World War I and

its

Aftermath

Invention Description Use/Effect in battle

Automatic Machine Gun

Tank

Submarine

Airplane

Poison Gas

Technology Changes the

face of Warfare

Chapter 29 Pgs 838-858

Some of the battles may not be in your book so you will have to use outside resources

BATTLE DATE VICTOR (if any) MAJOR EVENTS OR SIGNIFICANCE

Marne

Tannenberg

Gallipoli

Verdun

Jutland

Chateau - Thierry

June

1918

Allies – including

the U.S.

(1st American

troops)

Allies stopped last major German offensive here

St. Mihiel

Sept

1918

Allies (large # of

Americans)

Final push by Allies – forced German armies back

to the borders of Germany

Peace soon followed

Archduke Francis Ferdinand is Assassinated

1914

On the morning of June 28, 1914, while traveling in a motorcade through Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. The Archduke had ignored warnings of a possible assassination plot and decided to tour the capital on the anniversary of the 1389 battle of Kosovo. This battle was a humiliating collective memory for all Serbs, in which Serbia was defeated by the Turks, ending Serbia's independence as a nation.

The Archduke was chosen as a target because Serbians feared that after his ascension to the throne, he would continue and even heighten the persecution of Serbs living within the Austro-Hungarian empire. Serbia had gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878. At that time, Serbia laid claim to several regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina which were inhabited primarily by Serbs. However, the Congress of Berlin granted permission to Austria-Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina, including the disputed Serbian areas. In 1908, Austria-Hungary officially annexed all of occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina, adding additional fuel to the fires of Serbian nationalism.

The Serbian terrorist organization, the Black Hand, had trained a small group of teenage operatives to infiltrate Bosnia and carry out the assassination of the Archduke. It is unclear how officially active the Serbian government was in the plot. However, it was uncovered years later that the leader of the Black Hand, Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijevic, was also the head of Serbian military intelligence.

As Francis Ferdinand and his party proceeded through Sarajevo, the first of the Black Hand operatives tossed a bomb at the Archduke's automobile. The chauffeur saw the explosive and accelerated to avoid the impact. Sophie ducked, and Francis Ferdinand deflected the bomb with his arm, causing it to bounce off the back of the car and explode behind them, demolishing the next car and seriously injuring several aides. To avoid capture and interrogation, the unsuccessful assassin, nineteen-year-old Nedjelko Cabrinovic, swallowed a cyanide pill and jumped into the river. However, he was hauled out of the river and detained.

As the Archduke's entourage resumed its tour of Sarajevo, the Archduke's chauffeur took a wrong turn and drove within ten feet of another Black Hand agent, Gavrilo Princip. Princip stepped up to the car and fired two pistol shots. One bullet hit Sophie, killing her instantly. The other hit Francis Ferdinand, who died within minutes. Like Carbinovic, Princip attempted suicide, but was captured before succeeding.

Austrian reaction to the assassination was swift, as the Sarajevo crisis was seen as the Empire's last chance to assert its supremacy in the Balkans. Austrian foreign minister Count Leopold von Berchtold was determined to make use of the assassinations to crush once and for all the Serbian nationalist movement. Berchtold sent an envoy to Berlin, who was assured by Emperor William II on July 5th that Germany would fully support any action which the Dual Monarchy might take against Serbia. On July 6th, German chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg issued the blank check of unconditional German support.

On July 23, 1914, Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with a lengthy list of demands, with a 48 hour period in which to comply. These demands included abolishing all Pan-Serb propaganda, expelling from office any persons thought to have nationalist sympathies,

taking legal action against certain officials designated by Austria-Hungary, and allowing agents of the Dual Monarchy to control all investigations and proceedings concerning the Sarajevo murders. Minutes before the July 25th deadline, Serbia issued a conciliatory reply to Berchtold's demands, stating that Serbia wished the dispute to be submitted to the International Tribunal at the Hague. This conciliation was rejected. On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. World War I had begun.

