WORLD LITERATURE

WORLD LITERATURELIT. 102SHARIFFA JEANIBVIVE H.MOHAMMADInstructor

WHAT IS LITERATURE?LITERATUREComes from the Latin word LITERA which literally means an acquaintance with letters.A body of literary productions ,either oral,written or visual,containing imaginative language that realistically portrays thoughts ,emotions ,and experiences of the human condition.It is a language that provides insights and intellectual stimulation to the reader.As one explores literature ,he likewise discovers the beauty of the language.Is a product of a particular culture that concretizes mans array of values ,emotions,actions and ideas. It is therefore a creation of human experience that tells about people and their world.It is an art that reflects the works of imagination, aesthetics and creative writing which are distinguished for the beauty of style or expression as in fiction,poetry ,essay,or drama, in distinction from scientific treatises and works which contain positive knowledge.LITERARY STANDARDS/QUALITIES OF A LITERAY MASTERPIECE1.UNIVERSALITYAppeals to everyone ,regardless of the culture,race,sex and time which are all considered significant.2.ARTISTRYHas an aesthetic appeal and thus possesses a sense of beauty.3.INTELLECTUAL VALUEStimulates critical thinking and enriches mental processes.4.SUGGESTIVENESSUnravels and conjures mans emotional power to define symbolisms,nuance,implied meanings,images and messages,giving and evoking visions above and beyond the plane of ordinary life experience.5.SPIRITUAL VALUEElevates the spirit and the soul and thus has the power to motivate and inspire.PERMANENCE/TIMELESSNESSEndures across time .STYLEPresents peculiar way/s on how man sees life as evidenced by the formations of his ideas ,forms,structures ,and expressions.

The Tide Rises, the Tide FallsH.W. LONGFELLOWThe tide rises, the tide falls, The twilight darkens, the curlew calls; Along the sea-sands damp and brown The traveller hastens toward the town, And the tide rises, the tide falls.

Darkness settles on roofs and walls, But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls; The little waves, with their soft, white hands, Efface the footprints in the sands, And the tide rises, the tide falls.

The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls Stamp and neigh, as the hostler calls; The day returns, but nevermore Returns the traveller to the shore, And the tide rises, the tide falls.

LITERARY MODELSCULTURAL MODEL- it aims to understand and appreciate cultures and ideologies different from ones own in time and space.

LANGUAGE MODEL- aim to promote language development like vocabulary and structure.

PERSONAL GROWTH MODEL- aims to help one achieve lasting pleasure and deep satisfaction in reading.CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURESTRUCTURE1.Fiction2.Non-fictionFORM1.Prose2.PoetryGENRE1.Fiction2.Poetry3.Essay4.Drama

LITERARY APPROACHES1.FORMALISTIC OR LITERARY APPROACH- literature is viewed intrinsically ,independent of the author,age or any extrinsic factor. The study of the selection is more or less based on the so-called literary elements2.MORAL OR HUMANISTIC APPROACH- literature is viewed to discuss man and its nature. It presents man as essentially rational; that is , endowed with intellect and free will.The approach is close to the morality of literature, to questions of ethical goodness or badness.3.HISTORICAL APPROACH- it is seen as a reflection and product of times and circumstances in which it was written.4.SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH- stresses on social relevance and social commitment.CULTURAL APPROACH- is seen as one of the manifestation and vehicles of a nations or races culture and tradition.PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH- viewed as expression of personality of inner drives. Of neurosisIMPRESSIONISTIC APPROACH- is viewed to elucidate reaction-response which is considered as something very personal,relative,and fruitful.LITERARY GENRES1. FICTION- a narrative in prose that show an imaginative recreation and reconstruction of life and presents human life in two levels. The WORLD OF OBJECTIVE REALITY MADE UP OR HUMAN ACTIONS AND EXPERIENCES , and the world OF SUBJECTIVE REALITY DEALING WITH HUMAN APPREHENSION AND COMPREHENSION .It is categorized either as a novel or short story.

ELEMENTS OF FICTIONA. SETTINGB.CHARACTERSCharacterization- is the method used by the writer to reveal the personality of the characters.The characters are revealed accdg. To:actions of the charactersThoughts of the charactersDescriptions of the charactersDescriptions of the other charactersDescriptions of the author

KINDS OF CHARACTERSACCDG. TO PRINCIPALITYProtagonistAntagonist

ACCDG. TO DEVELOPMENTDYNAMIC- the character who exhibits noticeable developmentSTATIC-the character who exhibits no changes and development

ACCDG. TO PERSONALITYROUND-the character that displays different/multiple personalities throughout the story.FLAT- the character that reveals conventional traits,who remains the same throughout the story,its characterization does not grow.

