world spacecraft digest by jos heyman 1986 version: 21 ... · the goddard space flight centre and...

WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 1986 Version: 21 December 2013 © Copyright Jos Heyman

1986 001A (16447) Name: Kosmos-1715 Country: USSR Launch date: 8 January 1986 Re-entry: 22 January 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 227 x 283 km, inclination: 72.8° Zenit 8 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1984 058A.

1986 002A (16449) Name: Kosmos-1716 Country: USSR Launch date: 9 January 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 1465 x 1492 km, inclination: 74.0° Strela 1M military communications satellite as described for 1970 036A .

1986 002B (16450) Name: Kosmos-1717 Country: USSR Launch date: 9 January 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 002C (16451) Name: Kosmos-1718 Country: USSR Launch date: 9 January 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 002D (16452) Name: Kosmos-1719 Country: USSR Launch date: 9 January 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 002E (16453) Name: Kosmos-1720 Country: USSR Launch date: 9 January 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 002F (16454) Name: Kosmos-1721 Country: USSR Launch date: 9 January 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 002G (16455) Name: Kosmos-1722 Country: USSR Launch date: 9 January 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 002H (16456) Name: Kosmos-1723 Country: USSR Launch date: 9 January 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 003A (16481) Name: STS-61C Country: USA Launch date: 12 January 1986 Re-entry: 18 January 1986 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS

Orbit: 324 x 332 km, inclination: 28.5°

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts R. Gibson (Cmdr.), C. Bolden (Pilot), G. Nelson, S. Hawley, F. Chang-Diaz (all Mission Specialists), R. Cenker (Payload Specialists) and W. Nelson (Observer) using the orbiter Columbia as described for 1981 034A. In addition to launching Satcom K-1 (1986 003B), the flight carried a wide range of experiments: 1. Hitchiker (HHG)-1, a payload carrier system which provided payload support. It was developed by

the Goddard Space Flight Centre and consisted of two 1.27 x 1.52 m aluminium plates on which four experiments were located:

• the S85-4 experiment;

• the Particle Analysis Cameras for Shuttle (PACS), also known as AFGL-402, to provide film images of any particle contamination around the Shuttle;

• the Capillary Pump Loop (CPL) system as described for STS-51D (1985 028A);

• the Shuttle Environmental Effects on Coated Mirrors (SEECM) experiment which studied the effects of residual atmosphere on telescope mirror contamination;

2. Materials Science Laboratory (MSL)-2, consisting of:

• the Three-Axis Acoustic Levitator (3AAL), the investigation of twelve liquid samples suspended by sound pressure waves, rotated and oscillated in a low-gravity nitrogen atmosphere;

• the Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (ADSF) as described for STS-51G (1985 048A);

• the Electromagnetic Levitator (EML), a study into the effects of material flow in microgravity by suspending six samples in the electromagenetic field of a coil;

3. a number of Getaway specials as described for STS-3 (1982 022A):

• G462/463/464: the Ultraviolet Experiment (UVX), consisting of a Bowyer UV spectrometer and a Feldman spectrometer fitted in three canisters;

• G007: four student experiments as described for STS-51G (1985 048A);

• G062: four student experiments comprising a liquid droplet heat radiator experiment, a study of the effect of microgravity on the surface tension of fluids, the effect of convection on heat flow in a liquid and a slosh experiment;

• G310: Flexibeam, a USAF Academy payload, also known as AFA-301, to measure the dynamics of a vibrating beam in zero-gravity;

• G332: two student experiments consisting of the Brine Shrimp Artemia experiment and an experiment to study the behaviour of heated fluids in microgravity;

• G470: the effect of weightlessness on gypsy moth eggs and female American dog ticks;

• G446: the effect of gravity on particle dispersion of packing material;

• G449: the Joint Utilisation of Lasers Integrated Experiment (JULIE), a range of biological and medical experiments;

• G481: the effect of space travel on various types of canvas;

• G494: the Photometric Thermospheric Oxygen Nightglow (PHOTON) experiment to study solar physics;

4. three Shuttle Student Involvement Experiments:

• SE82-19: measurement of the auxin levels and starch grains in plant roots;

• SE83-6: argon injection as an alternative to honeycombing in metals;

• SE83-4: study of paper fibre formation in microgravity; 5. the Initial Blood Storage Experiment (IBSE), an experiment to measure the sedimentation level of

whole blood stored in microgravity; 6. the Environmental Monitoring Package (EMP) consisting of 24 accelerometers, 8 strain gauges, three

acoustic microphones and ten thermocouples to measure the environment of the GAS bridge; 7. the Comet Halley Active Monitoring Program (CHAMP), a 35 mm camera to photograph Comet

Halley; 8. the Infrared Imaging Experiment (IR-IE) to acquire radiometric pictures and information of selected

terrestrial and celestial targets; 9. the Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification Package (ACIP)-16 as described for STS-1 (1981 034A); 10. the Protein Crystal Growth (PCG)-4 experiment as described for STS-51D (1985 028A); 11. several Developmental Test Objective (DTO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A),

including:

• DTO-236: Ascent Aerodynamic Distributed Loads Verification;

• DTO-237: Forward RCS Flight Test;

• DTO-301D: Ascent Structural Capability Evaluation;

• DTO-309: Ascent Flutter Boundary Evaluation;

• DTO-312: External Tank Thermal Protection System Performance;

• DTO-321: Crew Compartment Structure Deflection Investigation;

• DTO-901: Orbiter Experiments Package-Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing (SILTS), an infrared radiometer located on the orbiter’s tail to image the orbiter’s upper surfaces during re-entry;

• DTO-902: Orbiter Experiments Package-Shuttle Upper Atmosphere Mass Spectrometer (SUMS), to measure atmospheric density above an altitude of 100 km;

• DTO-903: Orbiter Experiments Package-Shuttle Entry Air Data System (SEADS), to measure local air pressure on the orbiter's nose during the re-entry and landing;

12. several Detailed Supplementary Objective (DSO) experiments as described for STS-1 (1981 034A), including:

• DSO-204: Visual Observations from Space;

• DSO-446: Leg Plethysmography;

• DSO-451: Eye-Hand Coordination During SMS;

• DSO-455: Clinical Characterization of SMS;

• DSO-457: Inflight Salivary Pharmacokinetics of Scopolamine and Dextroamphetamine;

• DSO-458: In-flight Pharmacokinetics of Acetaminophen in Saliva;

• DSO-459: Otolith Tilt-Translation Reinterpretation;

• DSO-460: Changes in Total Body Water During Spaceflight;

• DSO-461: Leg Plethysmography;

• DSO-463: In-flight Holter Monitoring;

• DSO-464: In flight Assessment of Renal Stone Risk Factor;

• DSO-484: Assessment of Circadian Shifting in Astronauts by Bright Light;

• DSO-614: Head and Gaze Stability During Locomotion; and

• DSO-626: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Responses to Standing Before and After Space Flight.

The Satcom K-1 was successfully deployed on 12 January 1986, following which the astronauts commenced the programme of experiments. Some of the MSL experiments failed whilst the CHAMP was not successful. During the flight it was decided to shorten the mission by one day so as to allow more time for the orbiter to be prepared for its next mission. However, weather conditions at the Kennedy Space Centre forced the landing to take place at the originally designated time and at Edwards AFB. The flight had lasted for 6 days, 2 hours, 4 minutes.

1986 003B (16482) Name: Satcom K-1 Country: USA Launch date: 12 January 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + PAM-D2

Orbit: geostationary at 81°W

Communications satellite as described for 1985 109D.

1986 004A (16490) Name: Kosmos-1724 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 January 1986 Re-entry: 15 March 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 168 x 333 km, inclination: 67.2° Yantar 4K2 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1981 080A.


Orbit: 972 x 1003 km, inclination: 82.9° Parus military navigational satellite as described for 1974 105A.

1986 006A (16495) Name: Kosmos-1726 Country: USSR Launch date: 17 January 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 632 x 663 km, inclination: 82.5° Tselina D military electronic intelligence gathering satellite as described for 1970 113A.

1986 007A (16497) Name: Raduga-18 Country: USSR Launch date: 17 January 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM

Orbit: geostationary at 25°W Communications satellite as described for 1975 123A.


Orbit: 962 x 1016 km, inclination: 83.0° Tsikada civilian navigational satellite as described for 1976 122A.

