism Zionist movement largely Eastern Europe until 1894 Zionists were Jews seeking to create Jewish homeland in Palestine Theodor Herzl

Mobilized West European Zionism Formed the World Zionist Organization

British Foreign Minister Balfour promised Zionists in 1917 support for Jewish homeland

Pogroms against Jewish communities accelerated migration to Palestine

Both Zionism, British takeover of Palestine seemed to violate assurances

Rising Arab opposition caused the British to limit Zionist settlement in Palestine

Zionists thus began to arm themselves in order to resist both British, Arab opposition

Arabs in Palestine remained without a voice concerning the fate of their region.

PROMISES MADE, PROMISES BROKEN

AFRICA

During World War I Most Western-educated African elites remained loyal to the

colonial regimes. The war effort disrupted African economies

Drew heavily on African manpower: Senegalese, West African, South African troops helped allies

German resistance led to a guerrilla war in East Africa for four years

Women assumed many traditionally male roles during warAfter the war

Europeans kept few promises of economic improvement This led to strikes and civil disobedience Tariffs and restrictions to trade hurt weak African economies

Dissatisfaction with colonialism spread First nationalist movements appeared in Africa in the 1920s

Emerged in the guise of unworkable pan-African organizations

Charismatic African-American leaders had significant roles in the formation of pan-African movements

The Tirailleurs Senegalais were West African Colonial Army troops who fought for the

French during World War I

West African French Imperial Troops in World War I

AFRICA

In French Africa A literary genre, négritude arose

Celebrated black culture as an attack on European racist attitudes

Influenced by the Harlem Renaissance in the US; Surrealism, World Socialism

Movement was very influential in Caribbean, Brazil, too linking areas of African diaspora

French Africans often took path of assimilation into French culture AS BLACKS to gain rights

Little involvement of Africans in any aspect of colonial government – reserved for French Europeans

In British colonies British utilized African policemen, lower bureaucrats, civil

servants, magistrates Their influence in colonial government grew to form a

nationalist and Pan-African movement Actual political parties were slow to emerge Political associations began the process of developing a mass

base and agitating for political reform Educated African elite and businessmen often became

spokesmen for nationalist movements

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS

Changing Realities World War I undermined Europe's global dominance At end of war the United States was clearly the

greatest world power Rise of United States and Japan in world influence First non-European powers to do so broke European

monopolyCommunism as Anti-Imperialism

Revolution broke out in Russia and the East Soviet state challenged traditional western dominance Offered an alternative to western capitalist, democratic

modelsSocialism as Change

Socialists gained ground in the western democracies Replaced more traditional conservatives and liberals

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS

Changes in Gender Roles Gender roles changed dramatically in Western Europe, in Russia Began to change in Eastern Europe, Turkey During war, many women allowed to assume economic roles

which they had never had After World War I many Western states gave women the vote

The War Encouraged Economic Changes Increased industrialization in the US and changing industries in

war powers significant Export by Latin American nations added non-European nations to

the Global Economic sceneBeginning of Decolonialization

The empires of the Entente nations actually grew but change had begun

Liberation movements gained ground as a result of the war Successful nationalist revolutions in Saudi Arabia and Turkey

offered hope Indian independence movement had gained in influence Africans granted roles during war which they had not had before