Piping Coordination Systems – REFERENCE POINTS -

Foreword - Location is Relative -An object's location is always given relative to another reference object.For example, the location of a Heat Exchanger may be described as five blocks from the General Service Building. To be more specific, the Heat Exchanger is four blocks east and three blocks south of the General Service Building. With this illustration, a direction and a distance from the General Service Building has been established.Several things are assumed to be known, the place to begin (General Service Building), and understanding of east and south (reference directions), and the length of a block (unit of displacement). Without consensus on these things, communication of the location of a Process Plant becomes unclear.

Reference Points

Before beginning with making drawings for a new process plant or building, there must be determine where the new building in the area will take his place. A coordination system, which refers to an officially recognized point therefore is necessary.

In the Netherlands, for example, are thousands of official reference points, distributed across the country ...search on the Internet on geographic coordinate conversion, triangulation stations, benchmarks, geography or

topography. You'll find a lot of information about how reference points are measured and identified.

Horizontal ReferenceDefining a starting point of the site related to the North / South direction, is one of the first steps in setting up a coordination system.In principle, with a simple reliable compass the direction of the magnetic north can to be determined. In the image below the true north is at 18°. As a draftsman would work with the true north coordinates, he will immediately find out that each line from west to east and from north to south at an angle of 18° must be drawn.To avoid this, a Plant North will be determined. In the example below, the true north, 18° is reversed, draftsmen and construction contractors will be grateful for it.

General there will be tried, to approach the true north-south coordinates as close as possible.A rule is, that the angle between true north and Plant North can not exceed 45°. At 50°, for example, the Plant North would be on the right side, so on the Eastern side of the image.

1 = Official reference point2 = South West angle of new plantX = East West distance from new plant to reference pointY = North South distance from new plant to reference point

Vertical ReferenceBefore starting with any building, the site is leveled (graded), what means that the ground is made as flat as practically possible. After leveling we talking about "finished grade", where the highest graded point is termed "high point of finished grade".

This highest point of finished grade refers to an official reference point on which all vertical measurements are related. In the Netherlands, for example, many vertical measurement are in relation to the "Normaal Amsterdams Peil" (NAP). If the field compared to the NAP is 1 meter higher, usually the reference point will not become a zero start of 1000 mm, but in this case a zero start at zero(0).

On a isometric view of a pipe line elevations are indicated by EL.109665 or EL.99450 etc..What is meant by this vertical dimensions ?

The first EL.109665 you can read as: centerline of pipe is 9665 mm above zero point

The second EL.99450 you can read as: centerline of pipe is 550 mm below zero point

Well, the vertical zero point in this case is 100 meters (100000 mm), and this has the advantage that no negative (minus) values on drawings need to be applied.

Remark(s) of the Author...

Elevation symbol

The image here on the left shows the official elevation symbol.Yes, it is the centreline symbol, which is used, in order to indicate an elevation.Tip for AutoCad users: use the CDT font, lower case Q.

Usually on a isometric EL for a elevation is given. This is nowadays the most used.

35 years ago I learned that the CL symbol must be apply, and that I have never done otherwise.

PLOT PLAN & EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENT -

FOREWORD For clarity, as on this website the word Plant is used, then it refers to

a Process plant such as a Chemical plant, Petroleum refinery, Gas Processing plant, Petrochemical, Pharmaceutical, Textile, Paper, Semiconductor & Cryogenic plants and related processing plants and terminals.Al these plants fall under the scope of ASME B31.3 Process Piping.

Drawings, which are shown on this page, are fictitious, but they have been drawn according to a functional Plot Plan of a Process Plant.

Over the years, I′ve seen a lot of plot plans of several engineering companies. All these companies show a certain standard in their plans, but the layout and dimensioning is often quite different. Also sometimes customers or authorities wants to have additional information on a Plot Plan. For this reason there is no general rule, for a "final" Plot Plan.

PLOT PLANA Plot Plan is a scale drawing that gives an overview (top view) of the entire plant. All roads, buildings, units, tank farms, employee entrance et cetera will be given on a Plot Plan. It also listed the true north and Plant north, port address, sometimes prevailing winds, reference point(s), horizontal references et cetera.

You will understand that a whole process plant, usually can not be given on a readable drawing. Therefore, a distinction is made between a Overall Plot Plan and a Detailed Plot Plan.

