III Baccalaureate

Lic. Shirley Enriquez

Coordinator

WORLD HISTORY III

UNIT 1: THE SLAVES 1.1. Origin of The Slavic People 1.1.1. The West Slavs 1.1.2. The South Slavs 1.1.3. The Eastern Slavs 1.2. The Slavic Lifestyle 1.3. Rurik The Rus 1.4. The Village of Kiev 1.5. Kievan Rus 1.6. Kievan Government 1.7. Slavic Religion 1.8. Christianity Arrives 1.10. Kiev’s Golden Age 1.11. Kiev Declines 1.12. The Mongols Rule 1.13. The Third Rome

History ImprovesJudgemt

History helps us understand

people & society

History makes us better thinkers

History is essential for good citizenship

History satisfies a need for identity

History contributes to moral understanding

UNIT 2: ISLAM2.1. Islam2.2. Towns Emerge 2.3. The City of Makkah 2.4. The Need For Government 2.5. Religious Movement 2.6. Muhammad 2.6.1. Muhammad Shares His Message 2.7. The Hijrah 2.8. City of Yathrib 2.9. An Islamic State 2.10. Muhammad Dies 2.11. The Holy Quran 2.12. Five Pillars of Islam2.12.1. Faith2.12.2. Prayer 2.12.3. Almsgiving 2.12.4. Fasting 2.13. Pilgrimage 2.14. Caliphs 2.15. Jihad 2.16. Islam Divided 2.17. The Umayyad Dynasty 2.18. The Abbasids Dynasty 2.19. Islam Crumbles

UNIT 3: MEDIEVAL EUROPE3.1. Medieval Europe 3.2. Merovingian Kings 3.3.1. Clovis 3.3.2. Mayors of The Palace 3.3.3. Pepin The Short

3.3.4. The Frankish Empire 3.3.5. The Holy Roman Empire 3.6. Holy Roman Empire Collapses 3.7. The Vikings 3.7.1. Viking Conquest 3.7.2. Vikings Convert To Christianity 3.8. Feudalism Develops In Europe 3.9. Lords And Knights 3.10. Feudal Castles 3.12. Knighthood3.13. Chivalry 3.14. Manorialism 3.15. Lives of The Peasants 3.16. The Authority of The Church 3.17. Religious Reforms 3.17.1. The Inquisition 3.18. English Monarchy Established 3.19. William The Conqueror 3.20. Henry I And Henry II 3.21. The Magna Carta 3.22. French Monarchy Established 3.22.1. Louis VI 3.22.2. Philip II 3.22.3. Louis IX 3.24. The Crusades 3.25. The Hundred Years War 3.26. The War of The Roses

UNIT 4: MEDIEVAL ASIA4.1. Asia In The Middle Ages 4.2. The Steppe Nomads 4.3. The Seljuk Turks 4.6. The Mongols 4.6.1. The Mongols Conquer Asia 4.6.2. The Mongol Empire

4.7. China In The Middle Ages 4.8. The Sui Dynasty 4.9. The Tang Dynasty 4.10. The Song Dynasty 4.11. Vietnam 4.12. Korea 4.13. The Three Kingdoms Period 4.14. The Yi Dynasty 4.15. Japan 4.16. The Heian Era 4.17. Yoritomo Minamoto 4.18. Japanese Feudalism

UNIT 5. ANCIENT AMERICA5.1. Ancient America 5.2. Agricultural Revolution 5.3. Villages Develop 5.4. Cultural Differentiation 5.5. The Arctic Peoples 5.6. The Northwest Peoples 5.7. The Southwest 5.8. The Great Plains 5.9. The Eastern Woodlands 5.10. Mesoamerican Cultures 5.10.1. The Olmecs 5.10.2. The Mayans5.10.3. The Teotihuacanos 5.10.4. The Toltecs 5.10.5. The Aztecs 5.11. The Inca Empire 5.11.1. The Incas Fall

UNIT 6: THE RENAISSANCE & THE REFORMATION

6.1. The Renaissance 6.1.1. The Renaissance In Italy 6.1.2. The Northern Renaissance 6.1.3. The English Renaissance 6.2. The Reformation 6.3. Martin Luther 6.4. The Swiss Reformation 6.5. John Calvin 6.6. The Anabaptists 6.7. The Church of England

WORLD HISTORY III

UNIT 1: THE SLAVES

1.9. Origin of The Slavic People

There is some debate among historians about where the Slavs originated. Many believe that they were early farmers who cultivated the fertile lands around the Black Sea. Others believe that they came from present day eastern Poland.

By A.D. 500 the Slavs had separated into three main groups. Each of these three groups shared a similar set of beliefs, and a similar lifestyle.

1.9.1. The West Slavs

Surrounded by marshlands, mountains, and some plains a group of Slavs known as the West Slavs inhabited eastern Europe around A.D. 500. These people were more closely tied to Western Europe than other Slavs, and shared many aspects of their culture with them.

The West Slavs fought a series of wars against the Germans in the West, and against the Scandinavians in the North in order to maintain control of their territory. These efforts were successful, allowing them to continue living on their lands down to the present day.

The West Slavs practiced the Roman Catholic faith. The descendants of these people live in the present day nations of Poland,, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia.

1.9.2. The South Slavs

The South Slavs settled in the regions around the Balkan Peninsula. Because of their proximity to the Byzantine Empire, this group of Slavs was heavily influenced by the Byzantines, as well as by Western Europe.

The descendants of the South Slavs live in the present day nations of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia. Their faith is influenced by both Eastern Orthodox, as well as Roman Catholic. Many of the Bosnians are Muslim.

1.9.3. The Eastern Slavs

The Eastern Slavs were by far the largest of the three groups of Slavic peoples. The Eastern Slavs lived in the regions north of the Black Sea. Descendants of the Eastern Slavs today inhabit the nations of Ukraine, Russia, as well as many smaller nations in the region. The peoples of the Eastern Slavic regions traded heavily with the Byzantines, as well as with the nations of Western Europe, and Asia. As a result of this trade, as well as their geographical location between these three cultures, the Eastern Slavs never became fully European, fully Eastern, or fully Asian. Instead, they share many aspects of all three cultures.