1986 009A (16512) Name: Kosmos-1728 Country: USSR Launch date: 28 January 1986 Re-entry: 11 February 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


--- Name: STS-51L Country: USA Launch date: 28 January 1986 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS Orbit: failed to orbit

Crewed spaceflight with astronauts R. Scobee (Cmdr.), M. Smith (Pilot), E. Onizuka, J. Resnik, R. McNair (all Mission Specialists), G. Jarvis (Payload Specialist) and C. McAuliffe ("Teacher-in-Space") using the orbiter Challenger as described for 1981 034A. The objective of the mission was to place the TDRS-B and Spartan Halley satellites in orbit and recover the latter. In addition the following experiments were carried: 1. three Student Experiments:

• SE82-5: an experiment using a semi-permeable membrane for crystal growth;

• SE82-4: an experiment to study the effect of zero-gravity on the strength of metals;

• SE83-9: the study of chicken embryo development in space; 2. the Comet Halley Active Monitoring Program (CHAMP) as described for STS-61C (1986 003A); 3. Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME) as described for STS-6 (1983 026A); 4. the Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification Package (ACIP)-17 as described for STS-1 (1981 034A); 5. the High Resolution Accelerometer Package (HiRAP)-10 as described for STS-6 (1983 026A); 6. the Phase Partitioning Experiment (PPE) as described for STS-51D (1985 028A); and 7. the Fluid Dynamics In Space (FDIS) series of experiments comprising studies on fluid position and

ullage, fluid motion due to spin, fluid self-inertia, fluid motion die to payload deployment, energy dissippation due to fluid motion, and fluid transfer.

In addition McAuliffe was to conduct two class lessons from space on the sixth day in orbit whilst six short films (dealing with Earth magnetism, Newton's laws, bubbles behaviour in water, simple tools demonstration in zero-gravity, hydroponics in zero-gravity and chromatographic separation of pigments) were to be made for inclusion in a later to be produced educational film.

The mission was intended to be placed into a 240 km altitude orbit with an inclination of 28.5° and was to last 7 days. After 73 seconds the orbiter exploded killing the astronauts. The cause of the explosion was traced to a faulty seal in one of the booster rockets. During its time of operation, the orbiter Challenger had undertaken 9 flights, excluding STS-51L, made 995 orbits and travelled 41,518,538 km.

--- Name: TDRS-B Country: USA Launch date: 28 January 1986 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + IUS Orbit: failed to orbit Tracking and data relay satellite as described for 1983 026B. The satellite, which was to be positioned in

geostationary orbit at 171°W, failed to achieve orbit due to the explosion of STS-51L.

--- Name: Spartan Halley Country: USA Launch date: 28 January 1986 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: STS + RMS Orbit: failed to orbit

A satellite in the Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool of Astronomy (Spartan) programme as described for 1985 048E. Spartan Halley, also referred to as Spartan-203, was to make observations of Comet Halley using two ultraviolet spectrometers, which had originally been built for the Mariner-9 (1971 051A) mission, and two Nikon F3 35 mm cameras. It had been intended to deploy the satellite on the third day and recover it again on the fifth day. The satellite was not orbited due to the explosion of STS-51L.

1986 010A (16526) Name: STTW-1 Country: China Launch date: 1 February 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Xichang Launch vehicle: CZ 3

Orbit: geostationary at 103°E

Domestic communications satellite known as Shiyong Tongbu Tongxin Weixing (STTW), meaning Operational Geostationary Communications Satellite. It carried a transponder operating in the C band. The series was also referred to as Dong Fang Hong (DFH) 2A.

1986 011A (16527) Name: Kosmos-1729 Country: USSR Launch date: 1 February 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M

Orbit: 628 x 39263 km, inclination: 62.9° Oko military early warning satellite as described for 1972 072A.

1986 012A (16540) Name: Kosmos-1730 Country: USSR Launch date: 4 February 1986 Re-entry: 13 February 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 013A (16589) Name: Kosmos-1731 Country: USSR Launch date: 7 February 1986 Re-entry: 3 October 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 179 x 259 km, inclination: 64.8° Yantar 4KS1 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1982 120A.

1986 014A (16591) Name: NOSS-7 Country: USA Launch date: 9 February 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Atlas H

Orbit: 1049 x 1166 km, inclination: 63.0° Military ocean surveillance satellite as described for 1976 038A. Also known as USA-15 and Ops-8712.

1986 014E (16624) Name: USA-16 Country: USA Launch date: 9 February 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Atlas H

Orbit: 1049 x 1166 km, inclination: 63.0° Surveillance satellite as described for 1976 038C.

1986 014F (16625) Name: USA-17 Country: USA Launch date: 9 February 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Atlas H


1986 014H (16631) Name: USA-18 Country: USA Launch date: 9 February 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Atlas H


1986 015A (16593) Name: Kosmos-1732 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 February 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 1480 x 1526 km, inclination: 73.6° Musson geodetic satellite as described for 1981 098A.

1986 016A (16597) Name: BS-2B Country: Japan Launch date: 12 February 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Tanegashima Launch vehicle: Nu 2

Orbit: geostationary at 117°E

Communications satellite as described for 1984 005A. The satellite, which was also known as Yuri-2B, was

later moved to 100°E.

1986 017A (16609) Name: Mir Country: USSR Launch date: 19 February 1986 Re-entry: 23 March 2001 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K


Mir was a third generation space station with a length of 13.13 m, diameter of 4.20 m and mass of 21,000 kg. The solar panels had a span of 29.73 m although additional solar panels were fitted later. The station, also known as Dolgovremennaya Orbitalnaya Stantsiya (DOS)-7 and 11F77, was equipped with a ball shaped forward docking facility, which, in addition to the front port, incorporated four radial ports, designated here as upper, lower, left and right. The space station had also a single rear docking port. The forward docking facility was fitted with a transfer device which could move payloads from the front port to one of the radial ports. The ports are alternatively referred to as +X for the rear port, -X for the axial front port, +Y for the upper port, -Y for the lower port, +Z for the left port and -Z for the right port. The space station was fitted with infra-structure facilities but not with scientific equipment, which were brought up by Progress vehicles and Soyuz vehicles. The various payloads that, over time, were brought to the space station and experiments that were conducted included: 1. solar physics and astronomy

• Missiya, an instrument to study the ionosphere;

• EFO-1, for atmospheric studies;

• PSN, a French instrument for atmospheric studies;

• Polyarizatsiya, an experiment to perfect methods and equipment for heightening the effectiveness of scientific research from space and for the purpose of solving a number of navigational problems;

• Mariya: a magnetic spectrometer;

• MKS-M four channel spectrometer;

• Bosra, to make atmospheric measurements;

• Roentgen, a telescope for astronomical observations;

• Glazar, a telescope;

• Therma photometer for ionospheric studies;

• Rozhen, an astronomical telescope with digital electronic sensor equipment;

• Circe radiation experiments;

• Spektr-256 spectrometer;

• Trek, a United States experiment to study heavy nuclei in cosmic rays;

• Diagramma, an experiment to avaluate atmospheric characteristics around the space station;

• Buket, an X-ray telescope;

• Granat, a gamma ray telescope; 2. biological and medical

• Svetlana, an automated electrophoresis plant for biotechnology experiments;

• Ruchyey, a unit to purify interferon and influenza vaccine;

• Biryza, an experiment to study the dynamics of physical and chemical processes in weightlessness;

• Gamma, a biomedical data recording system;

• an experiment to master techniques for clinical blood analysis in weightlessnes;

• an experiment to study the cardiovascular system;

• Kontrast, an experiment to study the frequency-contrast characteristics of the visual system of man;

• Fiton, an experiment to study the development of high order plants and of various biological specimens in weightlessness;

• Rost, a plant growth unit;

• Prognoz life sciences experiment;

• Lyulin experiment to test cosmonaut reaction time;

• Matra As de Coeur, a French echocardiograph;

• Viminal and Physalie vision and motor action experiments;

• Potential, an experiment to investigate the muscular and nervous systems;

• Stratokinetika, an experiment to investigate body movements in weightlessness;

• Son instrument, which recorded electrical signals from the cosmonauts during sleep;

• Dosug, an experiment that studied the effect of music, television and computer games on crew morale;

• Labirint, an experiment to investigate vestibular and visual systems;

• Inkubator-2 life sciences experiment;

• Altyn, an experiment to study the transfer of genetic materials between wheat strains;

• Maksat, an investigation of the genetic materials in cells;

• Orthostatism, a tissue and ectography experiment provided by France;

• Illusion, a French experiment to investigate the adaptation of the human sensory system to micro-gravity;

• Biodose, a French study of the long term effects of radiation on humans;

• Immunology, a French study of the adaptation of the human immune system;

• Synergies, a French experiment to investigate the vestibular system;

• Bio-Technology System (BTS), a US instrument which supported cell structure experiments;

• the US developed Human Life Sciences Skeletal Muscle Evaluation experiment;

• the Metabolic Gas Analyser System (MGAS), a US experiment to measure human gas exchange;

• the Belt Pack Amplifier System (BPAS), a US experiment to record muscle performance; 3. Earth resources

• Kate-140, a remote sensing camera;

