World History/Cultures World History/Cultures Chapter 16- Age of Imperialism Chapter 16- Age of Imperialism

Section 2- Partition of AfricaSection 2- Partition of Africa

Explorations of Scottish doctor Explorations of Scottish doctor Stanley Livingston Stanley Livingston & British & British journalist, Henry M. Stanley spur journalist, Henry M. Stanley spur Europe to claim parts of Africa.Europe to claim parts of Africa.

European countries European countries partitionpartition or or divide Africa.divide Africa.

1914: 1914: 90% 90% of African continent of African continent controlled by European nations.controlled by European nations.

North AfricaNorth Africa Sahara Desert- Sahara Desert- Atlantic Ocean to Atlantic Ocean to

Red Sea. North Africans lived Red Sea. North Africans lived North of Sahara on fertile land.North of Sahara on fertile land.

1800s- 1800s- Muslim Arabs Muslim Arabs governed governed Tripoli, Tunis & Algiers. Present-Tripoli, Tunis & Algiers. Present-day Libya, Tunisia & Algeria.day Libya, Tunisia & Algeria.

French in North AfricaFrench in North Africa 1830: King Charles X of France 1830: King Charles X of France

invaded invaded Algiers Algiers to colonize to colonize country.country.

Algerian leader Abd-al-Qadir Algerian leader Abd-al-Qadir resisted resisted French.French.

1840: French troops conquered 1840: French troops conquered Algiers. 1881 French conquered Algiers. 1881 French conquered Tunis. 1904- French secure Tunis. 1904- French secure special rights in special rights in MoroccoMorocco. 1 . 1 million French settled in North million French settled in North Africa.Africa.

Britain & EgyptBritain & Egypt Early 1800s- Early 1800s- Egypt Egypt under governor under governor

Muhammad Ali. Reformed tax & land Muhammad Ali. Reformed tax & land systems, encouraged industry & systems, encouraged industry & irrigation. irrigation. Debts rose.Debts rose.

1859- French entrepreneur, 1859- French entrepreneur, Ferdinand de Lesseps, set up Ferdinand de Lesseps, set up company to build company to build Suez CanalSuez Canal. . Important- shortened route between Important- shortened route between Europe & Asia & valued by British as Europe & Asia & valued by British as link to India.link to India.

1875: 1875: Great Britain Great Britain controls Suez controls Suez Canal as Egypt sold canal shares to Canal as Egypt sold canal shares to pay debts.pay debts.

Britain & Egypt con’tBritain & Egypt con’t 1882: Egypt stops revolt by 1882: Egypt stops revolt by

nationalist leader Ahmad Arabi. Egypt nationalist leader Ahmad Arabi. Egypt became a became a British protectorateBritish protectorate..

Sudan: Muslim revival stirred Sudan: Muslim revival stirred nationalistnationalist feelings & challenge feelings & challenge British expansion. 1898- British British expansion. 1898- British defeat Sudanese army at Battle of defeat Sudanese army at Battle of Omdurman.Omdurman.

British confront French at Fashoda in British confront French at Fashoda in Sudan. French withdrew when British Sudan. French withdrew when British recognize French control of recognize French control of Morocco.Morocco.

Italy Seizes LibyaItaly Seizes Libya 1800s known as 1800s known as Tripoli Tripoli & Italy & Italy

wanted it as nearest European wanted it as nearest European nation.nation.

1911: Italy declared war on 1911: Italy declared war on Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire which which controlled Tripoli. Italy controlled Tripoli. Italy victorious, took Tripoli as a victorious, took Tripoli as a colony & rename it Libya.colony & rename it Libya.

West AfricaWest Africa 1500-1600s: West Africans engaged 1500-1600s: West Africans engaged

in in slave tradeslave trade with Europeans. with Europeans. Early 1800s: Western nations abolish Early 1800s: Western nations abolish

slavery. Practice continued- slaves slavery. Practice continued- slaves sent to Middle East & Asia.sent to Middle East & Asia.

PopulationPopulation of West Africa weakened of West Africa weakened by slave trade. Trade by slave trade. Trade natural natural productsproducts for manufactured goods. for manufactured goods.

Late 1800s: Europeans control trade Late 1800s: Europeans control trade & move & move inlandinland..