/// Activities ///:Fill in the chart with the most important characteristic of each heading:The West Slavs The South Slavs The Eastern

Slavs

1.10. The Slavic Lifestyle

Slavs lived in small villages consisting mostly of relatives. They farmed the land, growing a variety of grains and vegetables. These peoples also hunted their thick woodlands for meat. Slavic villages were made up of beautifully built log homes. These log homes were skillfully carved with pictures of animals, flowers, and gods, and would be considered comfortable, even by today’s standards.

The Slavs were generally a peaceful people, usually fighting only to maintain their lands, and not to expand them further. They often depended on outside armies such as the Vikings to help protect them./// Activities ///:

How was the Slavic Lifestyle?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.11. Rurik The Rus

In A.D. 860 the Slavic village of Novgorod located in the Northern Forests of the Slavic regions contacted the Vikings asking for help in maintaining order in their lands. They said told the Vikings that they had rich fertile lands, but that they did not have the ability to unite their people, or maintain order. Thus, they requested that the Vikings come and rule them.

A Viking by the name of Rurik The Rus answered the request. It is believed that Rus is the root for the name of the Slavic nation of Russia.

/// Activities ///:

Who was Rurik The Rus?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.12. The Village of Kiev

In A.D. 880, Rurik’s successor, a man by the name of Prince Oleg conquered a small village known as Kiev. This village lied on the Dnieper River, which made it a great location for trade. Using Kiev, Prince Oleg was eventually able to control important trade routes

along the Dnieper River. Kiev quickly grew in power and wealth, becoming one of the most important cities in the region. /// Activities ///:

Describe with your own words The Village of Kiev:

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.13. Kievan Rus

By A.D. 900, the city of Kiev had begun to control much of the surrounding regions. This city-state became known as Kievan Rus. For centuries, the leaders of Kievan Rus, known as ‘Grand Princes’ lead raids against the Byzantines in search of wealth.

In A.D. 911 Byzantium signed a treaty with Kievan Rus, ending these raids, and opening a long and prosperous period of trade

between the two peoples. This trade would help both nations to grow in power and wealth.

1.14. Kievan Government

The Grand Prince, who ruled from Kiev controlled a large territory around his city. A series of lesser princes ruled neighboring city-states, and paid tribute to the Grand Prince. These lesser princes had a great deal of freedom and autonomy in how they ruled their own territory. The lesser princes governed the day to day, while the Grand Prince provided protection in the form of a military.

Princes could be removed from power through the collective authority of a council of merchants and nobles known as boyars. These councils represented all free male citizens.

1.15. Slavic Religion

Early Slavs worshiped a variety of spirits. They also believed that their ancestors could influence their lives, and often worshiped them. A popular Slavic god was Perun, the god of thunder and lightning. These gods and spirits would be carved into their homes, public buildings, and into works that were placed on the highest point in a Slavic village.

/// Activities ///: Define the following terms: Kievan Rus :_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Kievan Government:_______________________________________ __________________________________________________ Slavic Religion:______________________________________________________________________________________________

1.9. Christianity Arrives

By the late A.D. 900s many of the Slavs began to practice Christianity. Their interaction with the Byzantine Empire brought them into close contact with the faith.

The first member of the royal family to be converted to Christianity was a

Kievan Princess by the name of Olga. Her Grandson Vladimir eventually became the Grand Prince. Vladimir sent out an embassy to search out a true form of religion. This embassy visited many different religions, and determined that only

Eastern Orthodox held the keys to the continued success of their kingdom.

Upon their return, Grand Prince Vladimir became converted to Eastern Orthodox, and ordered that all his people also convert to the new faith. Their conversion to Eastern Orthodox strengthened their ties with the Byzantines, and helped bring their culture to new heights.

The Byzantines taught the Slavs new skills in art and building, they built schools, taught the Slavs how to write, and helped them make great advancements in technology and science.

Answer:

a. Who was the first converted to Christian from the royal family?

_____________________________________________________

b. Who sent out an embassy to search out a true form of religion?

_____________________________________________________

c. What were the consequences of Vladimir and his family conversion to Eastern Orthodox?

_____________________________________________________

d. What skills did The Byzantines teach the Slavs?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.14. Kiev’s Golden Age

Throughout the A.D. 1000s Kievan Rus experienced a period of wealth, and economic growth. Historians refer to this time period as the Golden Age of Kiev.

Prince Vladimir who brought Eastern Orthodoxy into Kievan Rus is often considered one of the kingdom’s greatest rulers. He ruled from A.D. 980 until A.D. 1015. During this time period his people saw tremendous

growth, and an overall increase in their standard of living due to the influences of the Byzantine Empire.

Prince Vladimir’s son, a man by the name of Yaroslav, reigned in his father’s place beginning in the year A.D. 1019. Grand Prince Yaroslav built a library in Kiev, and encouraged everyone to gain as much education as possible.

He also reorganized the affairs of the government, establishing new laws, which were heavily based on the Justinian code of the Byzantine Empire.

In order to insure peace, Yaroslav arranged marriages for his daughters and sisters with the kings of many surrounding nations. During this time period, when Europe was in the midst of the dark ages, Kiev stood as a shinning beacon, and beautiful city.

1.15. Kiev Declines

After the golden age in Kiev, the nation began to see a rapid decline. Yaroslavl was a successful leader, who brought about great wealth and power to his homeland, but he is also one of the major factors in its decline.

Instead of appointing one successor, Yaroslavl appointed all of his sons as successors. This resulted in the splintering of his kingdom, as many different princes fought for control over the kingdom.

In A.D. 1240 invaders from Mongolia conquered and completely destroyed Kiev.

/// Activities ///:

Explain how the Kiev had their golden age and then how their declination occurred:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.16. The Mongols Rule

After the defeat and destruction of Kiev, there was nothing to stop the Mongols from conquering the remaining Slavic territories. The Mongols would rule the Slavs for the next two hundred years. The Slavs were allowed to practice their religious beliefs, but were required to pay taxes to the Mongols, and to support their armies through military service.

Mongol control further distanced the Slavs from the people of Western Europe. This isolation helped to keep their culture

from evolving in the same direction as that of the Western Europeans.

/// Activities ///:

What were the Mongols Rules?

1.17. The Third Rome

Ivan The Great who was able to unite all the Russian Slavs under his rule now controlled a vast empire whose size and territory was as great as any earlier empire. Ivan married Sophia, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor. This marriage allowed him to claim the title of Czar, or ‘Caesar’, which was the title the emperors of both Byzantium, and Rome took.