OVERALL PLOT PLAN

A Overall Plot Plan, sometimes this plan called a Site Plan or a Site Master Plan, you can compare with a city road map. Important buildings, parks and street names are given, but not the house numbers or the number of rooms in a building.With the drawing in your hands, you should find a certain process tank farm and a specific tank, but not a pump or a plate cooler, or heights of buildings, tanks and so on. That kind of equipment and dimensions are not shown on a Overall Plot Plan.

On this drawing, as an example, a imaginary Overall Plot Plan will be shown.

Right down on the drawing you can see the starting point of this imaginary Overall Plot Plan.North starting with N - 000.000 coordinate and East with E - 400.000 coordinate.Both related to an officially recognized reference point, but in practice, the east coordinates refer often to another reference object, and do not start with the coordinates E - 000.000.

Right on the top under "Notes" you can see the plant north coordinates and (important !) starting reference elevation of this plant is EL.100000. (see Reference points)

There are no pipe-bridges, pipelines, pumps or other equipment shown on that drawing, but the plan gives a good impression of a overall process plant.

DETAILED PLOT PLANIn contrast with a Overall Plot Plan, a Detailed Plot Plan gives a overview (top view) of a part of a process plant. Generally it shows a part of a certain area, floor or unit.As you can see on the overall plot plan, the process building is largely equipped with a roof, and only some equipment parts are visible from above.

This drawing, as an example, shows what is present on the fourth floor, under the roof of the FM-AREA of the process building.

The plan shows the whole 4th floor on a elevation of EL.129200. These elevation are related to the upper part, Top of Concrete (T.O.C.) of the 4th floor of the FM-AREA, and indicates a elevation of 29200 millimeters from the starting point (EL.100000) of the process plant. Furthermore, it shows some equipment, a large pipeline and some smaller, a staircase and the columns of the steel structure of the building.Watch out, that all East and North dimensions, starting at the center lines of the columns.

A major advantage of a proper detailed plot plan is that you can determine from your office, or a new piece of equipment in a certain area, floor or unit, can be placed. That however only applies to the horizontal dimensions, because you cannot see possibly obstructions in the vertical level.

What you also cannot see on a plot plan, are the elevations of the equipment. That means that you do not know, or a device on the 4th floor or may be already on the third floor begins...for this reason, Equipment Arrangements have been considered.

WHAT IS A EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENTEquipment Arrangements are drawings, which show the top and side-view of a part of a process plant. The top-view is similar to a detailed plot plan, except that only equipment is shown.Both equipment arrangements shows the equipment in a particular area, and sometimes a few details around a specific device.

With a drawing of a site-view you can see the elevations of a certain device, and if the device is going through one, or more floors.

This drawing, as an example, shows a top-view of the equipment on the fourth floor of the FM-Area.

This drawing, as an example, shows a side-view of the equipment on and under the fourth floor of the FM-Area.

SUMMARYPlot plans and equipment arrangements are resources to help determine relative and specific positioning of equipment on a process plant, related to the plant north, that on the drawings must be shown.

Both help the development of support facilities and are used to determine the most cost-effective construction sequence and methods. They are also used for operational needs, such as training and emergency access, and are essential for obtaining permits and determining environmental and personnel safety. They are the main documents used in assessing fire protection and if necessary, to obtain government permits..

Plot plans and equipment arrangements are dynamic documents and evolve further during the construction phase and the lifetime of a process plant.

PIPING ARRANGEMENT -

Views in Piping DrawingsThere are two types of views in hand-drawn piping drawings:

Orthographic - Plans and Elevations Pictorial - Isometric Views

Orthographic drawings are views (front, side, top etc.) of an piping system, and in Piping they are called "Piping Arrangements".An orthographic view shows only one side, and therefore multiple drawings (views) are necessary to show a complete Piping Arrangement.In complex systems, where orthographic views do not illustrate the details of the design, pictorial view in isometric presentation is made for clarity.

