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WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
A Select Annotated Bibliography
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULF ILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
POR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
Muittv of Hibrarp & Snformation Science
BY
RAMKESH GHAUHAN Ron. No. 2KLSM-13
Enrolment No. DD - 3406
Under the Supervision of
Mr. Asif Fareed Siddiqui (Lecturer)
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
ALIGARH M U S L I M UNIVERSITY ALIGARH ( INDIA)
2000-2001
DS3298
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f*r
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dedicated to
(Roving' Barents
'TSmse 9 A Sacrificed S4M %r IKe 9 '^ould
(Sacrifice (3oine i^hlng J^or C wem
^ ^ ^^
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND
INFORMATION SCIENCE
Phnno r^PBX : 700916, 20-23, 26 Ext. 193/4
Fax: 91-0571-400528,401221
Ref. No
Dated-
(iietixfxcnie
This is to certify that MR. RAMKESH CHAUHAN has
completed his dissertation entitled "WORLD TARDE
ORGANISATION AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES^In the
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M a s t e r
of Library and Information Science. He has conducted the
work under my supervision and guidance. I deem it fit for
submission.
V
?vb.. Asif Fareed Siddiqui Lecturer
^^cknowledqement r
worla no lain can oe accomptiiked with out the kelp
of tke creator of tkii univerie, wko created man, out of a concealed
blood, taugkt tke uie of a pen, and tauakt man tkat u/kick ke knew
not. 3 am tkankfui to -^tmigktif yod ^ u>ltoie merci^ beitou/ed
upon me tke capaoitit^ to ackiet/e target.
Jr wiik to expreii mi4 keartieit and iincere gratitude to mu
teaclier and iuperuiior W/-. ~>4iif ^areed Siddi(iui^ jHecturer,
artment of oLioraru and Jrnformation Science. ^.WM.,
..^ligark, wkode cooperation and guidance kai been a great iource
of inipiration for me. frlu reipect, admiration and tkankfulnedd for
kim cannot be expreiied in u/ordi.
Jr iviik to expreii mu deep ienie of gratitude to ' ' / ' ' • ^ •
rlfluitafa J(. Q. Zaidi^ Ckairman, jbepartment of Jlilrari^ and
Jr iiforma tion Science, ^.WM-, ^iigark for kii generoui keip,
iuageition and kind cooperation in ail aipecti wkeneuer needed.
J/ wiik to expreii mu deep ienie of gratitude to I '•"/•
.SiliabaLat J4uiain, former Ckairman, department of jUilran^
and Jrnform,a tion Science, ^.W-U., ^ligark for kii generoui
keip, iuageition and kind cooperati on in all aipecti wkeneuer
needed.
U am alio kigkltj grateful to mu reipected teacker, ''I''-
flauikad ^ l i f^. ffl., rflr. rrlfiioom Kaza, iiji. J^udkarma
Jdarldaian, Wi. Yliikat ^^atima, / , , tkeir fuH cooperation in ail
aipecti, wkeneuer needed.
U would like to expreii mu tkanki to tke non teackinq itaff
mcniLcri ipeciallu fiir-Kiaz ^bbai, Iflr.^irar .^kmad ^ ^ ^
Wr.J(kwaja Woin ^kmad ^f tke department.
Jr would alio llha to put on, record mu arateful and ilncere
tlianL to Pi-o/.f/ooruC JJadan J(kan^ J!drarian and aH tke itaff
memoerd of iflaulana ^^zad JLiorartj, ..^v. / / / . 6/. , .^ll^ark.
Wij ipeciai tkanlzi goei to -^'•- ^ • - > ^ - Sharma, J^drarlan,
^J4.yijS. Uniueriitu <JLiorarij and L^kairman Ibeparttnent of
oLiorarij and information Sc lence, JJ.nS. Uni verdltu,
Srinagar (ijttrancLai) and ''/'•• l<ajpat Sin^k Ckaukan^ without
their generoui kelp, cooperation and guidance tkii work would kat/e
Become difficult to accompliik.
Jr am deeplu indebted to tke loi/e, affection, and kindneii
tkat Jr received from mu parenti, mu brotkeri and otker tamiiu
memberi. Jrt wai tkeir conitant encouragement and appreciation
til at enabled me to deuote muielf to tkii work.
J am greatly tkankfut to m^ cioie friendi - ^ V « ^ Vflokd.
^J^kan, flirendra .y\umar f^ackauri, f^urvendra .J\umar .Jjixit,
arnod ^JCumar J^ingk, J^aoa flaireen, r^uoina ^^nii and ail mu
c la a III a l,'i for their full co-operation and kelp tkeu rendered to me.
Jit iait L ut not leait Jr am indebted
to Wr. Wjohd. Maroon
and mr.mohd. Jarie^ (^ngto Computeri) u,ho tooL heen inlereit
in c o III I) liter tijping of tkii diiiertation work.
/r^amnedk C^kaukanJ
^.WI.VI. Jiirjarh
CONTENTS
Page No.
SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 1-4
PART-I
INTRODUCTION 5-24
PART-II
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 25-100
PART-III INDEXES 101-127
AUTHOR INDEX 101-107
TITLE INDEX 108-118
SUBJECT INDEX 119-127
LIST OF PERIODICALS SCANNED 128-129
AIM. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
A I M AND S C O P E
The present study displays in the form of an annotated
bibliography resembles together all the significant literature
dealing with the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Although the
bibliography is selective in nature but exhaustive. An attempt
has been made to cover all important aspects of WTO.
I am confined that this bibliography will be useful to all
those who have some interest in conlmerce, trade, economics and
specially for those, who are doing research on WTO and related
aspects.
The bibliography is divided in to three parts. Part-I deals
with the description of the work. Part-II is the main part of the
present study consisting of an annotated list of articles on the
subject. These entries are not comprehensive but are fairly
informative on the subject. Part-Ill however deals with the
indexes.
M E T H O D O L O G Y
In order to complete this work primary sources as well as
other materials on the WTO, available from various periodicals
and magazine, available in the libraries of Delhi and AMU,
Aligarh is used.
The primary sources were consulted in the following
libraries.
1. Department of Cotnmerce, A.M.U. Aligarh.
2. Maulana Azad Library, A.M.U. Aligarh.
3. Department of Economics, A.M.U. Aligarh.
4. Department of Business Administration, A.M.U. Aligarh.
5. Central Reference Library, University of Delhi, Delhi.
6. NASSDOC, New Delhi
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED IN PREPARING THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The secondary sources were consulted in Maulana Azad
Library, A.M.U. Aligarh.
2. The relevant bibliographical details were noted down in
"5x7" card following the ISI standard.
3. On completion of the abstract subject headings were
assigned. The subject headings are completely co
extensive of the extent possibje.
4. The subject were artanged in an alphabetical sequence.
5. At the end three sef)arate alphabetical index were given
(I) Author index
(II) Title index
(III) Subject index with reference to various entries by their
respective number.
STANDARD FOLLOWED
It has been taken strictly to follow the rules and practices
of the Indian standard for bibliographical reference (IS: 2381-
1963) for each entry for the bibliography. The classified
catalogue code (CCC) of Dr. S.R.Ranganathan have been
followed for choice and rendering of author headings.
S U B J E C T HEADING
An attempt has been made to give co-extensive subject
heading as much as possible. It will facilitate the reader to find
out desired articles from this bibliography. An humble effort has
been made to follow postulates and principles as suggested by
Dr. S.R. Ranganathan in the formation of subject head ing . These
are arranged s t r ic t ly by the pr inc ip le of a lphabet ica l sequence .
A R R A N G E M E N T
The entr ies in the b ib l iography are grouped and ass igned
s t r ic t ly under subject heading a lphabe t ica l ly let ter by le t ter .
An entry is preceded by subject heading in cap i ta l s . The
entry begins with the entry e lement ( i . e . surname) of the author
in capi ta l s fol lowed by secondary element ( i . e . forename) within
paren thes i s and then the t i t le of the a r t ic le , sub t i t le if any.
After th is t i t le of the per iodica l (in full form) on the basis of
C.C.C. being under l ined fol lowed by volume number , issue
number , the year, month, date , pages by using inc lus ive nota t ion
fol lowed by an indicat ive abs t rac t .
The entr ies are arranged as fol lows:
1. Name (s) author(s)
2. Full stop (.)
3. Ti t le of cont r ibut ion inc luding subt i t le , if any.
4. Full stop (.)
5. Tit le of the per iodica l
6. Full stop (.)
7. Volume number
8. Coma (,)
9. Issue number
10. Semi colon (;)
11. Year of publ ica t ion
12. Coma (,)
13. Month
14. Coma (,)
15. Date (if required)
16. Semi colon (;)
17. Pages in inclusive notation
18. Full stop (.)
S P E C I M E N ENTRY
BAGCHI (Jayanta). World Trade Organisation: an India
perspective. India Quarterly. 56, 3-4; 2000, July; 113-123.
EXPLANATION
This article is taken from India Quarterly which is titled-
"World Trade Organisation: an India perspective" written by
Jayanta Bagchi in the 56 Volume of the issue number 3-4 of the
year 2000 on the pages 113 to 123, against this entry serial
number is given.
ABSTRACT
The entries in the bibliography contain abstract giving the
essential information about the article. Attempts have been
made to prepare indiqtive abstract, so that in most cases users
needs are fulfilled with the abstract itself.
INDEX
The index part contains list of subject heading, author
index and title index. Each entry is arranged by letter by letter
method and is followed by entry number. It is hoped that it will
be found very much useful in consultation of the bibliography.
:/w-Q #3e
INTRODUCTION
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)
The world trade organization was established on P '
January, 1995 by replacing General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT). It is based on the principles of non
discrimination, free trade and promotion of fair competition
among the member countries.
It is the only International body dealing with the rules of
trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements,
negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations.
These documents provide the legal grand-rules for international
commerce. They are essentially contracts, binding governments
to keep their trade policies within agreed limits.
It is related to goods, service and intellectual property.
Some important areas of WTO are Trade Related Investment
Measures (TRIMs), Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights
(TRIPs), General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS),
Agreement on Agriculture (AOA) and Dispute Settlement
Mechanism (DSM).
HISTORY
The world Trade organization was evolved through the
Uruguay round of negotiations on the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in the late 1980's. In fact, the GATT
is the result of Bretton Woods conference, which was held in
1944. It recommended the establishment of International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. It had also recommended
the established of an International Trade Organization (ITO).
Though IMF and World Bank were es tabl i shed in 1946.
The proposal for ITO did not mate r ia l i ze . As such a less
ambi t ious organiza t ion GATT was formed in January 1948.
The 23 or iginal s ignator ies of GATT were members of
prepara tory commit tee appointed by the UN Economic and
Social Counci l to draft the charter for a proposed In ternat ional
Trade Organiza t ion . The General Agreement remains the only
in te rna t iona l ins t rument laying down trade ru les . In December ,
1993 there were 111 cont rac t ing par t ies and a further 22
countr ies applying GATT rules on a de facto bas i s . On 15 Apri l ,
1994 Trade Minis ters of 125 countr ies signed the final act of the
GATT.
The WTO is the new GATT. The old GATT was jus t a
forum and its par t ic ipants were cal led cont rac t ing par t ies (CPs) .
Under the old GATT, seven rounds of negot ia t ions were
concluded and agreement reached. The per iod of these rounds
was from 1948-1985. The main theme of these rounds had been
the reduct ion of tariff and non-tar i f f barr iers of t rade in goods.
The eighth round of negot ia t ions cal led the Uruguay
round. This round gave birth to the WTO. It was commenced at
Punta del Este in Uruguay on September 20, 1986. This round
dealt with a variety of subjects by qualifying ' t rade re l a t ed ' or
' t rade i n ' . The or iginal in tent ion was to get the round concluded
by 1990. But due to a var ie ty of confl ic t ing subjects included in
the round. It could be concluded only by December , 1993.
The proceedings of the negot ia t ions were consol ida ted in a
text cal led the 'Dunkel R e p o r t ' . This report was rat if ied on
April 15, 1994 in the Minis te r ia l meet ing held at Marrakesh in
Morocco . The new GATT with the new name of WTO was
star ted in January 1, 1995.
O B J E C T I V E S OF WTO
The main objectives of WTO are as follows:
Q The first objective is to help in trade flow as freely as
possible. It ensures the individuals, companies and
governments to know what are the trade rules around the
world. It also gives them the confidence that there will be no
sudden changes of policy.
• The second objective of WTO is to serve as a forum for trade
negotiations, because the agreements are drafted and signed
by the community of trading nations.
Q The third important objective of WTO is dispute settlement.
Contracts and agreements, including those painstakingly
negotiated in the WTO system, often need interpreting. The
most harmonious way to settle these differences is through
some neutral procedure based on an agreed legal foundation.
FUNCTIONS OF WTO
There are several functions of WTO, some of these are
following-
1. Administering WTO trade Agreements.
2. Forum for trade negotiations.
3. Handling trade dispute.
4. Monitoring National Trade Policies (MNTP).
5. Technical assistance and training for developing countries.
6. Cooperation with other International organizations in
particular the IMF and World Bank in order to achieve
greater coherence in global economic policy making.
7. By permitting tariffs, whilst adhering to the guidelines of
being non-discriminatory, the WTO aims to promote open,
fair and undistorted competition.
8. The WTO aims td encourage development and economic
reform among the increasing number of developing
countries and countries with, economics in transition
participating in the international trading system.
9. The WTO agreement recognizes the need to protect the
environment and promote the sustainable development. A
new committee on trade and environment was established
to identify the relationship between trade policies
environment measures and sustainable development.
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
The WTO framework constitutes a set of legal bindings
and agreements. The secretariat is responsible for enforcement
of trading rules and settlement of trade relative dispute amongst
the member countries. The primary aim of WTO is to ensure that
trade flourished by establishing conditions of fair and
undistorted competition.
The WTO has a three tier system of decision making. The
decisions are made at three levels-ministerial conference.
General Council and other councils and heads of delegation.
These are as follows:
MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE
It is the principal decision making body of WTO which
can take decisions on all matters under any of the multilateral
trade agreements. The conference is required to meet at least
every two years. The commerce ministers of all the member
countries participate in this conference. The entry of new
members and the agreements of member countries are discussed
in the ministerial conference.
The WTO has organized three ministerial conferences.
These are as follows:
Firs t Minister ial Conference
This conference was held in Singapore from 9 to 13
December, 1996. This conference examine the issues related to
the work of the WTO's first two years activities and the
implementation of the Uruguay Round agreements.
Second Minister ial Conference
It was held in Geneva, Switzerland from 18 to 20 May,
1998. This conference was organized to promote the
liberalization and expansion of trade and providing a framework
for the conduct of international trade relations.
Third Minister ial Conference
This meeting was held at Seattle in America from 29
November to 3 December, 1999. This conference was to frame
the basic agendas for the coming rounds of negotiations in the
21*' century, but due to the various type of protests against the
WTO by the trade unions and Non-Governmental Organisations
this meeting could not succeed.
Fourth Minister ial Conference
This conference will be held in Doha, Qatar, on 9-13
November 2001.
GENERAL COUNCIL
General Council of WTO performs the functions with other
councils for trade in goods; trade in services and intellectual
property (TRIPs). These councils are responsible for carrying
out WTO agreements in their respective areas of specialization.
The General Council acts on the behalf of the ministerial
conference and carryout the day-to-day work of WTO. The
General Council comprise the various bodies which are- Dispute
Settlement Body and Trade Policy Review Body etc.
S E C R E T A R I A T
Director General, who oversees all operations along with
for other Deputy Director Generals, heads the secretariat. Each
operational division of WTO, like finance, research etc. is
headed by one of the four Deputies or is directly under the D.G.
Each division of secretariat is responsible for the particular area
of work.
AGREEMENTS OF W T O
The WTO agreements cover goods, services and
intellectual property. They spell out the principles of
liberalization, and the permitted exceptions. They include
individual countries commitment to lower customs tariffs and
other trade barriers, and to open and keep open services
markets. They set procedures for settling disputes. They require
governments to make their trade policies transparent. There are
several agreements of WTO. Which are as follows-
1. Agreement on Agriculture
2. Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
3. General Agreement on Trade ih Services (GATS)
4. Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
5. Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures
(TRIMS)
6. Plurilateral Agreements
7. Agreement on Anti-dumping
10
A G R E E M E N T ON AGRICULTURE
The final Act of the Uruguay Round extended previous
GATT arrangements for trade in agricultural products through
new rules and commitments to ensure more predictable and fair
competition in the sector. All quantitative measures limiting
market access for agricultural products were to be replaced by
tariffs, enabling more equal protection and access opportunities.
All tariffs on agricultural items were to be reduced by 36% by
developed countries, over a period of six years, and by 24%, by
developing countries over 10 years. A special treatments clause
applies to 'sensitive' products (mainly rice) in four countries,
for which limited import restrictions may be maintained. Efforts
to reduce domestic support measures for agricultural products
were to be based on calculations of total aggregate
measurements of support by each member state: A 20%
reduction in total AMS was required by developed countries,
over six years and 13%, over ten years, by developing countries.
No reduction was required of least developed countries.
Developed member countries are required to reduce the value
and quantity of direct export subsidies by 36% and 21%
respectively (on 1986-900 over six-years. For developing
countries these reduction were to be two thirds those of
developed nations, over 10 years. A specific concern of least
developed and net-food importing developing countries. Which
had previously relied on subsidized food products, was to be
addressed through food aid mechanisms and assistance for
agricultural development. The situation was to be monitored by
WTO's committee on agriculture. The Agreement on the
Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitory Measures aims to
regulate world wide standards of feed safety and animal and
plant health in order to encourage the mutual recognition of
11
s tandards and conformity to faci l i ta te t rade in these p roduc ts .
The Agreement includes provis ions on control inspect ion and
approval p rocedures . In September 1997 a d ispute panel of the
WTO ruled that the EU's ban on imports of hormone- t rea ted beef
from the USA and Canada was in breach of in terna t ional
t reading rules in the first case to be brought under the
agreement .
A G R E E M E N T ON T E X T I L E S AND C L O T H I N G
The Agreement on Text i les and Cloth ing (ATC) is an
in tegral part of the WTO Agreement and thus appl icable to all
WTO member count r ies . The ATC is a 10-year t rans i t iona l
agreement with a four-stage in tegrat ion p rogramme. It replaces
the MFA, which began in 1974 and provided the basis on which
many indust r ia l count r ies , through bi la tera l agreements or
uni la tera l ac t ions , es tabl i shed quotas on import of t ex t i les and
c lo thing from more compet i t ive developing count r ies . The MFA
expires when the new ATC, which will gradual ly integrate
c lothing and text i le products and place them under world trade
rules by 2005 entered into force on 1 January 1995.
The new ATC has the fol lowing six main fea tures :
1. The product coverage , which comprises an extens ive list
of yarns , fabr ics , made-up text i le product and c lo th ing .
2. procedures for the four-stage in tegrat ion of these products
into GATT 1994 ru les , i .e. on 1 January 1995, 1998, 2 0 0 1 ,
and 2005. Any new protect ion must be based on the
re levant provis ions of the GATT 1994;
3. a l ibera l iza t ion process which au tomat ica l ly increases the
exis t ing quota levels inheri ted from the MFA;
4. a t rans i t iona l safeguard mechanism to deal with cases of
ser ious damage, or actual threat of ser ious damage, to
12
domestic industries which may arise during the transition
period;
5. other provision, which includes among other things are
clauses on circumvention of restrictions, quota
administration, quantitative restrictions other than those
inherited from the MFA, and on actions as may be
necessary to abide by GATT 1994 rules and discipline; and
6. the Textiles Monitoring Body (TBM).
When the ATC became operational on 1 January, 1995,
several importing countries/areas had a total of 90 bilateral
restraint agreements with exporting countries.
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES (GATS)
According to WTO secretariat, the term 'services' converse
a wide range of economic activities, namely (i) Business
services (ii) Communication services, (iii) Construction and
Engineering services, (iv) Distribution services, (v) Education
services (vi) Environmental services, (vii) Health services and
others.
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is
the first ever set of multilateral, legally-enforceable rules
covering international trade in services. GATS operates on three
levels: the main text containing general principles and
obligations; annexes dealing with rules for specific sectors;
individual countries' specific commitments to provide access to
their markets. GATS also has a fourth element: lists showing
where countries are temporarily not applying the "most
favoured-nation" principle of non-discrimination. Negotiations
on commitments in four sectors have taken place after the
Uruguay Round. A full new services round started, as required
in GATS, in 2000.
13
The GATS framework consist of 29 articles, including the
following set of basic obligations: total coverage of all
internationally traded services; national treatment, i.e.
according services suppliers of other members no less
favourable treatment than that accorded to domestic services and
suppliers; MFN treatment with any specific exemptions to be
recorded prior to the implementation of GATS, with a limit of
ten years duration, transparency, requiring publications of all
relevant national laws and legislations, bilateral agreements on
recognition of standards and qualification to open to other
members. Who wish to be negotiate accessions; no restrictions
on international payments and transfer progressive liberalization
to be pursued. Market accesses and national treatment
commitment to be bound and recorded in national schedules.
These schedules, which include exemption to the MFN
principles, contain the negotiate and guaranteed conditions
under which trade in services is conducted and are an integral
part of the GATS.
The protocol to GATS relating to movement of natural
persons was concluded in July 1995. In May 1996 the USA
withdrew from negotiation to conclude an agreement on
maritime transport services at the end of June participating
countries has agreed to suspend the discussions and to
recommence negotiations in 2000.
AGUEEMENTS ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (TRIPS)
TRIPS give protection to intellectual property and
industrial property. These two terms are being used
synonymously in recent year. Intellectual property strictly
means copyright to literary and artistic works, computer
programmes, integrated circuits and informatics and related
14
rights. Industrial property covers patents, utility models;
inventors' certificates trade marks and similar right.
The WTO agreement on Trade-Related aspects of
intellectual property Rights (TRIPS) recognizes that widely
varying standards in the protection and enforcement of
intellectual property rights and the last of multilateral
disciplines dealing with international trade in counterfeit goods
have been a growing source of tension in international
economics relations. The TRIPS agreement aims to ensure that
nationals of member states receive equally favourable treatment
with regard to the protection of intellectual property and those
adequate standards of WTO member countries.