Ivan also incorporated many symbols of the Byzantine and Roman empires into his own

empire, including a double headed eagle, which was the symbol of rulers in the Byzantine Empire.

All Czars from Ivan the Great down until the twentieth century would lay their claim to rule through their ancestry leading back to the Roman Empire.

/// Activities ///:

a. Who was Ivan the Great?_________________________________________________________

b. What opportunities did Ivan receive from his marriage?_________________________________________________________

c. What fusion did Ivan do with the Byzantine and Roman empires?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

d. Why was it necessary to go back to the ancient Roman Empire?_________________________________________________________

UNIT 2: ISLAM

2.1. Islam

As early as 3000 B.C. the people known as the Arabs inhabited a large peninsula between Asia and Africa. This peninsula would come to be known as the Arabian Peninsula

after the people who lived there.

Because of the remoteness of their villages, and the brutal deserts that surrounded them, the Arabians were left alone for centuries. Free from attack by outside forces, and isolated from the rest of the world, the Arabian culture evolved in a unique direction, completely separate from the cultures of other civilizations around them.

In order to survive the harsh conditions of their homeland, the Arabians drew close to their families. Several related families often came together to form a tribe. These tribes were ruled by one chief called the sheikh. The sheikh ruled, so long as the heads of each family supported him.

These tribes often raided one another in search of camels, goats, and other necessary supplies for their survival. The

men engaged in games that helped to prepare them to be warriors.

These early Arabians traveled from oases to oases in search of water and food. Their diet consisted mainly of dates, a small fruit, and milk from their herds. On special occasions, they would kill and feast on a fatted lamb.

/// Activities ///:

Class will be divided into 5 groups to expose about the following topics:

a. Towns Emerge (Explain how towns were formed)b. The City of Makkah (Describe the city)c. The Need For Government (Explain why the government

formation was necessary)d. Religious Movement (Explain the basics of this

movement)e. Muhammad (Explain about his biography)

Rubrics: Method:

Chart…………5 points Any of the integrants will

Knowledge….10 points be called to expose.

Eye contact…..2.5 points

Fluency……….2.5 points

2.2. Towns Emerge

By A.D. 500 life began to change for the Arabians. Instead of migrating in search of food, they began to settle in oases, or fertile valleys. This allowed them to build villages, towns, and cities.

Many of the Arabians became skilled farmers, while others learned crafts such as blacksmithing. Others still became merchants and traders. As the centuries wore on, some of these cities became very large, and wealthy.

2.3. The City of Makkah

One of the most important cities in the region was Makkah. Makkah was located about 55 miles from the borders of the Red Sea. Its location along the Red Sea, and also along important trade routes made it a good location for controlling trade in the region.

Makkah also was home to the region’s most sacred religious shrine. This shrine,known as the Kaaba contained engraved

images of all the Arabian gods.

Arabians would travel hundreds of miles in great pilgrimages to visit the Kaaba in the city of Makkah so that they could faithfully worship their gods. This brought additional wealth and prosperity to the city, and became an important part of their economy.

2.4. The Need For Government

As the Arabian cities prospered, the old tribal governments were no longer sufficient. Arab was ruled by hundreds of sheiks, instead of one central government. They all shared the same language, culture, and religious beliefs, but because they did not share the same government, and were not united, it was difficult for them to defend themselves. The Persian Empire, as well as the Byzantine Empire were both growing in strength and influence. Both of these Empires looked at Arab lands, and threatened to conquer them.

2.5. Religious Movement

Arabia lie between several cultures who had rejected the idol worship of their ancestors. The Jews and Christians both worshiped a single God. Many of the nations surrounding Arabia practiced one of these two faiths.

Arab teachers called hanifs began searching for a new monotheistic faith. Monotheistic means that they worship only one god, instead of many idols. These hanifs rejected both Judaism as well as Christianity, and instead formed their own monotheistic faith which they called Islam. Islam means ‘submission to the will of Allah’. Allah is the name of the god that followers of Islam worship.

2.6. Muhammad

In the year A.D. 570 a man who would greatly influence the religious beliefs of Islam was born in the city of Makkah. This man’s name was Muhammad

Muhammad was orphaned when his parents were killed, and was left to be raised by an uncle. In order to survive, Muhammad went to work as a caravan leader when he was only a teenager. He was very good at his job, and brought his employer, a 40 year old widow tremendous wealth.

When Muhammad reached the age of 25, this widow proposed marriage to him. After marrying this wealthy woman, Muhammad was now free to contemplate life. His new found wealth allowed him more free time than before his marriage.

As Muhammad contemplated his faith, he became concerned about the greed and wickedness of his people. He saw a great disparity between the wealthy and the poor. He was also concerned about the worship of idols, instead of worshiping Allah, or God.

In A.D. 610 after years of prayer, and anguish over the sins of his people, Islamic tradition states that Muhammad received a revelation from Allah telling him to preach to the people. Muhammad later received other revelations giving him further instructions about what to share with his people.

2.6.1. Muhammad Shares His Message

By A.D. 613 Muhammad began sharing the message that Allah had given him with others. Beginning with his family and close friends. As word spread that Muhammad had seen a vision from Allah, many in Makkah began to persecute him and his followers. One of the most important elements of the economy in Makkah was the pilgrims who traveled to the city to worship their idols. The wealthy merchants feared that this

new religion which forbad the worship of idols would hurt their economy.

Muhammad did have some early success however. Mainly with the poorer classes of people who lived in and around Makkah. They were drawn to his message because he taught that the poor and wealthy were equal, and that the wealthy should share their means with those who did not have enough./// Activities ///:

a. What was Muhammad message?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Look up the meaning of these words:Pilgrim:__________________________________________________ Wealthy:_________________________________________________ Equal:___________________________________________________ Poor:___________________________________________________ Success:_________________________________________________ Allah:__________________________________________________

2.7. The Hijrah

In the year A.D. 622 persecution against Muhammad and his followers became especially brutal. Muhammad had

received a number of threats against his life, including attempted assassinations. In order to protect both himself, and his people, Muhammad sent his followers, which consisted of about 60 separate families to the town of Yathrib. Muhammad himself traveled to Yathrib secretly, shortly there after. Followers of Islam, known as Muslims call this the Hijrah. Hijrah means ‘great emigration’. The year that the Hijrah took place marks the first year of the Islamic calendar, and is the year that most historians consider the beginning of the Islamic era.