Priorities on a Piping ArrangementProcess equipment and piping have priority on the Piping Arrangement. The major primary beams and secondary beams are also

shown, even as Utility stations so that the most efficient route for utilities can be determined.Order of importance of pipe lines in a Piping Arrangement:

Alloy steel and other special materials Large bore piping

High temperature/high pressure piping

Lined piping

Carbon Steel Process Piping

Utility piping

Further (if possible) all equipment, instrument connections, with the tag numbers will be shown on a Piping Arrangement. Important details are often in a larger scale in the same drawing shown.Even as a Plot Plan, a whole process plant usually can not be given on a readable drawing. Therefore the Piping Arrangement show parts of a process plant.

Types of Piping Arrangement DrawingsPipelines on a Piping Arrangement are shown by single lines and double lines.In single line representation only the center line of the pipeline is drawn using a solid line. In double line representation the actual size to scale is drawn with center line marked in chain-dotted lines.

Single lines representation

Flanges are shown as thick lines drawn to the scaled outsite diameter of the flange.

For flanged joints a small gap between dimension lines will be shown to indicate a gasket.

Valves are shown with identification number and a handwheel is drawn with stem fully extended. If a Valve is lever operated, then the movement of handle position is given.

Dimensions for flanged Valves are given to the flange faces, while non flanged Valves are dimensioned to the center lines of their stems.

Example of a Piping Arrangement

Th

e drawing shows 2 pumps, 4 Valves (all Handwheel operated and flanged), a pipe line and a column.The line number  CD - PL - 101 - 12 - C300 - T2 - I2  tells something about the pipe line.

CD Indicator for plant or system, where the pipeline is located.PL Indicator for a service designation.101 Indicator for the serial number of the pipe line.12 Indicator NPS, in this case the main pipeline is NPS 12.

C300Indicator for Pipe Line Class or "Pipe Spec".C tells that the material is Carbon Steel, and 300 indicates the Pressure Class.

T2 Indicator for Tracing type.I2 Indicator for Insulation type.

Above description of the line number is only an example. For line numbers are no standard definitions, and therefore a customer specification can be different from what is here defined.

The indication 12-314 (Typ) on the Valve told that the Valve is 12 inches and 314 indicates the type of Valve. The same applies also to

the Valve near the pump, where DR indicates a Drain Valve.Typ stands for Typical and means that there is another ore more Valves in that drawing with the same specification. The advantage of this indicator is, that items with the same specification only once need to be defined.

Furthermore, the red arrow indicates the flow direction, which perhaps is unnecessary, because the pipe line is connected to the Suction side of the pump.

Dis. = Discharge, pressure side of a pump Suc. = Suction, suction side of a pump

An important item is designation TF (Top Flat) which is shown to the eccentric reducer at the pump. That means that the flat side of the reducer is on the top of de pipe line. If it was vice versa BF Bottom flat, also the elevation to the suction side of the pump must be given.

Example for the pump suction side:A eccentric reducer 12 to 8 inch has a center-line difference from 52.4 millimeters.(12" = O.D. 323.9 mm / 8" = O.D. 219.1 mm / Length = 203 mm / Center-line difference = 52.4 mm).If the reducer bottom flat, an elevation round off upwards EL. 100548 must be shown.

Note: The connection to the column is 600 Lbs. This change in Pressure Class is indicatedby a so-called "Spec break" (change of Piping Class Specification). In this case it means, that the flange that connect to nozzle C1 also must be have a Pressure Class of 600, and that the material probably not changed.

Another important item is the elevation (given in red) of nozzle C1 from the column. The elevation EL. 104966 is shown, because the pipe line ends with an eccentric reducer Bottom Flat (BF). In this case it means, that the vertical centerline from nozzle C1 is 15.88 mm above the center line of the pipeline.A eccentric reducer 14 x 12 (355.6 mm x 323.9 mm) has a length of 330 mm and a center-line difference from 15.88 mm.

Symbols on a Piping Arragement DrawingOn the drawing can be seen that the pipe line(s) from the pumps run up to the column. The pipeline starts with elevation EL. 100600 at the pump suction site and ends at elevation EL. 104950 at nozzle "C1" from the column. But without the elevations, the upward routing is also visible.

For single line representation there are a lot of symbols, which illustrate a directional change.The three partly open blue circles in the drawing, indicate three Elbows which are bending down. The two blue half-moons around the pipelines/valves indicate that the Valves are at the bottom of the pipeline are located. The two Valves are needed to drain the pipeline. By applying eccentric reducers (Top Flat) in the lowest part of the pipeline, the two Valves make it possible to fully empty the system.In the main Menu "Docs" the most used drawing symbols can be found.