TRADE RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES (TRIMS)
TRIMS demand national treatment to transnational
corporations (TNC) and insist that multinational capital should
be given a level playing ground with the national capital.
The agreement would require mandatory notification of all
non-confirming TRIMs and their elimination within two years
for developing countries, within five years for developed
countries and within seven years for least developed countries.
It would establish a committee on TRIMs, which would among
other things monitor the implementation of these commitments.
P L U R I L A T E R A L AGREEMENTS
The majority of GATT agreements became multilateral
obligations when the WTO became operational in 1995.
However, four agreements, which have a selective group of
signatories, remained in effect. These so-called plurilateral
agreements- the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft, the
Agreement on Government Procurement, the International Dairy
Agreement and the International Bovine Meat Agreement, aim is
15
to increase In ternat ional Co-opera t ion and also fair and open
trade compet i t ion in these areas . Each of the agreements
es tabl i sh their own management bodies , which are required to
report to the General Counci l .
A G R E E M E N T ON A N T I - D U M P I N G
Dumping is said to occur when the goods are expor ted by a
country to another country at a pr ice lower than its normal
va lue . This is an unfair t rade prac t ice , which can have a
d i s tor t ive effect on in terna t ional t rade . Anti dumping is a
measure to rectify the s i tuat ion ar is ing out of the dumping of
goods and its t rade d is tor t ive effect. Thus, the purpose of anti
dumping duty is to rectify the trade d is tor t ive effect of dumping
and re-es tabl i sh fair t rade . The use of an t i -dumping measure as
an ins t rument of fair compet i t ion is permi t ted by the WTO. In
fact, anti dumping is an ins t rument for ensur ing fair t rade and is
not a measure of pro tec t ion per se for the domest ic industry . It
provides re l ief to the domest ic industry against the injury
caused by dumping.
The ant i -dumping agreement is b inding tar i ffs , and
applying them equal ly to all t rading par tners , are key to the
smooth flow of trade in goods.
B U D G E T
The WTO's 1996 budget amounted to 115 mi l l ion Swiss
France (approximate ly US $ 93mil l ion) and for 2000 budget
amounted to 127 mil l ion Swiss France , f inanced by
cont r ibu t ions from members in propor t ion to their share of total
t rading conducted by WTO members .
16
PUBLICATIONS
WTO Annual Report
WTO Focus (Monthly)
International Trade Statistics.
S E T T L E M E N T OF DISPUTES
A separate annex to the WTO agreement determines a
unified set of rules and procedures to govern the settlement of
all WTO disputes, substantially reinforcing the GATT
procedures. WTO members are committed not to undertake
unilateral action against perceived violations of the trade rules,
but to seek recourse in the dispute settlement mechanism and
abide by its findings.
The first stage of the process requires bilateral
consultations between the members concerned in an attempt to
conclude a mutually acceptable solution to the issue. These may
be undertaken through the good offices and mediation efforts of
the Director General. Only after a consultation period of 60
days may the complainant ask the General Council, convened as
the Dispute settlement Body (DSB), to establish an independent
panel to examine the case; which than dose so within the terms
of reference of the agreement cited. Each party to the dispute
submits its arguments and then presents its case before the
panel. Third parties, which notify their interest in the dispute,
may also present views at the first, substantive meeting of the
panel. At this stage an expert review group may be appointed to
provide specific scientific or technical advice. The panel
submits sections and then a full interim report of its findings to
the parties, who may then request a further review involving
additional meetings.
17
A final report should be submit ted to the par t ies by the
panel wi th in six months of its es tab l i shment , or wi th in three
months in case of urgency inc luding these re la ted to per i shable
goods . F ina l - repor t s are normal ly adopted by the DSB within 60
days of i ssuance . In the case of a measure being found to be
incons is ten t with the relevant WTO agreement the panel
recommends ways in which the members may br ing the measure
into conformity With the agreement .
T R A D E P O L I C Y R E V I E W M E C H A N I S M
The mechanism, which was es tab l i shed p rov i s iona l ly in
1989, was given a permanent role in the WTO. Through regular
moni tor ing and survei l lance of nat ional t rade pol ic ies the
mechanism aimed to increase the t ransparency and
unders tanding of t rade pol ic ies and prac t ices and to unable
assessment of the effects of pol ic ies on the world t rading
system. Reviews are conducted in the Trade Pol icy Review Body
on the basis of a pol icy s ta tement of the government under
review and an independent report prepared by the WTO
secre tar ia t . During 1995, 15 reviews were under taken . Under the
Mechanism the world 's four largest t raders , the European Union,
the U.S.A. Japan and Canada, were to be reviewed every two
years . Special groups were es tabl ished to examine new regional
free- t rade ar rangements and the t rade Pol ic ies of acceding
count r ies .
C O - O P E R A T I O N W I T H O T H E R O R G A N I Z A T I O N S
WTO is mandated to pursue co-opera t ion with the IMF and
the World Bank, as well as with other mul t i l a te ra l o rganiza t ion ,
in order to achieve greater coherence in global economic pol icy
making. In November 1994, the prepara tory commit tee of the
WTO resolved not to incorporate the new organ iza t ions into the
UN st ructure as a specia l ized agency. Instead co-opera t ion
18
ar rangements with the IMF and World Bank were to be
developed. In addi t ion , efforts were pursued to enhance
coopera t ion with UNCTAD in research, t rade and technica l i ssues .
D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S AND W T O
There are 157 developing countr ies in the wor ld , of which,
48 count r ies are very poor and least developed. One hundred
eleven developing countr ies are the member of WTO, of which
30 count r ies are the least developed. Developing countr ies
cons t i tu te 85% of the world popula t ion enjoying only 21.7
percent of world GDP.
Though the WTO has given special s ta tus to developing
count r ies by giving concess ions and extra t ime to fulfill their
commi tments . Yet the global economic scenario is not in favour
of them. Most of the developing countr ies are not keen on fresh
negot ia t ion as they feel that WTO agreement has not given them
the benefi ts that were promised to them.
Developed countr ies have not been full honest in
implementa t ion of that agreement . They moved slowly in
phasing out controls on tex t i l es , while they were quick to
impose an t i -dumping dut ies . Tariff rates cont inue to be high an
agr icul tura l p roduc ts , like r ice, wheat , sugar e tc . , which are of
the export in teres t of the developing count r ies . The subsidy
reduct ion on agr icul ture was less than sat isfactory on the part of
developed count r ies . Non- t ransparency in the negot ia t ion
process in which the majority of the developing count r ies are
excluded has further aggravated the s i tua t ion . The fail of Seatt le
minis ter ia l conference of WTO was due to number of reasons .
There were differences of opinion between the EU and the USA
on the issue of agr icul tura l l ibera l iza t ion . The developing
countr ies refused to accord consensus to a minis ter ia l
dec lara t ion as they were pro tes t ing against the non- t ransparen t
19
WTO system, contro l led by the developed count r ies . An at tempt
by the developed countr ies to in t roduce non- t rade issues like
labour s tandards , envi ronment , government procurement e tc . and
l inking them with t rade is clear indicat ion that they were t rying
to in t roduce new forms of p ro tec t ion i sm, which would further
harm the interest of the developing count r ies .
C H I N A AND W T O
China has become a major power playing a s ignif icant role
in the in terna t ional t rading system. It is st i l l not a member of
the world t rade organiza t ion (WTO). The entry into the WTO by
china will br ing its reform and its opening-up onto a new stage
that will open prospects for economic coopera t ion and trade
with other count r ies , inc luding India.
China is very different , pol i t ica l ly and economica l ly from
other count r i es . Pol i t ica l ly china is in a class of its own,
charac ter ized by a highly centra l ized and re la t ive ly closed
system. Economical ly , China is one of the largest and most
rapidly growing markets in the world. Adminis t ra t ive ly , China 's
huge ter r i tory poses a problem of implement ing and enforcing a
uniform trade pol icy that is cons is tent with WTO ru les . China 's
WTO accession may be a greater wi l l ingness to apply
d iscr imina tory measures in exchange for a quick deal , whereas
the United States is prone to negot ia te concess ions on the
pr inc ip le of rec iproc i ty . There is no doubt that China 's future
growth will exert compet i t ive pressure on world market and
change t rading pa t te rns . However,' it should be remembered that
with the development of its domest ic market inf ras t ructure and
further ins t i tu t ional and social reform, China would become its
own largest market and have increas ingly loss to expor t .
China- Indian economic coopera t ion has expanded, so
much that India has become China 's biggest South Asian trade
20
par tner . India should not only support china 's inc lus ion into the
WTO but should also galvanize support among developing
count r ies to get China elected to the execut ive commit tee as a
represen ta t ive of developing count r ies . So China 's fully fledged
par t ic ipa t ion in global t rade will be good medic ine for the world
economy. Both China and India can play a vi tal role in
mul t i la tera l t rading system.
W T O AND I N D I A
India is a founder member of WTO. India was one of the
or iginal cont rac t ing par t ies (CPs) in GATT. India jo ined the
WTO at its very incept ion . I r respect ive of po l i t i ca l changes ,
since 1991 the government of India has been implement ing
s t ructura l adjustment programmes according to the d ic ta tes of
the WTO. The impact of WTO on var ious fields of India
especia l ly on agr icu l tu re , text i le and Bio-d ivers i ty and
envi ronment may be descr ibe as fol lows:
(1) Indian Text i les and WTO
(2) Bio-d ivers i ty and Envi ronment
(3) Indian Agr icul ture and WTO
I N D I A N T E X T I L E S AND W T O
Text i les and c lothing industry occupies a unique posi t ion
in the Indian economy. It is the largest expor t ing indust ry ,
cont r ibu t ing to about 38 percent of India 's tota l expor ts and
employing over 50 mil l ion people . It is also regarded as the
largest cont r ibutor to gross indust r ia l product , es t imated at 20
percent . In terms of the Net Foreign Exchange (NFE) earning
also, it ranks among one of the highest in India with a net NFE
of about 75 percent . Text i les sector comprises mi l l s ,
power looms , and handlooms . The organized tex t i les mill sector
in India consis ts of the spinning sector having approximate ly
21
28.8 million spindles and 1.5 lakh rotors. Its capacity to
produce spun/blended yarn is 2,700 million kg. In terms of
fabric production capacity, India has 3.6 million handlooms, 1.5
million powerlooms and over 170,000 looms in the organized
sector.
India's share in total world exports of textiles and
garments has been 2.89 percent (1996). However, this sector is
the highest foreign exchange earner with US$ 2.18 bn. per
annum. India with its strong textiles base is poised to take a
leap forward in the area of exports.
Newly industrializing countries have started experiencing
decline in the market share, especially for the synthetic
garments. Obviously, this opens up new avenues for India's
apparel exports in this segment. Wage rates of many ASEAN as
well as Asian countries started soaring high and due to which
considerable opportunities have been opened up for India for
expansion of its market share in the area of structured and
constructed garments. All these factors added together give
opportunities to a country like India to be the new global
players to cater to the growing requirements of the US and EU
markets.
B I O - D I V E R S I T Y AND ENVIRONMENT
The free play of multinational seed companies and others
is posing a great threat to the bio-wealth of India. The new
patent act facilitates the patenting of bio-resources of India like
neem plants. There is also the threat starting new
environmentally destructive firms in India. The possibility of
trade in tonic wastes cannot be ruled out. The rich countries,
poor in biological resources, are keen to gain a time-bound
monopoly on India's biological wealth. So government of India
must recognize the urgency to protect Indian biological wealth.
22
INDIAN AGRICULTURE AND WTO
The Agreement on Agriculture (AOA) and the policies
pursued by the developed countries have done considerable
damage to agriculture in the developing countries particularly in
India. The developed countries have zealously protected their
interests while neglecting the interest of the developing nations.
In a country like India, where 70 percent of the population
depends on agriculture and allied activities, this sector
contributes 35 percent of GDP and 65 percent of employment.
Such a resourceful sector can not be allowed to be ruined by
uneven competition.
The agricultural sector is facing unprecedented crisis due
to the some policies of WTO. Unfortunately under pressure, the
government of India has with drawn quantitative restriction
(QRs) on 714 agricultural products in March 2000. These QRs
has to be removed after year 2003. Thus it served a very hard
blow on our peasants because foreign agricultural products are
going to be dominate in our home market and our producers will
not be able to get proper returns.
The Indian government has with drawn import restrictions
on dairy products, which resulted in dumping of foreign milk
products the prices of milk and its products came down 25-30
percent milk in Punjab. It is reported that more than 3000 tones
of "Ghee" is lying in godowns of cooperative dairies. Last year
Punjab cooperative dairy federation "VERKA" Ghee was sold at
Rs. l60 per kg. but the imported butter oil from Scandinavian
countries is sold at Rs. 60 per kg. Verka is sold at Rs. l20 per
kg. so the buyers of verka Ghee has been limited.
These facts speak the seriousness of the crisis in
agricultural sector. The small, marginal, middle peasants are
worst sufferers. The condition of agricultural workers is full of
23
misery in the absence of central legislation and social security
measures.
Thus, the result of the WTO agreements has been the
ruination of agriculture, closing down of small-scale industrial
units. If agriculture in India is badly hit by the WTO agreement,
the industries that depend on sugar, cotton and oil seeds will
also be threatened. Keeping in view these facts government of
India should formulate its policies accordingly and must
organize the developing countries.
24
draa4r i^jLmj>
lf(3iUh^r<ap>h^
WTO, AFRICAN NATIONS
1. KHOR (Martin). African National against new issues in WTO.
New Age. 47, 31; 1999, August, 1; 11.
This article deals with the specific proposals made by the
participant countries on the positions that African government
should take on several 'new issues' being advocated by the
developed countries. African countries will want to limit the
focus to issues relating to implementation and the built-in
agenda. The participants criticised the TRIPs agreement. The
participant propose that the international community take
measures to assist African countries in this matter. WTO should
be improved to enable more transparent, more balanced
participation by the smaller and poor counties.
— , AGREEMENT, ADVERSE EFFECT, AGRICULTURE, INDIA
2. DANDAVATE (Madhu). WTO Agreement running Indian
agriculture. New Age. 48, 41 ; 2000, October, 8; 7.
This article states that in a country like India, where 70 percent
of the population depends on agriculture and allied activities,
this sector contributes 35 percent of GDP and 65 percent of
employment. Such a resourceful sector can not be allowed to be
ruined by uneven competition. The result of the WTO agreement
has been the ruination of agriculture. If agriculture in India is
badly hit by the WTO agreement, the industries that depends on
sugar cotton, oil seeds will also be threatened. All international
negotiations between developed and developing counties are
battle of wits. Articles xx of the AOA and TRIPS also discussed
in this article.
— , — , CUSTOMS VALUATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
3. SATAPATHY ( C ) . Implementation of WTO agreement on
customs valuation. Economic And. Political Weekly. 35,25;
2000, June, 17; 2098-2101.
25
The article discusses the problems of customs valuation and the
history of various international agreements on the subject. It
also examines suggestions of practical merit made by the
participants. Uniform customs valuation methods as per the
WTO Agreement on Customs Valuation (ACV) have been
advocated on the ground that importing countries should not use
arbitrary values to restrict trade. Implementation of ACV,
however poses many problems particularly for the customs
administrations of developing countries. The participants were
responsible for implementing the WTO agreement on customs
valuation in their respective counties and that they were eager to
learn from India's implementing experience contributed to the
success of the course.
— , — , ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
SINGH (Someshwar). World Trade accelerating environmental
damage. New Age. 48, 22; 2000, May, 29; 10.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was charged with
overseeing the implementation of the new rules of world trade,
including setting any disputes among nations related to their
terms. Member countries granted the WTO unprecedented power
for an international Body. It also deals with the WTO's
agreement includes environmental protection and sustainable
development among the organization's goals.
— , — , FINANCIAL SERVICES
GHOSH (Jayanti). WTO agreement: one way street. Frontline.
14,26; 1997, December, 27; 39-40.
The WTO agreement on financial services paves the way for a
handful of monopolistic firms in developed counties to seize
control of the market in developing countries, which can not
hope to compete, following the agreement reached in Genera.
There is the danger that India will come under strong pressure to
open up financial services to foreign providers.
26
— , — , F R E E T R A D E , POLITICAL ECONOMY, ANALYSIS.
6. LEVY (Philip). A political-economy analysis of free trade
agreements. American Economic Review. 87, 4; 1997,
September; 506-519.
This article demonstrates the bilateral free trade agreement can
undermine political support for further multilateral trade
liberalization. If a bilateral trade offer disproportionatily large
gains to key agents in a country, then their reservation utility is
raised above the multilateral free trade level, and multilateral
agreement would be blocked. It also describes that the bilateral
free trade agreements can never increase political support for
multilateral free trade.
— , — , INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
7. International seminar on WTO agreement and people's concerns.
New Age. 47, 46; 1999, November, 14; 7.
This article discusses that resistance to the implementation of
the 'unequal treaties' of the WTO regime and to the opening up
of 'new issues' at the Seattle must be made by the government of
all developing countries. National working group on patent laws
and the center for study in global trade system had jointly
organized an international meet to discuss issues relating to the
WTO, its review and implementation of its unequal provisions.
— , — , INTERNATIONAL T R A D E ,
8. RANE (Wishvas). Essential Medicines and International Trade.
Economic and Political Weekly. 34, 50; 1999, December, 11;
3490-3491.
The new International agreements on trade need to be monitored
and analysed to assess how they affects people's access to
medicines. Many WHO member states have expressed concern
about the possible impact of the World Trade Organization
(WTO) agreement on intellectual property rights agreements on
27
trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPs)
International trade agreements for public health and assist
countries in their efforts to safe guard public health while
implementing these agreements. Enforcement of the WTO
regulations will remove a source of innovative quality drugs on
which the poorer countries depend.
— , — , T E X T I L E S , C L O T H I N G
9. BHATTACHARYA ( B ) , KATTI (Vijay), SUSHIL KUMAR, and
MUKHOPADHYAY (S). WTO and trading Blocks. Foreign Trade
Review. 35, 1.; 1999, April-June; 22-29.
The agreement on textiles and clothing (ATC), an integral part
of the WTO agreement is applicable to all WTO members. It is a
10-year transitional agreement with a four-stage integration
programme. It replaces the Multifibre Agreement (MFA). The
successful conclusion of the Uruguay round, the coming into
existence of WTO and the commencement of the implementation
of the rounds results are regarded as making a new era in
international trade and economic relations. In the first round,
regionalism was scarcely as a threat to Multilateralism.
— , A G R I C U L T U R E , INDIA
10. JHA (Bhogendra). Can Indian agriculture Meet, the WTO
Challenge? New Age.48. 34; 2000, August, 20; 9^."
This article discusses the challenges thrown by the WTO to the
Indian agriculture. Can Indian agriculture compete in the world
market? can its production and productivity stand upto the
industrialized agriculture of the capitalist world.
11. VANDANA SHIVA. Threat from WTO to Indian Agriculture. New
Age. 48, 39; 2000, September, 24; 8-9.
To capture the vast seed market, the multinational seed
corporations are mounting pressures on Indian government to
oo
change existing laws to seize the traditional rights of peasants to
procure and use indigenous seeds. They want to change patent
laws under the garb of TRIPs and WTO treaties and
conditionalities, impose their hegemony on Indian Agriculture.
— , ANTIDUMPING, VALUATION
12.SATAPATHY (C). Under-valuated imports and public interest:
domestic rulling Vis-a- Ris GATT/WTO Jurisprudence-II.
Economic and Political weekly. 36, 5, 2001, February, 3; 445-
447.
This articles examines what constitutes public interest and to
what extent it should guide action against low valued imports.
India also argued that antidumping duties are the sole means
authorized under GATT/WTO to deal with dumped imports. It
also deals with the implications of applying domestic
competition laws, dispute settlement body and Appellate Body of
WTO.
13. SATAPATHY ( C ) . Valuation of undervalued and dumped imports:
domestic rulings vis-a-vis GATT/WTO Jurisprudence-I.
Economic and Political weekly. 36, 2; 2001, January, 13; 98-
100.
WTO agreement ori antidumping and customs valuation provide
the basis for the respective Indian laws on those subjects. The
ruling by the Indian supreme court on these laws have a direct
bearing on the way they can be interpreted and applied in India.
At the same time, since these laws are based on WTO
instruments, the GATT/WTO jurisprudence is also relevant to
their interpretation and application. It also deals with Supreme
Court order, new rules of WTO and article VII of WTO.
29
— , A P P E L L A T E BODY, R E P O R T , ENVIRONMENTAL , E C -
H O R M O N E S CASE
14. CHIMNI ( B S ) . WTO and environment: shrimp-turtle and EC-
Hormones cases. Economic and Political Weekly. 35,20; 2000,
May,13; 1752-61.
This article deals wi^h a critical review of two major
environment-related cases, brought before the WTO's dispute
settlement system and shows that the WTO has gone a long way
in integrating environment concerns with the objective of free
trade. Third world counties have nothing to gain-through the
anti-WTO stance of NQO whose actions are likely to help
protectionism by the developed countries. This article is divided
into four parts: Part I identifies the relevant GATT/WTO rules,
part-II offers a detailed analysis of the report of the WTO
Appellate Body; Part III examines the EU-Hormones case. Part-
IV contains certain final remarks in lieu of conclusions. The
central theme of the article is that the WTO is far from being
the anti-environment organisation.
— , A P P O I N T M E N T , D I R E C T O R G E N E R A L
15. ABRAHAM (Thomas). A trade-off. Over an Appointment.
Frontline. 16, 16; 1999, July, 31: 63.
This article mainly discuss that WTO will appoint two director-
general to replace renato ruggiero, former New Zealand Prime
Minister Mike More and Thai Deputy Prime Minister Supachi
Panitchpakdi will share a six-year term between them. Moore
will be in office for the first three, years.
— , B I O T E C H N O L O G Y , INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS,
PROTECTION ,
16. MISHRA ( J P ) . Biotechnology and Intellectual property Rights.
YoXana. 43, 5; 1999, May; 15-20.
30
The fears associa ted with the products of b io technology are not
so much because of the qual i ty product but because of IPR
regime and control of in te l lec tua l proper ty by mul t ina t ional
corpora t ions (MNCs) . Consequent ly agr icul ture was included for
the first t ime in one GATT negot ia t ions of Uruguay in 1986.