/// Activities ///:

a. Who were the Hijrah?

_________________________________________________________

b. What does Hijrah mean?

_________________________________________________________

c. When was the persecution behind Muhammad and his followers start?

_________________________________________________________

2.8. City of Yathrib

In Yathrib Islam began to flourish. The people accepted Muhammad as their leader and king. Muhammad established all laws, and settled all disputes. He taught the people that they owed their loyalty first to Islam, second to their families,

and only thirdly to their own tribes. These teachings united his people under his rule and authority.

The teachings and laws revealed by Muhammad were written in books, which became known as the Quran. The Quran today is considered to be Holy Scripture by those who practice Islam.

Gradually the city of Yathrib became known as Madinah, which means “The City of The Prophet”.

/// Activities ///;

a. What did Muhammad teach people of the city of Yathrib?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Where were written Muhammad’s teachings?

_________________________________________________________

2.9. An Islamic State

In A.D. 630 the people who lived in Makkah attacked Muhammad and his people in an attempt to destroy them. The Muslims were not only able to defend themselves against attack, but in the same year were able to overthrow and conquer Makkah.

Many tribes throughout the Arabian Peninsula saw this as a sign of Allah’s power. By A.D. 631 Muhammad was recognized throughout the region as the prophet of God. As Allah’s prophet, Muhammad was then easily able to conquer the entire Arabian Peninsula with little opposition.

Muhammad setup a strong central government, whose capital was in Madinah. He destroyed all the idols that were in Kaaba,

and instead established Kaaba as the center of Muslim worship. Thus, Makkah became the religious capital of this Islamic nation.

/// Activities ///

1. How did Makkah become the religious capital of Islam?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.10. Muhammad Dies

In the year A.D. 632, after battling a fast moving infection, Muhammad died. However, he left behind a legacy that is almost unparalleled in world history. During his short reign, Muhammad founded a new world religion, and united all of the Arabian tribes behind one central government, giving it new strength, that would help it survive the coming centuries.

/// Activities ///

1. When did Muhammad die?

______________________________________________________

2. What did Muhammad do during his short reign?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.11. The Holy Quran

The teachings of Muhammad were not written down in a single book during his life time. Instead, they were recorded on what ever happened to be available to the people at the

time, including bones, palm tree husks, and scrolls. Islamic legend states that these revelations were given to Muhammad by the angle Gabriel over a period of 22 years.

After his death, a new leader by the name of Abu Bakr rose to power. Abu Bakr ordered that all the teachings of Muhammad should be recorded into a single work, or book. He had the people search throughout the land in search of all the teachings of Muhammad. After two decades, these works were gathered into a single book, which became known as the Holy Quran.

The Holy Quran established the religious beliefs and practices of the Islamic people. It also established appropriate practices of both leaders and subjects within government, within their personal lives, and within their livelihoods.

This book was instrumental in insuring that the beliefs of the Muslims remained constant throughout the many centuries since the religions foundation

/// Activities ///:

a. Explain what The Holy Quran is.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.12. Five Pillars of Islam

The Quran established five pillars or responsibilities that are necessary for all faithful Muslims to fulfill. These five duties are faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage to Makkah

2.12.1. Faith

The Muslims believe that they must confess their faith in Allah, and in the prophet Muhammad. Muhammad is believed to be a mortal man, and the last of a long line of prophets, including Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.

They believe that Allah is an all-powerful, just, kind, and merciful god. They believe that he looks after his children, and that he wants them to be happy. Their confession of faith includes an acceptance that is will is supreme, and must be followed at all costs.

2.12.2. Prayer

Muslims believe that they must pray to Allah as a sign of respect, submission, and in order to receive his guidance. These prayers are always offered five times a day. The first prayer is offered at sunrise, followed by a prayer at noon, a prayer in the afternoon, a prayer at sunset, and a prayer in the evening. These prayers are offered while standing kneeling,

bowing, and touching one’s forehead to the ground in a sign of respect to Allah.

Often Muslims will meet together in a mosque or religious center on Fridays to pray together as a group. These prayer

services are lead by an imam, who is not a formal clergyman, but is a self-appointed religious leader.

2.12.3. Almsgiving

The third pillar of Islam is the practice of giving alms to the poor. Muhammad had taught his people that the wealthy and the poor were equal in importance before Allah, and that the wealthy should give of their substance to help support those who do not have enough for their needs and the needs of their families.

Alms are given privately from the individual who is giving, to the individual who is in need. Many Islamic governments also collect these alms in the form of a tax, which they administer to those who are in need.

2.12.4. Fasting

Islamic traditions state that Muhammad received the first revelations of his new faith in the ninth month of the Islamic year. This month is called Ramadan. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims practice fasting.

This fast begins in the morning at sunrise, and ends at sunset. Between sunrise and sunset, Muslims do not eat or drink anything. The setting of the Sun is announced in each city or town is announced by the shooting of a cannon. Following this cannon blast, Muslims stream into the streets, where they eat, and socialize with one another.

2.13. Pilgrimage

The fifth and final pillar of Islam is the practice of pilgrimage to Makkah. All Muslims are expected to make this pilgrimage at least once within their lifetime

Today millions of Muslims from around the world gather at Makkah each year around the Kaaba to worship.

The Pilgrimage also allows Muslims to meet other members of their faith from around the world, and share ideas, and create lifelong friendships

/// Activities ///:

Write the correct pillar of Islam according to each picture:

________________________________ ___________________- _______________

____________________________ _________________________

2.14. Caliphs

After the death of Muhammad, the Muslim people began looking to a new type of ruler, which they called a caliph. The word ‘caliph’ means successor. The caliph was the governmental successor to Muhammad. He was not however the prophetic successor, since

Muslims believed that Muhammad was the last prophet.

Under the direction of the caliphs, the Islamic empire continued to spread in influence, wealth, and power. The first four caliphs were close friends and relatives of Muhammad. Through their military might they greatly expanded the borders of Islam, bringing their once great neighbors, the Persians, completely under their control. These leaders also conquered much of the Byzantine Empire.

/// Activities ///

a. Who was Muhammad’s successor?