1. What country was the Arch Duke from?

2. What was the purpose of his visit to Serbia?

3. What was the assassin’s name?

4. Why did he want to kill the Arch Duke?

5. What was Austria’s reaction to the assassination?

6. What did Serbia do about Austria’s threat?

7. Was there anything that could be done to stop this incident from causing World War I?

The Schlieffen Plan

Overview: In 1914, Germany believed war with Russia was extremely likely. If war broke out, Germany assumed France would also attack as she was both an ally of Russia and keen for revenge for her defeat in the Franco-Prussian war. If this happened, Germany would face a war on two fronts.

Germany wanted to avoid this at all costs.Germany planned to defeat France rapidly and then turn to the eastern front for a major offensive on Russia. This was the basis for the Schlieffen Plan.

BackgroundThe Germany Army Chief of Staff, Alfred von Schlieffen was asked to plan a way of preventing a war on two fronts. His initial plan was produced late in 1905. He believed that it was a

priority to defeat France quickly, forcing them to surrender before Russia had a chance to mobilize her armed forces. Von Schlieffen

In full knowledge of French defences, Schlieffen proposed attacking France through Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg – the Benelux countries. Schlieffen planned to use 90% of German military forces to

deliver a knock out blow to France. The remaining 10% would defend the eastern border of Germany against Russian attack.

Molkte replaced Von Schlieffen in 1906, and made some alterations to the plan. His version avoided invading Holland, instead concentrating attack through Belgium. According to Von Molke, the Belgium army would be unable to resist a powerful German military, and German forces

would rapidly enter France.

Assumptions:

Russia would take at least 6 weeks to mobilize. France would be easily defeated in 6 weeks. Belgium would not resist any German attack. Britain would remain neutral.

The Reality

On 2nd August 1914, the German army invaded Luxembourg and Belgium according to the Schlieffen Plan.

The Germans were held up by the Belgium army, backed up by the BEF (British Expeditionary Force) which arrived extremely quickly.

Russia mobilised in just 10 days and Germany was forced to withdraw troops from the Schlieffen Plan to defend her eastern border.

Germany did not take the chance to take Paris, instead decided to attack east of the capital. They were met by French at the battle of the Marne (5-11 Sept) which halted the German advance.

____________________________________________________________________

Answer the following questions neatly in complete sentences:

1.The German army was mobilized and the trucks and trains were set in motion to attack France first. This fact made the war unstoppable. Why do you think that was true? (hint* Think of railway tracks)

2.What factors had the German not planned on that made the Schleiffen Plan a failure from the start?

3.Faced with the alliance of France, Britain, Belgium, Serbia and Russia, what plan might have worked to give the German’s a fast victory?

4. The British, French, Serbians and Russians knew the war was coming and did not have a unified plan

to stop the Germans and Austrians. What plan might have worked to defeat the Germans and Austrians and keep the war from getting bogged down in a long trench war?

After World War I

The Treaty of Versailles

Issue Treaty Settlement Problems

War Debt

Fear of German strength

Nationalism

Colonies and other Non-European

territories

League of Nations

Jewish Nationalism

Nationalism was a major force for independence and unification during the mid-1800s. But

nationalism did not only affect countries, it also affected people. The Jews were being persecuted in many

countries for hundreds of years. Pogroms and anti-Semitism were reoccurring themes in many countries as well.

The need for change was starting to grow for the Jewish people and it started with one man, Theodor Herzl.

Herzl first encountered the anti-Semitism that would shape his life and the fate of the Jews in the

twentieth century while studying at the University of Vienna. Later, during his stay in Paris as a journalist, he

was brought face-to-face with the problem.

In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army, was unjustly accused of treason,

mainly because of the prevailing anti-Semitic atmosphere. Herzl witnessed mobs shouting “Death to the Jews”

in France, the home of the French Revolution, and resolved that there was only one solution: the mass

immigration of Jews to a land that they could call their own. Thus, the Dreyfus Case became one of the

determinants in the genesis of Political Zionism.

