world meteorological day ppt
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WORLD METOEROLOGICAL DAY
EXHIBITION @ HSV
23 MARCH 2011
AL
B.C.RAJAGOPAL
TEACHER-GEOGRAPHYCHENNAI
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What is Meteorology?
Meteorology is the
interdisciplinary scientificstudy of the atmosphere thatfocuses on weather processes
and short term forecasting
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History of MeteorologyIn 600 BC Thales the first Greek Meteorologist described water cycle made a
seasonal crop forecast.
In 400 BC Democritus predicted change in weather.
In 350 BC Aristotle who wrote Meteorology is considered the founder of
Meteorology.
In 250 BC Archimedes study the positive buoyancy that is necessary for the
formation of clouds.
In 25 AD Pomponius Mela a Geographer for the Roman Empire, formalizedthe climatic zone system.
In 80 AD, Wang Chang dispels the chinese myth that rains come from heaven.
The Greek scientist THEOPHRASTUS compiled a book on weatherforecasting, called the book ofsigns
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Visual Atmospheric Phenomena
In 1021 Mr.Ibn al HaythamAtmospheric refractionof light
Roger Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow
Theodoric of Freiberg & Kamal al-Din al farisi 1st to give the explanation forthe primary rainbow phenomenon.
Instrumentsand Classification Scales
In 1441, King sejongssonPrince Munjong invented Rain Gauge.In 1607, Galileo galiliconstructed the Thermoscope.In 1643, Evangelista Toricelli invents the Mercury Barometer.In 1662, Sir Christopher Wren invented, mechanical, self emptying Rain Gauge.
In 1960 the first Weather Satellite TIROS-1 was launched.
AtmosphericComposition Research
>In 1648, Blaise Pascal rediscovers - atmospheric pressure decreaseswithweight
>In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier discoversOxygen and developsan explanationfor combustion
>In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzes the efficiency of Steam Engine using calorictheory
Researchinto Cyclone and airflow
*In 1494 Christopher Columbus writes about Hurricane.*In 1686, EdmundHalley studied Trade Winds & Monsoonsand identifies
solarheatingas the cause of Atmosphericmotions.*In 1735 George Hadley explained Global Circulation with the study of TradeWinds*In 1743 Benjamin Franklin described that cyclonesmove in acontrary
manner to the windsat theirperiphery
Observation Network and Weatherforecasting
#In 1654 the first weather observing network - by Ferdinando II de medici.#In 1832 Electro MagneticTelegraphcreatedby Baron Schilling.
#In 1854 United KingdomsMeteorologicaloffice was establishedand in1860 its first weather forecast werepublished in Times Newspaper.# In 1875 India Meteorological Department was established.# In 1881 Finnish Meteorological office was established in HelsinkiUniversity
Numerical Weather Predictions*In 1922 Lewis Fry Richardson - WeatherPrediction by Numerical Process*In 1950sweather forecast with Barotropicmodelspredict Rossby Waves
*In 1960s ChaosTheory was mathematically describedby Edward Lorenz.
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TYPES OFMETEOROLOGY DEALS WITH
SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY Day to day analysis and forecasting of weather
DYNAMIC METEOROLOGYDescribe the atmospheric process through
mathematical equations
PHYSICAL METEOROLOGYSolar radiation, absorption and scattering in theearth-atmospheric system, cloud physics and rain
process
AGRICULTURALMETEOROLOGY Crop yields and reduction of crop losses
APPLIED METEOROLOGY
Design of aircraft, control of air pollution,architectural design, urban planning, exploitation
of solar and wind energy, air conditioning and
development of tourism
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METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENONAnticyclone, Arctic cyclone, Clouds
Derecho, Diamond dust,Drought, Dust devil , Dust storm, Foehn wind, Hail,Halo, Hurricane, Ice pellets, Indian summer,
Lake effect snow, Light pillar, Lightning,
Mesocyclone, Morning glory cloud,Novaya Zemlya Effect, Rain,Rain and snow mixed, Rainbow,
Sleet, Snow,
Subtropical cyclone, Sun dog, Sun shower,Supercell, Temperature inversion, Thunder,
Thundersnow, Tornado, Tropical storm,
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WEATHERWeather is a day to day condition
of a particular place
CLIMATEThe climate is the common
weather conditions at a particularplace over a longer period of time.
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APPLICATIONS
WEATHER FORECASTING
AVIATION METEOROLOGY
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY
HYDROMETEOROLOGY
NUCLEAR METEOROLOGY
MARITIME METEOROLOGY
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Air Pressure and Humidity
Air pressure is the weight of theatmosphere pressing down on theearth. It is measured by a barometer inunits called millibars. Most
barometers use mercury in a glasscolumn, like a thermometer, to
measure the change in air pressure.