3-Dimensional View

More and more engineering companies show Plot Plans, equipment and piping arrangements in a 3D view. Better 3D software has made this possible, and generally has this way of drawing many advantages.

There are many programs that can be made 3D views, but they are all very expensive. Large engineering companies often have developed their own software. Some of these programs make it possible "to walking through a whole plant" in order to find a particular item. It is very impressive, what is possible with that type of software.

SummaryA standard Piping Arrangement does not exist.Like a Plot Plan or Equipment Arrangement, in the development phase of a new plant, the requirements for the drawings will be made by customer and/or engineering company.

Remark(s) of the Author...

My own experience with 3-Dimensional Views...

Since 1999, I draw many topics in 3D views.The reason is, that I have noted that a pipefitter or construction worker knows immediately what he must build. Another reason is, that people who are not able to read a drawing, also know what I am trying to explain.For myself, I discovered that it cost me less time, to make different views, because with acceptable 3D software, each view (what ever you want) in seconds can be displayed and printed.

If you want to see my first 3D drawing (it is not a piping drawing), then click here.

In recent years I have found a combination of both, Orthographic and 3D view. If it is a simple drawing I show only two or three orthographic views. In complex drawings I show the necessary orthographicthis views with in the right

corner of the drawing, a 3D view. It works perfectly for those who must carry out the job.

Simple drawing of a 3-Dimensional view from the Piping Arrangement above mentioned.The 3D view from the Piping Arrangement is simple but it probably shows, for most users, a direct understandable drawing.

At the end of 2008 I had a job for the design of a new 14 inch pipeline from and between two storage tanks. Normally I had made isometric views from the new pipe line and orthographic views of the supports. But in that case, for the first time, I made only 3d views to scale from the pipeline, Valves, supports etc.. I gave the pipefitters and construction workers all possible views...the job is performed without any problems.

With respect to our "grandfathers", they builded without our current techniques, the largest plants on earth.

PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM

The piping and instrument diagram (P&ID) provides a schematic representation of the piping, process control, and instrumentation which shows the functional relationships among the system components. The P&ID also provides important information needed by the constructor and manufacturer to develop the other construction input documents (the isometric drawings or orthographic physical layout drawings).The P&ID provides direct input to the field for the physical design and installation of field-run piping.For clarity, it is usual practice to use the same general layout of flow paths on the P&ID as used on the system flow diagram.The P&ID ties together the system description, the system flow diagram, the electric control schematic, and the control logic diagram. It accomplishes this by showing all the piping, equipment, principal instruments, instrument loops, and control interlocks.

The P&ID contains a minimum amount of text in the form of notes (the system descriptions minimize the need for text on the P&ID). The first P&ID in the set for the job should contain a legend defining all symbols used; if certain symbols are defined elsewhere, it may be appropriate to only reference their source. The P&IDs are also used by the start-up organizations for preparing flushing, testing, and blowout procedures for the piping system and by the plant operators to operate the system. The correctness and completeness of the SD, SFD, and P&ID drawings are crucial to the success of the start-up program.

THE P&ID SHOULD SHOW THE FOLLOWING:

Mechanical equipment All valves associated with the process piping

Instruments significant to the process piping, including:

Process pipes Vents and drains

Special fittings

Sampling lines

Permanent start-up and flushing lines

Specific information as applicable to job:

Instrument designations Equipment names and numbers

Pipeline identification

Valve identification

All size transitions in line:

Reducers and increasers, swages, etc Direction of flow

Interfaces for class changes

Seismic category

Quality level

Interconnection references

Annunciation inputs

Plant computer inputs

Vendor and contractor interfaces

Identification of components and subsystems by others

Reference to a vendor drawing for details not shown

Intended physical sequence of equipment: Including branch lines, reducers, etc.

Remarks: The P&ID for a defined system should be limited to coverage of that system to the maximum practical extent. Other systems that interface with the subject system are shown in phantom if such portions are detailed elsewhere.Whenever a line is broken off as a matter of drafting convenience, both the break and the continuation are labeled so that one can readily trace the line from both sides of the break. This applies whether the break and continuation are on the same sheet or on different sheets of the drawing.Except for very simple P&ID, the drawing should have the horizontal and vertical borders marked to permit reference to any small area of the drawing, such as by "Continued at PG-12".Care should be taken to ensure that these markings are within the sized field of the drawing so that they will always be reproduced with the drawing regardless of the process used.