Member countr ies of the WTO place for pro tec t ion of IPR.
— , C H I N A , A C C E S S I O N
17. R o s s (Robert S). Enter the dragon. Foreign Pol icy , 104; 1996,
Fal l ; 18-25.
WTO is based on the pr inc ip les of non-d i sc r imina t ion , free trade
and promot ion of fair compet i t ion among the member count r ies .
It aims to promote sus ta inable growth and development by
ra is ing s tandard of l iving of the members . Several countr ies
including China and Russia are still wai t ing to become the
member of World Trade Organisa t ion (WTO). Today China is
growing as a economic power , so it can play a vi ta l and
important role in WTO.
— , — , — , C H A L L E N G E S , I S S U E S
18. Y A N G (Yongzheng) Complet ing the WTO access ion negot ia t ions :
issues and Chal lenges . The World Economy. 22, 4; 1999, June;
513-534.
The WTO was seen as an ins t i tu t ion deal ing mainly with the
in teres ts of developed economies at the expense of developing
ones . The main chal lenge for the WTO is how to admit the
t rans i t ion economies based on its es tab l i shed pr inc ip les and
rules . This ar t ic le also descr ibes that India 's access ion to this
in ternat ional t rade organiza t ion is the most impor tant in terms of
its impl icat ion for the other t rans i t ion economies and the world
t rading system. It is thus cr i t ica l that a high s tandard be set for
China 's access ion .
31
— , — , — , COMPLEXITIES, SYSTEM, TRADING, GLOBAL
19. ANDERSON (Kym). On the complexities of China's WTO
accession. The World Economy. 20, 6; 1997, September; 749-
772.
This article suggests that given the importance of china in the
global trading system, its absence from the WTO is some what
paradoxical. Further more, in light of China's desire to join the
WTO and economic and political benefits likely to follow from
such an accession, the situation appears illogical. The
persistence of Thorny questions regarding the future status of
China within the WTO and the openness of its economy explain
the delay in Chinese tnembership. Concerted action by both
China and the WTO is required to overcome these stumbling
blocks A number of policy recommendations follow.
- , - , - , EU
20. EGLIN (Michaela). China's entry into the WTO with a little help
from the EU. International Affairs. 73, 3; 1997, July; 489-508.
Against all political odds, China leaped from economic
feudalism into post-modern society in the space of 18 years.
Although the mass of its population has yet to share in the
benefits of this achievement despite its impact on world trade
and its crucial role in shaping global economic and political
influences. China has so far been denied membership of the
WTO, which would provide a boost to its reform and
development efforts and signify a seal of approval from the rest
of the world about china's future role in shaping the world
economy. This article traces the complex reasons responsible for
the delays in china's accession process to the WTO, focusing
specially on the role of the EU.
— , — , ECONOMY
21. MASTEL (Greg). Beijing at Bay. Foreign Policy. 104; 1996, Fall;
27-34.
32
The WTO is postwar institution founded to establish and
promote the principles of free markets and free trade. The WTO
is more than a simple club of trading partners. China's
compatibility with the WTO is open to question. If China's
economy continues to grow at current annals rates of 8 to 10
percent, and if it acquires advanced technology capability, its
impact will dwarf than of Japan.
— , — , C H I N A , TRADING SYSTEM, INTERNATIONAL
JiAXUAN (Tang). China in changing world. World Affairs. 4,3;
2000, July-September; 14-30.
China has become a major power playing a significant role in the
international trading system. It is still not a member of the
world trade organization. The entry into the WTO by china will
bring its reform and its opening-up onto a new stage that will
open prospects for economic cooperation and trade with other
countries, including India.
— , — , VOTING RIGHTS
CHANDRASEKHAR ( C P ) . China into the WTO. Fron t l ine . 16, 25;
1999, November, 27; 99-100.
A China-U.S. agreement clears the way for China to be admitted
into the World Trade Organization, but it is hard to believe that
China would go the whole hog in the mater. The Chinese
government would of course have to win the support of many
other members as well. Under the rules governing the WTO,
where voting rights are distributed on the one-nation, one vote
principle and which follows the convention of taking decisions
by consensus, the general council or ministerial conference.
— , C O M M E R C E , ELECTRONIC
CHALAM (Gopal). Electronic commerce and the World Trade
Organization. The Management Accountant. 35, 9; 2000,
September; 685-688.
33
The growing importance of electronic commerce in global trade
led by the members of the WTO to adopt a declaration on global
electronic commerce. WTO established a comprehensive work
programme to examine all trade-related issues arising from
electronic commerce. WTO members have begun to explore how
the World Trade. Organization should deal with the question of
electronic commerce.
—,—,—, W O R K P R O G R A M M E , DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
SATAPATHY ( C ) . WTO work programme on electronic commerce:
A developing country perspective. Economic and Political
Weekly. 35, 39; 1999, September, 25, 2711-76.
Electronic commerce is an area where, at the present stage of its
development. There are many more questions than answers.
Before entering into future binding obligations in this area. The
developing countries, including India, need to carefully consider
the implications of such commitments. WTO work programme
defines the term 'electronic commerce' to mean production,
distribution, marketing, sale or delivery of goods and services
by electronic. This article assets that UNICTRAL, UNCTAD,
WIPO, ICC, OECD, ITU and ISO deal many work related to their
fields. So there is need to coordinate the activities of these
organizations and the WTO, so that there is no duplication of
work and interests of developing countries.
— , C O M M I T T E E , STANDING, SCHEDULE, TRADE ENVIRONMENT,
GLOBAL ECONOMY
HEI M (Carsten). Policy for Trade and the Environment in a
global economy. Economics. 55/56; 1997; 94-112.
This article deals with the agreement of setting up the World
Trade Organization in 1994. It was laid down that the optimal
use of the world's resources should be carried out in accordance
with the objective of sustainable development and the aim of
protecting and preserving the environment. In addition, a
34
standing "Committee on Trade and the Environment" was set up
and given a ten point schedule. Protection of the environment
has thus grown to become an important topic for the GATT/WTO
regime. It also discuss that there is a need for ecological reform
of the GATT/WTO regime.
— , — , TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT, REPORT
27. SCHOENBAUM (Thomas J.) International trade and protection of
the environment: the continuing search for reconcilation.
American Journal of International Law. 91, 2; 1997, April; 268-
313.
This article describes about the November 1995 report issued by
the WTO's committee on trade and environment, is only a timid
first step toward reconciling trade and environmental values.
This article advocates the establishment of an ongoing process
to deal with trade and environment issues and offers specific
suggestions for resolving these issues largely within the
framework of existing WTO agreements and jurisprudence.
Nevertheless, Amendments and classification of WTO
agreements will be required and a role for unilateral action will
remain.
— , C O M P E T I T I O N POLICY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
28. KHOR (Martin). Developing countries resist WTO Agreement on
competition policy. New Age. 47, 27; 1999, July, 4; 13.
This article discuss about a battle of interpretation is looming in
the world trade organization over attempts by some major
countries to get the WTO to establish a new agreement on
competition policy. The rich countries want their, companies to
be able to enter any country and complete 'equally' with local
firms. Developing countries fear that granting such treatment to
big foreign firms would mean that local firms would have to
struggle to survive. Foreign monopolies will get even more
35
29.
powerful. It also discuss that the Seattle Conference launch a
comprehensive round.
— , — , — , INDIA
DUBEY (Muchkund). WTO and India. New Age. 45, 6, 1977,
February, 9; 8-9.
Infect, the Singapore declaration does not even recognize the
primacy of UNCTAD in the so-called educative process on the
relationship between trade and investment. It simply says that
the WTO working group will 'draw upon' the work of UNCTAD
and other appropriate inter-governmental fora and that it own
work will be without prejudice to the work of UNCTAD and
these fora. With this meeting, the transition from GATT to the
WTO was virtually completed and the new world trading order
under the WTO got firmly entrenched in the international
system. The government of India has tried to explain that India
agreed to the formulation on the investment and competition
policy.
— , C O N F E R E N C E , TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT, TRADE AND
DEVELOPMENT, TRADE AND EQUITY
30. SuRENDRA (Lawrence). Issues of trade and equity. Front line. 16,
10; 1999, May, 8; 92-94.
It is crucial phase ahead on the World Trade Organization
(WTO) front. The world trade organization held two high level
symposia, one on trade and environment another on trade and
development, which deals issues of trade and equity. The trade
and environment symposium was mainly meant to win over the
North based NGOs and civil society groups, which are actively
concerned about the environment. United Nations Conference on
Trade and development (UNCTAD) called "Development Round".
36
— , C O N S T I T U T I O N , B I O - P I R A C Y
31. A Ruling for Bio-piracy. New Age. 46, 10; 1998, March, 8; 5.
India is being held guilty under the WTO "constitution" because
on the patent issue, the people, parliament and the government
of India have acted democratically in accordance with the rights
and duties bestowed on them by their constitution. When
government tried to change the patent laws in 1995, it failed to
get the support of the Rajya Sabha. Patents are also a very
sensitive political issue in India because of the phenomenon of
"bio-piracy.
— , CONVENTION, SWADESHI JAGRAN MANCH, TRIPS,
AGREEMENT
32. GHOSH (Arun). WTO and SWADESHI JAGRAN Manch. Mainstream.
37, 8; 1999, February, 13; 3-6.
Organized a one day convention to discuss the issues relating to
the TRIPs agreement under the WTO. This article is essentially
about the some bits of the discussions and debate in that
convention, especially in regard to how the proposed amendment
to the Indian patents act of 1970 is going to affect the people of
this country.
— , C O O P E R A T I O N , T R A D E , INTERNATIONAL, R O L E ,
INSTITUTIONS, MULTILATERAL
33. MAGGI (Giovemni). The role of multilateral institutions in
international trade, cooperation. The American Economic
Review. 89, 1; 1999, March; 190-214.
World Trade Organization (WTO) lacks the power to directly
enforced agreements. It is therefore important to understand
what role WTO can play to facilitate international cooperation.
It examines two potential benefits of multilateral trade
institutions: first, verifying violations of agreements and
informing third parties, thus facilitate multilateral reputation
37
mechanism; second promoting multilateral trade negotiations
rather than a web bilateral negotiations.
— , D E M O C R A T I C SYSTEM, DECISION MAKING
34. CHISHTI (Sumitra). Democratic decision making in the world
trade organization: an assessment. International Studies. 37, 2;
2000, April; 85-96.
The role of intergovernmental multilateral institutions has
increased tremendously in determining the policies of member
countries. This issue has recently been raised in the context of
the WTO, which enshrines in its article of agreement the one
country-one vote principle. The WTO is now a major
International Institution with the responsibility to establish a
multilateral trading system. Article II of the Marrakesh
Agreement determines the scope of the WTO's functions. Article
III specially empowers the WTO to provide a forum for
negotiations of any new issues. Briefly discuss its relationship
with the IMF the World Bank. According to article IV(I) of the
WTO there shall be a ministerial conference composed of
representatives of its member once in two years. This article
asserts that WTO is liked very much because it possesses a
democratic system of decision making.
— , DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
35. GuNDLACH (Erich) and NUNNENKAMP (Peter). Catching up
processes or decoupling trends? developing countries in the age
of globalization. Economic^.55/56; 1997; 132-140.
This article discuss that the developing countries are actually
amongst the winners in the globalization stakes whilst the
industrialized countries are amongst the losers is however, a
matter which is disputed. It also discusses if regionalization will
be the dominant phenomenon, there would be a risk of
decoupling from the international division of labour to those
developing countries, which do not become part of important
38
regional integration communities. At best, only a few relatively
advanced developing counties would benefit.
36. Developing nations united in WTO. New Age. 44, 37; 1996, .< •
September, 15; 3.
This article deals with a crucial international economic summit.
The powerful countries will trying to get trade ministers to
accept new issues, such as investment policies, labour standards,
competition policy, and even corruption, as coming under the
jurisdiction of the WTO. Whereas developing counties are
worried. It also discuss that Singapore meeting should not be a
meeting for a club of the rich. Small countries are facing
incredible problems in implementing measures agreed in the
"Uruguay Round".
— , D I S P U T E RESOLUTION, LEGALIZED, INTERSTATE,
TRANSNATIONAL
37. KEOHANE (Robert), MORAVCSIK (Andrew) and SLAUGHTER
(Anne-Marie) legalized dispute resolution: interstate and
transnational. International Organization. 54, 3; 2000, summer;
457-488.
The GATT/WTO mechanisms do not reflect our ideal types so
faithfully. States remain formal legal gatekeepers in these
systems but have often refrained from tightly limiting access to
dispute resolution procedures, and the effectiveness of their
decisions, increased even with out high formal levels of access
or embeddeness, hence GATT and the WTO remind us that legal
form does not necessarily determine political process. Weinfer
from the GATT/WTO experience that although the formal
arrangements we have emphasized are important, their dynamic
effects depend on he broader political context. This article also
describes about EC, NGOS and European court of Justice (ECJ).
39
— , D I S P U T E , SETTLEMENT BODY, ANALYTICAL HISTORY,
ANTIDUMPING, ANTISUBSIDY, LAW
38. SCHOENBAUM (Thomas J). WTO dispute settlement. International
and Comparative Law Quarterly. 47, 3; 1998, July; 647-658.
Presents an analytical history of antidumping and anti subsidy
laws in WTO and its member countries. In recent years this body
of underfair trade remedy laws has lourished in the western
trading system. It also discuss that there is a dispute settlement
body (DSB), which is responsible to solve the dispute under
WTO.
— , DISPUTE SETTLEMENT, CONSTITUTIONALIZATION
39. SciiLOEMANN (Hannes L) and OHLHOFF (Stefan),
"constitutionalization and dispute settlement in the WTO:
national security as an issue of competence. American Journal of
international Law. 93,2; 1999, April; 424-451.
This article deals with the constitutionalization of the WTO is
forcing a reappraisal of certain states claims based on national
security. It is also examine the claims raised in the US-EC
Helms-Burton dispute that the very invocation of GATT's
security exception bars WTO review, and concludes that the
sovereign prerogative of the state to define its essential security
interest does not exclude the WTO's interpretive and ad
judicatory competence. Clear separation of spheres allows for a
constitutional solution within the system.
— , — , EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, MEMBER STATES
40. CHATHAIN (carmal). The European community and the member
stales in the dispute settlement under standing of the WTO:
united or divided?. European Law Journal. 5,4; 1999, December;
461-478.
This article focuses on the dispute settlement understanding
(DSU) of the WTO and addresses the extent to which the
40
division of competence between the community and the member
states has affected their participation in the DSU. WTO
agreement determines a unified set of rules and procedures to
govern the settlement of all WTO disputes. WTO has a dispute
settlement Body to consult the disputes among member
countries.
— , — , PANEL
40. PALMETER (David) and MAVROIDIS (Petrosc). The WTO legal
system: source of law. American Journal of International Law.
92,3; 1998,July; 398-413.
The rapidly expanding law of the World Trade Organization is
based on text of the WTO agreements, but increasingly WTO
dispute settlement panels and the Appellate Body look to the
larger field of public international law in deciding cases.
Virtually all of the sources of law in article 38(1) of the statute
of the international court of justice have served, in varying
degrees, as sources of law in the WTO. The authors examine the
development and significance of each of these sources of law in
WTO jurisprudence.
— , — , — , R U L E S , ANTIDUMPING.
42. SA I APATHY (c). WTO panel rulings on anti-dumping- I.
Economic and Political Weekly. 35, 48; 2000, November, 25;
4164-66.
Examine the area in which changes have been introduced to the
existing WTO dispute settlement procedures and assess whether
these changes will be conducive to the advancement of dispute
setilement processes in the multilateral trade field.
— , — , T R A D E , ANTIDUMPING.
43. SA I APATHY (c). WTO panel ruling on anti dumping-II. Economic
and Political Weekly.35.49:2000. December 2;4298-4300.
41
The WTO panel's recent ruling on India's complaint against anti
dumping measures by the EC on imports of bed linen from India
is likely to have serious implications for the working of the
WTO's anti-dumping regime and deserve to be studied closely.
With the phenomenal growth in the use of AD measures
worldwide, it was anticipated that the dispute settlement panels
of the WTO would see more AD cases than the GATT panels did
earlier. Article 16:4 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding
(DSU) which requires a consensus not to adopt a panel report,
article 4 of DSU, article XXIII of GATT 1994 and article 17 of
the AD agreement also discussed in this article.
— , — , T R A N S P A R E N C Y AND SURVEILLANCE.
44. HoiiKMAN (Bernard) and MAVROiDis (Petros C). WTO dispute
settlement, transparency and surveillance. The World
Economy.23, 4; 2000, April; 527-542.
The dispute settlement procedure has been hailed as one of the
move successful mechanisms from the GATT. Enforcement of
ruling is particularly important for developing countries.
Systematic weaknesses of the WTO dispute settlement procedure
are apparent since it rests on decentralized enforcement of
international obligations. The private sector and NGOs may have
an interest in establishing a transparency in parallel to the WTO
process.
— ,i:CONOMIC COOPERATION, CHINA INDIA.
45. SINGH (Swaran). India and China: growing economies, growing
interaction. )Vorld affairs. 4,1;200-D, January -March; 84-95.
•Sino- Indian economic cooperation has expanded, so much that
India has become China's biggest South Asian trade partner.
India should not only support China's inclusion into the WTO
but should also galvanise support among developing countries to
get China elected to the executive committee as a representative
of developing countries.
42
— , E C O N O M I E S , NON-MARKET
46. MASTEL (Gerg). The WTO and the non market economies.
Washington Quarterly. 21, 3; 1998, summer; 5-9.
This article describes as they seek to enter the world economy,
many former non market economy counties are seeking to join
the WTO. Unfortunately, the legal and trade regimes of these
countries are not yet compatible with the WTO. It examines the
debate over whether the OECD or the WTO should be the venue
for negotiations and why various actors had particular
preference for one organization or the other. Integrating these
countries into the WTO is a tremendous but surmountable,
challenge for the global trading system.
— , E N V I R O N M E N T A L RULES, NEGOTIATIONS AND
IMPLEMENTATION
47. STEINBERG (Richard H). Trade environment negotiations in the
EU, NAFTA, and WTO: regional trajectories of rule
development. American Journal of International Law. 91,2;
1997.April;231-297.
This article compares trade environment rules and their
negotiation and implementation in the context of EU, NAFTA
and WTO. As economic integration deepens in each
organization, the development of trade- environment rules
becomes of increasing interest to richer, greener countries. The
interests and power of those countries explain why environment
friendly rules are developing more quickly and thoroughly in the
two regional organizations than in the multilateral organization.
This article suggest the establishment of an ongoing process to
deal with trade and environment issues.
— , E X P O R T , I N D I A .
48. BH\TTACHARYA ( B ) . Towards speedier growth of exports.
Yojnna.44, 6;2000, June ; l l -13 .
43
With the economic reforms taking roots in India as well because
of the obligations to the WTO as a member country, there has to
be a paradigm shift in the thrust and contents of the EXIM
policy. The people of India through its government have to
initiate a struggle to restructure the WTO to make it a people
friendly institution in the new millennium.
49. SEN (Aditya).WTO and India's response. Yojana. 42, 9; 1998,
September; 17-18.
When WTO was set up on 1st January 1995, a great promise was
held up for the underdeveloped countries. It appeared that they
would gain as much as the developed countries, and perhaps a
little more than that because of the fact that the rich countries
would have to remove all trade restrictions making way for a
world of free multilateral trade. But in reality, the developed
countries seem to be raising new barriers to international trade.
Prior to the WTO meeting, India announced a series of measures
to raise the competitiveness of India's export. WTO was
conceived as an world organization which would act as a
watchdog of international trade; it was meant to regularly
examine the trade system of individual members.
— , FINANCIAL CRISIS , DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
50. KHOR (Martin).New battles begin soon against the WTO. New;
age. 48,34; 2000, August; 8.
The financial crisis places a heavy burden on the affected
developing countries, a new challenge is emerging at the world
trade organization (WTO). The developed nations are piling on
the pressure to launch a new round of trade negotiations during
the WTO's ministerial meeting. They are now planning their
strategy to putting more issues, such as investment, competition,
government procurement, environment and labour standards, on
to the WTO system. But some developing countries and NGOs
are planning to appose these issues.
44
— , F R A M E WORK, PREAMBLE.
51. DEBROY (Bibek). The WTO preamble. The Chartered Accountant.
47, 9; 1999, March; 67.
The WTO is guided by objectives set in its preamble. The WTO
draws its strength from its members. The observers are
international organizations - the UN, UNCTAD, IMF, world
Bank, FAO, WIPO and OECD. They act as advisory bodies to the
WTO to fulfill its primary objective to ensure smooth trade
flow. It also deals with the principles and the framework of the
WTO.
— , F R E E T R A D E , ECONOMY, INDIA
52. PATNAIK (Utsa). The costs of free trade: the WTO regime and
the Indian economy. New Age. 48, 42; 2000, October, 15; 8-9.
There have been two very important types of cost of free trade,
first is the re-emergence of an inverse relation between
agricultural exports and domestic food availability, and the
second is de-industrialisation. The costs of free trade instituted
in India from 1991 and accelerated after the signing of GATT
94, are exactly the same as in colonial times. It also describes
what was the basic objective of including agriculture in GATT
94.
— , — , L A B O U R R I G H T S , W O M E N WORKER
53. MAHADEVAN ( H ) . W T O ' S 'Free Trade' and women worker. New
Age. 48, 25; 2000, June, 18; 7.
This article highlights the impact of WTO's free trade on women
workers. Most of the third world countries hope industrialization
and mass production industries will help raise the standard of
living of their people. Unfortunately in a world where trade is
dominated by the WTO, the IMF, World Bank and unfair NAFTA
45
like agreements most third world countries have been forced to
accept the worst possible terms and conditions from
transnational corporations. It also deals with 'enforce labour
right'.
_ , _ , N E W R E G I O N A L I S M , B A R R I E R S
54. ETHIER (Wilfred). The new regionalism. The Economic Journal.
108, 449; 1998, July; 1149-1161.
Deals with new regionalism and free trade. WTO eliminates the
trade barriers, but is facing to new challenges on account of new
regionalism. The new challenges are two fold. One comes from
the demands for fair trade as a precondition for free trade; the
other, from the concern that free trade, while efficient,
emissaries the unskilled in the richer countries.
