ZOROASTRIANISM

been influenced here by personal discussions andinterviews with Professor Michael Sinunons) main­tain that there is no historical basis for this conclusion.They posit that the antiquity of the Gatha hymns,authc:>red by Zarathustra, and the structure of theirlanguage argue for an earlier date. In addition, theypoint out that the society pictured by these earliestZoroastrian writings is pastoral and unsophisticated,not organized and settled as was the case in the latertimes of Cyrus the Great.

6. Boyce, Zoroastrians, 46, 48.

7. Ali A. Jafarey, The Passing Away ifAsho Zarathustra: A'll'eatise Based on Available Sources in Avesta, Pahlavi,Arabic, and Persian SCriptlires (Teheran: n.p., 1980), 4.

8. James Darmesteter. trans., in E Max Muller, ed., TheSacred Books cif the East, 50 vols. (1879-19ro; reprint,New Delhi, India: n.p., 1965), 47:153; Robert ErnestHume, The World's Living Religions , rev. ed.(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1959), 202.

9· Boyce, Zoroastrians, 19.

ro. Ibid., 31; Hume, World's Living Religions, 203-6.

II. Jafarey, Passing Away,S.

12. Boyce, Zoroastrians, 19-20.

13. The translations of the Zoroastrian scriptures usedherein are those of S. Insler, in The Gathas cif Zarathus­tra, vol. I of Textes et memoires, 3d series of Actafranim: EncyclopMie permanente des etudes iraniennes .(Teheran: Bibliotheque PaWavi, 1975).

14. Boyce, Zoroastrians, 22-23.

15. Mary Boyce, A Persian Stronghold of Zoroastrianism(Oxford, Engl.: At the Clarendon Press, 1977), 61.

16. Boyce, Zoroastrians, 20.

17. IIya Gershevitch, "Zoroaster's Own Contribution,"Journal of Near Eastern Studies 23, no. I (January1964): 12.

18. Boyce, Zoroastrians, 30.

19· Zaehner, Teachings cif the Magi, 77.

20. This section is based primarily upon Jal DasturCursetji Pavry, The Zoroastrian Doctrine of a FutureLife: From Death to the Individual Judgment, 2d ed.,Columbia University Indo-Iranian Series, vol. II

(New York: AMS Press, 1965).

161

21. Ibid., 9.

22. Pavry, Zoroastrian Doctrine, 56.

23· Comments here on marriage are based on John RHinnells, Zoroastrianism and the Pam's (London: WardLock Educational, 1981),44-48.

24. Firoze M. Kotwal and James W Boyd, eds. and trans.,A Guide to the Zoroastrian Religion: A Nineteenth-CenturyCatechism with Modern Commentary (Chico, Calif.:Scholars Press, 1982), 127. For more on the many re­strictions and taboos associated with marriage, child­birth, widowhood, and remarriage, see 125- 37.

25. In preparing this section I have generally drawn uponPhillip Lopate's article, "Zoroaster in the NewWorld," New }Crk Times Magazine, October 19, 1986,pp. 82-85, 100-101.

26. Ibid., 84.

27. Ellis'T. Rasmussen, "Zoroastrianism," Ensign, Novem­ber 1971, 37.

28. James Whitehurst, "The Zoroastrian Connection:Mormon Theology's Persian Roots" (paper deliveredat the annual Sunstone Conference, Salt Lake City,1987; typescript in the possession of Spencer J.Palmer), 15.

29. See Hume, World's Living Religions, 199.

30. Rasmussen, "Zoroastrianism," 38.

31. Hume, World's Living Religions, 199-.400.

32. Ibid., 200; Lewis M. Hopfe, Religions of the World, 6thed. (New York: Macmillan College Publishing,1994),259.

33. Rasmussen, "Zoroastrianism," 37.

34· Robert C. Zaehner, ZurlJan: A Zoroastrian Dilemma(Oxford, Engl.: Oxford University Press, 1955), 132.

35· Whitehurst, "Zoroastrian Connection," 4. See alsoBoyce, Zoroastrians, 31-32; Jacques Duchesne­Guillernin, Symbols and lIalues in Zoroastrianism: TheirSurvival and Renewal (New York: Harper and Row,Harper Torch Books, 1970), 50.

36. Whitehurst, "Zoroastrian Connection," 18n.

37. Ibid., 5·

38. Zaehner, Teachings if the Magi, 99.

39· Duchesne-Guillernin, Symbols and Ullues, 139.