Piping Isometrics -

Piping IsometricUnlike orthographics, piping isometrics allow the pipe to be drawn in a manner by which the length, width and depth are shown in a single view. Isometrics are usually drawn from information found on a plan and elevation views. The symbols that represent fittings, Valves and flanges are

modified to adapt to the isometric grid. Usually, piping isometrics are drawn on preprinted paper, with lines of equilateral triangles form of 60°.

  Image of a isometric grid.

The Iso, as isometric are commonly referred, is oriented on the grid relative to the north arrow found on plan drawings. Because iso's are not drawn to scale, dimensions are required to specify exact lengths of piping runs.Pipe lengths are determined through calculations using coordinates and elevations. Vertical lengths of pipe are calculated using elevations, while horizontal lengths are caculated using north-south and east-west coordinates.

Piping isometrics are generally produced from orthographic drawings and are important pieces of information to engineers. In very complex or large piping systems, piping isometrics are essential to the design and manufacturing phases of a project.Piping isometrics are often used by designers prior to a stress analysis and are also used by draftsmen to produce shop fabrication spool drawings. Isometrics are the most important drawings for installation contractors during the field portion of the project.

How to read a Piping Isometric?A pipe into a isometric view, is always drawn by a single line. This single line is the centerline of the pipe, and from that line, the dimensions measured. So, not from the outside of a pipe or fitting.The image below shows a orthographic view of a butt welded pipe with three sizes (A, B, C).

The A size is measured from the front to the center line of the elbow / pipe.

The B size is measured from centerline to centerline.

The C size is like the A size, measured from the front to the center line of the elbow / pipe.

Orthographic view (double line presentation)

Isometric view

The image on the right shows a isometric view of the same pipe as here on the left.As you can see, this drawing is very simple and quick to implement. The red lines show the pipe, the black dots are the butt welds and A, B & C are the dimensions of front to center line and center line to center line.

The simplicity with which a pipe isometric can be drawn is one reason to made iso's.A second reason to made isometrics; if a pipe should be drawn in several planes (north to south, then down and then to the west, etc.), orthographic views really not an option. In a orthographic view it is not a problem if the pipe runs in one plane, but when a pipe in two or three planes to be drawn, a orthographic view can be unclear.Another reason why isos are preferred, is the number of drawings that for orthographic views should be made.For example: for a complex pipeline system, 15 isometrics must be drawn. I've never tried, but I think for orthographic views maybe 50 drawings are needed to show the same as the Iso's.

Isometric, Plan and Elevation Presentations of a Piping System

The image below show the presentation used in drafting. The isometric view clearly show the piping arrangement, but the plan view fails to show the bypass loop and valve, and the supplementary elevation view is needed.

Isometric views in more than one planeBelow are some examples of isometric drawings. The auxiliary lines in the shape of a cube, ensure better visualization of the pipeline routing.

The drawing on the left shows a pipeline which runs through three planes. The pipe line begins and ends with a flange.Routing starting point X• pipe runs to the east• pipe runs up• pipe runs to the north• pipe runs to the west• pipe runs down

 

The drawing on the left is almost identical to the drawing above. A different perspective is shown, and the pipe that comes from above is longer. Because this pipe in isometric view, runs behind the other pipe, this must be indicated by a break in the line.Routing starting point X• pipe runs to the south• pipe runs up• pipe runs to the west• pipe runs to the north• pipe runs down

 

The drawing on the left shows a pipe that runs through three planes and in two planes it make a bow.Routing starting point X• pipe runs to the south• pipe runs up• pipe runs up and to the west• pipe runs up• pipe runs to the west• pipe runs to the north-west• pipe runs to the north

 

The drawing on the left shows a pipe that runs through three planes, from one plane to a opposite plane.Routing starting point X• pipe runs to the south• pipe runs up• pipe runs up and to the north-west• pipe runs to the north

 

Hatches on a Isometric DrawingHatches on isometric drawings being applied, to indicate that a pipe runs at a certain angle and in which direction the pipe runs.Sometimes, small changes in the hatch, the routing of a pipe is no longer the east, but for example suddenly to the north.