— , — , P O L I T I C A L SUPPORT
55. CARLISLE (Charles R). Is the world ready for free trade?.
Foreign Affairs. 75, 6; 1996, November; 113-126.
Mainly emphasis on free trade system in all over the world. The
world Trade organization (WTO) promotes non-discriminatory
international trade among member countries global free trade is
a nice idea but political support is must to make it more
powerful trading system. The agenda should be equal to
developed and developing countries.
— , — , R U P E E DEVALUATION, QUANTITATIVE R E S T R I C T I O N S
56. GHOSH (Murari). Who wants free trade and rupee devaluation?.
New Age. 48, 32, 2000, August, 6;8-9.
In support of India's commitment to World Trade Organsation
(WTO), the government of India has with drawn almost all the
quantitative restrictions (QRs) on imports of raw and processed
agro products. This has been done in a situation when world
prices of such goods were falling quite sharply. The unrestricted
imports of such good will definitely cause sharp decline in the
46
income of agricultural producers of India, even of the cereals
producing farmers. The with drawl of the QRs was inevitable
because India had committed itself to the USA to do so even
before the time set by the WTO.
— , G A T S , FRAMEWORK, SECTORAL ARRANGEMENT, TELECOM
57. KAUSHIK ( P D ) . Sectoral Arrangement in Telecom .The Chartered
Accountant. 48, 3; 2000, September; 8.
Telecommunications within the framework of GATS provided a
level playing field for negotiations. 89 members of the WTO
have included telecom services in their schedule of
commitments. All industrialized countries have made
commitments on basic telecom and value-added telecom
services. Fifty-two emerging economies have made commitments
on basic telecom while many have also made commitments on
value added services.
— , — , INDIA
58. MEHTA (Bansi S). The GATS impact. The Chartered Accountant.
46, 9; 1998, March; 28-31.
More than five years ago, the General Agreement on Trade in
Services (GATS) was signed. Not all counties sighed to
undertake specific commitments under the GATS. Some
countries are still in the process of taking position as to whether
they would undertake such commitments straight away. India is
also a country which has accepted to be a party to GATS, but has
not undertaken any specific commitments that are required under
GATS.
— , — , M O V E M E N T , P E R S O N S , UK P E R S P E C T I V E
59. GUILD (Elespeth) and BARTH (Philip). The movement of natural
persons and the GATS: a UK perspective and European
dilemmas. European.Foreign Affaris Review. 4,3; 1999, Autumn;
395-415. ~ ' •
47
The WTO agreement came into force at the start of 1995. This
article looks at the new legal framework for movement of
persons for the purpose of economic activity using the example
of one participating state to demonstrate the tension between the
theory of globalization of trade and the practice when movement
of persons is involved.
— , — , S E C U R I T Y , W A T E R , BUSINESS
60. SINGH (Someshwar). Water security should not be turned into a
business. New Age. 48, 28; 2000, July, 9; 14,
At the second world water forum in the Hague, non
governmental organizations insisted that a clean, healthy
environment and access to basic water and sanitation are
universal rights, and can not therefore be negotiated as
commodities. They consider that food and water insecurity is
linked to the unfair global trade system, embodied in World
Trade Organization (WTO) rules. Thus water and water services
must be removed from the general agreement on trade in service
and the agenda of the world trade organization.
— , S E R V I C E , ACCOUNTING
61. KAUSHIK ( P D ) . The WTO and Accounting service. The Chartered
Accountant. 49, 11; 2001, May; 9.
The GATs agreement comprises general obligations and national
commitments. The protection to accounting and auditing services
is granted through domestic regulations in the form of
registration, license, qualification, experience, etc. GATS has
attempted to liberalise trade in service.
— , — , A G R I C U L T U R E , INDIA
61. SHUKLA ( S P ) . GATT: anatomy of surrender.
Mainstream. 25, 32; 1995, April; 3-5.
States that the acquisition and propagation of new technologies
in agriculture will become more expensive and difficult for India
48
as a result of the new agreement on protection to 'intellectual
property' and industrial property.
— , GLOBAL E C O N O M Y , INDIA, A P P A R E L SECTOR
63. RAMASWAMY ( K V ) and GEREFFI (Gary). India's apparel sector in
the global economy. Economic and political weekly. 33, 3; 1998,
January, 17; 122-130.
Given the emphasis on export-oriented development, it is
specially important to understand the nature of the global
production system that shapes the insertion of third world
countries like India into the international economy. This article
on the apparel sector focuses on three themes: First the
interlinkages iff the organization of international economic
activity and the changing competitive conditions in the global
apparel market; second the associated importance of
distribution and marketing links in he apparel production chain;
and third, the cotton fabric based nature of India's apparel
exports and its competitive advantage.
— , G L O B A L I Z A T I O N , CONCESSIONS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
64. MADAAN (Davinder kumar). WTO and the developing countries.
India Quarterly.56, 3-4; 2000, July; 53-60.
The Bretton woods conference of 1944, which recommended the
establishment of IMF and world Bank had also recommended the
establishment of an International Trade Organization (ITO). So
GATT came into existence in January 1948. It took about five
decades to transform GATT into WTO. WTO has given special
status to the developing countries by giving concessions and
extra time to fill their commitment yet the global economic
scenario is not in favour of them. It also discuss globalization
and developing countries, gap between the developed and the
developing countries and Exclusive Marketing Rights (EMRs)
and WTO.
49
— , — , D E V E L O P I N G ECONOMIES, IMPERATIVES, DEMOGRAPHIC
AND DEMOCRATIC
65. LEHMANN (Jean-Pierre). Developing economies and the
demographic and democratic imperatives of globalisation.
International Affairs. 77, 1; 2001, January; 69-82.
The global liberal economic agenda requires political
leadership. This article mainly highlights the need for
individuals, organizations and governments to counter balance
the excesses and abuse capitalist societies while at the same
time noting the importance of ensuring environmental safe
guard.
— , — , E C O N O M I C S , CONSEQUENCES, POLITICAL
66. KIM (Sae-Jung). Political consequences of economic
globalization under the WTO system. Asian Perspective. 23, 3;
1999; 237-260.
This study examines political consequences of the liberal trade
order, whose institutionalization has been further promoted
under the WTO. The new liberal trade order will not necessarily
bring about the positive political effects foreseen by some
observers. On the contrary, it is likely to have a number of
significant, negotiate political consequences at the national and
international levels. To prevent such negative political
consequences, korea should take necessary measures in advance.
Bringing various social forces into a form of corporatist
arrangement can be considered as a viable alternative.
—,—,—, Tus
67. VANDANA SHIVA. Globalisation, TUs and mass movement. New
A^e. 48, 39; 2000, September, 24; 14.
Due to globalisation, the composition of labour is rapidly
changing, which is aimed to de-unionise the "organised sector",
going back to the origin of Uruguay round of GATT in 1986 in
50
which proposals on TRIMs, GATTs and TRIPs were tabled all
most all developing countries led by India and Brazil opposed
these proposed tooth and nail. There were world wide
widespread international mass oppositions to dunkel proposal,
but it was accepted in 1994, which paved the easy of
establishment of WTO.
— , — , LABOUR STANDARDS INDIA
68. B A R M (Snehal D). International labour standard and India.
Yojana. 44, 5; 2000, May; 29-32.
This article tries to understand the core labour standards set up
by the ILO; why this sudden desire to link these with trade
through the WTO; impact of Globalisation on labour standards
in India. If the developed countries are so concerned about the
welfare of workers in the developing world they should abolish
their highly restrictive policies towards free flow of labour.
Just as capital is free to flow where the returns are high, labour
should be free to go wherever wages are highest.
— , — , M I G R A T I O N
69. NAYYAR (Deepak). Globalisation and Migration: retrospect and
prospect. Yojana. 44,5;2000, May; 18-27.
Globalisation has created opportunities for some people, regions
and countries that were not even dreamed of three decades
ago. But it has also contributed to increased impoverishment,
inequality and insecurity for many others. The developing
countries would provide access to their markets without a
corresponding access to technology and would accept capital
mobility without a corresponding provision for labour mobility .
— , — . S O V E R E I G N T Y , E C O N O M I C , AGRICULTURE
70. GHOSH (Arun). Globalisation and WTO. India Quarterty. 54,
334; 1998, July-December; 9-113.
51
This article highlights how WTO have profound consequences
for economic sovereignty, Agriculture, Health and future
development by India and third world countries. This article also
deals with the several agreements of WTO like the Intellectual
property right regime Trade related Investment matters (TRIMS)
under the WTO General Agreement on trade in services and
disputes settlement understanding. It also discusses about five
new issues which have been raised after the signing of WTO,
agreement in December 1994.
— , — , S T R U C T U R E , VERTICAL
71. MCLARE (John)."Globalisation" and vertical structure. The
American Economic Review. 90, 5; 2000, December; 1239-1254.
Describes that international economic relations today show a
rather pessimistic picture, with high non-tariff barriers,
international trade frictions and a seroceus criticism the GATT.
The article analyses the present tendencies towards the creation
of globalisation WTO can play an important role in this field.
— , — , SURVIVAL, LABOUR, E C O N O M I C , NATIONAL
72. IYER ( V R Krishna).Globalisation-Vanishing National
Economics and diminishing labour survival, . New Age. 48, 12;
2000, March, 19;3.
This article deals with the global economic structure.
Globalisation is a symbol of economic access to the whole globe
without any tariff restriction, administrative ban or legal bar. It
also discusses the participation of workers in management of
industries is a directive principle under article 43A.
— , — , TRADE, MARGINALIZED ECONOMIES
73. MoRRissEY (Oliver) and FILATOTCHEV (Igor). Globalisation and
trade: the implications for exports from marginalized
economies. Development Studies. 37,2; 2000, December; 1-12.
52
Emphasis that government, especially in rich countries and
international organization such as the WTO, should attend
more closely to the distribution implication of globalisation .
This article demonstrate that many policy and institutional
reforms will be necessary if marginalized economies are to
benefit from an integrated global economy.
— , — , T R I P S , D R U G S , POOR E C O N O M I E S
74. Harrish (John). Globalisation and world's poor. Economic and
Political Weekly. 36, 23; 2001, June, 9; 2034-2037.
This article advocates, in particular, the reform of the WTO to
make it more transparent and open for the poor economies and
people. The rules should become easier to understand. The most
shameful part of the article concerns TRIPS (the intellectual
property regime) that make it impossible for poor people and
poor governments to access the drugs.
— , — , W O R L D ECONOMY
75. MURALIDHARAN (Sukumar). Uncertainties ahead. Frontline. 16,
26; 1999, December, 24; 10-11.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) promotes non
discriminatory international trade among member countries. The
establishment of WTO is a trend towards globalizations of the
world economy. The fiasco at the WTO event was in some ways
predictable, given the diverse agendas and the antagonisms that
surfaced in the run-up to Seattle; but its ramifications could
well prove incalculable.
— , GLOBAL STANDARD, DOUBLE
76. DASGUPTA (Biplab). Global double standards. Frontline .16, 25;
1999, December, 27; 96-98.
While non-competitive and decaying industries in western
countries cry for universal labour standards, more buoyant
western industries looking for new areas of operation seek the
53
dilution of labour laws. To demand that wages paid in India
should be made comparable with those paid in rich countries .
The WTO now deals with matters such as investment, patent,
agriculture, the environment and labour.
— , GLOBAL T R A D E , A G R I C U L T U R E , SUBSIDIES
77. DASGUPTA (Biplab). Double- talk on subsidies.frontline. 16, 22;
1999, October, 23; 92-95.
Highlight the case of agricultural in global trade negotiations.
We must do what all countries of the world, rich or poor, large
or small, socialist or capitalist, usually do-to examine carefully
cases where subsidy and control are necessary to augment
domestic production and seek self-sufficiency.
— , GLOBAL T R A D E R E G I M E , L E G A L I Z A T I O N ,
LIBERALIZATION, POLITICS, DOMESTIC
78. GOLDSTEIN (Judith) and MARTIN (Lisa L) legalization trade
libralization, and Domestic politics: a cautionary note.
International Organization. 54,3; 2000, summer; 603-632.
The GATT/WTO should allow or even encourage relation in the
face of deviation from regime rules. The GATT structure
incorporating, reciprocal retaliation and /or alternative market
access in response to reneging on a concession even under
safeguard calluses, may have been better than the alternative
adopted the WTO. It also deals with the global trade regime,
which aims to liberalize trade, has become increasingly
legalized over time. Since the weakly legalized GATT institution
proved sufficient to sustain widespread liberalization , the case
for further legalization must be strong to justify for-reaching
change in the global regime.
54
I <• A.7C. -'Jo I ^ —, H O R M O N E CONFLICT, EU-US «\ :r> J>S-32^8 /^j
\ ^ 4 - . - ^ ? ^
79. PEREZ (Oren). Reconstructing SciencerHJ^s/fjr^^^^^£^*!^nflict
between the EU and united states. European foreign Affairs
Review. 3,4; 1998, winter; 563-582. *
This article deals with the recent decision of the WTO's
Appellate Body in the hormone dispute between the EU and the
US. The Hormone-decision, despite its ultimate rejection of the
European hormone policy, is probably the most environmentally
friendly decision in the history of GATT/WTO. By taking a
broad view of the concepts of risks assessment and scientific
justification, and acknowledging legitimate role of social
concern in the development of health policies, the Appellate
Body has adopted a pluralistic approach to the problem of risk
assessment. — , — , I N D I A
80. SHUKLA ( S K ) . India and WTO. New Age. 47, 16; 1999, April,
18;5.
India was one of the originate contracting parties (CPs) in the
GATT. India also joined the WTO at its very inception.
Irrespective of political changes, since 1991 the Government of
India has been implementing structural adjustment programmes
according to the dictates of the WTO. The rules regarding Trade
Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) agreement and Trade
Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement are
discussed in this article. It also advocates that India should
play a leading role in WTO's coming conferences.
— , — , M A R K E T
81. DATT (Rudder). WTO and the role India should play.Mainstream.
39,11; 2001, March, 3 ;9 - l l .
China have been making concerted efforts to capture the Indian
market through dumping. The real culprits in violation of the
55
WTO agreement are developed countries. India should
coordinate with other development countries to put pressure on
the developed countries to reduce agricultural subsidies. The
WTO forum should be used to exert pressure on the developed
countries to comply with the Agreement on Agriculture (AOA).
— , — , NATIONAL CONFERENCE, I P R S
82. KRISHNAKUMAR ( R ) . Concerns of intellectual property rights.
Frontline. 16, 26; 1999, December,19; 88-89.
A national colloquium in thiruranthapuram expresses concern
over the central Governments step of acceding to the Paris
Convention of WIPO under the World Trade Organisation. Deals
with cautions against amendments to the patents act and
introduction of legislation on plant breeders right. The
conference expressed concern that the Government had not
considered fundamental issues of public interest raised by the
move to change the patent system.
— , — , N E W M I L L E N N I U M
83. KURIAN (V Mathew). WTO and India in the new millennium.
Mainstream. 38, 25; 2000, June, 10; 13-15.
Briefly discuss the evolution of the WTO from the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and its impact on
India. And the new role India should play in the WTO in the
new millennium to tame the WTO into a third world-friendly
institution. Trade related Investment measures (TRIMs), Trade
related Intellectual property Right (TRIPs) and GATT also
discuss in detail.
— , INDUSTRIAL E C O N O M I E S , FEARS , DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
84. JAYANTH (V) Asian fears west may hijack WTO. New Age. 33,
37; 1996, September, 15;3.
Developing countries would be able to discuss well ahead a
common strategy to overcome the challenge from the industrial
56
economies and ensure that the WTO stuck to its agenda and the
process of liberalization was beneficial to all participants in
global trade. Singapore concern and hopes for a successful
conduct of the first ministerial meeting of the World Trade
Organization (WTO) have gripped not only the host, Singapore,
but also its neighboring, southeast Asian countries. The
developing countries have argued that labour related issues
should be taken up at other for a like the International Labour
Organization (ILO).
— , INDUSTRIAL P O L I C Y , D O M E S T I C INDUSTRIES
85. BORA (Bijit); LOYD (Peter J) and PANGESTU (mari). Industrial
policy and the WTO. The World Economy. 23, 4; 2000, April;
543-559.
Despite the theoretical case against it, activist industrial
policies are still pursued by countries around the globe.
Attempts to boost the competitiveness of domestic industries
may often come up against WTO rules. Empirical evidence
shows that selective industrial policies result in more losers
than winners. The case for writing in special and deferential
treatment provisions in the WTO's regulations is weak.
— , INTERNATIONAL C O N F E R E N C E , E N C R O A C H M E N T , R I G H T S ,
NATIONAL
86. SURESH (N). Call to resist encroachment of national rights. New
Age. 44, 49; 1996, December, 8; 8-9.
The Forum of Parliamentarians on Intellectual Property (FPIP)
and the National Working Group on patent Laws (NWGPL)
invited a large number of parliamentarians, academicians,
scientists and legal experts to participate in an inter national
conference in Delhi to discuss issue of vital interest for the
developing countries. Over two hundred and fifty delegates
thirty-five delegates from abroad from fifteen countries
participated in the conference held in New Delhi. This article
57
discuss also the struggles of the south countries to change the
unequal relations, counter-offensive of the North, facing the
WTO ministerial meetings.
— , I M F , WORLD BANK, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
87. MOHAMMAD KHALID. Global integration and the third world:
myth and reality. India Quarterly. 52, 1-2, 1996, January-June; — 1 ^ — • • • I I " • • ' I •» ^ I I M I >
105-114.
After second world war, a number of international organizations
like IMF, world Bank, UNCTAD, GATT, it were formed. After
about five decades the WTO, success of GATT came into
existence with basic objective of smooth economic development
and promotion of world trade and commerce among the different
countries. Economic integration is considered as a process in
which both developed and developing countries can export and
import. It also discusses that the third world countries are at
different stages of economic and technical development and
together they possess an enormous concentration of natural
resources, skill and unskilled manpower, which provide them
opportunities to work simultaneously for their collective benefit.
—,—,—, T R A D E , INEQUALITY, GLOBAL
88. GABOURY (Fred) and EISENHOWER (David). 'Free trade' and
global inequality: growing apposition from the working class of
the west. New Age. 47, 43; 1999, October, 24; 9.
This article describes that WTO has helpful establish the global
system of 'free trade' that has generated untold trillions in
profits for transnational corporations. Discuss multilateral
agreement on investment, which the organization for economic
corporation and development was negotiating in deep secrecy in
the Paris basement. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
World Bank should be helpful for social and economic
development of third world nations.
58
— , I N V E S T M E N T , GLOBAL TRADE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
89. MoHD AsiF ALI KHAN and KHAN ( A Q ) Global Investment
opportunities and trade in developing economies. India
Quarterly. 55, 1-2; 1999, January-June; 19-54.
Globalisation is not a new phenomenon. It is helpful to expand
the economies on the basis of comparative cost from natural
endowment. WTO has allowed a limited number of years to
developing countries including India for partial convertibility on
capital account. India is now under obligations to allow full
convertibility of capital account. It also discusses about Dunkel
plan and the Indian pharmaceutical industries.
— , L A W S , DISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM, INDIA
90. CHIMNI ( B S ) India and ongoing review of WTO dispute
settlement system. Economic and Political Weekly. 34, 5; 1999,
January, 30; 264-67.
India does not merely raise technical and procedural issues in
the review process but attempts to draw attention to the
fundamental problems which characterize the WTO dispute
settlement system (DSS) and suggest solutions which safeguard
the interest of the Indian people. Article xxi is a possible threat
to the delicate system of WTO/GATT rules. India would appear
to have two options. Either to urge in favour of making the
present DSS more rule-oriented or to attempt to universalize the
standard of review contained in the agreement on anti-dumping.
The problem is anti-dumping, surely the applicability of article
17.6 can not be withheld from theres t of the WTO agreements.
— , — , P A T E N T , I N D I A
91. MANOJ V. patents on life, India and the TRIPs mandate.
Economic and Political Weekly. 33, 4; 1998, January, 24; 152-
155.
59
The TRIPS, under article 27, mandate for patenting of micro
organism. India being a member of the World Trade
Organization is required to provide product patents on micro
organism before January 1, 2004, The Indian patent act, in its
true spirit seems to have excluded all living beings from
patentability. It also discuss that TRIPs agreement also an
attempt is made to strike a balance between the conflicting
values on patenting of living beings.
— , — , T R A D E , PROTECTION
92. Bhargava (Sunil). Protective Trade Laws. The Chartered
Accountant. 49, 8; 2001, February; 47-55.
This article addresses vital the question of how free trade
actually is under the new regime. It assesses the impact of
protectionist trade laws which continue to exist under the WTO.
It discusses laws relating to dumping, subsidies and
countervailing duties and safeguards. It also discusses at length
section 301 a commercial policy instrument of the US.
— , L I B E R A L I Z A T I O N , T R A D E , M E R G E R POLI CI ES
93. HORN (Henrik) and LEVINSOHN (James). Merger policies and
trade liberalization. The Economic Journal. I l l , 470; 2001,
April; 244-276.
This article is about the interactions between trade policy and a
narrow but important aspect of competition policy. Focus on
links between merger policies and trade liberalization. It put
special emphasis on the topical issue of the role that
international agreements such as the GATT play when merger
policies are nationally chosen. Liberalisation of international
trade will induce countries to use competition policies to
promote interests at the expense of others.
60
— , M A R K E T C O M P E T I T I O N , AGRICULTURE, INDIA
94. GILL (Sucha Singh) and BRAR (Jasvindar Singh). Global market
and competitiveness of Indian agriculture. Economic and
Political Weekly. 34, 50; 1999, December, 11; 3465-66.
India's joining the world Trade organization have put Indian
agriculture into the framework of global competition and rule of
global market. In this article attempt is made to examine
competitiveness of some selected agricultural crops in the light
of empirical evidence of domestic and international prices, the
world commodity situation and the structure of the global market
for agricultural commodities.
— , MARKET, WORLD, M N C S , INTEREST, INDIA
95. MISHRA ( C ) . All is not lost to WTO: how India can fight for its
interest at Seattle. New Age. 47, 35, 1999, August, 29; 5.