• Sevor, a camera which took pictures at an angle;

• Terra-K, an instrument to observe and photograph the Earth's surface; 4. material processing

• Pion-M, a materials processing unit for the study of heat and mass transfer. Used in Vikhr experiments to study thermal capillary convection and Kolosok, to study the formation of aerosols and hydrosols in microgravity;

• Korund-1M, a materials processing facility;

• Kristallizator, a materials processing unit;

• Yantar, to study metal coatings by electron beam vaporisation;

• Svetablok, materials processing unit;

• EFU Robot, an electrophoresis experiment;

• Biostoykost, to study the possibility of using various polymer compounds as structural materials for new space instruments and equipment;

• Gallar, a materials research facility;

• Aynur, a biological crystal growth unit;

• Voal, a materials processing experiment to produce wolfram/aluminium alloys;

• Strukura experiment to produce various metal alloys;

• Kilmt-Rubidium experiment to make lightweight batteries from rubidium silver and iodine;

• Palmira experiment for growing crystals from water solutions;

• Kosylen experiment to study the influence of microgravity on the crystallisation of aluminium and nickel alloy;

• Afarmiya experiments to obtain single crystals of gallium antiomide;

• Krater-V, a facility to grow monocrystals of a high-temperature alloy;

• Danko, a materials exposure experiment placed on the outside of the Kvant-2 module;

• Optizon, a materials experiment to obtain germanium crystals;

• Microgravity Isolation Mount (MIM), a Canadian facility;

• Queen's University Experiment in Liquid Diffusion (QUELD), a Canadian experiment; 5. other

• Niva, television recording system;

• Doza-B, which involved radiation and biological sensors in various places of the space station to measure radiation exposure;

• Ercos, a French experiment to test large scale integrated circuits to space exposure;

• Kondor, an experiment to control radiation levels inside the space station; and

• Volna-2, an investigation of a fuel transfer system;

• Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) as described for STS-43 (1991 054A); and

• the Passive Accelerometer System (PAS) to measure minute residual gravity. Some researchers have seen the Mir space station as a precursor to the long duration Mars missions which were envisaged in the late eighties, however, as time passed by, the space station became a fully fledged orbital processing facility. The demise of the USSR and the ascendance of Russia as the inheritor of the USSR space programmes, gave rise to a dramatic change in crewed spaceflight. Whilst before there had been a space race between the two super powers and their respective supporting nations (with a rare lull during the Apollo Soyuz Test Project, as described for 1975 066A), both super powers were no in an economic situation in which cooperation was not just a political nicety but also a hard economic fact. For years the USA had struggled to device a space station, as related elsewhere, and more and more did it become evident that this was to become an international space station. The experience of the Russians in long duration crewed spaceflight was a welcome addition. From their part, the Russians needed financial support to keep the Mir programme going. Moreover, international cooperation in the form of the Space Shuttle, would also allow the Russians to retire the VKK programme, as described for 1998 100A, without undue embarresment. The scene for the international cooperation was set with the signing of an agreement that would lead to a series of Space Shuttle flights to the Mir space station. In addition to these dedicated flights, the USA continued the non-space station related series of STS flights. The first real evidence of this cooperation started on 6 February 1995 with the with the rendez vous of the STS-63 (1995 004A) flight undertaken by the orbiter Discovery, which flew around the space station at a distance of 10 m. The encounter lasted only 10 minutes and took place over the Pacific Ocean. Crewing To deal with the limited time that a Soyuz spacecraft could stay in orbit, a crewing pattern was adopted in which a permanent crew (EO) occupied the space station for an extended time whilst visiting crews ferried replacement Soyuz spacecraft to an from the space station. This pattern was later modified by the introduction of Space Shuttle flights to the space station whilst the transfer of crew members from one EO crew to the next EO crew, also occurred.

Details of the acitivites of each ndividual rew are given in the description of the individual missions.

Crew Crew members Arrived in Left in

EO-01 KIZIM, Leonid D Soyuz T-15 To Salyut-7 From Salyut-7 Soyuz T-15 EO-01 SOLOVYOV, Vladimir A Soyuz T-15 To Salyut-7 From Salyut-7 Soyuz T-15

EO-02 ROMANENKO, Yuri V Soyuz TM-2 Soyuz TM-3 EO-02 LAVEIKIN, Alexander I Soyuz TM-2 Soyuz TM-2 EO-02 ALEXANDROV, Alexander P Soyuz TM-3 Soyuz TM-3

EO-03 TITOV, Vladimir G Soyuz TM-4 Soyuz TM-6 EO-03 MANAROV, Musa K Soyuz TM-4 Soyuz TM-6 EO-03 POLYAKOV, Valeri V Soyuz TM-6 to EO-04 crew

EO-04 VOLKOV, Alexander A Soyuz TM-7 Soyuz TM-7 EO-04 KRIKALYOV, Sergei K Soyuz TM-7 Soyuz TM-7 EO-04 POLYAKOV, Valeri V from EO-3 crew Soyuz TM-7

EO-05 VIKTORENKO, Alexander S Soyuz TM-8 Soyuz TM-8 EO-05 SEREBROV, Alexander A Soyuz TM-8 Soyuz TM-8

EO-06 SOLOVYOV, Anatoli Y Soyuz TM-9 Soyuz TM-9 EO-06 BALANDIN, Alexander N Soyuz TM-9 Soyuz TM-9

EO-07 MANAKOV, Gennady M Soyuz TM-10 Soyuz TM-10 EO-07 STREKALOV, Gennady M Soyuz TM-10 Soyuz TM-10

EO-08 AFANASYEV, Viktor M Soyuz TM-11 Soyuz TM-11 EO-08 MANAROV, Musa K Soyuz TM-11 Soyuz TM-11

EO-09 ARTSEBARSKI, Anatoli P. Soyuz TM-12 Soyuz TM-12 EO-09 KRIKALYOV, Sergei K Soyuz TM-12 to EO-10 crew

EO-10 VOLKOV, Alexander A Soyuz TM-13 Soyuz TM-13 EO-10 KRIKALYOV, Sergei K from EO-9 crew Soyuz TM-13

EO-11 VIKTORENKO, Alexander S Soyuz TM-14 Soyuz TM-14 EO-11 KALERI, Alexander Y Soyuz TM-14 Soyuz TM-14

EO-12 SOLOVYOV, Anatoli Y Soyuz TM-15 Soyuz TM-15 EO-12 AVDEYEV, Sergei V Soyuz TM-15 Soyuz TM-15

EO-13 MANAKOV, Gennady M Soyuz TM-16 Soyuz TM-16 EO-13 POLISHCHUK, Alexander F Soyuz TM-16 Soyuz TM-16

EO-14 TSIBLIYEV, Vasili V Soyuz TM-17 Soyuz TM-17 EO-14 SEREBROV, Alexander A Soyuz TM-17 Soyuz TM-17

EO-15 AFANASYEV, Viktor M Soyuz TM-18 Soyuz TM-18 EO-15 POLYAKOV, Valeri V Soyuz TM-18 to EO-16 crew EO-15 USACHYOV, Yuri V Soyuz TM-18 Soyuz TM-18

EO-16 MALENCHENCKO, Yuri I Soyuz TM-19 Soyuz TM-19 EO-16 MUSABAYEV, Talgat A Soyuz TM-19 Soyuz TM-19 EO-16 POLYAKOV, Valeri V from EO-15 crew to EO-17 crew

EO-17 VIKTORENKO, Alexander S Soyuz TM-20 Soyuz TM-20 EO-17 KONDAKOVA, Elena Soyuz TM-20 Soyuz TM-20 EO-17 POLYAKOV, Valeri V from EO-16 crew Soyuz TM-20

EO-18 DEZHUROV, Vladimir N Soyuz TM-21 STS-71 EO-18 STREKALOV, Gennady M Soyuz TM-21 STS-71 EO-18 THAGARD, Norman E Soyuz TM-21 STS-71

EO-19 SOLOVYOV, Anatoli Y STS-71 Soyuz TM-21 EO-19 BUDARIN, Nikolai M STS-71 Soyuz TM-21

EO-20 GIDZENKO, Yuri P Soyuz TM-22 Soyuz TM-22 EO-20 REITER, Thomas Soyuz TM-22 Soyuz TM-22 EO-20 AVDEYEV, Sergei V Soyuz TM-22 Soyuz TM-22

EO-21 ONUFRIYENKO, Yuri I Soyuz TM-23 Soyuz TM-23 EO-21 USACHYOV, Yuri V Soyuz TM-23 Soyuz TM-23

EO-21 LUCID, Shannon W STS-76 to EO-22 crew

EO-22 KORZUN, Valeri G Soyuz TM-24 Soyuz TM-24 EO-22 KALERI, Alexander Y Soyuz TM-24 Soyuz TM-24 EO-22 LUCID, Shannon W from EO-21 crew STS-79 EO-22 BLAHA, John E STS-79 STS-81 EO-22 LINENGER, Jerry M STS-81 to EO-23 crew