The drawing on the left shows a pipe, where the hatch indicates that the middle leg runs to the east.Routing starting point X• pipe runs up• pipe runs up and to the east• pipe runs up

 

The drawing on the left shows a pipe, where the hatch indicates that the middle leg runs to the north.Routing starting point X• pipe runs up• pipe runs up and to the north• pipe runs up

The two drawings above show, that changing from only the hatch, a pipeline receives a different direction. Hatches are particularly important in isometric views.

The drawing on the left shows a pipe, where the hatches indicates that the middle leg runs up and to the north-west.Routing starting point X• pipe runs up• pipe runs up and to the north-west• pipe runs to the north

 Foreword – WHAT ARE ENGINEERING STANDARDS?

Standards and CodesStandards, codes, specifications are extremely important - often essential - technical documents in engineering and related technical fields.

Standards: a technical standard is an established norm or requirement. It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices. The documents prepared by a professional group or committee which are believed to be good and proper engineering practices and which contain mandatory requirement.

Codes: a code is a set of rules and specifications or systematic procedures for design, fabrication, installation and inspection methods prepared in such a manner that it can be adopted by legal jurisdiction. Codes can be approved by local, state or federal governments and can carry the force of law. The main purpose of codes is to protect the public by setting up the minimum acceptable level of safety for buildings, products and processes.

Pipe Fabrication Institute

The Pipe Fabrication Institute (PFI) publishes advisory Engineering Standards (ES) and Technical Bulletins (TB) intended to serve the needs of the pipe-fabricating industry at the design level and in actual shop operations. The PFI standards contain minimum requirements; however, the designer or fabricator may consider specifying additional requirements beyond the scope of PFI publications. The use of PFI standards or bulletins is voluntary. A listing of PFI publications follows:

Engineering and Fabrication

ES2 - Method of Dimensioning Piping Assemblies ES7 - Minimum Length and Spacing for Welded Nozzles

ES16 - Access Holes, Bosses, and Plugs for Radiographic Inspection of Pipe Welds

ES26 - Welded Load Bearing Attachments to Pressure Retaining Piping Materials

ES36 - Branch Reinforcement Work Sheets

ES40 - Method of Dimensioning Grooved Piping Assemblies

ES44 - Drafting Practices Standard

Welding and Fabrication

ES1 - Internal Machining and Solid Machined Backing Rings For Circumferential Butt Welds

ES21 - Internal Machining and Fit-up of GTAW Root Pass Circumferential Butt Welds

ES24 - Pipe Bending Methods, Tolerances, Process and Material Requirements

ES35 - Nonsymmetrical Bevels and Joint Configurations for Butt Welds

ES45 - Recommended Practice for Local Post-Weld Heat Treatment

ES47 - Welding of Internally Clad Piping

ES49 - Guidelines for Installation of Integrally Reinforced Branch Connection Outlet Fitting

Cleaning, Painting, and Shipping

ES5 - Cleaning of Fabricated Piping ES29 - Internal Abrasive Blast Cleaning of Ferritic Piping

Materials

ES31 - Standard for Protection of Ends of Fabricated Piping Assemblies

ES34 - Temporary Painting/Coating of Fabricated Piping

ES37 - Standard for Loading and Shipping of Piping Assemblies

Quality Control

ES3 - Fabricating Tolerances ES11 - Permanent Marking on Piping Materials

ES22 - Recommended Practice for Color Coding of Piping Materials

ES32 - Tool Calibration

ES39 - Fabricating Tolerances for Grooved Piping Systems

ES41 - Standard for Material Control and Traceability of Piping Components

ES43 - Standard for Protection of Austenitic Stainless Steel and Nickel Alloy Materials

Examination and Testing

ES4 - Hydrostatic Testing of Fabricated Piping ES20 - Wall Thickness Measurement by Ultrasonic

Examination

ES27 - "Visual Examination" The Purpose, Meaning and Limitation of the Term

ES42 - Standard for Positive Material Identification of Piping Components using Portable X-Ray Emission Type Equipment

ES48 - Random Examination

Example of Engineering StandardOn the right of this page you will find a link (ES) that opens a small menu. Through this menu you can open several pages that give you an example, how an Engineering Standard might look like. Remember, the shown ES only is an example !