This article discusses that WTO is a part of globalization and
globalization is to capture world market by MNCs (multinational
corporations). India know well how our basmati, Haldi, Neem,
Karela, Brinjal, Jammu, etc. have been patented in USA. The
main problem in our agriculture is very low productivity and
high cost of production. It also deals with anti-people
globalization, anti-poor IPR, great wall of WTO, serious threat
to food security. It suggest that India should lead other
developing countries in the coming ministerial conference at
Seattle in America.
— , MARRAKESH ROUND, INDIA, TEXTILES , FREE TRADE
96. BHIDE (Sheela). India's textile trade: Marrakesh and beyond.
Economic and Political Weekly. 33, 21; 1998, May, 23, 1226-
1227.
Four of the 10 years over which the quotas under the multifibre
arrangement are to be phased out are over. Is the Indian textile
industry ready to face the rigours of free trade in just six years.
61
time? What has been achieved so far and what needs to be done
urgently to make the industry internationally competitive.
— , M A R R A K E S H TREATY, INDIA, AGRICULTURE
97. KRISHAN RAJ . WTO and states rights. Economic and Political
Weekly. 35, 51; 2000, December, 16; 4463.
This article discusses that the government of India signed the
Marrakesh treaty and Indian agriculture is therefore supposed to
be under the total discipline of the World Trade Organization. It
is an international treaty which the government of India has
signed along with 100 other country governments. It also deals
with the rights to of the states to subsidies the cost of inputs for
the farm sector.
— , MEMBERSHIP, CHINA
98. PANDA (Rajaram). China and its membership issue. Mainstream.
38, 42; 2000, October, 7; 15-20.
Most of the WTO member are previously GATT members who
sign the final act of the Uruguay Round and concluded their
market access negotiation in good and services at Marakesh
meeting in 1994. At present the entry of china into WTO or
receiving the permanent normal trade relation (PNTR) status
from US is unseated matter. The china should joint the WTO it
is very essential for the trade relation between all the countries.
—,—,—, I M P L I C A T I O N S , P O L I T I C A L , SOCIAL
99. WANG (Shaoguang). The social and political implications of
china's WTO membership. Journal of Contemporary China. 25;
2000, November; 373-405.
China is waiting to become the member of WTO, WTO
membership is potentially a productivity-enhancing more for
china. WTO has dispute settlement body and trade policy review
mechanism, which is responsible to solve any conflict among
member countries. WTO membership thus posses a challenge to
62
the legitimacy of the Chinese government. The final section of
the article discusses the political implications of China's WTO
membership.
— , M i N S I T E R I A L CONFERENCE, SEATTLE, ANTI-DUMPING
100. DASGUPTA (Biplab). The importance of Seattle, front line. 16,
27; 2000, January, 5; 89-90.
Anti-dumping action are widely criticized for being used as a
protective device rather than as means of controlling unfair
Trade Practices. Seattle failed largely because of the strong
resistance put up by the poor countries to rich country
machinations. Third world unity was solid as rock.
— , — , — , D E R E G U L A T I O N S , FINANCIAL
101. CHOSSUDOVSKY (Michel). Seattle and Beyond: disarming new
world order. Economic and Political Weekly. 35, 3; 2000,
January, 15; 100-104.
The WTO held three ministerial meetings since its inception.
The last one was at Seattle. The Seattle meeting was to frame
basic agendas for the coming rounds. But due to the some
weakness it confronted a failure. This article also deals with
balance of economic and social destruction and financial
deregulations. The agreement formally between the WTO and its
sister organization, the IMF and World Bank in a system of
global surveillance discussed in this.
—,—,—, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
102. ABROL (Dinesh). Seattle and beyond. Frontl ine. 17,3; 2000,
February, 5; 124-126.
The developing countries are yet to realize the real meaning of
the failure of the WTO in Seattle. They are still unable to act in
concert. Individual nations are trying to cut deals with the U.S.
Post-Seattle, only a coming together of developing countries on
the basis of an agenda that will help protect their interests.
63
103. GHOSH (Arun). WTO ministerial meeting at Seattle: the new
challenges. Mainstream. 37, 48; 1999, November, 20; 7-10.
This article discusses that WTO used an instrument for economic
domination over the resources and the people of developing
countries by the developed countries. In this context there must
be a total review of the WTO arrangements, and not merely a
review of the implementation of an unfair, unjust set of
agreements. It also suggest that developing countries would have
to be more cautions on the provision of the WTO.
—,—,—,—, INDIA
104. ARUN KUMAR. India at the Seattle meeting: playing safe.
Economic and Political Weekly. 35, 3; 2000, January, 15; 89-96.
This article explains India's failure in Seattle has not so far been
well-acknowledged. Not only did it align itself with the US and
its interests, but it failed to play any role in mobilizing the
block of developing nations. And in sharp contrast to many
European and African nations it made no attempt to set up
dialogue with the array of NGO's from India, which would have
proved useful in the official deliberations. It also discusses that
WTO started work on January 1, 1995 (as a successor of GATT)
on the basis of the agreement signed by 125 nations at Marakesh
in April 1994. Now WTO is an agreement among 135 member
government.
105. CARRAS (Mary C). Indian Agricultural interests at the WTO's
ministerial conference in Seattle, World Affairs. 3,4; 1999,
October-December, 62-76.
The advances made by some multinationals in agricultural
biotechnology and "Genetic Engineering" could have adverse
effects on Indian agriculture. Article 27.3(b) in TRIPs are
designed to protect Indian traditional farmers.
64
— , — , — , F R E E TRADE
106. BHAGWATI (Jagdish). After Seattle: free trade and the WTO.
International Affairs. 77, 1; 2001, January; 15-29.
After the debate in Seattle at the WTO ministerial meeting in
1999, when the member countries failed to launch a new round
of multilateral trade negotiations, new challenges to both free
trade and the WTO have acquire importance. Each requires a
different treatment. It also emphasis that the WTO also need to
lighten up.
107. VENU GOPAL (Rajesh). Tussles over trade. Frontline. 16, 26;
1999, December, 24; 12-13.
Highlight the clash between the WTO and its critics that
exploded in Seattle had been brewing for almost a year. A
number of NGOs have focused on the fact that the benefits of
free trade are often unequally distributed, and have damaging
consequences for of the smaller developing countries complained
bitterly that they were sidelined at the talks.
—,—,—, LABOUR AND ENVIRONMENT
108. Seattle and Beyond. Economic and Political Weekly. 34, 50;
1999, December, 11; 3475-3476.
The Seattle meeting was to frame basic agendas for the coming
rounds of Negotiations. India largely had a negative agenda to
prevent the WTO from adopting linkage between trade and
labour and between trade and environment on this negative
agenda, India can claim to have made some progress. It also
discusses that America is bringing new issues like social
clauses, labour and environment under the WTO to maintain
their hegemony over international trade.
65
—,—,—, LABOUR R I G H T S , SOCIAL STANDARDS,
INTERANATIONALSIM
109. MAZUR (Jay). Labour's New Internationalism. Foreign Affairs^.
79, 1; 2000, January-February; 79-93.
Last fall's protests at the World Trade Organization talks in
Seattle made it clear that trade policy is no longer the exclusive
domain of sheltered elites and corporate interests. Globalisation
has reached a turning point. It mainly emphasis the demand for
labour rights and other social standards should not be ignored.
The labour movement is deeply committed for reform and the
construction of a new internationalism.
—,—,—, LABOUR STANDARDS
110. BHATTACHARYA ( B ) . Seattle and after. Yojana. 4, 2; 2000.
February; 9-12.
The Seattle conference failed to produce an agreed agenda
basically because United States wanted to have a working group
set up on linkage between trade and labour standards. This
demand was totally unacceptable to the developing countries as
they were justifiably afraid that this could be used as a non-
tariff measure against their exports in future.
111. KRISHNASWAMI (Sridhar). A high-stakes agenda. Frontline.
16,26, 1999, December, 11; 16-17.
The Seattle takes collapsed owing to a hardening of negotiating
positions by governments following an attempt by President Bill
Clinton to raise the states on implementation labour standards. It
also discusses other issues like-agricultural subsidies,
antidumping measures, industrial tariffs, "Multi-functionality"
and the scope of a new three year round that was to be launched
in Seattle.
66
112. ROLLO (Jim). And WINTERS (L Alan). Subsidiary and governance
challenges for the WTO: environmental and labour standards.
The World Economy. 23, 4; 2000; 561-576. ^ 1 I , — . . . . —
There were numerous reasons for the failure of the WTO's 1999
Seattle ministerial meeting, one major hurdle touch upon the
unbridgeable gulfs over regulation. Environmental and labour
regulations should not be brought under the responsibility of the
WTO. If labour and the environment do eventually figure in
WTO laws, then multilateral agreement should be required
before any action are taken in these areas.
—,—,—, MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
113. PETRAS (James). WTO: battle of Seattle. Economic and Political
Weekly. 34, 50; 1999, December, 11; 3477.
The World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle is the first
major defeat if the multinational corporations. Attempt to rule
the world via the WTO. The Clinton administration and this neo-
liberal allies hoped to start a new round of trade liberalization-
pressuring third world countries to accept US dominance of thejr
markets defeating the Clinton Seattle trade round the mass
protest expressed a new level of internationalism; over 125 trade
union delegates.
—,—,—, NEGOTIATION, AGENDA, FUTURE
114. SAHAI (Suman). Agenda for Seattle. Economic and Political
Weekly. 34, 46-47, 1999, November, 20; 3263-64.
It discusses that India should alsct oppose a new round for other
reasons. The first is that the WTO has become a body of
containing negotiations unlike GATT which opened new rounds
the International Labour Organization (ILO) is handling labour
issues to general satisfaction and Exclusive Marketing Rights
(EMR). It also discusses that America is bringing new issues
like social clauses, labour and environment under the WTO. The
67
Seattle conference will define the future negotiating agenda of
the WTO.
— , — , — , OUTCOME
115. DHAR (Biswajit). Seattle first formidable challenge to US-
dictated new world order. ^Mainstream#37, 51; 1999, December,
11; 3-5.
This article discusses that the Seattle ministerial meeting would
be remembered for the first formidable challenge posed by the
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to the monolithic
presence of the US Administration. US Administration was
looking to stamp its ultimate authority over the global economic
management. This article also highlights the outcome of the
WTO's Seattle ministerial meeting.
—,—,—, S T R U G G L E , G L O B A L I S A T I O N , I M P E R I A L I S T
116. MISHRA (UN). Global struggle against imperialist globalization
and our tasks. New Age. 48, 40; 2000, October, 1; 3.
This article deals with the global battle against imperialist
globalisation. 50 thousand global protesters stormed. Workers,
Greens, Students, Human Rights activities, religious groups and
others from all continents blocked the ministerial meetings of
the World Trade Organization (WTO) which turned out to be
total a fiasco.
—,—,—, TRADE
117. DASGUPATA (Biplab). Towards Seattle. Frontline. 16, 19; 1999,
September, 11; 100-102.
The ministerial conference of the World Trade in Seattle in the
United States will provide an opportunity for poor countries,
'including India, to come together and light for justice in trade-
related matters. It also discusses about articles 27.2 and 27.3 of
the Marakesh TRIPs Agreement.
68
—,—,—, T R A D E , AGREEMENT, LABOUR AND ENVIRONMENT
118. VENUGOPAL (Rajesh). Storm over Seattle. India Today. 24, 50;
1999, December, 13; 34-36.
As anti-trade demonstrations throw the third ministerial meeting
of WTO's 134 member countries out of gear. President Clinton
backs the demand for inclusion of labour and environment in
trade agreements. Commerce and Industry Minister Murasoli
Maran disagrees. WTO forces governments cut down subsidies
for farmers, fertilizers, water a/id power. It also discussed that
WTO's objection is only to subsidies to farmers, not on subsidies
to consumers.
—,—,—, T R A D E , ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
119. CHANDRASEKHAR (CP). Lessons from Seattle. Front line. 16, 26;
1999, December; 4-7.
The third ministerial conference of the World Trade
Organization in Seattle once again revealed that in world of
trade, it is power and politics and not altruism that determines
the rules of the game. The protestor wanted trade to be linked
environment protection measures, others demanded that
international trade should be" clean, green and fair"; still others
called for rather more radical action.
—,—,—, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS. N E W ROUND
120. ADIL NAJAM and ROBIN (Nick). Seizing the future: the south,
sustainable development and international trade. International
Affairs. 77,1; 2001, January; 49-68.
The failure at Seattle to agree the mandate for a new round of
trade negotiations represents a dual crisis, not only for the trade
community, but also for those supporting a shift to sustainable
development. At the root of crisis lies the north south faultline.
It also state the history of WTO in brief.
69
—,—,—, W O R K E R INSECURITY
121 .KRISHNASWAMI (Sridhar). Confrontation in Seattle. Frontline.
16, 26; 1999, December, 11; 8-9.
Seattle will remember the third ministerial conference of the
World Trade Organization for a long time to come. The Seattle
protests are confirmation of the increase in works in securing
every where accentuated by the WTO and its dominance by the
interests of multinational corporations (MNCs).
— , — , S I N G A P O R E , LABOUR STANDARDS
122. DHAR (Bishvajit). Hijacking of WTO Ministerial conference.
Economic and Political Weekly. 32, 4; 1997, January, 25; 152.
This article describes the problems faced by various countries in
the WTO determined trading system was to be uppermost on the
agenda for the ministerial conference. Ministerial conference in
Singapore concerned itself actively with bringing new areas
within the purview of the WTO, which the developed countries
have been pushing for WTO was strongly advocated by the
developed countries in the Marrakesh Ministerial conference. It
also deals with the labour standards and agreement on
investment.
— , MFA, INDIA
123. SHRI PRAKASH. India and the World Trade Organization. World
Aifairs.. 4,2; 2000, April-June; 32-39.
The agreements on the Textiles and Clothing has accepted
phasing out of the Multi Fiber Agreement (MFA) by 2005. The
MFA has been instrumental in restricting exports of textiles and
wearing apparel from some developing countries, including India
since 1974. India's consumer goods sector continues to lead the
growth process in India, which shows an average increase in
GDP of seven per annum. WTO and economic liberalistion can
70
help India to grow faster than its population which recently
touched one billion.
—,—,—, T E X T I L E INDUSTRY
124. KATTI (Vijay) and SEN (Subir). MFA phasing out and Indian
textiles industry: select issues for negotiations. Foreign Trade
Review. 34, 3&4; 2000, march; 102-121.
Multi-fibre agreement opens up many opportunities and
challenges for the developing countries. The articles covers
many areas of the agreement on textiles and clothing (ATC),
which are of concern to India. Attempts to highlight Indian
textile industry's strengths, weakness, production, technology,
international competition and challenges to be faced in this
context by India. It also highlight some of the problems, which
need to be addressed in future negotiation of the ATC.
— , M U L T I L A T E R A L N E G O T I A T I O N S , DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
125. KRUEGER (Anne). The developing countries and the next round
of multilateral negotiations. The World Economy. 22, 7; 1999,
September; 909-932.
Discusses by citing examples the role of WTO in promoting
developing countries trade. Some barriers relating to valuation
practices or minimum prices requirement highlighted in this
article. The political unity of the developing countries must be
strengthened and India should play a leading role in this context.
— , MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS B I G BUSINESS
126. SRIDHAR (V). Big business at work. Frontline. 16, 16; 1999,
December, 24; 18-19.
Multinational Corporations, the prime movers of globalization,
are becoming involved ever more actively and visibly in setting
the agenda for the international trade negotiations among
governments. In which big business has tremendous stakes. The
settle meet was no exception. It also discuss that the WTO
71
framework has increasingly challenged national laws related to
trade, environment, food, technical standards, labour and
biotechnology, these are together called "non tariff barriers to
trade".
— , M U L T I N A T I O N A L E N T E R P R I S E S , ACTIVITY, INDIA
127. NAGESH KUMAR. WTO Regime, Host country policies and global
patterns of MNE activity: recent quantitative studies and India's
strategic response. Economic and Political Weekly. 36, 1; 2001,
January, 6; 39-50.
This article presents some finding of a comprehensive attempts
to quantitatively analysis, the role of structural geographical and
policy factors in shaping the patterns of multinational
enterprises (MMEs) activity. The focus is on the role of host
government policies and the implications of the emerging WTO
regime in their light.
— , NAP, D O M E S T I C R E F O R M S
128. DEBROY (Bibek). NAP and WTO. Yojana. 45, 1; 2001, January;
12.
There is a matter of the SPS agreement and allied measures
related to the environment that out as NTBs. At a conceptual
level, there are three kinds of problems which discussed in this
article. It also discussed export subsidy, tariff rate quotas
(TRQs), specific Products, Articles XXVIII of GATT,
methodological issues and domestic reforms.
—,—,FooD SECURITY
129. BHATTACHARYA ( B ) . Food security, NAP and WTO. Yojana. 45,
1; 2001, January; 16.
Suggested that India is going to be a net importer of food grains
in near future. Keeping this in view, developing countries like
India should think of creation of a food security box in the
agreement (WTO), which may be exempted from any
72
introduction and reduction commitment. It was expected that
Agreement on Agriculture (AOA) would result in increased
access for agricultural exports from developing countries to the
markets of the developed countries. In reality exports to the EU
and Japan have declined in proportionate terms in the post
Uruguay Round period. It also discussed about Article 20.
— , N E G O T I A T I N G ROUND, D E V E L O P I N G COUNTRIES
130. CHADHA (Rajesh). Developing countries and the next round of
WTO negotiations. The World Economy. 23, 4; 2000, April; 431-
436.
The Uruguay Round concluded in 1994 was an important
milestone in the history of the global trading system. The Round
did little however to liberalize trade in agriculture and services.
The Seattle ministerial meeting in 1999 convened to launch a
new round of talks ended in a fiasco for a variety of reasons.
— , — , P L A N S , US
131. VANGRASSTEK (Craig). US plans for new WTO round:
negotiating more agreements with less authority. The World
Economy. 23, 5; 2000, May 673-700.
This legal analysis reviews the authority of the US executive
branch to negotiate trade agreement. The failure to win renewed
fast-track negotiating authority from congress has not prevented
active US participation in the WTO and other negotiating for and
will not prevent the conclusion of agreements in the US round.
— , N E G O T I A T I O N S , ACCESSION ISSUES
132. LANGHAMMER (Rolf J) and LucKE (Mathias). Wxo accession
issues. The World Economy. 22, 6; 1999, August; 837-873.
The article discusses the substantial, contentious issues that are
slowing down progress in accession negotiations. We contrast
these with the benefits of WTO accession not only to the
applicant countries, but also to the multilateral trading system
73
as a whole and hence, to current members. Mainly this article
deals with the WTO accession issues. Against this back ground,
it suggest a strategy to accelerate accession without diluting the
ground rules of the multilateral trading system.
—, —, GATS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
133. MATTO (Aaditya). Developing countries in the round of GATS
negotiations: towards a pro-active role. The World Economy. 23,
4; 2000, April; 471-489.
Should developing countries eliminate the barriers they maintain
reports from developing countries there will come about a
virtuous cycle of mutually beneficial liberalization.
Liberalization in services should lead to improved economic
performance. Domestic policy reforms can attain the goal of
domestic welfare in the context of a fair multilateral trading
system.
— , NON-TRANSPARENT, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
134. THARAKAN ( P K M ) . Beyond transparency. The World Economy.
22, 6; 1999, August; 825-836.
The process of negotiation at WTO has been non-transparent.
Any major issue to be discussed, a negotiation group of around
15 members is set up. The group starts discussions in the green
room and finalizes a draft which is placed before the WTO house
developing countries are prevented from entering the green
room. They do not know what give and take went on inside the
green room. The developing countries are forced to accept the
agreement it is not their interest.
— , P O S T G A T T , E C O N O M Y , INDIA
135. MiSHRA (kameshwar). Post G A I T scenaro of Indian economy. The
Indian.Journal of Commerce. 48,182; 1995, March-June; 132-
139.
74
The WTO is not a new agreement. The General Agreement of
Tariff and Trade worked out at the Havana conference (1947-
48), embodies a set of rules and principles designed to promote
international trade in general. Its purpose is to reduce to the
tariff barriers in particular. It emphasis that India's Drug
Industry's only 15% of the medicine are covered by the patents.
— , P R O P O S A L S , D U N K E L , A P P R A I S A L , R E A L I S T I C
136. SINGH (Ajay Kumar). WTO: a realistic appraisal. The Indian
Journal of Commerce. 48, 182; 1995.
Trade Related Intellectual Property Right to (TRIPs) given
protection to intellectual property and industrial property. The
article deals with the various aspects of Dunkel proposals like,
agriculture, textiles TRIMs, TRIPs and General Agreement on
Trade in Services ( G A T S ) .
— , — , INDIA
137. DAS (Bhagirath Lai). The Dictates in the WTO. New Age. 46,30;
1998, July, 26; 12.
This article deals with the proposal put forth by India in the
World Trade Organization for a phased programme of
eliminating its import restrictions have been rejected by major
industrialized countries. Some of them have indicated that they
would be raising a dispute in the WTO on this issue several
developing countries including Brazil, Egypt, Sri Lanka,
Pakistan, Peru and Nigeria, supported India's position but the
balance of payment committee of the WTO could not arrive at a
consensus because of the tough opposing stand taken by some
industrialized countries. It is time that pre violations of the
obligation by these countries were brought to light openly in the
WTO.
75
— , P R O T E C T I O N , B I O L O G I C A L WEALTH, INDIA
138. DASGUPTA (Biplab). For safeguards against bio-piracy.
Frontline. 16, 21 ; 1999, October, 11; 87-89.
Government of developing countries must recognise the urgency
to protect their biological wealth and tackle the issue of a soft
patent regime at the global review meeting of TRIPS at Seattle.
No government in power in India appears to have been concerned
enough about the urgency of protecting the biological wealth.
The rich countries, poor in biological resources, are keen to
gain a time bound monopoly on India's biological wealth.
— , R E G I O N A L I S M , P T A S
139. MANSFIELD (Edward D). and MILNER (Helen V). The new wave
of regionalism. International Organization. 53, 3; 1999, Summer;
589-627.
Economic regionalism appears to be growing rapidly. If there is
a multilateral framework (like GATT/WTO) to which each
leading power is committed and that can help to facilitate
economic cooperation, the growth of regionalism during period
of hegemonic declined could contribute to the maintenance of an
open trading system. It also discuss that what role the WTO has
played in managing the spread of regionalism. There is fairly
widespread agreement that the WTO has held to limit the
emergence of WTO has helped to limit the emergence of highly
discriminatory blokes and to manage strategic interaction among
preferential tradition arrangements (PTAs).
