world history notes – chapter 1 section 1 legacy of greece ... · pdf filesection 1-...
TRANSCRIPT
Prologue The Rise of Democratic Ideals
Section 1- Legacy of Ancient
Greece and Rome
Terms to Know:
1. Government
2. Monarchy
3. Aristocracy
4. Oligarchy
5. Democracy
6. Direct Democracy
7. Republic
8. Senate
Athens Builds
a Limited Democracy
Building Democracy
• 2000 BCE Greeks establish cities known
as city states.
• Each city state had a unique government.
- Monarchy – Aristocracy
– oligarchy - Limited Democracy
• Athens was the largest and most powerful.
• Citizens participated in
governmental decision making.
• Citizens were adult male
residents.
• Citizens elected three nobles to
rule.
• After a year of service the
nobles became part of a larger
advisory group.
• Circa 600 BCE Athens
suffered severe
economic problems.
• Poor farmers sold
themselves into slavery
to cover their debts.
Reforms of Solon
• Outlawed slavery based
upon debt
• Developed four classes of
citizenship based upon
wealth and not heredity.
• Top three classes could
hold public office.
• All classes could vote.
• Council of 400
• Any citizens could bring about charges against
wrong doers.
• Government participation increased.
• 1/10th of the population were considered
citizens.
• Athenian Law denied citizenship to women,
slaves, and foreign residents.
• Slaves formed 1/3rd of the population.
The Areopagus, as viewed from the Acropolis, is a monolith where Athenian
aristocrats decided important matters of state during Solon's time.
This is one of the earliest known coins. It was minted in the early 6th century BC in Lydia, one of
the world's then 'superpowers'. Coins such as this might have made their way to Athens in
Solon's time but it is unlikely that Athens had its own coinage at this period
Cleisthenes Enacts
More Reforms
• Considered the
founder of
democracy in
Athens.
• Balanced power
between the rich
and the poor.
• Developed a way for all citizens to submit laws
for debate and passage.
• Developed the Council of 500
• Council proposed laws
to the Assembly.
• Council members were
chosen at random.
• 1/5th of Athenian
residents were
considered citizens.
Greek Democracy Changes
Pericles Strengthens Democracy
• Increased paid jurors and public official
numbers.
• Poorer citizens could now participate.
• Athens evolved into
a Direct Democracy.
• Citizens no longer
acted through
representatives.
• The Peloponnesian War in 431, which
pitted Athens against a coalition of land-
based states led by Sparta.
• Democracy ended in Greece after the war
between Athens and Sparta.
• The conflict marked the end of Athenian
command of the sea.
• The war between the two city-states
ended in a victory for Sparta.
• Macedonia invaded Greece and defeated
the weakened city states.
Greek Philosophers Use
Reason
• Sought to investigate
the universe.
• The first of these was
Socrates
• He asked his
students to assess
their most closely
held beliefs.
• He preferred a
question and
answer method of
teaching.
• The second was
Plato (a pupil of
Socrates)
• The Republic
• Philosopher
Kings rule
• Plato’s student Aristotle
examined the nature of the
world and of human belief,
thought, and knowledge.
Legacy of Greece
• Greeks used reason and intelligence to develop
Natural Laws.
• Developed Direct Democracy
• First to develop Legislative, Judicial, and
executives branches.
Rome Develops a Republic • While Greece was in
decline.
• From 1000 to 500 BCE
the Romans (The
Latins) battled with
Greeks and Etruscans
for control of the Italian
Peninsula.
• The Romans were the
victors.
From Kingdom to
Republic
• Beginning 600 BCE
a series of kings
ruled Rome.
• 509 BCE the
aristocrats
overthrew a harsh
king.
• They established
The Republic.
• In Rome (as in Greece) citizenship was only
given to free born males.
• In the early Republic two groups battled
for control.
• Patricians- aristocratic land owners
• Plebeians – common farmers, artisans,
and merchants.
Twelve Tables
• Plebeians forced a
written law code to be
created.
• 451- a group of ten
officials began writing
down Rome’s laws.
• They had the laws carved
on 12 tables (tablets) and
had them publicly
displayed.
Republican Government
• Two officials called consuls (1 year term) commanded the army and directed the government.
• The legislative Branch was made up of a Senate and two assemblies.
• Patricians made up the Senate. It controlled foreign and financial policies and advised the consuls.
• The two assemblies were composed of the other citizens.
• In times of crisis the Republic also provided for a dictator (6 month term)
• Rome expanded rapidly through conquest and trade.
• Rome constantly bounced between civil war and
authoritarian leaders.
• 27 BCE the Republic collapsed and came under the
rule of an emperor.
Written Legal Code
• 451 BCE (1,000 years
later)
• Emperor Justinian
ordered the
compilation of all
Roman Laws.
• These were broken
into four works.
Legacy of Rome
• Rome provided the
world with the idea of the
Republic.
• Refined the idea of
citizenship
• Written legal code