EO-23 TSIBLIYEV, Vasili V Soyuz TM-25 Soyuz TM-25 EO-23 LAZUTKON, A I Soyuz TM-25 Soyuz TM-25 EO-23 LINENGER, Jerry M from EO-22 crew STS-84 EO-23 FOALE, C Michael STS-84 to EO-24 crew

EO-24 SOLOVYOV, Anatoli Y Soyuz TM-26 Soyuz TM-26 EO-24 VINIGRADOV, Pavel Soyuz TM-26 Soyuz TM-26 EO-24 FOALE, C Michael from EO-23 crew STS-86 EO-24 WOLF, David STS-86 STS-89 EO-24 THOMAS, Andrew STS-89 to EO-25 crew

EO-25 MUSABAYEV, Talgat A Soyuz TM-27 Soyuz TM-27 EO-25 BUDARIN, Nikolai M Soyuz TM-27 Soyuz TM-27 EO-25 THOMAS, Andrew from EO-24 crew STS-91

EO-26 PADALKA, Gennadi I. Soyuz TM-28 Soyuz TM-28 EO-26 AVDEYEV, Sergei V Soyuz TM-28 to EO-27 crew

EO-27 AFANASYEV, Viktor M Soyuz TM-29 Soyuz TM-29 EO-27 AVDEYEV, Sergei V from EO-26 crew Soyuz TM-29 EO-27 HIAGNERE, Jean Pierre Soyuz TM-29 Soyuz TM-29

EO-28 ZALATIN, Sergei Soyuz TM-30 Soyuz TM-30 EO-28 KALERI, Alexander Y Soyuz TM-30 Soyuz TM-30

The permanent configuration of the space station complex, as at early 2001, consisted of the Mir core module, Kvant-1 (1987 030A) attached to the rear port (Kvant-1 was also fitted with a rear port), Kvant-2 (1989 093A) on the upper port, Kristall (1990 048A) on the right port with the Shuttle Docking (SD) module fitted, Spektr (1995 024A) on the lower port and Priroda (1996 023A) on the left port. On 27 January 2001 Progress M1-5 (2001 003A) was attached to the space station to execute the de-orbit maneuvers consisting of three burns of the engine before the space station commenced to break up in the atmosphere and re-entered over the South Pacific Ocean on 23 March 2001. Mir had been in space for 5509 days, 7 hours, 59 minutes and made 86,330 orbits. Deployment dates: 19 February 1986 Mir launched 15 March 1986 Soyuz T-15 (1986 022A) docked at front port 21 March 1986 Progress-25 (1986 023A) docked at rear port 20 April 1986 Progress-25 undocked 26 April 1986 Progress-26 (1986 032A) docked at rear port 5 May 1986 Soyuz T-15 undocked for flight to Salyut-7 (1982 033A) 23 May 1986 Soyuz TM-1 (1986 035A) docked with front port 29 May 1986 Soyuz TM-1 undocked 22 June 1986 Progress-26 undocked 26 June 1986 Soyuz T-15 returned from Salyut-7 and docked at front port 16 July 1986 Soyuz T-15 undocked 18 January 1987 Progress-27 (1987 005A) docked at rear port 7 February 1987 Soyuz TM-2 (1987 013A) docked at front port 23 February 1987 Progress-27 undocked 5 March 1987 Progress-28 (1987 023A) docked at rear port 26 March 1987 Progress-28 undocked 9 April 1987 Kvant-1 (1987 030A) docked at rear port 23 April 1987 Progress-29 (1987 034A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 11 May 1987 Progress-29 undocked 21 May 1987 Progress-30 (1987 044A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port

19 June 1987 Progress-30 undocked 24 July 1987 Soyuz TM-3 (1987 063A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 30 July 1987 Soyuz TM-2 undocked 31 July 1987 Soyuz TM-3 moved to front port 5 August 1987 Progress-31 (1987 066A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 21 September 1987 Progress-31 undocked 26 September 1987 Progress-32 (1987 082A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 10 November 1987 Progress-32 undocked and re-docked again after 98 min. 17 November 1987 Progress-32 undocked 23 November 1987 Progress-33 (1987 094A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 19 December 1987 Progress-33 undocked 23 December 1987 Soyuz TM-4 (1987 104A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 29 December 1987 Soyuz TM-3 undocked 30 December 1987 Soyuz TM-4 moved to front port 23 January 1988 Progress-34 (1988 003A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 4 March 1988 Progress-34 undocked 25 March 1988 Progress-35 (1988 024A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 5 May 1988 Progress-35 undocked 15 May 1988 Progress-36 (1988 038A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 5 June 1988 Progress-36 undocked 9 June 1988 Soyuz TM-5 (1988 048A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 17 June 1988 Soyuz TM-4 undocked 18 June 1988 Soyuz TM-5 moved to front port 20 July 1988 Progress-37 (1988 061A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 12 August 1988 Progress-37 undocked 31 August 1988 Soyuz TM-6 (1988 075A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 6 September 1988 Soyuz TM-5 undocked 8 September 1988 Soyuz TM-6 moved to front port 12 September 1988 Progress-38 (1988 083A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 23 November 1988 Progress-38 undocked 28 November 1988 Soyuz TM-7 (1988 104A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 21 December 1988 Soyuz TM-6 undocked 21 December 1988 Soyuz TM-7 moved to front port 27 December 1988 Progress-39 (1988 114A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 7 February 1989 Progress-39 undocked 12 February 1989 Progress-40 (1989 008A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 3 March 1989 Progress-40 undocked 18 March 1989 Progress-41 (1989 023A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 21 April 1989 Progress-41 undocked 26 April 1989 Soyuz TM-7 undocked 25 August 1989 Progress M-1 (1989 066A) docked at front port 6 September 1989 Soyuz TM-8 (1989 071A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 1 December 1989 Progress M-1 undocked 6 December 1989 Kvant-2 (1989 093A) docked at front port 8 December 1989 Kvant-2 moved to upper port 12 December 1989 Soyuz TM-8 moved to front port 22 December 1989 Progress M-2 (1989 099A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 9 February 1990 Progress M-2 undocked 13 February 1990 Soyuz TM-9 (1990 014A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 19 February 1990 Soyuz TM-8 undocked 21 February 1990 Soyuz TM-9 moved to front port 3 March 1990 Progress M-3 (1990 020A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 27 April 1990 Progress M-3 undocked 7 May 1990 Progress-42 (1990 041A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 27 May 1990 Progress-42 undocked 28 May 1990 Soyuz TM-9 moved to Kvant-1 rear port

10 June 1990 Kristall (1990 048A) docked at front port 11 June 1990 Kristall moved to lower port 3 July 1990 Soyuz TM-9 moved to front port 3 August 1990 Soyuz TM-10 (1990 067A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 9 August 1990 Soyuz TM-9 undocked 17 August 1990 Progress M-4 (1990 072A) docked front port 17 September 1990 Progress M-4 undocked 29 September 1990 Progress M-5 (1990 085A) docked at front port 28 November 1990 Progress M-5 undocked 4 December 1990 Soyuz TM-11 (1990 107A) docked at front port 10 December 1990 Soyuz TM-10 undocked 16 January 1991 Progress M-6 (1991 002A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 15 March 1991 Progress M-6 undocked 26 March 1991 Soyuz TM-11 moved to Kvant-1 rear port 28 March 1991 Progress M-7 (1991 020A) docked at front port 6 May 1991 Progress M-7 undocked 20 May 1991 Soyuz TM-12 (1991 034A) docked front port 26 May 1991 Soyuz TM-11 undocked 28 May 1991 Soyuz TM-12 moved to Kvant-1 rear port 1 June 1991 Progress M-8 (1991 038A) docked at front port 16 August 1991 Progress M-8 undocked 23 August 1991 Progress M-9 (1991 057A) docked at front port 30 September 1991 Progress M-9 undocked 4 October 1991 Soyuz TM-13 (1991 069A) docked at front port 10 October 1991 Soyuz TM-12 undocked 15 October 1991 Soyuz TM-13 moved to Kvant-1 rear port 21 October 1991 Progress M-10 (1991 073A) docked at front port 20 January 1992 Progress M-10 undocked 27 January 1992 Progress M-11 (1992 004A) docked at front port 13 March 1992 Progress M-11 undocked 14 March 1992 Soyuz TM-13 moved to front port 19 March 1992 Soyuz TM-14 (1992 014A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 25 March 1992 Soyuz TM-14 undocked 21 April 1992 Progress M-12 (1992 022A) docked at front port 27 June 1992 Progress M-12 undocked 4 July 1992 Progress M-13 (1992 035A) docked at front port 24 July 1992 Progress M-13 undocked 29 July 1992 Soyuz TM-15 (1992 046A) docked at front port 9 August 1992 Soyuz TM-14 undocked 18 August 1992 Progress M-14 (1992 055A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 21 October 1992 Progress M-14 undocked 29 October 1992 Progress M-15 (1992 071A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 26 January 1993 Soyuz TM-16 (1993 005A) docked at Kristall port 1 February 1993 Soyuz TM-15 undocked 4 February 1993 Progress M-15 undocked 23 February 1993 Progress M-16 (1993 012A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 26 March 1993 Progress M-16 undocked and re-docked after 17 min 27 March 1993 Progress M-16 undocked 2 April 1993 Progress M-17 (1993 019A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 24 May 1993 Progress M-18 (1993 034A) docked at front port 3 July 1993 Progress M-18 undocked 3 July 1993 Soyuz TM-17 (1993 043A) docked at front port 22 July 1993 Soyuz TM-16 undocked 11 August 1993 Progress M-17 undocked 13 August 1993 Progress M-19 (1993 052A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 12 October 1993 Progress M-19 undocked