— , R E Q U I R E M E N T S , INSTITUTIONAL, G L O B A L I S A T I O N ;
E C O N O M I C POLICY. I M P E R F E C T I O N S
140. LADEFOGED MORTENSEN (Jens). The institutional requirements of
the WTO in an era of globalisation: imperfections in the global
economic policy. European Law Journal. 6, 2; 2000, June; 176-
204.
76
The article suggest that globalisatiwi'should be undeiyK^od as a
reconstruction process of the market a* (licy. It is
essentially a form of global market integration which can be
observed from different points. Globalisation and governance are
mutually constitutive phenomena. This article concerns the
institutional requirements of globalisation. While globalizations
has produced institutional changes, it has not necessarily
produced the most effective or ones.
— , R E V I E W M E C H A N I S M , TRADE POLICY
141. LAIRD (Sam). The WTO's Trade Policy Review Mechanism. The
Worlds Economy, 22, 6;1999, August; 741-764.
The Mechanism, was established provisionally in 1989. It was
given a permanent role in the WTO. The Trade Policy Review
Mechanism (TPRM) aimed to increase the transparency and
understanding of trade policies. Under mechanism the worlds
four largest traders , the European Union, the USA, Japan and
Canada, were to be reviewed every two years.
— , R U L E S , I P R S , INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT
142. SATAPATHY (C).Dwindling International support for IPRs.
Economic and Political Weekly. 36, 14-15, 2001, April, 14;
1179-1180.
This article explains that the term Intellectual property means
copyright to literary and artistic works, computer programmes
integrated circuit, informatics and related right. It recognises
that widely varying standards in the protection of intellectual
property. The IPR rules under the WTO regime, do not appears
to wash well. WTO patent rules saying that zealous applications
of protection laws can readily lead to monopoly support for
IPRs is dwindling.
77
— , — , T R A D E , F A I R
143. SINGH (Someshwar). Make W T O rules " Fair".New Age. 48, 27;
2000, July, 2; 8-14.
This article discusses that the current rules of world trade are
unfair and perpetuate poverty and they need to be made more
equitable. If poor countries are to benefit from the opportunities
offered by global trade, the rules and institutions governing it
must be transparent and fair.
— , S M A L L INDUSTRY, INDIA, F R E E R E G I M E
144. VASUDEVA ( P K ) . IS small Industry ready for a QR-free Regime?
2. Economic and Political Weelfly.36,1 ; 2001, January, 6;22-24.
The removed of quantitative restrictions (QRs) in April 2001
on over 700 items likely to have significant implications for
Indian Industry. The US had approached the Dispute Settlement
Body of the WTO in 1997 and complained against India that it is
not phasing out its quantitative restrictions (QRs) on per the
rules laid down in WTO India's argument that it still had a BoP
crisis did not convince the appellate body of the dispute
settlement body. It rejected India's argument and said. There
will be dislocations in some of the highly protected sectors. The
small-scale industry in India must brace itself for the challenges
ahead.
— , SOVEREIGNTY, V I G I L A N C E , F R E E D O M , E C O N O M I C
145. DAS (Bhagirath Lai). WTO : sovereignty and eternal vigilance.
New Age>74. 50;1999, December, ,12;5-6.
The present article describes that the WTO is going to have deep
impact on the nation's economy. If we are not careful alert and
vigilant the danger is that we may soon lose our economic
freedom. If also assert that there is a need for a new machinery
of the type of a standing commission, composed of a small
78
number of persons with high ability experience and objectivity
which will advise the Government on those matters.
— , S T R U C T U R E
146. DEBROY (Bibek). The WTO structure. The Chartered Accountant.
47, 11; 1999, May; 39-42
This article mainly deals with the organisational structure of the
WTO. The WTO framework constitutes a set of legal bindings-
agreements. The secretariat is responsible for enforcement of
trading rules and settlement of trade-related disputes amongst
members. Its primary aim is to ensure that trade flourishes by
establishing conditions of fair and undistorted competitions.
— , — , D I S P U T E S E T T L E M E N T BODY, TRADE POLICY
147. RAO (Ananda CR) and ACHALAPATHI ( K V ) WTO- myths and
realities. The Indian Journal of Commerce. 48. 182 & 183; 1995,
March-June, 106-114.
Mainly deals with the structure and working of world trade
organization. Its structure will be headed by ministerial
conference meet at least once every two years. A general council
will be established to oversee the operation of the agreement and
ministerial decisions on a regular basis. This general council
will itself act as a Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) and trade
policy review mechanism. It may establish subsidiary bodies
such as a goods council, a services council and a TRIPs council.
— , — , O R I G I N , G R O W T H
148. PATNAIK (Jadish K). The world trade system: the structure and
organisation. India Quarterly. 56, 3-4;2000, July 35-52.
The article deals with the nature and growth of international
organization for trade. Specifically it analyses the origin,
structure and growth and development of the present world trade
system. While focusing on the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade. It also discuss about the latest edition of the trading
79
system that found its eventual manifestation in the World Trade
Organization (WTO),
—, SYSTEM. T R A D E M U L T I L A T E R A L
149. WiNHAM (Gilbert R). The World Trade Organization: institution
building in the multilateral trade system. The World
Economy.21,3; 1998, May;349-368.
The WTO was created from the existing GATT structure to
provide a more institutionalized contest of trade negotiations.
The WTO has emerged as the most powerful multilateral
institution. The WTO, IMF and world Bank constitute a trinity
which guard the new multinational capitalism. WTO is
considered a "contract" organization.
— , T A R I F F , S O C I O - E C O N O M I C , I N D I A - E U
150. CHOPRA ( H S ) BHATTACHARYA (Swopank). India-EU interface:
changing perspectives on cooperation for economic development.
India Quarterly. 53, 3&4; 1997, July-December, 101-124.
European Union (EU) has been the largest trading partner of
India. Due to its strong historical background with UK, France
and Germany. India had been receiving development assistance
as well as technological input from the EC and its member
states. The article advocate that now, it has to be acknowledged
that for more than three decades, EC has been an active partner
in India's various development programmes in many socio
economic fields. It also discuss that WTO and EU should try to
avoid tariff and economic barriers.
— , — , T R A D E SANCTIONS, FREE TRADE
151. SATAPATHY (C). Trade sanctions and other barriers to free
trade. Economic and Political Weekly. 34, 51; 1999, December,
18; 3583-3585.
This article discusses that retaliatory and coercive trade
sanctions can have undesirable effects not only on the target
80
country but also on the country imposing the sanctions and at
times such sanctions affect third countries. Multilateral trading
arrangemerrts in the future must find efficient alternative to
sanctions if the cause on free trade is to be advanced.
— , T E C H N O L O G Y , PRODUCTIVITY, TRANSFER, GATT
152. HOTA (PK). and SAHU ( M ) . Technology transfer productivity &
GATT.The Indian Journal of Commerce. 48, 182; 1995, March-
June; 147-152.
This article mainly discusses about the TRIPs which comes
under the WTO. WTO has brought the Trade related intellectual
property Rights (TRIPs) under its coverage, which will
particularly affect the smooth flow of technology, their
development and hence productivity. TRIPs are product of
human intellect. It also asserts that some of the rules regarding
TRIPS should be changed.
— , T H E O R Y , E C O N O M I C
153. BAGWELL (Kyle) and ROBERT ( W Stainger). An economic theory
of WTO. The American Economic Review. 89, 1; 1949, March;
215-248.
This article deals with a unified theoretical framework to
interpret and evaluate leading political economy models. That is
clear that WTO's principles of reciprocity and non
discrimination can be viewed as simple rules that assist
governments in their efforts to implement efficient trade
agreements.
— , T H R E A T , INDUSTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL, INDIA
154. SRINIVASAN ( S ) . The emerging threat for Indian pharmaceutical
industry. New Age. 48, 27; 2000, July, 2; 8-9.
Indian drug prices at the retail level are among the cheapest in
the world. Several factors have contributed to this. The opening
up of the Indian market to the foreign capital, adversely affect
81
the pharmaceutical industry which provides comparatively
cheaper drugs to Indians. It also discuss the impact of trade
related intellectual prospering right (TRIPS) regime on the
strengths of Indian drug industry.
—,TNCs and INDIA
155. Chisti (Sumitra). The World Trade Organisation and India. South
Asian Survey. 4,2; 1977, July-December; 193-211.
India is a founding member of the World Bank the IMF and the
World Trade Organization. India should give leadership to other
third world countries in liberating the WTO from the clutches of
TNCs. The WTO in its present form is not a transparent
institution. It has hidden agendas. So India should lead other
developing countries to transform the WTO into an essentially
democratic organization.
— , T R A D E , A G R I C U L T U R E , F O O D SECURITY
156. BASU (Dipankar). Liberalisation of Trade in Agriculture: boon or
bane ?. New Age. 48, 24; 2000, June, 11; 8-9.
This article discuss that in order to grant special protection and
favours to transnational agribusiness, agriculture is brought
under the purview of the TWO. In India the Agreement on
Agriculture (AOA) has given space to multinational seed
companies and other access over agricultural resources and
markets. This article has many tables and also reason for
liberalization, trade and under development. This article also
discussed about food security.
— , — , F R E E AND FAIR, RETALIATION, BARGAINING
157. GAWANDE (kishor) and HANSEN (wendy L). Retaliation
bargaining, and the pursuit of "Free and fair" trade.
International Organization. 53, 1; 1999, winter; 117-159.
In this article bilateral Non Tariff Barrier (NTB) data are used
between the united states and five developed partner countries to
82
systematically examine the effectiveness of strategic retaliation.
Finally it focuses on how the new rules of the World Trade
Organization (WTO) may change the picture considerably by
providing an effective dispute settlement procedure. WTO can
make its rules more encompassing and effectively enforce them,
freer and fairer trade may emerge with the need for retaliation.
— , — , I N F O R M A L , D O M E S T I C P O L I C Y
158. TANEJA (Nisha). Informal trade in south Asian free trade
agreement region. Ecoiiomic and Political Weekly. 36, I I ; 2001,
March,?; 959-964.
This article discuses that there are several factors influencing
informal trade that do not come under the domain of SAFTA.
Will the south Asian free trade agreement lead to a shift of
information trade from the unofficial to the official channel.
Analysis of the magnitude and composition of trade. These
factor cause prices to differ across borders, and make informal
trade profitable. The important point about domestic policy
distortions is that they are not addressed either by SAFTA or by
the WTO commitments.
— , — , L A W , STANDARDS, SOCIAL
159. WiNDFUHR (Michael). Social standards in World Trade law.
Economics. 55/56; 1997; 113-31.
This article discusses the form of demand for minimum social
standards applying at an international level to be imposed via
trade measures on new rules of world trade law. The safe
guarding of the social rights- of employees in an open
international economy has been the subject of discussion since
the last century. A significant problem in the debate on social
standards arises from the fact that in many cases different player
use different standards as a reference. The GSP Renewal Act
picks out five areas as central and fundamental first. The right
to join unions second: Freedom of association and right to take
83
part. Third: a ban on any form of forced labour. Fourth: a
minimum age for the employment of children and Fifth:
acceptable working conditions, including minimum pay.
— , — , L I B E R A L I Z A T I O N , DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
160. BHATIA (Satinder). Trade liberalisation and diversification in
select developing countries. Foreign Trade Review. 34, 3&4;
1999, October; 61-101.
There is a strong connection between trade liberalization and
trade diversification. Trade diversification is particularly crucial
to the developing countries, although diversification does not
necessarily follow liberalization. Most south Asian countries,
including India, have not yet experience enough bout of trade
diversification. The preliminary result of trade liberalization in
these countries has been limited to high export/ manufacturing
growth rates.
161. STIGLITZ (Joseph E). Two principle for the next WTO round or,
how to bring developing countries in from the cold. The World
Economy. 23,4; 2000, April; 437-454.
One of the lessons to be learned from the fiasco that was the
1999 WTO ministerial meeting in Seattle was that greater
balance would be needed to ensure the success of future
negotiations. Trade liberalization must be balanced in agenda,
process and out comes. Which should include sectors wherein in
industrial countries do not have a comparative advantage.
—,—,—, DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
162. OCAMPO (Antonio) and TYLOR (Lance). Trade liberalization in
developing economics. The Economic Journal. 108, 450; 1998,
September; 1523-1546.
WTO is a body set up to promote free trade and to increase trade
liberalization in developing and developed economies. Trade
liberalization is supposed to be beneficial to the developing
84
economies. WTO has given special status to the developing
countries by giving concessions and extra time to fulfill their
commitment, yet the global trade liberalization is not in favour
of developing economies.
—,—,—, T H E O R Y , TRADITIONAL
163. PANAGARIYA (Arvind). Preferential trade liberalization: the
traditional theory and developments. Journal of Economic
Literature. 38,2;2000, June; 287-331.
International trade in goods is governed by the General
Agreement on Tariff and Trade signed in 1947, this agreement
was incorporated into the 1994 Marrakesh agreement
establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO). The
centerpiece of WTO is the most favoured nation principle
enunciated in its articles. Accordingly, in matters of trade
policy, each WTO members is to grant to all members the same
advantage, privilege, favour or immunity that it grants to any
other country. A key implication of this provision is that
member countries are not to discriminate in their tariff policy
across other members. It also discusses that there are three
alternative provisions for trade preferences within the WTO
system. Under article XXIV of WTO any two or more members
of WTO can form an FTA or CU.
— , — , N O N - T A R I F F B A R R E R S , T E C H N I C A L STANDARDS
164. DASGUPTA (Paramita). Non-Tariff Barriers to trade: the issue of
technical standard. Foreign Trade Review. 30,1; 1995, April-
June; 46-66.
This article concentrates upon a particular regional trading
block namely European Union and the issue of technical
standards. In particular, technical standards posing a barrier to
Indo-EU trade is discussed and some policy implications for
India are drawn. The article is divided into three sections.
Section I, discusses the issue of NTBs to trade as an emerging
85
form of protectionism. In section II, the different implications
of using technical standards as a non-tariff barrier, particularly
from the point of view of developing countries are analysed. In
section III, some policy implications for India in the context of
stepping up Indo-EU trade are drawn.
— , T R A D E POLICY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, G A T S
165. JOEKES (Susan) and MEDHORA (Rohinton). Trade policies in
developing countries. Economic and Political Weekly. 36, 21;
2001, May, 26; 1796-1800.
WTO has given special status to the developing countries by
giving concessions and extra time to fulfill their commitment yet
the global economic scenario is not in favour of them. Most of
the developing countries are not keen on fresh WTO negotiations
as they feel the WTO agreement are not suitable for their trade
policies. This article also discuss about General Agreement of
Trade in Services (GATS).
— , — , T H E O R Y , M U L T I L A T E R A L I S M
166. BHAGVATI (Jagdish), GREENWAY (David) and PANAGARIYAA
(Arvind). Trading preferentiality: theory and policy. The
Economic Journal. 108,449;1998, July; 1128-1138.
Deals with basic issues of trade policy including general
agreement on trade and tariff in particular about the state of the
preliminary world and the outlook for the impending
negotiations. It also describes that the multi-literalism and the
General Agreement on trade dominate international trade policy.
Mainly it emphasis on theory and policy system in trade.
—,—, US
167. NOLAND (Marcus). Learning to love the WTO. Foreign Affairs.
78, 5; 1999, September; 78-92.
This article discusses that us trade policy is adrift and under
siege. America's traditional commitment to open market is now
86
buffeted by both left and right, from labour unions and
environmentalist to big business and "America first"
isolationists. Fortunately, the advent of the WTO offers
Washington a chance to balance the protectionist threat. If the
US cooperates with the WTO to settle trade disputes
multilaterally it can dilute both protectionist pressure at home
and antic American resentment abroad. But robust leadership and
commitment will be needed, and neither congress nor president
Clinton seems up to the task.
— , T R A D E , SERVICE, CONSTRAINTS
168. PRITHWIS (k. De) . Trade in services: opportunities and
constrains, Yojana. 44, 9; 2000, September; 24-27.
According to WTO secretariat, the term "services" covers a wide
range of economic activities, namely (i) business services (ii)
Communication services (iii) construction and engineering
services (iv) distribution services (v) education services (vi)
environmental services (vii) Health services and others.
Integration of labour exports through the WTO would help the
developing countries to formalize their labour exports in the
multilateral trading system.
— , TRADE TALKS, ROUND, MILLENNIUM, INDIA.
169. RAO (Krishna YV). Millennium round of trade talks: India and
the WTO. New Age. 47, 20; 1999, May, 16; 8-9.
The WTO in its present form is not a transparent institution. It
has hidden agendas, provisions like decision taking in the Green
Room reveals the undemocratic character of the WTO. India
should lead other developing countries to transform the WTO
into an essentially democratic organization in the millennium
round of trade talks. It also suggests that India has to survive
within the existing need to make our products more competitive.
87
— , T R A D E WAR, U S - E U , BANANA.
170. SATAPATHY ( C ) . US-EU trade war over Bananas. Economic and
Political Weekly. 33, 52; 1998, December, 26; 3303-3304.
India is the largest producer of banana in the world and
accounted for 9.5 million tones out of the world production of
54.5 million tones in 1995 according to FAO. While India,
despite being the largest producer of Banana in the world, has
no direct interest in the banana war raging between the US and
the European Union. WTO established a panel to review
conformity of its banana regime.
— , TRADING SYSTEM, CONCESSION, I M P L I C A T I O N S , DEVELOPING
C O U N T R I E S .
171. TAKASE (Tomotsu). Role of concessions in the WTO trading
system and their implications for developing countries. Journal
of World Trade Law. 31, 5; 1997, October; 67-89. — . . ^
Examine the role of concession in the WTO trading system and
their implications for developing countries. Negotiations
between developed and developing countries. Also explain, what
is meant by concessions, type of concessions tariff concessions
etc.
— , — , INTERNATIONAL, SUBSIDIES. A G R I C U L T U R E , INDIA.
172. NADDA ( J B ) WTO-Mythes and realities. The Indian Journal of
Commerce. 48, 186-187; 1996, march-June; 102-107.
G A I T was established in 1947, overseeing to over being smooth
conduct of world trade preventing trade conflict. WTO aims to
provide a comprehensive legal framework for the international
trading system. It also discusses that WTO stipulating reduction
of subsides to agriculture in the North will give a big boost to
Indian agriculture. WTO shall be handy as a non-tariff barrier
against exports from the south.
88
— , — , M U L T I L A T E R A L , G A T S .
173. SEAD (Jesus). The multilateral trading system: the way ahead.
The World Today. 51, 8-9; 1995; 165-167.
The service sector has benefited from the creation of the general
agreement on trade in services, whereas the TRIPS agreement
has been designed to deal with all major categories of
intellectual property. However the last and most central feature
of the Uruguay Round will concern resolution of dispute and the
creation of the world trade organization.
— , — , — , INDIA.
174. MADAAN (Davinder kumar). India and WTO. Indian Journal of
Politics. 30, 3-4; 1996, July- December; 42-53.
It suggests that the new multilateral trading system headed by
the WTO will have important implications for India. As other
developing countries India has benefited from the inward flow of
foreign investment in terms of technology transfer. However, the
proposed multilateral agreement on investment clearly favors the
interests of the developed countries in Europe, North America,
and Japan. India is not disposed to signing the Information
Technology Agreement but will have market access to ITA
signatories. Almost all of the GATT clauses in force within the
WTO, structure are against India's interests. The developed
countries advantageous position along with the quasijudicial role
of the WTO, will benefit their multinational corporations at the
expense of India's economic well-being.
— , TRIMS
175. GHOSH (Arun). Exchanging shadow for substance. Frontline
17,4; 2000, February, 19; 16.
This article describes that under the World Trade Organization
(WTO) regime, the agreement on Trade Related Investment
Measure (TRIMs) makes nonsense of any domestic 'properties' of
89
development. Since the free flow of investments in tune with
market demand and supply are supposed to optimality of
investment, the 'direction' of investments, to accord with any set
of priorities, is ruled out. This is so it seems, an offshoot of the
TRIMS agreement under the WTO regime. Clearly many of these
would soon disappear but that may not affect the foreign car
maker. The fact that in order to get over the problem of
'externalities' the government must invest in developing both the
social and economic infrastructure is forgotten.
— , — , PROTECTION, ECONOMY, INTERNATIONAL
176. EDWARDS (Robert H) and LESTER (Simon N). Towards a more
comprehensive World Trade Organsiation agreement on trade
related investment measures. Stanford Journal of International
Law. 33, 2; 1997, summer; 169-214.
International regulation of Trade Related Investment Measures
(TRIMs) are relatively new forms of protectionism which have
the traditional effect of distorting the most efficient distribution
of resources in the international economy. This article examine
the past and present attempts made by GATT and the WTO to
regulate trade related investment measures. Find the attempts
inadequate in a number of ways and therefore it suggest a new
regulatory guidelines with a matrix for classifying the various
types of TRIMs according to their characteristics and their
effects.
— , T R I P S , BIODIVERSITY
177. KoTHARi (Ashish) and ANURADHA R V . Biodiversity Intellectual
Property Rights and GATT agreement: how to address the
conflict? Economic and Political Weekly. 32, 43; 1997, October,
25; 2814-2820.
Deals with the impact of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on
biodiversity in general and specifically on the objectives of the
convention on biological diversify (CBD). Address the broader
90
issue of the re la t ionsh ip between the WTO agreement and the
CBD. It than reflect on the choices avai lable to ensure that the
objec t ives of the CBD are not undermined. Art ic le 16 (5) and
ar t ic le 22 also d iscussed . It urged that ar t ic le 16 (5) is further
s t rengthened by ar t ic le 22.
— , — , E M R , PRODUCT PATENT REGIME
178. D H A R (Biswaj i t ) . Complying with TRIPs commitment EMR
versus product patent reg ime. Economic and Pol i t i ca l Weekly.
33 , 5 1 ; 1998, December , 19, 3230 -3231 .
