world war i and beyond chapter 19
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World War I and Beyond Chapter 19. “What caused the United States to become involved in World War I, and how did the U.S. change as a result of its involvement?”. Standards. SSUSH15 The student will analyze the origins and impact of U.S. involvement in World War I. SSUSH15.a - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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“What caused the United States to become involved in World War I, and how did the U.S. change as a result of its involvement?”
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SSUSH15 The student will analyze the origins and impact of U.S. involvement in World War I.
SSUSH15.a Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to engagement in World War I, with
reference to unrestricted submarine warfare. SSUSH15.b Explain the domestic impact of World War I, reflected by the origins of the Great
Migration, and the Espionage Act and socialist Eugene Debs. SSUSH15.c Explain Wilson's Fourteen Points, the proposed League of Nations. SSUSH15.d Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, establishing Prohibition, and the
Nineteenth Amendment, establishing women suffrage.
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“What caused World War I, and why did the United States enter the war?”
Vocabulary: Alsace-Lorraine casualty militarism contraband Francis Ferdinand U-boat William II Lusitania Western Front Zimmermann
note
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From Neutrality to War
What Caused World War I? Main Idea: In the early 1900s, Nationalism in Europe led to competition among nations. As the conflict grew, countries expanded their militaries and formed alliances with other nations.
The Fighting Begins
Main Idea: After the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, war broke out in Europe. Because of alliances between nations, the conflict spread quickly. New technology caused a stalemate, and led to a long and deadly war.
Wilson Urges Neutrality
Main Idea: Wilson hoped the United States could stay neutral during the war, but many Americans felt the war’s effects and were divided over where their loyalties fell.
Neutrality Gives Way to War
Main Idea: Wilson continued to try and stay neutral, but tension with Germany caused the United States to enter the war in 1917.
Continued…
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Mobilization: readying of troops for war
Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary
Allies: Russia, France, Serbia, Great Britain
Stalemate: a situation in which neither side is able to gain the advantage
Autocrat: a ruler with unlimited power
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Imperialism: increased rivalries within Europe
Militarism: aggressively building up a nation’s armed forces in preparation for war
Nationalism: countries acted in their own interests and minorities wanted independence (Social Darwinism)
Alliances: countries agreed to come to each other’s aid in the event of an attack.
Assassination: Archduke Francis Ferdinand killed June 28, 1914
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie traveled to Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia
After a terrorist bombing injured two officers, Gavrilo Princip shot them, starting World War I.
Austria-Hungary thought Serbia was behind the assassination and declared war. Russia
began to mobilize, as did France, Russia’s ally. Germany declared war on Russia. When Germany invaded Belgium, Great Britain entered.
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Military Strength, 1914CHART
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Technology leads to stalemate: trench warfare; “no-man’s land”
1914 Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers
1915 Italy joins Allies Schlieffen Plan- German plan to strike France, then turn on Russia. They advance to within 30 miles of Paris, where the French and British stop them at the Marne.
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Machine guns, hand grenades, poison gases, artillery shells
Old strategies – generals kept attacking, resulting in horrible casualties
Burned fields, poisoned wells, killed livestock
Submarines, blockades
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Deadly Technology of World War IQUICK STUDY
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Neutral to protect trade
Acted as peacemaker
Increased armed forces and began to prepare
Peace movement that consisted of former Populists, progressives, social reformers, and some women.
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Reading Skill: Identify Causes NOTE TAKING
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Political Cartoons: The Question of NeutralityANALYZE
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Blockaded Germany to keep essential goods from them
Contraband goods
(war materials)
Germany’s response was U-boat attacks to blockade Britain; Germans violate neutral rights
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Wilson wanted peace, but began to prepare for war
National Defense Act – expanded army
Naval Construction Act – build more warships
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On Feb. 1, 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
On Feb. 3, the U.S. broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, and Wilson asked Congress to allow armed merchant ships.
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German U-BoatTRANSPARENCY
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Secret offer from Germany to Mexico offering an alliance so Mexico could recover lost land in U.S.
Filibuster: senators talk and refuse to stop to prevent vote
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U-boat: Unterseeboot, submarine
Lusitania, a British passenger ship, sunk in 1915. It was carrying weapons for the Allies as well as 1,200 passengers, including 128 Americans.