13 October 1993 Progress M-20 (1993 064A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 21 November 1993 Progress M-20 undocked 10 January 1994 Soyuz TM-18 (1994 001A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 14 January 1994 Soyuz TM-17 undocked 21 January 1994 Soyuz TM-18 moved to front port 30 January 1994 Progress M-21 (1994 005A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 23 March 1994 Progress M-21 undocked 24 March 1994 Progress M-22 (1994 019A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 23 May 1994 Progress M-22 undocked 24 May 1994 Progress M-23 (1994 031A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 2 July 1994 Progress M-23 undocked 3 July 1994 Soyuz TM-19 (1994 036A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 9 July 1994 Soyuz TM-18 undocked 2 September 1994 Progress M-24 (1994 052A) docked at front port 4 October 1994 Progress M-24 undocked 6 October 1994 Soyuz TM-20 (1994 063A) docked at front port 2 November 1994 Soyuz TM-19 undocked for 35 minutes and redocked at same port 4 November 1994 Soyuz TM-19 undocked 13 November 1994 Progress M-25 (1994 075A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 18 January 1995 Soyuz TM-20 undocked for 26 minutes and redocked at same port 6 February 1995 STS-63 (1995 004A) rendez-vous 16 February 1995 Progress M-25 undocked 17 February 1995 Progress M-26 (1995 005A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 15 March 1995 Progress M-26 undocked 16 March 1995 Soyuz TM-21 (1995 010A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 22 March 1995 Soyuz TM-20 undocked 11 April 1995 Progress M-27 (1995 020A) docked at front port 23 May 1995 Progress M-27 undocked 27 May 1995 Kristall moved from lower port to front port 30 May 1995 Kristall moved from front port to right port 1 June 1995 Spektr (1995 024A) docked at front port 2 June 1995 Spektr moved fron front port to lower port 18 June 1995 Kristall moved from right port to front port 29 June 1995 STS-71 (1995 030A) docked at outer Kristall port 3 July 1995 Soyuz TM-21 undocked for 44 minutes and redocked at same port 3 July 1995 STS-71 undocked 17 July 1995 Kristall moved from front port to right port 22 July 1995 Progress M-28 (1995 036A) docked at front port 4 September 1995 Progress M-28 undocked 5 September 1995 Soyuz TM-22 (1995 047A) docked at front port 11 September 1995 Soyuz TM-21 undocked 10 October 1995 Progress M-29 (1995 053A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 15 November 1995 STS-74 installs Shuttle Docking (SD) module on Kristall outer port 15 November 1995 STS-74 (1995 061A) docked at SD port 18 November 1995 STS-74 undocked 19 December 1995 Progress M-29 undocked 20 December 1995 Progress M-30 (1995 070A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 22 February 1996 Progress M-30 undocked 23 February 1996 Soyuz TM-23 (1996 011A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 29 February 1996 Soyuz TM-22 undocked 23 March 1996 STS-76 (1996 018A) docked at SD port 29 March 1996 STS-76 undocked 25 April 1996 Priroda (1996 023A) docked at front port 27 April 1996 Priroda moved to left port 7 May 1996 Progress M-31 (1996 028A) docked at front port 1 August 1996 Progress M-31 undocked

1 August 1996 Progress M-32 (1996 043A) docked at front port 18 August 1996 Progress M-32 undocked 19 August 1996 Soyuz TM-24 (1996 047A) docked with front port 2 September 1996 Soyuz TM-23 undocked 3 September 1996 Progress M-32 docked at Kvant-1 rear port 19 September 1996 STS-79 (1996 052A) docked with SD port 24 September 1996 STS-79 undocked 21 November 1996 Progress M-32 undocked 22 November 1996 Progress M-33 (1996 066A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 15 January 1997 STS-81 (1997 001A) docked at SD port 20 January 1997 STS-81 undocked 6 February 1997 Progress M-33 undocked 7 February 1997 Soyuz TM-24 moved to rear port 12 February 1997 Soyuz TM-25 (1997 003A) docked at front port 2 March 1997 Soyuz TM-24 undocked 8 April 1997 Progress M-34 (1997 014A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 17 May 1997 STS-84 (1997 023A) docked at SD port 22 May 1997 STS-84 undocked 24 June 1997 Progress M-34 undocked 7 July 1997 Progress M-35 (1997 033A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 6 August 1997 Progress M-35 undocked 7 August 1997 Soyuz TM-26 (1997 038A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 14 August 1997 Soyuz TM-25 undocked 15 August 1997 Soyuz TM-26 undocked and re-docked at front port 18 August 1997 Progress M-35 redocked at Kvant-1 rear port 27 September 1997 STS-86 (1997 055A) docked at SD port 3 October 1997 STS-86 undocked 7 October 1997 Progress M-35 undocked 8 October 1997 Progress M-36 (1997 058A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 17 December 1997 Progress M-36 undocked 22 December 1997 Progress M-37 (1997 081A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 24 January 1998 STS-89 (1998 003A) docked at SD port 29 January 1998 STS-89 undocked 30 January 1998 Progress M-37 undocked 31 January 1998 Soyuz TM-27 (1998 004A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 19 February 1998 Soyuz TM-26 undocked 20 February 1998 Soyuz TM-27 moved to front port 23 February 1998 Progress M-37 redocked at Kvant-1 rear port 15 March 1998 Progress M-37 undocked 15 March 1998 Progress M-38 (1998 015A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 15 May 1998 Progress M-38 undocked 16 May 1998 Progress M-39 (1998 031A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 4 June 1998 STS-91 (1998 034A) docked at SD port 8 June 1998 STS-91 undocked 12 August 1998 Progress M-39 undocked 15 August 1998 Soyuz TM-28 (1998 047A) docked at Kvant1 rear port 25 August 1998 Soyuz TM-27 undocked 27 August 1998 Soyuz TM-28 moved to front port 29 August 1998 Progress M-39 redocked at Kvant-1 rear port 25 October 1998 Progress M-39 undocked 27 October 1998 Progress M-40 (1998 062A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 4 February 1999 Progress M-40 undocked 8 February 1999 Soyuz TM-28 moved to rear port 22 February 1999 Soyuz TM-29 (1999 007A) docked at front port 27 February 1999 Soyuz TM-28 undocked 4 April 1999 Progress M-41 (1999 015A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port

17 July 1999 Progress M-41 undocked 18 July 1999 Progress M-42 (1999 038A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 28 August 1999 Soyuz TM-29 undocked 2 February 2000 Progress M-42 undocked 3 February 2000 Progress M1-1 (2000 005A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 6 April 2000 Soyuz TM-30 (2000 018A) docked at front port 26 April 2000 Progress M1-1 undocked 28 April 2000 Progress M1-2 (2000 021A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 16 June 2000 Soyux TM-30 undocked 15 October 2000 Progress M1-2 undocked 20 October 2000 Progress M-43 (2000 064A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 25 January 2001 Progress M-43 undocked 27 January 2001 Progress M1-5 (2001 003A) docked at Kvant-1 rear port 23 March 2001 Mir, Kvant-1, Kvant-2, Kristall, Spektr, Priroda and Progress M1-5 re-entered

Mir re-entry (Associated Press)

1986 017DV (21425) Name: Mak-1 Country: USSR Launch date: 17 June 1991 Re-entry: 18 October 1991 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: ---

Orbit: 383 x 393 km, inclination: 51.6° The Mak-1 was a small satellite for the study of the upper atmospheric plasma. It was brought up to the Mir station (1986 017A) on board of Progress M-7 (1991 020A) and ejected from the disposal hatch of Mir. The antenna failed to deploy. It had a mass of 16 kg.