________________________________________________________

b. What happened under the direction of the caliphs in the Islamic empire?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.15. Jihad

The Quran teaches that Muslims have an obligation to fight in order to spread their faith to new lands, and in order to gain new converts. The word ‘fight’ does not always refer to battle, but

can also refer to the labors of missionary work. A ‘fight’ for religious expansion is known in Islam as a Jihad.

Guided by the principal of Jihad, the armies of Islam were united. They fought with courage, and strength against their enemies, and continued to expand their borders and influence. By A.D. 650 their conquests had led them to possess much of the lands around the Mediterranean sea, including Egypt, Persia, Iraq, Iran, and surrounding regions.

/// Activities ///:a. What does “fight” mean for Muhammad?

_______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

b. What nations were conquered by the armies of Islam?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.16. Islam Divided

In A.D. 656 the fourth Caliph, a man by the name of Ali, was elected as ruler of Islam. Ali came to power when his predecessor was murdered.

The governor of Syria, Mu’ Awiyah, was the nephew of Uthman, the former, and now murdered, caliph. Mu’ Awiyah accused Ali of planning the murder of his uncle, so that he could take power for himself.

The supporters of Mu’ Awiyah fought for several years against the supporters of Ali for control of the government. In A.D. 661 Ali was murdered by one of his own followers, ending the civil war.

Mu’ Awiyah was now the undisputed ruler of Islam. The followers of Ali were upset at their lose, and refused to accept the rule of Mu’ Awiyah. Instead they installed the son of Ali as their leader. A man by the name of Husayn.

Those who followed Husayn became known as the Shiite Muslims, while those who remained faithful to Mu’ Awiyah were known as the Suni Muslims./// Activities ///:

a. Explain about the division of Islam._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.17. The Umayyad Dynasty

From A.D. 661 until A.D. 750 Islam would be ruled by the descendants of Mu’ Awiyah known as the Umayyads. Under the guidance of the Umayyads, Islam continued its rapid spread throughout the world.

The Umayyad armies went as far East as China, and as far West as Spain. Islam quickly became one of the largest and most powerful nations on Earth.

2.18. The Abbasids Dynasty

The Shiites continued to work against the Sunni Umayyad leaders. A building resentment for the Umayyads was furthered by their mistreatment of non-Arab Muslims. These non-Arabs were considered second class citizens. They paid higher taxes, and had fewer rights. In A.D. 747 the Shiites and non-Arab Muslims gathered together an army under the leadership of Abu’ l-‘ Abbas, who was a direct descendant of Muhammad.

After defeating the Umayyads, Abbas established himself as caliph. He and his descendants would rule Islam until A.D. 1258. They would become known as the Abbasids Dynasty.

Abbas commissioned the building of a new city. A city that would grow to become one of the wealthiest cities in the region. He named his new capital city Baghdad. By A.D. 900 over one million people lived and worked in Baghdad.

/// Activities ///:

Fill in the chart with the right information required:

The Umayyad Dynasty characteristics

The Abbasids Dynasty Characteristics

2.19. Islam crumbles From A.D. 1000 through A.D. 1258 the Islamic state began to see a long slow period of decline. The massive empire that had been conquered by Islam, and brought under the rule of one leader began to splinter into smaller groups, lead by local leaders.By A.D. 1258 the caliph in Baghdad ruled nothing more than Baghdad itself, and a small territory around it. In this year, the Mongols entered the region, and destroyed the city of Baghdad. They slaughtered over 50,000 of the cities residents as they sought to control it.

/// Activities ///a. What causes the disintegration of Islam?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. What were the consequences of the Islam disintegration?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT 3: MEDIEVAL EUROPE

3.1. Medieval Europe

With the decline of Rome, there was no one to stop the advancement of the warring Germanic tribes. These tribes

traveled in search of food, wealth, and shelter, and often left devastation behind them.

The result was that civilized life saw a long period of decline. Building slowed down, bridges and roads fell into serious decline and disuse.

The lack of good roads and bridges, and the danger caused by the roaming Germanic tribes, and bandits made it difficult to send goods from one place to another.

The lack of trade seriously hurt the local economies of Europe. Additionally, during this time period there was a general decline in education.

Overall, the lives of the people were harder; they had less food, poorer educations, and lower living conditions than earlier generations. This time period has come to be known as the Dark Ages, or Medieval times. Medieval means “Middle Age” and refers to the fact that these difficult times bridged the ancient world with the modern world./// Activities ///:

a. What causes the serious hurt of Europe Economy?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. What does Medieval mean?________________________________________________________

c. What does Middle age refer to?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.2. Merovingian Kings

The Germanic tribes often caused mayhem and destruction in medieval Europe. However, it is important to also note that some of the Germanic tribes were not barbarians, but instead settled in homes, and tried to help build up civilization.

The largest of these Germanic tribes settled in lands that are now part of western Germany, and France. The kings of this tribe were called the Merovingian kings, and ruled from A.D. 400 until the A.D. 700s.

3.3.1. Clovis

In A.D. 481 a Merovingian King by the name of Clovis came to power. He was a brutal warrior, who delighted in bloodshed on the battlefield. Fifteen years after taking the throne, Clovis became converted to Christianity.

The conversion of Clovis was critical in European history. He encouraged his people to also convert to this new faith. The Germanic tribes would be critical in later years in defending Christianity against invading Muslims.

3.3.2. Mayors of The Palace

By A.D. 700 the Merovingian kings had lost control of the region inhabited by the Franks. Instead, power fell to a leader who was known as the Mayor of the Palace. In A.D. 732 Islam invaded Europe in an attempt to convert the Christians to the Islam faith.

They had already conquered much of Europe, including almost all of Spain. As the Muslims entered what is now modern day France, a mayor of the palace by the name of Charles Martel

met them with his forces in the city of Tours.

Martel and his forces were able to beat back the Muslims, protecting the rest of Europe, and insuring that the religion practiced by the Europeans would remain Christianity.

3.3.3. Pepin The Short

Charles Martel was succeeded as mayor of the palace by his son Pepin, often called Pepin The Short. In A.D. 752 the Pope anointed Pepin The Short as king. This anointing by the Pope was important. To his subjects, it meant that Pepin had the backing of God, or that he was God’s chosen ruler.