West AfricaWest Africa 1900: 1900: Great BritainGreat Britain & & FranceFrance acquire acquire

West African lands.West African lands. 1890s: 1890s: West African West African ruler Samoury ruler Samoury

Toume fights French & Ashanti Queen Toume fights French & Ashanti Queen Yaa Asantewaa fights British. Both Yaa Asantewaa fights British. Both defeated by European armies.defeated by European armies.

1900: 1900: LiberiaLiberia only independent state only independent state in West Africa. Off limits to European in West Africa. Off limits to European expansion due to U.S. ties. Liberia expansion due to U.S. ties. Liberia established 1822 by free African established 1822 by free African Americans.Americans.

Central & East AfricaCentral & East Africa Belgian’s Belgian’s King Leopold IIKing Leopold II claimed claimed CongoCongo as as

private plantation. Cuts down forests & kills private plantation. Cuts down forests & kills elephants for ivory. Congo stripped of elephants for ivory. Congo stripped of people & resources.people & resources.

Leopold controlled Congo for 20 years. Leopold controlled Congo for 20 years. 1908- agreed to give up plantation for a 1908- agreed to give up plantation for a large loan. Congo region became large loan. Congo region became Belgian Belgian CongoCongo..

British, Germans & Italians claimed parts of British, Germans & Italians claimed parts of East Africa.East Africa.

EthopiaEthopia: only East African country to stay : only East African country to stay independent. Italy tried to conquer Ethopia. independent. Italy tried to conquer Ethopia. Defeated by Ethopian Emperor Defeated by Ethopian Emperor Menelik IIMenelik II & & his army.his army.

Southern AfricaSouthern Africa 1652: Dutch established 1652: Dutch established Cape TownCape Town & &

next 150 years, next 150 years, AfrikanersAfrikaners (settlers) (settlers) conquer more land that became Cape conquer more land that became Cape Colony. Strategic to get to Asia.Colony. Strategic to get to Asia.

BritishBritish seize Cape Colony in early seize Cape Colony in early 1800s. Afrikaners resent British law 1800s. Afrikaners resent British law forbidding slavery. Believed white forbidding slavery. Believed white Afrikaners superior.Afrikaners superior.

1830s: 10,000 Afrikaners, British 1830s: 10,000 Afrikaners, British called called BoersBoers (Dutch for farmer) leave (Dutch for farmer) leave Cape Town rather than be under Cape Town rather than be under British rule. British rule. Great Trek-Great Trek- move into move into interior. Establish Transvaal & Orange interior. Establish Transvaal & Orange Free State.Free State.

Southern Africa con’tSouthern Africa con’t Afrikaners fought neighbors- Afrikaners fought neighbors-

ZuluZulu for control of land. for control of land. 1879: British fought Zulu. Zulu 1879: British fought Zulu. Zulu

defeated British. Eventually defeated British. Eventually British destroy Zulu Empire.British destroy Zulu Empire.

Conflict between British & Boers. Conflict between British & Boers. British wanted all of South British wanted all of South Africa- Africa- gold/diamondsgold/diamonds..

1899: Anglo-Boer War- 1899: Anglo-Boer War- British British won in 1902.won in 1902.

Southern Africa con’tSouthern Africa con’t 1910: 1910: Great BritainGreat Britain unites Transvaal, unites Transvaal,

Orange Free State, Cape Colony & Orange Free State, Cape Colony & Natal into Union of South Africa.Natal into Union of South Africa.

Racial equalityRacial equality issue. Nonwhite issue. Nonwhite groups tried to gain groups tried to gain civil rightscivil rights from from white minority government. white minority government. Mohandas K. Ghandi fought & gained Mohandas K. Ghandi fought & gained quality for Indians in South Africa.quality for Indians in South Africa.

1912: Black South Africans founded 1912: Black South Africans founded the South Africa Native National the South Africa Native National Congress (SANNC). Goal- work for Congress (SANNC). Goal- work for black rights in South Africa.black rights in South Africa.

1925: shortened name to 1925: shortened name to African African National CongressNational Congress (ANC). (ANC).

Effects of ImperialismEffects of Imperialism Effects on economic & social life.Effects on economic & social life. Africans paid low wages. Taught Africans paid low wages. Taught

EuropeanEuropean ways. Africans kept ways. Africans kept culture but many accepted culture but many accepted ChristianityChristianity..

1900s: Western-educated 1900s: Western-educated Africans condemn Africans condemn imperialismimperialism. . Founded national groups.Founded national groups.

End of 20th century- won End of 20th century- won political political independenceindependence from from European rule.European rule.