1986 017FJ (21661) Name: NG Country: USSR Launch date: 30 May 1991 Re-entry: 29 August 1991 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: ---

Orbit: 188 x 199 km, inclination: 51.6° The Naduvaniy Gazovoy (NG) was a balloon sub-satellite which was ejected from the disposal hatch of Mir (1986 017A).

1986 017GX (22225) Name: Mak-2 Country: USSR Launch date: 20 November 1992 Re-entry: 1 April 1993 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: ---

Orbit: 393 x 398 km, inclination: 51.6° The Mak-2 was a small satellite similar to Mak-1 (1986 017DV), brought up to the Mir station (1986 017A) on board of Progress M-15 (1992 071A) and ejected from the disposal hatch of Mir. It had a mass of 16.5 kg. A third satellite in the series, Mak-3, was cancelled.

1986 017JE (23558) Name: GFZ-1 Country: Germany Launch date: 19 April 1995 Re-entry: 23 June 1999 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: ---


Geoforschungs Zentrum (GFZ)-1 was a 20 kg geodetic satellite fitted with 60 reflectors. It was brought up to the Mir space station (1986 017A) on board of Progress M-27 (1995 020A) and ejected from the disposal hatch of Mir.

1986 018A (16611) Name: Kosmos-1733 Country: USSR Launch date: 19 February 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1986 019A (16613) Name: SPOT-1 Country: France Launch date: 22 February 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 1


The Satellite Pour Observation de la Terre (SPOT), developed by the French space agency CNES and operated by Spotimage, was used by nations throughout the world in the evaluation and study of Earth resources. SPOT, which had a mass of 1830 kg, was equipped with two identical High Resolution Visible (HRV) imaging

instruments which operated in the 0.50 to 0.59 µm, 0.612 to 0.68 µm, 0.79 to 0.89 µm bands in a colour mode

and the 0.51 to 0.73 µm band in a black/wide mode. The mirror of the instrument was steerable and could be

aimed at a range of +/- 27° from the vertical, allowing the ground swath width to be extended to 475 km to

either side of the groundtrack. Because of the curvature of the Earth the real angle of viewing became 33° from the vertical. Having two cameras, the images, with a resolution of 10 m, could be made in stereo pairs.

1986 019B (16614) Name: Viking Country: Sweden Launch date: 22 February 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 1


The 538 kg Viking satellite performed advanced magnetospheric and auroral research and investigated the interactions between the hot and cold collisionless plasma along the auroral zone magnetic field lines. The instruments consisted of: 1. an ultraviolet auroral imager to determine sub-storms activity levels in the magnetosphere and obtain

imagery showing auroral electron energy patterns in the Earth's ionosphere; 2. a high value wave experiment to measure plasma properties; 3. a vector electric field experiment to measure electric fields; 4. a low-frequency wave experiment to measure plasma properties; 5. a hot plasma experiment to measure particle acceleration by the magnetic field; 6. a magnetic field experiment to measure the currents of the magnetic field.

1986 020A (16618) Name: Kosmos-1734 Country: USSR Launch date: 26 February 1986 Re-entry: 26 April 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 021A (16620) Name: Kosmos-1735 Country: USSR Launch date: 27 February 1986 Re-entry: 17 November 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2

Orbit: 406 x 416 km, inclination: 65.0° US-P military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with electronic equipment as described for 1974 103A.

1986 022A (16643) Name: Soyuz T-15 Country: USSR Launch date: 13 March 1986 Re-entry: 16 July 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 239 x 289 km, inclination: 51.6° Crewed spaceflight with cosmonauts L. Kizim (Cmdr.) and V. Solovyov (Fl. Eng.) using a Soyuz T spacecraft as described for 1979 103A. Their call sign was Mayak and they were the first permanent crew of the Mir space station, designated as Ekspeditsiya Osnovnaya (EO)-01. The back-up crew consisted of A. Viktorenko and A. Alexandrov. The purpose of this flight was to prepare the Mir space station for operations and to complete the Salyut-7 programme which had been interrupted and left uncompleted due to the events that took place in the latter part of 1985 as described for 1985 081A. On 15 March 1986 the spacecraft docked with the front port of the Mir space station (1986 017A). Since the docking facility of the Soyuz T spacecraft was not compatible with the Kurs system used by the Mir front port, the docking had to be made manually. After the cosmonauts had activated the space station and had conducted several experiments, they undocked from Mir on 5 May 1986 and set course to intercept the Salyut-7 space station (1982 033A). Soyuz T-15 docked with Salyut-7's front port on 6 May 1986. On 28 May 1986 the cosmonauts conducted and EVA of 3 hours, 50 minutes during which they erected the 15 m long URS beam which originally would have been erected by the Soyuz T-14 (1985 081A) crew. They also made a 5 hours, 2 minutes EVA on 31 May 1986 when they recovered some experiments from the outer hull of the space station. On 25 June 1986 they undocked to return to the Mir space station with which they docked again at the front port on 26 June 1986. They had taken 500 kg of materials from the Salyut-7 including the EFU Robot, PSN, Niva, Kate-140 and Pion-M experiments which they installed in the Mir space station. They finally departed from the Mir space station on 16 July 1986 and landed 55 km northeast of Arkalyk after a flight of 125 days, 0 hours, 1 minute.

1986 023A (16645) Name: Progress-25 Country: USSR Launch date: 19 March 1986 Re-entry: 21 April 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 227 x 295 km, inclination: 51.6° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1978 008A. The spacecraft docked with the rear port of the Mir space station (1986 017A). It provided supplies for 20 days including several tools and equipment. In addition Progress-25 was used to boost the orbit of the space station. The spacecraft undocked again on 20 April 1986.

1986 024A (16647) Name: Kosmos-1736 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 March 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2

Orbit: 250 x 264 km, inclination: 65.0° US-A military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with radar equipment as described for 1967 127A. The satellite

was boosted into an orbit of 925 x 1012 km with an inclination of 65.9° on 21 June 1986.

1986 025A (16648) Name: Kosmos-1737 Country: USSR Launch date: 25 March 1986 Re-entry: 3 December 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2

Orbit: 213 x 437 km, inclination: 73.3° US-P military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with electronic equipment as described for 1974 103A.

--- Name: --- Country: USSR Launch date: 26 March 1986 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U Orbit: failed to orbit Zenit 8 military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1984 058A which failed to orbit.

1986 026A (16649) Name: G Star-2 Country: USA Launch date: 28 March 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 3

Orbit: geostationary at 105°W Communications satellite as described for 1985 035A.

1986 026B (16650) Name: Brasilsat-2 Country: Brazil Launch date: 28 March 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 3

Orbit: geostationary at 70°W Communications satellite as described for 1985 015B.

1986 027A (16667) Name: Kosmos-1738 Country: USSR Launch date: 4 April 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM

Orbit: geostationary at 14°W

Potok data relay satellite as described for 1982 044A. The satellite was later moved to 80°E.

1986 028A (16677) Name: Kosmos-1739 Country: USSR Launch date: 9 April 1986 Re-entry: 7 June 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 029A (16679) Name: Kosmos-1740 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 April 1986 Re-entry: 28 April 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 030A (16681) Name: Kosmos-1741 Country: USSR Launch date: 17 April 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 782 x 811 km, inclination: 74.0° Strela 2 military communications satellite as described for 1965 112A.

--- Name: KH 9-20 Country: USA Launch date: 18 April 1986 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Titan 34D Orbit: failed to orbit Military reconnaissance satellite as described for 1971 056A. Also known as Ops-4674 and mission 1221, the launch vehicle exploded. It also carried the RADC-801 Ducted Ionosphere experiment to make direct measurements of the HF radio propagation in elevated ionospeheric ducts. It was also known as S86-1. It has been suggested that it also carried a Hitchiker satellite as described for 1963 025B.

1986 031A (16683) Name: Molniya 3-28 Country: USSR Launch date: 18 April 1986 Re-entry: 25 February 1999 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M

Orbit: 621 x 40647 km, inclination: 62.8° Communications satellite as described for 1974 092A.

1986 032A (16687) Name: Progress-26 Country: USSR Launch date: 23 April 1986 Re-entry: 23 June 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2

Orbit: 204 x 264 km, inclination: 51.6° Cargo transfer spacecraft as described for 1978 008A. The spacecraft docked with the rear port of the Mir space station (1986 017A) on 26 April 1986 after having performed extensive orbit adjustments. Progress-26 was then used to alter the orbit of Mir in preparation for the Soyuz T-15 (1986 022A) flight to the Salyut-7 space station (1982 033A). The spacecraft undocked on 23 June 1986.

--- Name: GOES-G Country: USA Launch date: 3 May 1986 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 3914 Orbit: failed to orbit Meteorological satellite as described for 1975 100A. It was built by Hughes as type HS-371.