C.PLOTIs the sequence of events in the story ,arranged and linked by causality.KINDSLINEAR PLOT- Moves the natural sequence of events where actions are arranged sequentially.

CIRCULAR PLOT-a kind of plot where linear development of the story merges with an interruption in the chronological order to show an event that happened in the past.

EN MEDIAS RES- (in the midst of things)the story commences in the middle part of the action.In medias res is Latin for "into the middle of things." It usually describes a narrative that begins, not at the beginning of a story, but somewhere in the middle usually at some crucial point in the action. The term comes from the ancient Roman poet Horace, who advised the aspiring epic poet to go straight to the heart of the story instead of beginning at the beginning. The three types of plot are known as closed plots because they normally follow the Pyramid Pattern Of Development Or Freytags Pyramid Gustav Freytag was a Nineteenth Century German novelist who saw common patterns in the plots of stories and novels and developed a diagram to analyze them. He diagrammed a story's plot using a pyramid.Freytag's Pyramid1. Exposition: setting the scene. The writer introduces the characters and setting, providing description and background.2. Inciting Incident: something happens to begin the action. A single event usually signals the beginning of the main conflict. The inciting incident is sometimes called 'the complication'.3. Rising Action: the story builds and gets more exciting.4. Climax: the moment of greatest tension in a story. This is often the most exciting event. It is the event that the rising action builds up to and that the falling action follows.5. Falling Action: events happen as a result of the climax and we know that the story will soon end.6. Resolution: the character solves the main problem/conflict or someone solves it for him or her.7. Dnouement: (a French term, pronounced: day-noo-moh) the ending. At this point, any remaining secrets, questions or mysteries which remain after the resolution are solved by the characters or explained by the author. Sometimes the author leaves us to think about the THEME or future possibilities for the characters. You can think of the dnouement as the opposite of the exposition: instead of getting ready to tell us the story by introducing the setting and characters, the author is getting ready to end it with a final explanation of what actually happened and how the characters think or feel about it. This can be the most difficult part of the plot to identify, as it is often very closely tied to the resolution.

LITERARY DEVICESFLASHBACK-writers use of interruption of the chronological sequence of a story to go back to related incidents which occurred prior to the beginning of the story.FORESHADOWING- use of hints or clues to indicate events that will occur later in the story.The use of thise technique both create suspense and prepares the reader for what is to come.

CONFLICTThe opposition of persons or forces in a story that give rise to the dramatic action in a literary work. It is the basic tension ,predicament ,or challenge that propels a storys plot.TYPESPERSON VS PERSONPERSON VS SOCIETYPERSON VS SELFPERSON VS NATUREPERSON VS FATED.POINT OF VIEWDetermines the narrator of the story.TYPESFIRST PERSON POV- character-narrator who tells he story in the I voice. He can be a major or a minor character.

THIRD PERSON OMNISCIENT POV- narrator that tells the story from an all-knowing point of view .He sees the mind of all characters.

THIRD PERSON LIMITED POV- narrator that tells only what he can see or hear inside the world of the story,also known as camera technique narrator as he does not reveal what the characters are thinking and feeling.

THIRD PERSON CENTRAL POV- narrator that limits narration to what the central character thinks,feels,does and what and whom the central character observes.

THIRD PERSON EDITORIAL POV- narrator who comments on the action by telling the readers its significance or evaluating the behaviour of the characters.

E.THEMESignificant truth about life and its nature which takes place in the illustrations of the actions ,preoccupations ,and decision of the characters.Definition of Theme The theme of a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. In order to figure out theme, a reader must ask what view of life a work supports or what insight into life in the real world it reveals.

PRINCIPLES IN STATING THE THEME OF THE STORYIt reports for all major details of the story.It may be avowed in more than one way.It is stated in complete statements.It asserts a sweeping statement about life.It avoids statements that condemds the theme to some familiar adage,aphorism,dictum,maxim,saying or value.Universal Themes in Literature

Definition of Universal Theme Frequently, a work of fiction implies a few ideas about the nature of all men and women or about the relationship of human beings to each other or to the universe. These are called universal themes. Examples of Universal Themes As expressed by authors, themes involve positions on these familiar issues: A human beings confrontation with nature A human beings lack of humanity A rebellious human beings confrontation with a hostile society An individuals struggle toward understanding, awareness, and/or spiritual enlightenment An individuals conflict between passion and responsibility The human glorification of the past/ rejection of the past The tension between the ideal and the real Conflict between human beings and machines The impact of the past on the present The inevitability of fate The evil of unchecked ambition The struggle for equality`I see that it is by no means useless to travel, if a man wants to see something new.