Relative HumidityRelative humidity is the amount of
moisture the air can hold before it
rains. The most it can hold is 100percent. Humidity is measured by aPsychrometer, which indicates theamount of water in the air at any one
temperature.
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GABRIEL FAHRENHEITPoland
May 1686 to Sep 1736
Fahrenheit Temperature Scale
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WILLIAM MORRIS DAVISUSA
Feb 1850 to Feb 1934
Cycle of Erosion
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JOHN DALTON England
Sep 1766 to July 1844
Law of Partial Pressure
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ChristophorusHenricus DiedericusBuys BallotNetherlands
Oct 1817 to Feb 1890
First chairman of the International
Meteorological Organization
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William Ferrel - USA1817 to 1891
Theories on Mid-latitude AtmosphericCirculation
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ALFRED WEGENERGermany
Nov 1880 To Nov 1930
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Wladimir Koppen - Russia
Sep 1846 To June 1940
Koppen Climate Classification System
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AndersCelsius - Sweden
Nov 1701 To Apr 1744
Proposed the CelsiusTemperature scale
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Aristotle
Attempted to forecast weather withastrological events
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Galileo Galilee - ItalyFeb 1564 to Jan 1642
In about 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer
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EvangelistaTorricelliItaly
Oct 1608 to Oct 1647
Invented Barometer
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Sir Christopher Michael Wren
EnglandOct 1632 to Feb 1723
Fabricated Weather-Clock for Observations
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Clement Lindley WraggeEngland
Sep 1852 Dec 1922
Started the trend ofusing people's names forCyclones
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Dmitry LachinovRussia
1842 to 1902
Wrote the first book on Meteorology
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Pavel MolchanovRussia
Feb 1893 to Oct 1941
Invented and launched
Radiosonde
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Alexander MikhailevichObukhovRussian May 1918 to Dec 1989
Founder of Modern Boundary Layer of Meteorology
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Prem Chand Pandey
IndiaBorn 10/08/1945
Known for Weather
Satellite & RemoteSensing SatelliteResearch
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Pisharoth Rama PisharotyIndia
Feb 1909 to Sep 2002
Member of the ScientificAdvisory Board of theWorld Meteorological
Organization from1963 to 1968
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JagdishShukla
India Born 1944
Member ofJointScientificCommittee
Of World ClimateResearch Programme
Of World Meteorological
Organization.
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Shen KuoChina 1031 to 1095
Hypothesized the
Concept of ClimateChange
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Edmond HalleyEngland
Nov 1656 to Jan 1742
Identified SolarHeating is the cause of
Atmosphericmotions.First one to put the
Trade windsandMonsoon on charts
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FrancisGaltonEngland
Feb 1822 to Jan 1911Devised first Weather
Map& Proposed aTheory ofAnticyclone
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Helmut LandsbergUSA - Feb 1906 to Dec 1985
Led the field of ClimatologyUsing Statistical Methods.
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Sydney Chapman
British 1888 to 1970First IntroducedAeronomy - the
science of the upperregion of theatmosphere.
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Both of them discovered the OZONE LAYER in 1913
HENRI BUISSONCHARLES FABRY
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Richard Assmann (German Meteorologist) &Lon Teisserenc de Bort(French Meteorologist)
Discoverers of STRATOSPHERE
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The President of the Royal Meteorological Society
PROFESSOR TIM PALMER
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JON MALAYPresident - American Meteorological Society
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ALEXANDER BERRITSKIYPRESIDENT - WMO
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Mitsuhiko Hatori, Director-General of
the Japan Meteorological Agency
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PIETERVAN
MUSSCHENBROEK ATMOMETER
MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION
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ALTIMETER
Diagram showingthe face of the"three-pointer"sensitive aircraft
altimeterdisplaying an
altitude of 10,180
feet.
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HYGROMETER
is a deviceused for
measuring the
HUMIDITY ofthe air
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ACTINOMETERTo measure the heating power of radiation
JOHN HERSCHEL -ENGLAND
1792 TO 1871
ACTINOMETER
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CEILOMETERTo determine the height ofacloud base using laser
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HELIOMETERDesigned for measuring the variation of the
suns diameter at different seasons.
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HYPSOMETER
Instrument used to measure height or altitude
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MANOMETER PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE
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Thehail on Egypt. Hail is a solid form of Precipitation
THE HAIL
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The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2,was launched on February 17, 1959
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GOES-8, a United States weathersatellite launched on October 16, 1975,
at Florida USA
f l h ll
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TIROS - 1 First Successful Weather Satellite
Date of Launch : 01/04/1960 at Florida, USA
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RI
SAT 2 ARadar imageSatellite
With allWeather
Capacity totake images
of the earth.
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FULMINOLOGY
The study or science
of lightning is calledFulminology
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BRONTOLOGY
The study or science of
THUNDER is calledBrontology
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ACID RAINAcid rain is a rain or any other
form of precipitation that is
unusually acidic, i.e. elevatedlevels of hydrogen ions (low pH).Acid Rain was noted in the 17th
century by John Evelyn.