The launch vehicle exploded 91 seconds after the launch. The intended geostationary orbit was at 135°W.

1986 033A (16717) Name: Kosmos-1742 Country: USSR Launch date: 14 May 1986 Re-entry: 28 May 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 034A (16719) Name: Kosmos-1743 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 May 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1986 035A (16722) Name: Soyuz TM-1 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 May 1986 Re-entry: 30 May 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U2


The Soyuz TM-1 was an automated flight to test the new Soyuz TM (Transportnyy Modifitsirovannyi) spacecraft. The Soyuz TM was based on the Soyuz T as described for 1979 103A but incorporated the new Kurs docking system. It had also an increased payload capacity through the use of new parachutes and, in combination with new pressure suits for the cosmonauts, three crew members could now be carried. The spacecraft's communications system was made compatible with the Luchs tracking and data relay system and separate voice channels were provided for each of the cosmonauts. It was also known as article 11F732. The spacecraft had a length of 6.98 m and a diameter of 2.72 m with a solar panel span of 10.60 m. The mass was 7070 kg. In spite of the modifications, the Soyuz TM retained the 7K-ST designation of the Soyuz T. Soyuz TM-1 docked with the front port of the Mir space station (1986 017A) and remained attached until 29 May 1986 following which it was recovered.

1986 036A (16724) Name: Kosmos-1744 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 May 1986 Re-entry: 4 June 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 219 x 373 km, inclination: 62.8° Materials processing satellite in the Foton series as described for 1988 031A. Later also referred to as Foton-2.

1986 037A (16727) Name: Kosmos-1745 Country: USSR Launch date: 23 May 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 038A (16729) Name: Ekran-15 Country: USSR Launch date: 24 May 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM

Orbit: geostationary at 99°E Communications satellite as described for 1976 107A.

1986 039A (16735) Name: Meteor 2-14 Country: USSR Launch date: 27 May 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 941 x 960 km, inclination: 82.5° Meteorological satellite as described for 1975 064A.

1986 040A (16737) Name: Kosmos-1746 Country: USSR Launch date: 28 May 1986 Re-entry: 11 June 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 180 x 280 km, inclination: 82.4° Resurs F Earth resources satellite as described for 1979 080A.

1986 041A (16745) Name: Kosmos-1747 Country: USSR Launch date: 29 May 1986 Re-entry: 12 June 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


--- Name: Intelsat 5-F14 Int. Agency: Intelsat Launch date: 30 May 1986 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Kourou Launch vehicle: Ariane 2 Orbit: failed to orbit Communications satellite as described for 1980 098A. The failure of the third stage of the launch vehicle prevented orbit attainment.

1986 042A (16758) Name: Kosmos-1748 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 June 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 042B (16759) Name: Kosmos-1749 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 June 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 042C (16760) Name: Kosmos-1750 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 June 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 042D (16761) Name: Kosmos-1751 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 June 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 042E (16762) Name: Kosmos-1752 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 June 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 042F (16763) Name: Kosmos-1753 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 June 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 042G (16764) Name: Kosmos-1754 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 June 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 042H (16765) Name: Kosmos-1755 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 June 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 043A (16767) Name: Kosmos-1756 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 June 1986 Re-entry: 4 August 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 044A (16769) Name: Gorizont-12 Country: USSR Launch date: 10 June 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM


1986 045A (16772) Name: Kosmos-1757 Country: USSR Launch date: 11 June 1986 Re-entry: 25 June 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 046A (16791) Name: Kosmos-1758 Country: USSR Launch date: 12 June 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1986 047A (16798) Name: Kosmos-1759 Country: USSR Launch date: 18 June 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 048A (16800) Name: Kosmos-1760 Country: USSR Launch date: 19 June 1986 Re-entry: 3 July 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 049A (16802) Name: Molniya 3-29 Country: USSR Launch date: 19 June 1986 Re-entry: 10 November 1996 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1986 050A (16849) Name: Kosmos-1761 Country: USSR Launch date: 5 July 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1986 051A (16855) Name: Kosmos-1762 Country: USSR Launch date: 10 July 1986 Re-entry: 24 July 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 052A (16860) Name: Kosmos-1763 Country: USSR Launch date: 16 July 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 053A (16861) Name: Kosmos-1764 Country: USSR Launch date: 17 July 1986 Re-entry: 11 September 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 054A (16874) Name: Kosmos-1765 Country: USSR Launch date: 24 July 1986 Re-entry: 7 August 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 055A (16881) Name: Kosmos-1766 Country: USSR Launch date: 28 July 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


Okean O1 oceanographic satellite based on the Okean OE satellite as described for 1983 099A.

1986 056A (16883) Name: Kosmos-1767 Country: USSR Launch date: 30 July 1986 Re-entry: 16 August 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2


Technology satellite associated with a launch test of the Zenit 2 launch vehicle. It carried a EPN 03.0695 mock-up of the Tselina-2 satellite as described for as described for 1984 106A. The radar cross section indicated Kosmos-1767 to be a large satellite and initially it was thought this satellite carried a chemical laser based anti-satellite weapon.

1986 057A (16885) Name: Molniya 1-67 Country: USSR Launch date: 30 July 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1986 058A (16890) Name: Kosmos-1768 Country: USSR Launch date: 2 August 1986 Re-entry: 16 August 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 059A (16895) Name: Kosmos-1769 Country: USSR Launch date: 4 August 1986 Re-entry: 18 February 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2

Orbit: 429 x 444 km, inclination: 65.0° US-P military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with electronic equipment as described for 1974 103A. The satellite was fragmented on 21 September 1987.

1986 060A (16897) Name: Kosmos-1770 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 August 1986 Re-entry: 2 February 1987 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 061A (16908) Name: Ajisai Country: Japan Launch date: 12 August 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Tanegashima Launch vehicle: H 1


Also known as the Experimental Geodetic Satellite (EGS), the objectives were to improve the accuracy of the geodetic triangulation network and to determine accurately the locations of Japan's remote islands. The 685 kg satellite was a 2.15 m diameter globe covered by 350 small mirrors which reflected both sunlight and lasers, forming a passive target.

1986 061B (16909) Name: Oscar-12 Country: Japan Launch date: 12 August 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Tanegashima Launch vehicle: H 1


Oscar-12, also known as the Japanese Amateur Satellite (JAS)-1, FO-12 or Fuji-1, was built in Japan and was the first satellite in the next phase of Oscar satellites, referred to as the Synchronous Amateur Radio Transponder (Syncart). The 50 kg satellite conducted analog and digital communications in the 435/145 MHz band using four separate channels. Received messages were stored on board of the satellite until retrieved by users as the satellite passed over them. The satellite remained in service until 5 November 1989.

1986 061C (16910) Name: MABES Country: Japan Launch date: 12 August 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Tanegashima Launch vehicle: H 1


The Magnetic Bearing Flywheel Experimental System (MABES), also known as Jindai, was a 295 kg experiment that remained attached to the second stage of the launch vehicle, as intended. The payload, which included a transmitter, measured the levitating, oscillating and rotating characteristics of a magnetic bearing flywheel under weightlessness condition.

1986 062A (16917) Name: Kosmos-1771 Country: USSR Launch date: 20 August 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 2

Orbit: 251 x 263 km, inclination: 65.0° US-A military ocean surveillance satellite fitted with radar equipment as described for 1967 127A. The satellite

was boosted into an orbit of 915 x 999 km with an inclination of 65.0° on 15 October 1986.

1986 063A (16918) Name: Kosmos-1772 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 August 1986 Re-entry: 3 September 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 064A (16920) Name: Kosmos-1773 Country: USSR Launch date: 27 August 1986 Re-entry: 21 October 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 065A (16922) Name: Kosmos-1774 Country: USSR Launch date: 28 August 1986 Re-entry: 2 November 2010 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1986 066A (16926) Name: Kosmos-1775 Country: USSR Launch date: 3 September 1986 Re-entry: 17 September 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 067A (16928) Name: Kosmos-1776 Country: USSR Launch date: 3 September 1986 Re-entry: 15 December 1989 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 474 x 516 km, inclination: 74.0° Taifun 2 minor military satellite as described for 1976 037A. The satellite released 28 Romb sub-satellites.

1986 068A (16934) Name: Molniya 1-68 Country: USSR Launch date: 5 September 1986 Re-entry: 20 June 2000 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1986 069A (16937) Name: USA-19 Country: USA Launch date: 5 September 1986 Re-entry: 28 September 1986 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 3920


USA-19, which did not receive another name, was a Strategic Defence Initiative satellite to provide information which would aid in the design of a space based kinetic kill vehicle and other systems. It carried 42 sensors for the detection of ICBM exhaust plumes as well as a radar mounted on a large mast. The satellite consisted of the third stage of the launch vehicle and moved towards an impact with the second stage (1986 069B), both vehicles using their engines to maneuver. USA-19 eventually changed its orbit to

211 x 747 km with an inclination of 39.1°. After three hours, the collision between the two vehicles took place and USA-19 was destroyed. The largest fragment re-entered on 28 September 1986. Before then the satellite had tracked the exhausts of a series of sounding rockets in tests which involved six aircraft, 38 radar sites and 31 communications satellites.