There are two opt ions avai lable to India for meet ing its
ob l iga t ions under the TRIPs agreement the exclus ive market ing
r ights (EMR) rout and br inging forward in t roduc t ion of the
product patent regime from the year 2005 to 2000 . It is general ly
accepted view that the TRIPs agreement gives a broad
framework of patent laws. TRIPs gives p ro tec t ion to in te l lec tual
proper ty , and industr ia l proper ty . In te l lec tual proper ty s t r ic t ly
means copyright to l i terary and ar t is t ic works .
—, —,GLOBAL AGREEMENT, TRADE POLICY
179. BARSHEFSKY (Char lene) . t rade pol icy for a ne tworked world.
Foreign Affairs . 80 ,2 ,2001 , March-apr l l ;134-146
Global agreement on in te l lec tua l -proper ty pro tec t ion (TRIPs) ,
implemented when the WTO was created in 1995. Through
TRIPs , all WTO members commit ted themselves to enact and
enforce modern copyright , patent and t rademark laws. Free trade
benefi ts both consumers and the produces of t echnology . Trade
pol icy e l iminate trade barr iers in high-tech goods and help to
create a trade network.
— , — , I N D I A , I M P L I C A T I O N , N E W R E G I M E
180. R A M A C H A N D R A N ( R ) . Disquie t over a new regime. Fron t l ine . 16,
26; 1999, December , 19, 9 0 - 9 1 .
91
The government is all set to rush through parliament the Patents
Act Amendment Bill, making a transition to an international
regime of intellectual property rights with profound implications
for India. The new international system of protecting intellectual
property rights (IPRs) called TRIPs (Trade-Related Intellectual
Property Rights), which mandates granting of product patents in
all fields.
— , — , M E C H A N I S M , TADE, N O R T H - S O U T H
181. FISCH (Gerhard) and SPEYER (Bernhard). TRIPS as an Adjustment
Mechanism in North-South trade. Economics. 55/56; 1997. 85-
93.
Developing countries tend to take a negative view of the
protection of intellectual property rights as reflected in the
TRIPs agreement (Trade Related Aspect of Intellectual Property
Rights), as this seems to conflict with their own development
needs. The agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual
property rights, including trade in counterfeit. Goods is based on
the existing multilateral conventions on IPR protection, most of
which are administered and supervised by the UN World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It also point out that
there are, however, a number of reasons why developing
countries, too, may benefit from stronger protection of
intellectual property rights.
— , — , P A T E N T , HUMAN H E A L T H .
182. IYER (VR Krishna). Human health and patent, 14 law under
WTO. Frontline. 17, 21; 2000, October; 79-83.
It concludes about the kind of in intellectual property regimes
being imposed on the developing countries. The TRIPs patent
system now seeks uniform patent laws for all member countries
of the WTO, although their economies vary vastly. It is
important that the government evolves a coercive policy vis-a
vis patents on genetic resources.
92
— , — , PATENT L A W S , I N D I A .
183. RAO (Niranjan C). Intellectual Property Rights; the impact of
TRIPS. The Chartered Accountant. 46, 8; 1998, February; 20-24.
The Trade related aspects of intellectual property Rights
(TRIPs) agreement of the WTO, which was finalized on April
15,1994 was signed by India on the same day. It affects major
area such as technology, agriculture and pharmaceuticals. The
agreement stipulates that all signatories have to bring their
patent laws into conformity with TRIPs, by the end of 1999. It
also discusses the WTO decision on a complaint lodged against
India.
— , — , P E O P L E
184. WTO 'Issues and people'.Mainstream. 37, 47; 1999, November,
13; 21-23.
It emphasized that peoples concerns need to address the issue of
equity and necessary policy options. The TRIPs agreement is an
'unequal' treaty. It is not only a uniquely new element in the
rules governing trade, it also makes for enormous difficulties for
developing countries in their quest for economic development.
This article suggest that developing countries need to insist that
no new issues should be discussed without as review of the
existing arrangements.
— , — , P R O T E C T I O N
185. CuLLET (Philippe). For an alternative patents regime. Frontline.
16, 21; 1999, October, 11; 90-92. .
There is a strong case for the revision of the trade related
aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPs) agreement
concerning the protection of plant varieties, drawing lessons
from India with regard to the development of a sui generic
system. Analysis the likely impact of India's commitments on
agriculture and intellectual property rights.
93
— , — , T R A D E BARGAIN
186. SANGER (David E). A grand trade bargain. Foreign Affairs. 80,
1; 2001, January-February; 65-75.
This article analysis TRIPs as an international economic policy
issue in its widely perceived, although not exclusively north
south context, and examine its role and position in the paradigm
of international trade cooperation embodied in the WTO.
— , URUGUAY ROUND, A G R I C U L T U R E , R E F O R M S , E C O N O M I C
187. VYAS ( V S ) . Agriculture: second round of economic reforms.
Economic and Political Weekly. 36, 10; 2001, March, 10; 829-
836.
The final act of the Uruguay Round extended previous GATT
arrangements for trade in agricultural products through new
rules and commitments to ensure more predictable and fair
competition in the agricultural sector. All quantitative measures
limiting market access for agricultural products were to be
replaced by tariff. The most important feature of WTO is that
the signatories agree to treat all members as 'most favoured
nations', without any discrimination. It also emphasis that now a
time has come to make a comprehensive review of government
policies in agricultural sector.
—,—,—, TRADE POLICY, POLITICALECONOMY, SRILANKA
188. ATHUKORALA (Prema-Chandra) and KELE GAMA (Saman). The
political economy of agricultural trade policy: Sri Lanka in the
Uruguay Round. Contemporary South Asia. 7, 1;1998, March; 7-
26.
This article deals with the Uruguay Round Agreement on
Agriculture (URAA) laid a firm foundation for establishing a
rule-based world trading system, encompassing both developed
and developing countries, for Agricultural products. This paper
dims to broaden our understanding about the constrains faced by
94
developing countries in their attempts to comply with new
URAA rules through a comparative case study of Sri Lanka in
the south Asian context. We find Sri Lanka's policy initiative so
far under the URAA to be unique among the south Asian
countries. This move has laid the foundation for further trade
liberalization with the aim of restructuring the agricultural
sector in accordance with Sri Lanka comparative advantage.
— , — , ASIAN E C O N O M Y , JAPAN
189. KAHLER (Miles). Asian Government and the WTO. International
Organisation. 54, 3; 2000, Summer; 563-571.
The WTO's dispute settlement understanding is widely regarded
as a victory for those who wished to move the global trade
organisation in a more legalised direction. Although Japan, the
largest Asian Economy, had endorsed a diplomatic rather than a
legal view of GATT dispute resolution at the start of Uruguay
Round there is little evidence that Japan actively opposed the
legalized direction that the negotiations eventually took. The
record of Asian government under the new WTO dispute-
settlement procedures undermines arguments that they are
reluctant to engage in legalized institutional setting. It also
deals with ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations),
APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) and ARF (ASEAN
Regional forum).
— , — , DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
190. BENDER (Dieter). The developing countries in the new World
Trade Organization. Economics. 55/56;1997;15-38.
This article examines whether the outcome of the Uruguay
Round opens up new prospects for trade relations between the
industrial and the developing countries, which can improve the
world trade position of the developing countries in the interest
of their development goals. Can the overall package resulting
from the negotiations, consisting of the extended GATT, the
95
general Agreement of trade in services (GATS), on the basic of a
new organizational structure reinforced by the new World Trade
Organization (WTO), improve the conditions for the efficient
operation of development strategies oriented to world market.
Advanced achieved by GATT 1994 is the inclusion of the
International trade in agricultural products and in textiles and
clothing in the system of GATT rules.
191. BHAT (Taranath P), An assessment of gains to developing
countries from the Uruguay Round. Foreign Trade Review. 30,1;
1995 April-June; 67-84.
The Uruguay Round Agreement which become effective from
January 1995 under World Trade Organization (WTO) is the
most comprehensive trade pact. The round contributed to the
liberalizations of trade in goods, services and investments. It
present decisive step towards introducing market solutions in
international transactions. It also entails significant potential
gains for the world economy. The WTO has a stupendous
challenge in handling rapidly growing international trade and
services.
— , — , — , INDIA
192. BAGCHI (Jayanta). World Trade Organization: an Indian
perspective. India Quarterly. 56, 3-4; 2000, July; 113-123.
Describes various important aspects of the WTO agreement,
along with the rationale of their economy and salient features. It
also discuss various aspects of WTO like protectionism,
objectives of WTO, weakness 'of WTO and news role of
developing countries and India in the Uruguay Round.
193. BAGCHI (Jayanta). India and WTO. Economic and Political
Weekly. 36, 2; 2001, January, 13; 90-93.
India became an initial member of the WTO, just as it was an
original signatory of the General Agreement. It was an active
member of the GATT but had not made significant contributions
96
except in rhetoric, towards trade liberalization. This article
mainly asserts on these topics like-GATT History, Uruguay
Round, complex negotiations, difficulties of our own creation,
protectionist lobbies and need to educate the people.
194. SiDDHARTHA RAJ GOPAL. Uruguay Round of Mutilated Trade
Negotiations: implications for Indian's Textile Trade. Foreign
Trade Review. 31, 3;1996, October-December; 38-52.
The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing is laid down in nine
articles, the basic format in which the modalities for integrating
trade in textiles and clothing into the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) within a specific time schedules
commencing from the date of its entry into force is clearly
mentioned. The participating member countries have agreed upon
a definite time frame for integration of textile products into the
GATT. The agreement envisages the need for strengthening of
GATT rules and disciplines to facilitate the eventual integration
of textiles and clothing sector into it. It also discusses safeguard
mechanism during the transitions period, world trade in textile
and profile of Indian Cotton Textile Exports.
— , — , F O O D , SECURITY, GLOBAL
195. SURYANARAYANA (MH). Uruguay Round and global food
security. Economic and Political Weekly. 32, 43; 1997, October,
25; 2821-2828.
The article deals with the salient features of the Uruguay Round
of WTO and their implications for global food security. WTO,
World Bank and International Mo-iietary Found (IMF), is one of
three institutions founded in 1947 to promote peace, quality and
progress in the world. The article argues, with reference to
empirical studies on Asia and Africa that question relating to
food insecurity can be dealt by effective target efforts ensurity
food security at the regional as well as household levels.
— , —', G A T T , QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION
97
196. Langhammer (Rolf J). Quantitative Evaluation of the effects of
GATT. Economics. 55/56; 1997; 39-59.
Explains that it is certainly reasonable to argue that
liberalization will primarily benefit for those regions where
trade barriers have held existing development potential back.
The scope of this article does not allow for details to be given
all models. It will therefore suffice to mention that the GATT
model. It will therefore suffice to mention that the GATT model
is contracted in three stages: creation of the production,
consumption and trading data set for the benchmark year 1990,
assessment of the model using this data set in order to portray
the reference frame and finally inclusion of the Uruguay Round
results in a new assessment.
— , — , L I B E R A L I Z A T I O N , MARKET AGRICULTURE.
197. FAIZEE (Shameem). For a different World Trade Organization.
New Age. 48, 31; 2000, July, 30; 8-9.
The Marrakesh agreements concluded the "Uruguay Round"
putting an end to the previous cycle of negotiations covering
135 countries. Experience has shown that the relations and
differences between states are settled on the basis of a balance
of power in which the rules of the strangest are dominant; it is
in this context of economic war, of domination by the financial
markets that these new negotiations are taking place. The
objective is t move towards a liberalization of all markets,
especially of agriculture, and all services, particularly financial.
This orientation treats with contempt human needs, the
economic, social and cultural realities of different countries,
and the future of the planet.
— , r Q U A N T I F Y I N G ,
198. HARISON (Glenn W), Rutherford (Thomas F) and TARR (David
G). Quantifying the Uruguay Round. The Economic Journal. 107,
444; 1999, September, 1405-1430.
98
The Uruguay Round is a complex agreement comprising many
elements and with diverse impacts across countries. Effect of the
Uruguay Round is quantified using numerical general
equilibrium model, which incorporates increasing returns to
scale. It concludes that the aggregate welfare gains from the
round are in the order of $ 96 billion per year. The round will
allow developing countries to gain further through their own
unilateral liberalism.
— , — , T R A D E R E L A T E D , ISSUES
199. DEBROY (Bibek). The Uruguay Round. The Chartered
Accountant. 47, 8; 1999. February; 57-58.
The articles deals with the main themes of the negotiations at
the Uruguay Round. The Uruguay Round was the eighth round of
negotiations and covered 15 trade-related issues. It covered
almost all forms of trade, from to toothbrushes to speedboats,
from banking to telecommunications, from genes of wild rice to
pharmaceuticals. Intellectual property is ownership of ideas,
including literary and artistic works, inventions and signs was
the most controversial issue at the Uruguay Round due to cross-
linkage with trade.
— , W A G E S , LABOUR FORCE GROWTH, I M P L I C A T I O N S , TRADE.
200. FRANCOIS (Joseph F). Trade, labour force growth and wages. The
Economic Journal. 106, 439; 1996, November; 1586-1609,
This article explores the transmission of demographics pressure
between open economies. The implications of labour force
growth for wages; employment' and production patterns are
formally examined. Both standard factor-based models and
models of two-way trade based are discussed. It also deals with
the numerical studies of North American Free Trade Agreement
and General Agreement of Trade and Tariff.
99
— , W I N S , US, A P E C
201. KHERGAMVALA ( F J ) . US wins APEC backing for contentious
WTO Agenda. New Age. 44, 49; 1996, December, 8; 13.
This article suggests that we encourage the acceleration of
substantive negotiations on protocol issues and market access.
The use of term like "Market access" and protocol refer to
complaints by the US and others. China needs to grant for
greater access to its market and china's grouse that it be treated
as a developing nations not an industrialized one. Asia Pacific
Economic Corporation Forum (APEC) met among themselves and
gave qualified support to the US aim of seeing barriers to trade
in information technology products removed by the year 2000.
The heart of the FAO's world agricultural information center
WAINET is also discussed in this article.
— , W O R L D E C O N O M Y , GLOBALIZATION
202. BLACKHURST (Richard). The WTO and the global economy. The
World Economy. 20, 5; 1997, August; 527-544.
The establishment of WTO is a trend towards globalization of
the world economy. Today world have become like a global
village. Here WTO can play a vital role for the betterment of
global economy. The WTO aims to encourage development and
economic reforms among the developing and developed
countries.
100
J-^oAr CJmdL
'^anwL
AUTHOR INDEX
Name of Authors Ent ry No.
ABRAHAM (Thomas) 15
ABROL (Dinesh) 102
ADIL NAJAM and ROBIN (Nick) 120
ANDERSON (Kym) 19
ARUN KUMAR 104
ATHUKORALA (Prema-Chandra) and KELE GAMA (Saman) 188
BAGCHI (Jayanta)
BAGWELL (Kyle) and ROBERT ( W Stainger)
BARAI(Snehal D)
BARSHEFSKY (Charlene)
BASU (Dipankar)
ENDER (Dieter)
BHAGVATI (Jagdish), GREENWAY
(David) and PANAGARIYAA (Arvind) 166
BHAGWATI (Jagdish) 106
Bhargava (Sunil) 92
BHAT (Taranath P) 191
BHATIA (Satinder) 160
BHATTACHARYA ( B ) , KATTI
(Vijay), SusHiL KUMAR, and MUKHOPADHYAY ( S ) 9
BHATTACHARYA (B)- 48,110,129
101
192 ,193
153
68
179
156
190
BHIDE (Sheela) 96
BLACKHURST (Richard) 202
BORA (Bijit); LOYD (Peter J) and PANGESTU (mari) 85
CARLISLE (Charles R) 55
CARRAS (Mary C) 105
CHADHA (Rajesh) 130
CHALAM (Gopal) 24
CHANDRASEKHAR(CP) 23,119
CHATHAIN (carmal) 40
CHIMNI ( B S ) 14,90
CHISHTI (Sumitra) 34 ,155
CHOPRA (HS) BHATTACHARYA (Swopank) 150
CHOSSUDOVSKY (Michel) 101
GULLET (Philippe) 185
DANDAVATE (Madhu) 2
DAS (Bhagirath Lai) 137,145
DASGUPATA (Biplab) 76,77,100,117,138
DASGUPTA (Paramita) 164
JDATT (Rudder) 81
DEBROY (Bibek) 51,128,146,199
DHAR (Bishvajit) 115,122,178
DuBEY (Muchkund) 29
EDWARDS (Robert H) and LESTER (Simon N) 176
EGLIN (Michaela) 20
BTHIER (Wilfred) 54
102
FAIZEE (Shameem) 197
FiscH (Gerhard) and SPEYER (Bernhard) 181
FRANCOIS (Joseph F) 200
GABOURY (Fred) and EISENHOWER (David) 88
GAWANDE (kishor) and HANSEN (wendy L) 157
GHOSH (Arun) 32,70,103,175
GHOSH (Jayanti) 5
GHOSH (Murari) 56
GitL (Sucha Singh) and BRAR (Jasvindar Singh) 94
GOLDSTEIN (Judith) and MARTIN (Lisa L) 78
GUILD (Elespeth) and BARTH (Philip) 59
GUNDLACH (Erich) 35
HARISON (Glenn W), Rutherford
(Thomas F) and TARR (David G) 198
Harrish (John) 74
HELM (carsten) 26
HOEKMAN (Bernard) 44
HORN (Henrik) and LEVINSOHN (James) 93
HOTA (PK). and SAHU (M) 152
I Y B R (VR Krishna) 182
IYER ( V R Krishna) 72
JAYANTH (V) 84
JHA (Bhogendra) 10 JIAXUAN (Tang) 22
JoEKES (Susan) and MEDHORA (Rohinton) 165
103
KAHLER (Miles) 189
KATTI (Vijay) and SEN (Subir) 124
KAUSHIK ( P D ) 57,61
KEOHANE (Robert) 37
KHERGAMVALA ( F J ) 201
KHOR (Martin) 1,28,50
KiM (Sae-Jung) 66
KOTHARI (Ashish) and ANURADHA R V 177
KRISHAN RAJ 97
KRISHNAKUMAR ( R ) 82
KRISHNASWAMI (Sridhar) 111,121
KRUEGER (Anne) 125
KURIAN (V Mathew) 83
LADEFOGED MORTENSEN (Jens) 140
LAIRD (Sam) 141
LANGHAMMER (Rolf J) and LUCKE (Mathias) 132
Langhammer (Rolf J) 196
LEHMANN (Jean-Pierre) 65
LEVY (Philip) 6
MADAAN (Davinder kumar) 174
MADAAN (Davinder kumar) 64
MAGGI (Giovemni) 33
MAHADEVAN ( H ) 53
MANOJ V 91
MANSFIELD (Edward D) and MILNER (Helen V) 139
104
M A S T E L (Gerg)
M A T T O (Aadi tya)
M A Z U R (Jay)
MCLARE (John)
M E H T A (Bansi S)
MiSHRA (C)
MiSHRA (JP)
MiSHRA (kameshwar)
MISHRA (UN)
M O H A M M A D K H A L I D
MOHD AsiF A L I K H A N and K H A N (AQ)
MORRISSEY (Ol iver ) and F I L A T O T C H E V ( Igor)
MuRALiDHARAN (Sukumar)
N A D D A ( J B )
N A G E S H KUMAR
N A Y Y A R (Deepak)
NOLAND (Marcus)
OCAMPO (Antonio) and T Y L O R (Lance)
P A L M E T E R (David)
P A N A G A R I Y A (Arvind)
PANDA (Rajaram)
P A T N A I K ( Jadish K)
P A T N A I K (Utsa)
P E R E Z (Oren)
P E T R A S ( James)
21,46
133
109
71
58
95
16
135
116
87
89
73
75
172
127
69
167
162
41
163
98
148
52
79
113
105
PRITHWIS (k De) 168
R A M A C H A N D R A N (R) 180
R A M A S W A M Y ( K V ) 63
R A N E (Wishvas) 8
R A O (Ananda CR) and A C H A L A P A T H I (KV) 147
R A O (Krishna YV) 169
RAO (Niranjan C) 183
R O L L O (J im) 112
R o s s (Robert S) 17
S A H A I (Suman) 114
S A N G E R ( D a v i d E) 186
S A T A P A T H Y ( C ) 3 ,12 ,13 ,25 ,42 ,43 ,142 ,151 ,170
SCHLOEMANN (Hannes L) 39
SCHOENBAUM (Thomas J) 27,38
S E A D ( Jesus) 173
S E N (Adi tya) 49
SHRI P R A K A S H 123
S H U K L A ( S K ) 80
SHUKLA ( S P ) 62
S I D D H A R T H A R A J GOPAL 194
S I N G H (Ajay Kumar) 136
S I N G H (Someshwar) 4 ,60,143
S I N G H (Swaran) 45
SRIDHAR (V) 126
S R I N I V A S A N ( S ) 154
106
S T E I N B E R G (Richard H) 47
S T I G L I T Z ( Joseph E) 161
SURENDRA (Lawrence) 30
SURESH (N) 86
SURYANARAYANA (MH) 195
T A K A S E (Tomotsu) 171
T A N E J A (Nisha) 158
THARAKAN (PKM) 134
V A N D A N A S H I V A 11,67
V A N G R A S S T E K (Craig) 131
V A S U D E V A ( P K ) 144
V E N U GOPAL (Rajesh) 107,118
V Y A S (VS) 187
W A N G (Shaoguang) 99
W I N D F U H R (Michael ) 159
WiNHAM (Gilber t R) 149
Y A N G (Yongzheng) 18
107
TITLES INDEX
Name of Titles Entry No.