In exchange for the blessing of the Pope, Pepin promised to offer his protection to the Church. At this time, the Church in Rome was under attack by a non-Christian Germanic tribe called the Lombards. The Pope had sought assistance from the Byzantine Empire, but they refused to send aid. This left the Pope with no choice but to turn to the Franks.

In A.D. 754 Pepin The Short successfully removed the Lombards from Rome, and gave their lands to the Pope. This strengthened the ties between the Catholic Church and the Franks, while the ties between the Church and the Byzantines were weakened.

3.3.4. The Frankish Empire

In A.D. 771 Pepin The Short was succeeded as king by his son Charlemagne. Charlemagne was a tall, friendly ruler, and was also a skillful politician. Under his leadership, the kingdom

controlled by the Franks doubled in size growing to include France, Germany, Spain, and Italy. This kingdom became known as the Frankish Empire. For the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire, all the people of Western Europe were ruled over by a single government and by a single leader.

/// Activities ///:a. Write down a definition of each term:

Merovingian Kings: __________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

Clovis:_____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

Mayors of The Palace:________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

Pepin The Short:____________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

The Frankish Empire:________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

3.3.5. The Holy Roman Empire

Many western Europeans longed for the return of the Roman Empire. During the days of the Empire, they were the

strongest and wealthiest people on Earth. By the A.D. 800s they were just a shadow of their former glory.

In A.D. 800 after coming to Rome to defend the Pope from invasion, Pope Leo III anointed Charlemagne as the emperor of the new Holy Roman Empire. As emperor he worked with leaders to strengthen and protect the empire. He relied heavily on local counts who solved problems in small geographical districts.

These counts were instructed in their duties and responsibilities personally by Charlemagne, and they swore allegiance to him. Charlemagne then sent loyal authorities known as Missi Dominici on annual tours of his empire to observe how loyal his subjects were to him, and how closely the counts were following the laws he had established.

3.6. Holy Roman Empire Collapses

After the death of Charlemagne in the year A.D. 814 his son Louise the Pious took the throne as emperor. Louise was not as effective a leader as his father. Upon the death of Louise, his three sons began fighting over control of the empire. After several years of civil war, which greatly weakened the empire, the three brothers signed a treaty in A.D. 843, which divided the empire into three equal pieces. Louis The German took control over most of what is now present day Germany. Charles The Bald took control of what is present day France, and Lothair took the land in-between the two, stretching from the North Sea, down into Italy. Lothair retained the title of emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, since Rome laid within his territory. Franks Faced Threats On All Sides

The civil war between the sons of Louise the Pious, greatly weakened the Frankish civilizations at a time when barbarians and outsiders threatened to attack the kingdoms from almost every side.

Muslims from northern Africa, Slavs from the East, and nomads known as Magyars from Asia, all with their eyes on conquering and controlling the Franks. The biggest threat of all came in the form of the Vikings, from Scandinavia.

/// Activities ///:

a. What causes the Holy Roman Empire collapse?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Who was Louise the Pious?

3.7. The Vikings

In the A.D. 800s the Viking homeland of Scandinavia had become over crowded. Many of these Scandinavian warriors left their homes in search of wealth and

adventure. They traveled in medium-sized sailing ships that were large enough to sail in the open sea, but small enough to navigate through the rivers of Europe.

The Vikings were expert warriors. They used their light weight ships to sneak up on their victims, and then retreat before their enemies could retaliate. Whatever they did not steal, they would burn to the ground. They were brutal, and showed no mercy to their victims, often torturing and killing them.

With fearsome names, like “Eric The Blood Axe”, the Vikings struck fear in the hearts of Western Europeans everywhere. No one was safe from their attacks.

/// Activities ///:

a. Who were the Vikings?

__________________________________________________

b. Where were they from?

___________________________________________________

c. What did the presence of Vikings cause in Western Europe?

___________________________________________________

3.7.1. Viking Conquest

In addition to attacking and raiding Western Europe, the Vikings also established colonies throughout the world, reaching as far as the new world. They settled in Greenland, Iceland, parts of France, and Great Britain, North America, Ukraine, and Russia.

3.7.2. Vikings Convert to Christianity

For centuries the Vikings worshiped a variety of gods and deities. However, as they expanded their territories, and built colonies in distant lands, they came into close contact with the rest of Western Europe. Most of Western Europe at this

time was Christians. Eventually most Vikings became converted to Christianity as well. Their conversion helped to civilize them in many ways, and introduced them to written language. /// Activities ///:

a. Explain the process when Vikings converted into Christianity.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.8. Feudalism Develops In Europe

As a result of the constant attacks by the Vikings and other nomads, the governments of Europe were constantly under attack. Communities did not feel that their governments were providing adequate protection for them against outsiders. The economies of Western Europe were in a shambles, and trade

routes were disrupted.

As the monarchs of central governments lost power, a new type of government evolved called Feudalism. Feudalism began in France around A.D. 900, and spread throughout the remainder of Europe within 150 years.

/// Activities ///:

a. Define the following terms. Use a dictionary if necessary:

Feudal:______________________________________________________

Feudalism:___________________________________________________

Monarch:____________________________________________________

3.9. Lords And Knights

Feudalism began as monarchs started giving control of local territories to lords. These lords controlled almost all aspects of life within their estates. Along with their lands, these lords also owned the peasants who lived on their land, as well as all of their possessions. The peasants were obligated to work for the Lords, farming their lands, and filling other

necessary duties.

In exchange for this sovereignty, the lords pledged their loyalty to the king, and promised to supply him with knights for his armies. Often a lord would have lesser lords who he controlled, and greater lords who he was loyal to./// Activities ///:

a. Explain the way that Lords and Knights lived during the Feudalism._________________________________________________________

3.10. Feudal Castles

Because there was no strong central government, feudal lords often went to war against one another. In order to protect themselves, these lords began

building large beautiful castles. These castles consisted of a central building known as the ‘keep’ where the nobles lived, and where prisoners were kept in dungeons. The keep was usually the most secure part of the castle, and the hardest part to enter during battles.

Surrounding the keep was a large area known as the bailey. The bailey contained a number of buildings including food stores, soldier’s quarters, workshops, and even a chapel.

Finally, the castle was usually surrounded by a high outside wall, and a large deep mote which made it difficult for outsiders to attack.

3.11. The Lives of Nobles

Lords, ladies, and knights were called nobles. They had a higher status in feudal society than that of the peasants. The peasants served the nobles, and were controlled by them.