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Highest Rainfall @ Cherrapunji Meghalaya 1484m MSL
25.3 degree N & 91.7 degree EastHolds two Guinness world records for
1).22,987 millimeters (905.0 in) of rainfall between August 1860 andJuly 1861
2).9,300 millimeters(370 in) in July 1861
Why? - Cherrapunji receives rains from the Bay of Bengal arm of the Indian
summer Monsoon. The monsoon clouds fly unhindered over the plains of Bangladesh for about 400 km. Thereafter, they hit the Khasi Hills which abruptlyrise out of the plains to reach a height of about 1370 m above mean sea levelwithin of 2 to 5 km. The geography of the hills with many deep valleys channelsthe low-flying (150300 m) moisture-laden clouds from a wide area to converge
over Cherrapunji. The winds push the rain clouds through these gorges and up thesteep slopes. The rapid ascent of the clouds into the upper atmosphere hastensthe cooling and helps vapours to condense. Most of Cherrapunji's rain is the resultof air being lifted as a large body of water vapour. The extremely large amount ofrainfall at Cherrapunji is perhaps the best-known feature of orographic rain innortheast India.
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Dont run, otherwise the rain may stop
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RAIN GAUGE or
UDOMETER orPLUVIOMETER orOMBROMETER to measure
RAINFALL
Ancient Greek periodabout 500 BC the firsttime the rainfall was
recorded.
DISDROMETER
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DISDROMETER
A disdrometer is aninstrument used to
measure the drop
size distribution andvelocity of falling
hydrometeors.Some disdrometers
can distinguishbetween rain,graupel, and hail.
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DERECHO
Violent Windstorm associated with Thunderstorm in Minnesota
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DIAMOND DUSTGround level Cloudscomposed ofIce Crystals referred asCleary Sky Precipitation
Most common in Antarcticaand Arctic
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Dust devil, astrong long-lived whirlwind in Arizona
DUST DEVIL
FOEHN WIND
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FOEHN WIND
FORMATION OF FOEHN WIND FOEHN CLOUDS IN GENEVA
FOEHN isa dry down-slope , rain shadow
wind at the lee of the mountain side
NOVAYA ZEMLYA EFFECT
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA EFFECTA polar mirage caused by high refraction of sunlight give the
impression that the sun is rising earlier than it actually should
TORNADO
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TORNADOTornado is a violent, dangerous column of
air mostly in the form of condensation funnel
SUN DOG
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SUN DOGA sun dog also called a mock sun or a phantomsun) is an atmospheric phenomenon that creates
bright spots of light in the sky, often on a luminousring or halo on either side of the sun.
H l ( ti l h )
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Halo (optical phenomenon)
A man withahalo around him
A halo isan optical phenomenon produced by ice crystals
creating colored or white arcsand spotsin the sky
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SUNLIGHT
The totalfrequencyspectrum of
electromagneticradiation givenoff by the Sun
An ANTICYCLONE is a large-scale circulation of winds
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An ANTICYCLONE is a large scale circulation of windsaround a central region of high atmospheric pressure,
clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise
in the Southern Hemisphere
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POLAR CYCLONES
A polar cyclone is a low pressureweather system usuallyspanning 1,0002,000
kilometers (6201,240 miles) in
which the air is circulating in a
counter-clockwise fashion (in thenorthern hemisphere).
SLEET refers to two distinct forms of precipitation
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SLEET refers to two distinct forms of precipitation:Rain and snow mixed, snow that partially melts as it falls.Ice pellets, one of three forms of precipitation in a US-style
Wintry Mix", the other two being snow and freezing rain.
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A LIGHT PILLARis a visual phenomenon
created by the reflectionof light from ice crystals
with near horizontalparallel planar surfaces.
The light can come fromthe sun (usually at or lowto the horizon) in whichcase the phenomenon is
called a sun pillar or solarpillar. It can also comefrom the moon or from
terrestrial sources such asstreetlights.
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A MESOCYCLONEis a vortex of air,
approximately 2 to 10 miles indiameter (the mesoscale of
meteorology), within a
convective storm. That is, it is airthat rises and rotates around a
vertical axis, usually in the samedirection as low pressure systems
in a given hemisphere.
MESOCYCLONE
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MESOCYCLONE
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S.No ABBREVIATIONS
1 ACYC ANTICYCLONE
2 BRM BAROMETER
3 CLD CLOUD
4 DRZL DRIZZLE
5 E ENDING OF PRECIPITATION (IN MINUTE-METAR)
6 FAH FAHRENHEIT
7 GV GROUND VISIBILITY
8 HIXAT HIGHEST TEMPERATURE EXCEEDED FOR ALL TIME