A grand trade bargain. 186
A high-stakes agenda. 111
A political-economy analysis of free trade agreements. 6
A Ruling for Bio-piracy. 31
A trade-off Over an Appointment. 15
African Nation against new issues in WTO 1
After Seattle: free trade and the WTO. 106
Agenda for Seattle. 114
Agriculture: second round of economic reforms. 187
All is not lost to WTO: how India can fight for
its interest at Seattle. 95
An assessment of gains to developing countries from
the Uruguay Round. 191
An economic theory of WTO. 153
Subsidiarity and governance challenges for
the WTO: environmental and labour standards. 112
Asian fears west may hijack WTO. 84
Asian Government and the WTO 189
Beijing at Bay. 21
Beyond transparency. 134
Big business at work. 126
108
Biodiversity Intellectual Property Rights and GATT
agreement: how to address the conflict? 177
Biotechnology and Intellectual property Rights. 16
Call to resist encroachment of national rights. 86
Can Indian agriculture Meet, the WTO Challenge? 10
Catching up processes or decoupling trends?
developing countries in the age of globalization. 35
China and its membership issue. 98
China in changing world. 22
China into the WTO. 23
China's entry into the WTO with a little help from the EU. 20
Completing the WTO accession negotiations: Issues
and Challenges. 18
Complying with TRIPs commitment EMR versus
product patent regime. 178
Concerns of intellectual property rights. 82
Confrontation in Seattle. 121
Constitutionalization and dispute settlement in the
WTO: national security as an issue of competence. 39
Democratic decision making in the world trade
organization: an assessment. 34
Developing countries and the next round of WTO
negotiations. 130
Developing countries in the round of GATS
negotiations: towards a pro-active role. 133
109
Developing countries resist WTO Agreement
on competition policy. 28
Developing economies and the demographic and
democratic imperatives of globalisation. 65
Developing nations united in WTO. 36
Disquiet over a new regime 180
Double- talk on subsidies 77
Dwindling International support for IPRs. 142
Electronic commerce and the World Trade Organization. 24
Enter the dragon. 17
Essential Medicines and International Trade. 8
Exchanging shadow for substance. 175
Food security, NAP and WTO. 129
For a different World Trade Organization. 197
For an alternative patents regime. 185
For safeguards against bio-piracy. 138
'Free trade' and global inequality: growing apposition
from the working class of the west. 88
GATT: anatomy of surrender. 62
Global double standards. 76
Global integration and the third world: myth and reality. 87
Global Investment opportunities and trade in
developing economies. 89
Global market and competitiveness of Indian agriculture. 94
Global struggle against imperialist globalization and
110
our tasks.
Globalisation and woria s poor.
Globalisation and V^TO.
Globalisation and Migration: retrospect and prospect.
Globalisation and trade: the implications for
exports from marginalized economies.
Globalisation and vertical structure.
Globalisation, TUs and mass movement.
Globalisation-Vanishing National Economics and
diminishing labour survival.
Hijacking of WTO Ministerial conference.
Hutnan health and patent, 14 law under WTO.
Implementation of V\i
India and WTO.
India and China: gro
India and ongoing re
system.
India and WTO.
TO agreement on customs valuation.
116
74
70
69
73
71
67
72
122
182
3
80
wing economies, growing interaction. 45
view of WTO dispute settlement
90
123,174,193
India at the Seattle meeting: playing safe. 104
India-EU interface: changing perspectives on
cooperation for ecc nomic development. 150
Indian Agricultural interests at the WTO's ministerial
conference in Seattle. 105
India's textile trade: Marrakesh and beyond. 96
India's apparel sector in the global economy. 63
111
Industrial policy and the WTO. 85
Informal trade in South Asian Free Trade Agreement
Region. 158
Intellectual Property Rights; the impact of TRIPs. 183
International labour standard and India. 68
International seminar on WTO agreement and people's
concerns. 7
International trade and protection of the
environment: the continuing search for reconcilation. 27
Is small Industry ready for a QR-free Regime? 144
Is the world ready for free trade?. 55
Issues of trade and equity. 30
Labour's New Internationalism. 109
Learning to love the WTO. 167
legalization trade libralization, and Domestic
politics: a cautionary note. 78
legalized dispute resolution: interstate and transnational. 37
Lessons from Seattle. 119
Liberalisation of Trade in Agriculture: boon or bane ?. 156
Make WTO rules " Fair" 143
Merger policies and trade liberalization. 93
MFA phasing out and Indian textiles industry: select
issues for negotiations. 124
Millennium round of trade talks: India and the WTO. 169
NAP and WTO. 128
112
New battles begin soon against the WTO. 50
Non-Tariff Barriers to trade: the issue of technical
standard. 164
On the complexities of China's WTO accession. 19
patents on life, India and the TRIPs mandate. 91
Policy for Trade and the Environment in a global economy. 26
Political consequences of economic globalization under
the WTO system. 66
Post GATT scenario of Indian economy. 135
Preferential trade liberalization: the traditional
theory and developments. 163
Protective Trade Laws. 92
Quantifying the Uruguay Round, 198
Quantitative Evaluation of the effects of GATT. 196
Reconstructing Science: the Hormone conflict
between the EU and united states. 79
Retaliation bargaining, and the pursuit of
"Free and fair" trade. 157
Role of concessions in the WTO trading system
and their implications for developing countries. 171
Seattle and after. 110
Seattle and beyond. 102,108
Seattle and Beyond: disarming new world order. 101
Seattle first formidable challenge to US-dictated
new world order. 115
113
Sectoral Arrangement in Telecom 57
Seizing the future: the south, sustainable
development and international trade. 120
Social standards in World Trade Law. 159
Storm over Seattle. 118
Technology transfer productivity & GATT. 152
The costs of free trade: the WTO regime and
The Indian economy. 52
The developing countries and the next round of
multilateral negotiations. 125
The developing countries in the new World Trade
Organization. 190
The Dictates in the WTO. 137
The emerging threat for Indian pharmaceutical industry. 154
The European community and the member states in the
Dispute settlement under standing of the WTO:
united or divided?. 40
The GATS impact. 58
The importance of Seattle. 100
The institutional requirements of the WTO in an
era of globalisation: 140
The movement of natural persons and the GATS:
a UK perspective and European dilemmas. 59
The multilateral trading system: the way ahead. 173
The new regionalism. 54
114
The new wave of regionalism. 139
The political economy of agricultural trade policy:
Sri Lanka in the Uruguay Round. 188
The role of multilateral institutions in international
trade, cooperation. 33
The social and political implications of china's
WTO membership. 99
The Uruguay Round. 199
The World Trade Organisation and India 155
The World Trade Organization: institution building
in the multilateral trade system. 149
The world trade system: the structure and organisation. 148
The WTO and Accounting service 61
The WTO and the global economy. 202
The WTO and the non market economies. 46
The WTO legal system: source of law. 41
The WTO preamble. 51
The WTO structure. 146
The WTO's Trade Policy Review Mechanism. 141
Threat from WTO to Indian Agriculture. 11
Towards a more comprehensive World Trade Organsiation. 176
Towards Seattle. 117
Towards speedier growth of exports. 48
Trade environment negotiations in the EU, NAFTA,
and WTO: regional trajectories of rule development. 47
115
Trade in services: opportunities and constrains, 168
Trade liberalisation and diversification in select
developing countries. 160
Trade liberalization in developing economics. 162
Trade policies in developing countries. 165
Trade policy for a networked world. 179
Trade sanctions and other barriers to free trade. 151
Trade, labour force growth and wages. 200
Trading preferentiality: theory and policy. 166
TRIPS as an Adjustment Mechanism in North-South trade. 181
Tussles over trade. 107
Two principle for the next WTO round or, how
to bring developing countries in from the cold. 161
Uncertainties ahead. 75
Under-valuated imports and public interest: domestic
rulling Vis-a- Ris GATT/WTO Jurisprudence-II. 12
Uruguay Round and global food security, 195
Uruguay Round of Mutilated Trade Negotiations:
implications for Indian's Textile Trade. 194
US plans for new WTO round: negotiating more
agreements with less authority. 131
US wins APEC backing for contentious WTO Agenda. 201
US-EU trade war over Bananas. 170
Valuation of undervalued and dumped imports:
domestic rulings vis-a-vis GATT/WTO Jurisprudence-I. 13
116
Water secur i ty should not be turned into a bus iness . 60
Who wants free t rade and rupee deva lua t ion? . 56
World Trade acce lera t ing envi ronmenta l damage . 4
World Trade Organiza t ion : an Indian pe r spec t ive . 192
WTO 1
WTO : sovere ignty and eternal v ig i l ance . 145
W T O access ion i ssues . 132
WTO Agreement running Indian agr icu l tu re . 2
WTO agreement : one way street 5
WTO and envi ronment 14
WTO and India in the new mi l lenn ium. 83
WTO and India . 29
WTO and India ' s response . 49
WTO and s tates r igh ts . 97
WTO and S W A D E S H I J A G R A N Manch. 32
WTO and the developing count r ies . 64
WTO and the role India should play 81
WTO and t rading Blocks . 9
WTO dispute se t t lement , t ransparency and surve i l l ance . 44
WTO dispute se t t lement . 38
WTO ' Issues and people ' 184
WTO minis te r ia l meet ing at Sea t t le : the new cha l l enges . 103
WTO- myths and rea l i t i es . 147
WTO panel rul ing on anti dumping-I I . 43
WTO panel rul ings on an t i -dumping- I. 42
117
WTO Regime, Host country policies and global
patterns of MNE activity 127
WTO work programme on electronic commerce 25
WTO: a realistic appraisal. 136
WTO: battle of Seattle. 113
WTO-Myths and realities. 172
WTO's 'Free Trade' and women worker. 53
118
SUBJECT INDEX
Subject headings Ent ry No.
WTO, AFRICAN NATIONS 1
A G R E E M E N T , ADVERSE E F F E C T , A G R I C U L T U R E , INDIA 2
— , CUSTOMS VALUATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 3
— , ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 4
— , F INANCIAL SERVICES 5
— , F R E E T R A D E , POLITICAL ECONOMY, ANALYSIS 6
— , INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR 7
— , INTERNATIONAL T R A D E 8
— , T E X T I L E S , C L O T H I N G 9
A G R I C U L T U R E , INDIA 10
, — , — , SEED 11
ANTIDUMPING, VALUATION 12, 13
A P P E L L A T E BODY, R E P O R T , ENVIRONMENTAL
E C - H O R M O N E S CASE 14
A P P O I N T M E N T , D I R E C T O R GENERAL 15
B I O T E C H N O L O G Y , INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
R I G H T S , PROTECTION 16
C H I N A , A C C E S S I O N 17
, — , — , C H A L L E N G E S , ISSUES 18
- , — , C O M P L E X I T I E S , SYSTEM, TRADING, GLOBAL 19
,—,—, EU 20
- , ECONOMY 21
119
— , — , C H I N A , TRADING SYSTEM, INTERNATIONAL 22
— , — , VOTING RIGHTS 23
— , C O M M E R C E , ELECTRONIC 24
—,—,—, W O R K P R O G R A M M E , DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 25
— , C O M M I T T E E , STANDING, SCHEDULE, TRADE
ENVIRONMENT, GLOBAL ECONOMY 26
— , — , T R A D E AND ENVIRONMENT, REPORT 27
— , C O M P E T I T I O N POLICY. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 28
— , — , — , INDIA 29
— , C O N F E R E N C E , TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT, TRADE
AND DEVELOPMENT, TRADE AND EQUITY 30
— , C O N S T I T U T I O N , B I O - P I R A C Y 31
— , CONVENTION, SWADESHI JAGRAN MANCH, TRIPS ,
AGREEMENT 3 2
— , C O O P E R A T I O N , T R A D E , INTERNATIONAL.
R O L E , INSTITUTIONS, MULTILATERAL 33
— , D E M O C R A T I C SYSTEM, DECISION MAKING 34
—, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 35,36
— , D I S P U T E RESOLUTION, LEGALIZED,
INTERSTATE, TRANSNATIONAL 37
— , D I S P U T E , SETTLEMENT BODY, ANALYTICAL
HISTORY, ANTIDUMPING, ANTISUBSIDY, LAW 38
— , DISPUTE SETTLEMENT, CONSTITUTIONALIZATION 39
— , — , EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, MEMBER STATES 40
— , — , P A N E L 41
120
— , — , — , R U L E S , ANTIDUMPING. 4 2
— , — , T R A D E , ANTIDUMPING. 4 3
— , — , T R A N S P A R E N C Y AND SURVEILLANCE. 44
— , E C O N O M I C COOPERATION, CHINA INDIA. 45
— , E C O N O M I E S , NON-MARKET 46
— . E N V I R O N M E N T A L RULES, NEGOTIATIONS
AND IMPLEMENTATION 47
—, E X P O R T , INDIA. 48,49
— , FINANCIAL C R I S I S , DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. 50
— , F R A M E WORK, PREAMBLE. 51
— , F R E E T R A D E , ECONOMY, INDIA 52
— , — , L A B O U R R I G H T S , W O M E N WORKER 53
— , — , NEW R E G I O N A L I S M , BARRIERS 54
— , — , P O L I T I C A L SUPPORT 55
— , — , R U P E E DEVALUATION, QUANTITATIVE R E S T R I C T I O N S 56
— , G A T S , FRAMEWORK, SECTORAL ARRANGEMENT,
TELECOM 57
— , — , I N D I A 58
— , — , M O V E M E N T , P E R S O N S , UK P E R S P E C T I V E 59
— , — , S E C U R I T Y , W A T E R , BUSINESS 60
— , S E R V I C E , ACCOUNTING 61
— , — , A G R I C U L T U R E , INDIA 62
— , GLOBAL ECONOMY, INDIA, A P P A R E L SECTOR 63
— , G L O B A L I Z A T I O N , CONCESSIONS, DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES 64
121
— , — , D E V E L O P I N G ECONOMIES, I M P E R A T I V E S ,
DEMOGRAPHIC AND DEMOCRATIC 6 5
— , E C O N O M I C S , CONSEQUENCES, POLITICAL 66
—,—, Tus 67
— , LABOUR STANDARDS INDIA 68
— , M I G R A T I O N 69
— , S O V E R E I G N T Y , E C O N O M I C , AGRICULTURE 70
— , S T R U C T U R E , VERTICAL 71
— , SURVIVAL, LABOUR, E C O N O M I C , NATIONAL 72
— , TRADE, MARGINALIZED ECONOMIES 73
— , T R I P S , D R U G S , POOR E C O N O M I E S 74
— , W O R L D ECONOMY 75
GLOBAL STANDARD, DOUBLE 76
GLOBAL T R A D E , A G R I C U L T U R E , SUBSIDIES 77
GLOBAL TRADE R E G I M E , L E G A L I Z A T I O N ,
L I B E R A L I Z A T I O N , P O L I T I C S , D O M E S T I C 78
— , H O R M O N E CONFLICT, E U - U S 79
— , I N D I A 80
— , M A R K E T 81
— , NATIONAL CONFERENCE, I P R S 82
— , N E W M I L L E N N I U M 83
INDUSTRIAL E C O N O M I E S , FEARS , DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES 84
INDUSTRIAL P O L I C Y , D O M E S T I C INDUSTRIES 85
INTERNATIONAL C O N F E R E N C E , E N C R O A C H M E N T ,
122
RIGHTS, N A T I O N A L 86
-, I M F , WORLD BANK, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION,
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 8 7
— , — , T R A D E , INEQUALITY. GLOBAL 88
INVESTMENT, GLOBAL TRADE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 89
L A W S , DISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM, INDIA 90
— , P A T E N T , I N D I A 91
— , T R A D E , P R O T E C T I O N 92
L I B E R A L I Z A T I O N , T R A D E , M E R G E R POLICIES 93
M A R K E T C O M P E T I T I O N , AGRICULTURE, INDIA 94
MARKET, WORLD, M N C S , I N T E R E S T , INDIA 95
M A R R A K E S H ROUND, INDIA, T E X T I L E S , FREE T R I D E 96
M A R R A K E S H TREATY, INDIA, AGRICULTURE 97
MEMBERSHIP , CHINA 98
— , — , I M P L I C A T I O N S , P O L I T I C A L , SOCIAL 99
M I N S I T E R I A L C O N F E R E N C E , SEATTLE, A N T I - D U M P I N G 100
— , — , D E R E G U L A T I O N S , FINANCIAL 101
— , — , DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 102, 103
—,—,—, INDIA 104, 105
— , — , F R E E TRADE 106, 107
— , — , LABOUR AND ENVIRONMENT 108
— , — , LABOUR RIGHTS, SOCIAL
STANDARDS, INTERANATIONALSIM 109
— , — , LABOUR STANDARDS 110, 111, 112
— , — , MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS 113
123
—, NEGOTIATION, AGENDA, FUTURE 114
—, OUTCOME 115
— , STRUGGLE, GLOBALISATION, IMPERIALIST 116
— , TRADE 117
— , TRADE, AGREEMENT, LABOUR AND ENVIRONMENT 118
— , TRADE, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 119
— , TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, NEW ROUND 120
- , WORKER INSECURITY 121
SINGAPORE, LABOUR STANDARDS 122
MFA, INDIA 123
— , — , TEXTILE INDUSTRY 124
MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS, DEVELOPING
OUNTRIES 125
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS BIG BUSINESS 1 2 < $
MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES, ACTIVITY, INDIA 127
NAP, DOMESTIC REFORMS 128
—,FooD SECURITY 129
NEGOTIATING ROUND. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 130
— , PLANS, US 131
NEGOTIATIONS, ACCESSION ISSUES 132
—, GATS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 133
NON-TRANSPARENT, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 134
POST GATT, ECONOMY, INDIA 135
PROPOSALS, DUNKEL, APPRAISAL, REALISTIC 136
— , INDIA 137
124
P R O T E C T I O N , B I O L O G I C A L WEALTH, INDIA 138
R E G I O N A L I S M , P T A S 139
R E Q U I R E M E N T S , INSTITUTIONAL,
G L O B A L I S A T I O N ; E C O N O M I C POLICY, I M P E R F E C T I O N S 140
R E V I E W M E C H A N I S M , T R A D E POLICY 141
R U L E S , I P R S , INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT 142
— , T R A D E , F A I R 143
SMALL INDUSTRY, INDIA, F R E E R E G I M E 144
SOVEREIGNTY, V I G I L A N C E , F R E E D O M , E C O N O M I C 145
STRUCTURE 146
— , D I S P U T E S E T T L E M E N T BODY, TRADE POLICY 147
— , O R I G I N , G R O W T H 148
SYSTEM. TRADE M U L T I L A T E R A L 149
T A R I F F , S O C I O - E C O N O M I C , I N D I A - E U 150
— , T R A D E SANCTIONS, FREE TRADE 151
T E C H N O L O G Y , PRODUCTIVITY, TRANSFER, GATT 152
T H E O R Y , E C O N O M I C 153
T H R E A T , INDUSTRY, P H A R M A C E U T I C A L , INDIA 154
TNCs and INDIA 155
T R A D E , A G R I C U L T U R E , F O O D SECURITY 156
— , F R E E AND FAIR, RETALIATION, BARGAINING 157
— , I N F O R M A L , D O M E S T I C P O L I C Y 158
— , LAW, STANDARDS, SOCIAL 159
— , L I B E R A L I Z A T I O N , DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 160, 161
— , — , DEVELOPING ECONOMIES 162
125
, — , — , T H E O R Y , TRADITIONAL 163
-, N O N - T A R I F F B A R R E R S , T E C H N I C A L STANDARDS 164
T R A D E POLICY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. G A T S 165
- , T H E O R Y , M U L T I L A T E R A L I S M 166
,—, US 167
T R A D E , SERVICE, CONSTRAINTS 168
T R A D E TALKS, ROUND, MILLENNIUM, INDIA. 169
T R A D E WAR, U S - E U , BANANA. 170
TRADING SYSTEM, CONCESSION, I M P L I C A T I O N S ,
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 171
— , INTERNATIONAL, SUBSIDIES. A G R I C U L T U R E , INDIA 172
— , M U L T I L A T E R A L , GATS 173
— , — , INDIA 174
T R I M S 175
— , PROTECTION, ECONOMY, INTERNATIONAL 176
TRIPs, BIODIVERSITY 177
, — , EMR, PRODUCT PATENT REGIME 178
, — , G L O B A L AGREEMENT, TRADE POLICY 179
, — , INDIA, I M P L I C A T I O N , N E W REGIME 180
, — , M E C H A N I S M , TADE, N O R T H - S O U T H 181
, — , P A T E N T , HUMAN H E A L T H 182
- , PATENT L A W S , INDIA 183
- , P E O P L E 184
, — , P R O T E C T I O N 185
, — , TRADE BARGAIN 186
126
— , URUGUAY ROUND, A G R I C U L T U R E , R E F O R M S ,
E C O N O M I C 187
—,—,—, T R A D E POLICY, POLITICALECONOMY, SRILANKA 188
— , — , ASIAN E C O N O M Y , JAPAN 189
— , — , DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 190, 191
_ , _ , _ , INDIA 192, 193,194
— , — , F O O D , S E C U R I T Y , G L O B A L 195
— , — , G A T T , Q U A N T I T A T I V E E V A L U A T I O N 196
— , — , L I B E R A L I Z A T I O N , M A R K E T A G R I C U L T U R E 197
— , —r Q U A N T I F Y I N G 198
— , — , T R A D E R E L A T E D , I S S U E S 199
— , W A G E S , L A B O U R F O R C E G R O W T H , I M P L I C A T I O N S ,
TRADE 200
— , W I N S , US, A P E C 201
— , W O R L D E C O N O M Y , G L O B A L I Z A T I O N 202
127
LIST OF PERIODICALS SCANNED
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12
13.
14.
15.
16.
Name of periodical
American Economic Review
American Journal of International Law
Asian Perspective
Chartered Accountant
Contemporary South Asia
Development Studies
Economic and Political Weekly
European Law Journal
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Policy
Foreign Trade Review
Frontline
Indian Journal of Commerce
Indian Journal of Politics
India Quarterly
India Today
Frequency
Monthly
Monthly
Quarterly
Monthly
Quarterly
Bi-monthly
Weekly
Quarterly
Bi-monthly
Quarterly
Quarterly
Fortnightly
Quarterly
Half yearly
Quarterly
Fortnightly
Place of
publication
USA
Washington
D.C.
Seoul
New Delhi
Abingdon
London
Bombay
Oxford
New York
Washington
New Delhi
Chennai
Bhubaneshwai
New Delhi
New Delhi
New Delhi
128
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
International Affairs
International Organization
International Studies
Journal of Economic Literature
Journal of World Trade Law
Mainstream
Management Accountant
New Age
South Asian Survey
Washington Quarterly
World Affairs
World Economy
Yojana
Quarterly
Quarterly
Quarterly
Quarterly
Bi-monthly
Weekly
Monthly
Weekly
Half yearly
Quarterly
Quarterly
Bi-monthly
Monthly
London
Cambridge
New Delhi
USA
Geneva
New Delhi
New Delhi
New Delhi
New Delhi
Washington
New Delhi
Oxford
New Delhi
129