Sussex, a French passenger ship sunk in 1916
Sussex Pledge: German government promised to warn ships before attacking
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Germany sinks U.S. ships City of Memphis, Illinois, and Vigilancia
April 6, 1917 War declared by Congress
“The world must be made safe for democracy” is a quote by Woodrow Wilson
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PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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“How did the war affect Americans at home?”
Vocabulary: Selective Service Act CPI Bernard Baruch George Creel conscientious objector Great
Migration Espionage Act
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The Home Front
America Mobilizes for War
Main Idea: To prepare the country for war, the government implemented a draft and created new federal administrative agencies to oversee the war effort.
Opposition and Its Consequences
Main Idea: At home, the United States dealt with Americans opposed to the war, harsh treatment of those against it, and prejudice against German Americans.
The War Changes American Society
Main Idea: When men entered the armed forces, Women moved into the workforce, African Americans moved north for a better life, and Mexicans crossed the border into the United States.
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Liberty Bond: special war bonds sold to support the Allied cause
Price controls: system of pricing determined by the government on food
Rationing: distributing goods to consumers in a fixed amount
Daylight saving time: turning clocks ahead one hour for summer
Sedition: speech or actions encouraging rebellion
Vigilante: citizens who take the law into their own hands
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Liberty Bonds raised $20 billion
Loaned $10 billion to Allies
Boy and Girl Scouts sold bonds
Poster and skits to advertise
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Industry converted to war goods
War Industries Board: under Bernard Baruch; regulated production; controlled raw materials, production, and prices
War Trade Board: punished firms dealing with enemy
National War Labor Board settled labor disputes
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Food Administration under Herbert Hoover
Price controls Rationing Hoover chose
voluntary restraint and efficiency; appealed to women
Daylight saving time instituted to save fuel needed to produce artificial light
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Rising U.S. Production, 1915-1918CHART
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Committee of Public Information (CPI)
Agency to educate the public about causes of war and to convince Americans to support the war effort
George Creel – director Distributed pamphlets and press
releases
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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): goal of overthrowing capitalism
Vigilantes lynched and horse-whipped radicals
The goal of the Industrial Workers of the World was to overthrow capitalism.
Vigilantes lynched and horse-whipped radicals
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Espionage Act 1917: made it illegal to interfere with the draft
Sedition Act: 1918, Illegal to interfere with the draft and to obstruct the sale of Liberty Bonds or discuss anything disloyal about the American government, the Constitution, or the army and navy
1,000 convictions; Eugene Debs sentenced to 10 years
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Fear of foreigners led to nativism Fear of espionage and secret agents Feared sabotage of transportation and
communications “Hate the Hun” hostility toward Germans Lynching of Robert Prager, a citizen born in Germany
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Cut off the flow of immigrants from Europe
Women, African Americans, and Mexican Americans recruited by industry
Great Migration: 500,000 African Americans went North
Mexicans came to the American West to work on ranches and farms
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Supporting the WarTRANSPARENCY
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The Great MigrationTRANSPARENCY
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Reading Skill: Summarize NOTE TAKING
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He’s in the Army NowINFOGRAPHIC
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PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Chapter 19Section 3
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“How did Americans affect the end of World War I and its peace settlements?”
Vocabulary: convoy League of Nations Vladimir Lenin Henry Cabot Lodge John J. Pershing reparations Fourteen Points “irreconcilables” self-determination “reservationists”
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Wilson, War, and Peace
America Gives the Allies the Edge Main Idea: The impact of the United States joining the war was felt quickly and Germany surrendered in the fall of 1918.
Wilson Promotes Peace Without Victory
Main Idea: After World War I ended, Wilson encouraged independence, diplomacy, and free trade. He proposed his ideas in the Fourteen Points and traveled to France to make sure his voice was heard at the Allied peace conference.
Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference
Main Idea: The Allied leaders wanted Germany to make payment for war damages and rejected many of Wilson’s ideas.
America Rejects the Treaty
Main Idea: When the Treaty of Versailles was brought back to Congress, many Senators refused to ratify it without changes. Wilson refused to compromise and the treaty was defeated.
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Selective Service Act: draft of young men for military service
American Expeditionary Force (AEF): American troops in Europe in WWI
Convoy: group of unarmed ships surrounded by a ring of destroyers, torpedo boats, etc.
Armistice: cease-fire Genocide: organized killing of an entire
people World War I is known as the “war to end all wars”
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By 1917, German U-boats had sunk 430 Allied and neutral ships.