A lord had complete authority over his lands, and the people who lived on his lands. A lady had very few rights. She was expected to marry whoever her father chose, and could be married at an age as young as twelve years old. Her responsibilities were to care for the household, and to bare and raise children.

A knight served his lord during times of battle, which was frequent. He enjoyed more freedoms and rights

than peasants, but his life was always at risk.

The castles were beautiful from the outside, but they were damp, smelly, and cold on the inside. They were built to protect the lords and ladies, and not to be comfortable.

/// Activities ///:

a. Were Feudal Castles important? Explain why/why not.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Describe the lives of nobles.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.12. Knighthood

The sons of lords began training for knighthood at the age of 7. By 15 they became squires. A squire was assigned as an apprentice to a knight. He followed the knight around, and assisted him in his duties. When a

squire had successfully proven himself in battle, he would be knighted in an elaborate ceremony.

/// Activities ///:

a. What does Knighthood mean?_______________________________________________________

3.13. Chivalry

Knights were guided in their conduct by a code of ethics known as chivalry. Chivalry promoted honesty, fairness in battle, and proper treatment of noble women. The concepts of chivalry gradually blended with the expectations of proper manners for gentleman in western culture.

3.14. Manorialism

Lords and peasants worked together to support one another. The wealth of the lords came by the labors of the peasants who worked their lands. In return, the lords protected the peasants, offered them shelter, and insured that they were fed.

The lands of a lord were referred to as a manor. A manor might be small and only include a few hundred acres, or it might me huge, encompassing several hundred thousand acres.

A manor consisted of the lords estate or castle, farm lands, forests for hunting, and a village where the peasants lived. Because war was rampant, trade was nearly impossible. This meant that a manor had to be self-sufficient. They had to produce everything they needed to survive within their own manor.

The lord directed these efforts and protected his peasants. In exchange, the peasants worked on road repairs, built bridges, farmed the lords lands, and built buildings. They also paid tribute to the lord in the form of grain, food, clothing, and other goods.

/// Activities ///

a. Explain these terms:

Chivalry:_____________________________________________________

Manorialism:__________________________________________________

3.15. Lives of the Peasants

Medieval peasants had a difficult and often short life. They lived in one room huts, with dirt floors. These huts had no chimneys, which made them very cold in the winter. They had little or no furniture, and had huddle together to keep

warm.

These peasants ate mostly grain, and occasional vegetables from small gardens. Meat was scarce and rarely available. When meat was available, they often hung it from the rafters of their homes to show off. The term ‘bringing home the bacon’ comes from this time period. When men were successful enough to bring meat or bacon home to their families, they would brag that their husband brought home the bacon.

Disease was common, and most peasants did not live beyond the age of 40.

/// Activities ///

a. Write a short description about The Peasants life.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.16. The Authority of the Church

Under the feudal system, the Catholic Church grew in power and prestige. The bishop of Rome, known as the Pope claimed

authority over all Christians in Western Europe. The Pope often became involved in political affairs, and even anointed kings and rulers of various nations. Some Roman Popes were more powerful than the local monarchs.

Local religious leaders also grew in power, influence, and wealth. Because the leaders of the Church were almost always nobles, they received lands and wealth from the king, and in turn from the peasants who served them. Other nobles often paid them tributes in hopes of obtaining the grace of God.

Over time, these religious leaders became the wealthiest and most powerful leaders in Western Europe. As this happened, they became more concerned about

the affairs of their estates, and less concerned about fulfilling their religious responsibilities./// Activities ///

a. What influence did the Church have in the Peasants?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.17. Religious Reforms

In A.D. 1059 the Church instituted a series of reforms that were meant to bring them closer to God. Up until this time, popes were usually appointed by kings, and local bishops and cardinals were appointed by their local lords.

The Church ruled that from this time on, popes would be elected to office by cardinals, and that cardinals, bishops, and other leaders would be appointed by higher officials.

The Church fought with great energy to convert the Waldensians from their heresy, and eventually excommunicated many of them.

/// Activities ///:

a. List the hierarchy in the Church.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.17.1. The Inquisition

In A.D. 1232 the Catholic Church established a court known as the Inquisition. The Inquisition was charged with the responsibility of seeking out and punishing heretics. This court was given substantial authority in order to allow them to fulfill their charge.

Often individuals were charged with heresy with little or no proof. The courts would then torture these individuals in order to acquire a confession from them. If these individual would confess, and repent, they would be forgiven. If they would not, then they would be

punished.

Punishments included imprisonment, loss of land and property, loss of titles, and even death.

/// Activities ///

a. Define these terms:

Inquisition:______________________________________________

Punish:_________________________________________________

Court:__________________________________________________

Seek out:________________________________________________

Heresy:_________________________________________________

Confession:______________________________________________

Repent:________________________________________________

b. Explain why and how the Church applied the inquisition

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.18. English Monarchy Established

In the A.D. 800s the island of Great Britain was divided among several small kingdoms. Like the rest of Western Europe, these small kingdoms faced significant threats from the Vikings in the North.

These kingdoms were made up of the Anglo-Saxons. They shared a common language and culture. In A.D. 886 an Anglo-Saxon leader by the name of Alfred The Great was able to unite these kingdoms into one nation, which he called

Angleland. This would later be changed to England.

Alfred The Great created a strong central government, and was able to use his strength to defeat the Vikings, as well as other threats in the area.

Alfred sought to bring about cultural reform in his kingdom. To do this he established schools,

and had a number of literary works translated into the language of the Anglo-Saxons.

The Anglo-Saxon kings would rule England for the next 200 years. In A.D. 1066 the last Anglo-Saxon king of England died. His name was Edward The Confessor. After his death, three different individuals claimed the right to rule the nation.

/// Activities ///:

a. Explain how the English Monarchy was established.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Who was Alfred The Great?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c. What does Anglo-Saxon King mean?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.19. William The Conqueror

In A.D. 1066, after the death of Edward The Conqueror, king of England, a man by the name of William The Conqueror asserted his right to rule England. William was Edward’s cousin, and lived in Normandy, France. He was a vassal, or lord to the king of France, and had many vassals, or lords under himself in Normandy. Using his influence, William gathered an army of 6,000 soldiers, which he used to conquer England. After placing himself on the throne, he rewarded his vassals from Normandy with the lands of many of the English nobles.