Herzl concluded that anti-Semitism was a stable and immutable factor in human society, which

assimilation did not solve. He mulled over the idea of Jewish sovereignty, and, despite ridicule from Jewish

leaders, published The Jewish State in 1896. Herzl argued that the essence of the Jewish problem was not

individual but national. The Jews are one people, he said, and their plight could be transformed into a positive

force by the establishment of a Jewish state with the consent of the great powers. He saw the Jewish question as

an international political question to be dealt with in the arena of international politics. He started a plan called

Zionism. Zionism is a political movement and ideology that supports a homeland for the Jewish People in the

Land of Israel, where the Jewish nation originated over 3200 years ago and where Jewish kingdoms and self-

governing states existed at various times in history.

Jewish reaction to his plan was mixed. Many Jews rejected it as too extreme, although there were those

who responded with enthusiasm and asked him to head what was to become the Zionist movement. He

succeeded in convening the first Zionist Congress in Basle, Switzerland, August 29-31, 1897. The congress

established the World Zionist Organization to help create the economic foundation for the proposed Jewish state.

Herzl was elected president of the organization and chaired the first six Zionist congresses. He spent much of his

time in his remaining years meeting with world leaders, both Jewish and non-Jewish, trying to enlist financial

and political support for his dream of a Jewish state. He died in 1904 before his dream could become reality. In

1949 his remains were transferred to a mountain in western Jerusalem, which became Mount Herzl, and is today

a major military cemetery.

1. What were two reasons Jews wanted their own home state?

2. What was the Dreyfuss Affair?

3. Define Zionism.

4. What was the purpose of the World Zionist Organization?

The Balfour Declaration

The Jews have been forced from their homeland by a number of different peoples. The area

known as Palestine was considered to be their “promised land”, but was in the hands of the Muslim

Palestinians. While a few Jews stayed in the region, most of the Jews moved around Europe and other

places in the world without a homeland.

During WWI, Zionists or Jewish nationalists, living in Britain convinced Arthur Balfour that a

Jewish homeland in Palestine was desirable and just. Balfour was the British foreign secretary and in

1917 he issued the Balfour Declaration. The declaration explicitly stated the right for a Jewish homeland

in Palestine for Jews, but also stated that this in no way should displace Palestinians who already live there.

Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917

Dear Lord Rothschild,

I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration

of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.

"His Majesty's Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish

people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood

that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities

in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."

I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.

Yours sincerely, Arthur James Balfour

In 1920 Britain gained control of Palestine as a mandate from the League of Nations. They planned

to make good on the declaration, but this caused a lot of problems. The Jews began streaming into Palestine

because it was going to be split between the two groups. The number of Jews emigrating to Palestine increased

steadily and caused Palestinians to become uneasy. From 1917-1939 hundreds of thousands of Jews left their

countries and went to Palestine.

This was a temporary situation. The White Paper of 1939, also known as the MacDonald White Paper

after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Colonial Secretary who presided over it, was a policy paper issued by

the British government under Neville Chamberlain in which the idea of partitioning the British Mandate of

Palestine was abandoned in favor of an independent Palestine governed jointly by Arabs and Jews. The Jews

finally received their own home state in 1948 when the United Nations created two Palestine's, one for Muslims

and one for Jews.

1. What was the Balfour Declaration?

2. Why did the Jews want their own homeland?

3. What was the White Paper of 1939?

THE INFLUENZA PANDEMIC OF 1918

Questions: Please answer in complete sentences.

1. What year did the epidemic begin

2. Where did the epidemic begin

3. How did WW I contribute to the spreading of the flu

4. Describe how the “Spanish” flu differed from other flu outbreaks.

5. What circumstances allowed for the flu to spread quickly through out America and the world

6. How well did the medical community deal with the flu outbreak in America? What problems did they

have in dealing with this epidemic

7. How did the flu outbreak affect daily life and activities in America

8. What was the global reaction to the Spanish pandemic

9. Identify

Contributing Factors Efforts to Slow Illness

Russian Revolution

Questions