Troops were moved to Europe by surrounding unarmed ships with destroyers, torpedo boats and armed vessels.
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Russia suffered enormous casualties on the Eastern Front.
March 1917, Czar Nicholas II gives up power
He and his family are taken prisoner by the rebels and killed
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Bolsheviks, under Vladimir Lenin, violently overthrew Russia’s government in Nov. 1917
Lenin made peace with Germany on Mar. 3, 1918, freeing the Germans troops to concentrate on defeating the Allies on the Western Front.
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General John J. Pershing arrived in France in June, 1917, with 14,500 troops; veteran of the Spanish-American War
He recommends an army of 1 million men by 1918.
Selective Service Act passed in May 1917
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
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3 million draftees
11,000 women, who served as nurses, drivers, and clerks
14,000 civilian women served abroad in war effort
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Pershing kept Americans independent of Allied armies.
Intended to use more offensive moves 300,000 African American troops were kept
separate and most never saw combat. Harlem Hell Fighters, 369th Infantry Regiment persuaded white officers to loan them to the French. The entire regiment received France’s highest combat medal, the Croix de Guerre.
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Germans were within 50 miles of Paris. Battle of Chateau-Thierry, Americans
helped the French save Paris; lost half of troops; began to turn the tide of the war
Used tanks to break German lines Summer of 1918, German advance
stopped permanently General Ludendorff, asked Kaiser Wilhelm to seek peace.
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St. Mihiel: General Pershing and troops routed Germans
Airplanes used in dogfights
Eddie Rickenbacker: 26 enemy fighters
Col. Billy Mitchell organized a fleet of over 1,400 bombing planes; new strategy for war
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Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 1918
Killed 25 machine-gunners captured 132 Germans
Congressional Medal of Honor
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Allies wanted total surrender
Armistice Kaiser fled to
Holland November 11,
1918 ended fighting
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50,000 Americans dead Estimated 8 million European
soldiers and sailors dead Millions of civilians died Armenians-100s of thousands killed
by Ottoman forces in a campaign of genocide.
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Military Casualties of World War ICHART
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Reading Skill: SequenceNOTE TAKING
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Fourteen PointsFourteen Points: Wilson’s peace goals, such as an end to : Wilson’s peace goals, such as an end to entangling alliancesentangling alliances
Self-determination: Self-determination: power to make decisions about one’s own power to make decisions about one’s own futurefuture
Spoils: Spoils: rewards of warrewards of war League of Nations: League of Nations: an organization in which the nations of the an organization in which the nations of the
world would join together to ensure security and peace for allworld would join together to ensure security and peace for all Reparations: Reparations: payment from an enemy for economic injury payment from an enemy for economic injury
suffered during a warsuffered during a war Versailles Treaty: Versailles Treaty: treaty ending World War I, on treaty ending World War I, on June 28, 1919June 28, 1919
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Fourteen PointsFourteen Points Peace without victoryPeace without victory Open diplomacyOpen diplomacy Freedom of the seas and free tradeFreedom of the seas and free trade Movement toward ending colonialismMovement toward ending colonialism Reduction of armamentsReduction of armaments Ethnic self-determinationEthnic self-determination League of NationsLeague of Nations
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Wilson took no Republicans or senatorsWilson took no Republicans or senators Allies wanted spoils; wanted to divide up Germany’s Allies wanted spoils; wanted to divide up Germany’s
coloniescolonies Wilson had to agreeWilson had to agree
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Wilson hoped to persuade Congress to accept the plan
Article 10: attack on one is an attack on all Republican senators rejected it fearing war
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Georges Clemenceau, French premier demanded harsh penalties against Germany
Created Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia Reparations: Decided Germany owed $33 billion Germany couldn’t pay and did not forget humiliation Versailles Treaty: June 28, 1919
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Reading Skill: SummarizeNOTE TAKING
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Self-determination violated
-Some Germans and Austrians attached to other nations
-Iraq created from Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul from the Ottoman Empire
-Iraq given to Britain as a mandate (territory overseen by another nation)
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Many Americans thought the treaty was Many Americans thought the treaty was too harsh toward Germany, especially too harsh toward Germany, especially the “war guilt clause”the “war guilt clause”
““Irreconcilables”:Irreconcilables”: senators would not senators would not accept treaty and were isolationist; accept treaty and were isolationist; disliked Article 10, calling for mutual disliked Article 10, calling for mutual defensedefense
““Reservationists”:Reservationists”: wanted changes and wanted changes and to impose restrictions on American to impose restrictions on American participation in League of Nationsparticipation in League of Nations
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Gave 36 speeches in 23 days Suffered a stroke, paralyzing one
side of body Senate refused to approve treaty
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Economy: no plan to help troops back into society
Women workers fired Gloom – end of optimism African American troops; no jobs;
number of lynchings increase
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Should the United States Join the League of Nations?DECISION POINT
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PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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“What political, economic, and social effects did World War I have on the United States?”