1986 069B (16938) Name: --- Country: USA Launch date: 5 September 1986 Re-entry: 25 November 1986 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Delta 3920


This spacecraft was the second stage of the launch vehicle which was used as a target for a collision with USA-19 (1986 069A) which took place after three hours of flight. It carried four aft facing sensors, two imaging television cameras, a Maverick infrared imaging system to measure the characteristics of USA-19 against various backgrounds, as well as a laser radar system.

1986 070A (16952) Name: Kosmos-1777 Country: USSR Launch date: 10 September 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 071A (16961) Name: Kosmos-1778 Country: USSR Launch date: 16 September 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2

Orbit: 19082 x 19143 km, inclination: 64.8° Glonass navigational satellite as described for 1982 100A.

1986 071B (16962) Name: Kosmos-1779 Country: USSR Launch date: 16 September 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1986 071C (16963) Name: Kosmos-1780 Country: USSR Launch date: 16 September 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM-2


1986 072A (16966) Name: Kosmos-1781 Country: USSR Launch date: 17 September 1986 Re-entry: 1 October 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 073A (16969) Name: NOAA-10 Country: USA Launch date: 17 September 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Atlas E

Orbit: 808 x 826 km, inclination: 98.8° Meteorological satellite as described for 1979 057A. It included the Sarsat-3 transponder.

1986 074A (16986) Name: Kosmos-1782 Country: USSR Launch date: 30 September 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3


1986 075A (16993) Name: Kosmos-1783 Country: USSR Launch date: 3 October 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M

Orbit: 598 x 20057 km, inclination: 62.8° Oko military early warning satellite as described for 1972 072A. The satellite failed to achieve the correct orbit.

1986 076A (17001) Name: FSW 0-8 Country: China Launch date: 6 October 1986 Re-entry: 23 October 1986 Launch site: Jiuquan Launch vehicle: CZ 2C

Orbit: 172 x 387 km, inclination: 57.0° Recoverable satellite as described for 1975 111A. It was also known as Jian Bing 1-8. The capsule was recovered on 11 October 1986.

1986 077A (17003) Name: Kosmos-1784 Country: USSR Launch date: 6 October 1986 Re-entry: 11 November 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U

Orbit: 211 x 281 km, inclination: 64.8° Siluet mapping satellite as described for 1981 015A.

1986 078A (17031) Name: Kosmos-1785 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 October 1986 Re-entry: 28 February 2002 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


--- Name: --- Country: USSR Launch date: 15 October 1986 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3 Orbit: failed to orbit Six Strela 3 military communications satellite as described for 1985 003A, which failed to orbit.

1986 079A (17038) Name: Molniya 3-30 Country: USSR Launch date: 20 October 1986 Re-entry: 15 October 1999 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1986 080A (17042) Name: Kosmos-1786 Country: USSR Launch date: 22 October 1986 Re-entry: 6 March 1988 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Zenit 2


Yug minor military satellite as described for 1979 100A. It has also been referred to as Koltso and 17F115.

1986 081A (17044) Name: Kosmos-1787 Country: USSR Launch date: 22 October 1986 Re-entry: 4 November 1987 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 082A (17046) Name: Raduga-19 Country: USSR Launch date: 25 October 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM

Orbit: geostationary at 45°E Communications satellite as described for 1975 123A. In September 1993 the satellite was taken out of geostationary orbit.

1986 083A (17050) Name: Kosmos-1788 Country: USSR Launch date: 27 October 1986 Re-entry: 21 January 1991 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 468 x 517 km, inclination: 65.8° Vektor minor military satellite as described for 1974 044A.

1986 084A (17054) Name: Kosmos-1789 Country: USSR Launch date: 31 October 1986 Re-entry: 14 November 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 085A (17056) Name: Kosmos-1790 Country: USSR Launch date: 4 November 1986 Re-entry: 18 November 1986 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 086A (17066) Name: Kosmos-1791 Country: USSR Launch date: 13 November 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M

Orbit: 953 x 1014 km, inclination: 82.9° Tsikada civilian navigational satellite as described for 1976 122A.

1986 087A (17068) Name: Kosmos-1792 Country: USSR Launch date: 13 November 1986 Re-entry: 5 January 1987 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 088A (17070) Name: Polar Bear Country: USA Launch date: 14 November 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Vandenberg Launch vehicle: Scout G-1

Orbit: 963 x 1019 km, inclination: 89.6° The Polar Beacon Experiment and Auroral Research (Polar Bear) satellite was a 125 kg satellite, which used the NNSS-30170 satellite as described for 1964 063B, previously on display in the National Air and Space Museum. Polar Bear, which was sponsored by the US Air Force and was also known as P-87A, studied the interference on space communications caused by solar flares and increased solar activity. The payload incorporated an ultraviolet imaging spectrometer (AFGL-401) to make images of the aurorae, a beacon experiment (DNA-301) and a magnetometer. It photographed the northern lights and sampled electrical particles and the Earth's magnetic field over the polar regions.

1986 089A (17078) Name: Molniya 1-69 Country: USSR Launch date: 15 November 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1986 090A (17083) Name: Gorizont-13 Country: USSR Launch date: 18 November 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K/DM


1986 091A (17134) Name: Kosmos-1793 Country: USSR Launch date: 20 November 1986 Re-entry: 15 May 2011 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 092B (17139) Name: Kosmos-1795 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 November 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 092C (17140) Name: Kosmos-1796 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 November 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 092D (17141) Name: Kosmos-1797 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 November 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 092E (17142) Name: Kosmos-1798 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 November 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 092F (17143) Name: Kosmos-1799 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 November 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 092G (17144) Name: Kosmos-1800 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 November 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


1986 092H (17145) Name: Kosmos-1801 Country: USSR Launch date: 21 November 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M


--- Name: --- Country: USSR Launch date: 29 November 1986 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Proton K Orbit: failed to orbit Almaz Earth resources satellite as described for 1987 064A and 1973 017A. The satellite failed to orbit due to the failure of the first and the second stage to separate.

1986 094A (17177) Name: Kosmos-1803 Country: USSR Launch date: 2 December 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Tsyklon 3

Orbit: 1498 x 1503 km, inclination: 82.6° Musson geodetic satellite as described for 1981 098A.

1986 095A (17179) Name: Kosmos-1804 Country: USSR Launch date: 4 December 1986 Re-entry: 18 December 1986 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 096A (17181) Name: Fltsatcom-7 Country: USA Launch date: 5 December 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Atlas Centaur D1AR

Orbit: geostationary at 105°W Military communications satellite as described for 1978 016A. The satellite, which was also known as USA-20, also carried an EHF package to test equipment for the proposed Milstar system.

1986 098A (17213) Name: Kosmos-1806 Country: USSR Launch date: 12 December 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


1986 099A (17217) Name: Kosmos-1807 Country: USSR Launch date: 16 December 1986 Re-entry: 23 January 1987 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 100A (17239) Name: Kosmos-1808 Country: USSR Launch date: 17 December 1986 Re-entry: in orbit Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3M



Orbit: 945 x 966 km, inclination: 82.5° Scientific satellite using the AUOS-Z platform as described for 1976 065A. It carried a USSR/Polish instrument to study the wave propagation in the ionosphere, the effect of ground radio transmitters on the ionosphere and the nature of electromagnetic infrared radiation caused by the orbiting spacecraft. The satellite, which was also known as AUOS-Z-I-E, had a mass of app. 700 kg. The observation programme was concluded on 3 February 1988

--- Name: Bor-5 (flight 4) Country: USSR Launch date: 25 December 1986 Re-entry: 25 December 1986 Launch site: Kapustin Yar Launch vehicle: Kosmos 3MP Orbit: sub-orbital to 130 km Sub-orbital flight of a 1/8th scale model of the Buran shuttle craft as described for 1988 100A. The flight was similar as that one flown on 4 July 1983.

1986 102A (17262) Name: Kosmos-1810 Country: USSR Launch date: 26 December 1986 Re-entry: 11 September 1987 Launch site: Baikonour Launch vehicle: Soyuz U


1986 103A (17264) Name: Molniya 1-70 Country: USSR Launch date: 26 December 1986 Re-entry: 1 February 2006 Launch site: Plesetsk Launch vehicle: Molniya M


world spacecraft digest by jos heyman 1986 version: 21 ... · the goddard space flight centre and...

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