Vocabulary: influenza Nicola Sacco inflation Bartolomeo Vanzetti Red Scare Warren G. Harding Palmer Raidscreditor nation
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Effects of the War
America Adjusts to Peace
Main Idea: While adjusting to peace, Americans dealt with rough times, including a deadly flu epidemic, loss of opportunities that women and African Americans had gained, and economic problems due to inflation.
The Red Scare
Main Idea: The Soviet Union emerged as a communist nation and led to the Red Scare, the widespread fear that communists and radicals were plotting in the United States.
Americans Embrace Normalcy
Main Idea: The 1920 election of Warren G. Harding symbolized a return to “normalcy,” but it was clear the United States was now an economic power and could not retreat completely back into isolationism.
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Bird flu that spread around the world
Pandemic that killed 550,000 Americans
Killed 50 to 100 million worldwide
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The Spread of Influenza in the United StatesGRAPH
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Employment opportunities during the war
Post-war recession: -women lose jobs -African American workers compete
with returning soldiers -Race riots in American cities Inflation soared as consumers
wanted scarce goods Labor strikes increased
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Economic Adjustments Wartime demand
dropped Soldiers faced
unemployment Lower demand Higher cost of living Labor Unrest
increased Discrimination
against blacks
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The Red Scare Russian Revolution
Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin Communism
Renewed Nativism Palmer Raids Anti-Immigration
Laws American Civil
Liberties Union
Sacco and Vanzetti
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Attorney General Palmer became convinced that Communist agents were planning to overthrow the American government
thirty-eight bombs sent to leading politicians by anarchists
Palmer recruited J. Edgar Hoover as his special assistant and together they used the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) to launch a campaign against radicals and left-wing organizations.
The public lost interest by spring of 1920 as one Palmer- predicted terrorist attack after another failed to occur
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Political Cartoons: Reaction to RadicalsTRANSPARENCY
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During World War I, Charles T. Schenck produced a pamphlet maintaining that the military draft was illegal
Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes rejected the argument that the pamphlet was protected by the First Amendment.
He argued that the government is justified in silencing free speech if there is a “clear and present” danger to the nation
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Communism in the Soviet Union
A single political party controls the government
Individuals have no rights that the
government is legally bound to respect
The government promises to create revolutions in other
countries and spread communism
The government owns all land and property
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One of the key social tensions of the era
1919 – 4 million workers held 3600 strikes
Most Strikes were beat down by federal authorities
Communist Plot 1919 Bombings? Because of the
violence, Economic Boom, and increased wages Union membership declined from 5 million to 3.4 million in 1920
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• Boston Police Strike(1919), police commissioner refused to recognize a policemen's union. Governor Calvin Cooledge finally called out the state militia to maintain order in the city, declaring "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime.".
Steelworkers 1919 Gary, Indiana US Steel Corporation used force to
break the strike 18 dead, 100s seriously wounded federal troops occupied the city for
several months.
United Mine Workers Coal Strike
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PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Refers to a widespread attitude in a society of a rejection of alien persons or culture
Believed immigrants could not be fully loyal to the US
Did not like Jews, Catholics, or Orthodox Christians
City problems (slums, corruption) were blamed on the immigrants
Immigrants meant competition for jobs Believed they carried dangerous political ideas
Socialism, Anarchy, etc. Most of them came from very politically unstable
countries
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Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING
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Election of 1920: Warren G. Harding; Republican
Called for a return to “normalcy” – a simpler time
U.S. was economic giant and a creditor nation
Political changes: German and Russian monarchies toppled, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires ended; Britain and France weakened; U.S. stronger
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PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport alcoholic beverages
18th Amendment Ratified in 1919