William the Conqueror began to raise funds by enacting a tax on his people. In order to find out how much he could tax them, he established a census. This census was very thorough and counted everything in the kingdom, down to the last chicken.

/// Activities ///:

a. Who was William the Conqueror?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. What did William do using his influences?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c. Why did William establish a census?

________________________________________________________

3.20. Henry I and Henry II

Under the rule of William’s son, Henry I and the subsequent rule of his great grandson Henry II, the authority of the English monarchy was further strengthened.

Henry I setup a system of royal courts to judge the people who were accused of crimes, and to settle disputes between individuals. Henry II established a set of common laws, which applied throughout the kingdom.

This was an important accomplishment. Prior to this time, laws were different from manor to manor, and depended on individual lords. Now, under the rule of Henry II, laws were unified throughout his kingdom.

Henry II also established the practice of trial by jury, and an attempt to make sure that the guilty were punished, while the innocent went free.

/// Activities ///:

a. What system was set by Henry I?

________________________________________________________

b. What system was set by Henry II?

________________________________________________________

3.21. The Magna Carta

After the death of Henry II, the rule of England fell to his son, Richard I, and later to another of his sons, John. These leaders were not effective. John lost territory to the French, which upset many. He also increased taxes, and oppressed many of his people, arresting them without trials.

In A.D. 1215 many of the nobles in England who were tired of losing their power, and who were concerned by the tyrant-like behavior of John, came together, and wrote a document called the Magna Carta.

The Magna Carta is one of the most important documents in history. It guaranteed the people certain rights, and bound the king to certain laws.

After writing the document, these nobles forced King John to sign it, on the threat of civil war. Their intention was only to protect the rights of nobles. They did not care so much about the poor peasants. Nevertheless, in time, the rights established by the Magna

Carta were also extended to commoners./// Activities ///:

a. Who was Richard I?______________________________________________________

b. Why were the government of Richard I and John incompetent?

_____________________________________________________ c. What was the origin of The Magna Carta?

______________________________________________________ d. What does The Magna Carta guarantee?

______________________________________________________ e. Was The Magna Carta an exclusive document for

nobles?

______________________________________________________

3.22. French Monarchy Established

During the early parts of what is known as the middle ages, much of modern day France was ruled by the Franks. By the A.D. 900s however, the region was in chaos, and was instead ruled by a series of feudal lords.

In A.D. 987 a noble by the name of Hugh Capet defeated the last Frankish king, and took the throne of France for himself. In truth, Capet only ruled a very small

territory. He ruled the city of Paris, and a small strip of land bordering the city.

Capet’s ancestors however would rule France for the next 300 years, and would greatly strengthen Frances government, and expand its borders.

/// Activities ///:

a. How did Hugh Capet get his throne?

_______________________________________________________

b. What state did Hugh Capet rule?

_______________________________________________________

3.22.1. . Louis VI

In A.D. 1108 a descendant of Hugh Capet took the throne. This new king was Louis VI. Louis VI further strengthened the power and authority of the his throne by working to increase the loyality of the people to himself, rather than to their feudal lords. To do this, Louis VI took lands that had always been owned by nobles, and gave them to the common people. He also gave important positions in both clergy, and on his royal court to commoners.3.22.2. Philip II

In A.D. 1180 Philip II known as Philip Augustus took the throne of France. Philip doubled the size of his kingdom through both marriage, as well as through war. Philip Augustus also placed his friends in important positions within the government, and established a permanent French army, which further strengthened his own power, and weakened that of the feudal lords.

3.22.3. Louis IX

In A.D. 1226 King Louis IX baned feudal lords from minting money. He also banned them from warring against one another. In addition, King Louis IX declared that his royal courts were the highest authority in the land. Even higher than the feudal courts, which had long held the higher authority.

/// Activities ///:

Fill in the chart with one characteristic of each personage:Louis VI Philip II Louis IX

3.24. The Crusades

The city of Jerusalem was the center of faith for three major world religions. For the Jews it was their homeland. It had been promised to them by Jehovah, who they believed had covenanted with Abraham to give him the land of Israel. To the Muslims, Jerusalem was the location where the Prophet Muhammad had ascended into heaven. After Makkah, and Medinah, Jerusalem was Islam’s third most holy city. To the Christians Jerusalem was both the location of Christ’s birth, and the location of his death. It is also the location of much of the New Testament.

This Holy Land was conquered by Islam in the A.D. 600s, and would remain in their control for many centuries to come. In A.D. 1095 Pope Urban II called for volunteers to travel to Jerusalem and fight to take it back from the Muslims. He called their mission a crusade. The word “crusade” comes from the word Crux, which means “cross” in Latin. Those who volunteered for the crusade would be called crusaders, meaning that they took the cross of Jesus upon them.

This crusade would be the first of nine total crusades, that Christians would carry out as they attempted to control Israel territory.

These crusaders were promised that they would receive eternal life if they died while fighting non-Christians. As a result of the rhetoric these Christians killed thousands of non-Christians, including Jews, and Muslims, as they traveled to

Jerusalem. In some cases the slaughtered entire Jewish communities.

After two years of traveling in the desert, the crusaders finally reached Jerusalem. They laid siege upon the city, surrounding it for two months. Finally the city fell, and the crusaders entered, killing almost all of the non-Christians who inhabited the city, men, women, and children.

Europeans would control many parts of Israel and the surrounding regions for a little over 200 years. During this time, Muslims made slow but steady efforts to regain control over Jerusalem. Eight more crusades would follow, in an effort to keep control over the city in the hands of the Europeans. In A.D. 1291 the Muslims capture the last European stronghold in the area. European leaders lost interest in the area, and the crusades came to an end.

/// Activities ///:

a. Write True of False. Justify the False Statements:

The Crusades are the journeys that Christians did to Jerusalem to know Jesus.

_____

____________________________________________________

Jerusalem was considered The Holy Land for Muhammad. _____

____________________________________________________

The Crusaders found Jerusalem after a decade. _______

____________________________________________________

3.25. The Hundred Years War

The English had been conquered and ruled by a French feudal lord from Normandy by the name of William The Conqueror. Because William the Conqueror had been a powerful leader in Normandy, he claimed both England, as well as much of France as his kingdom.

Later English kings maintained their right to rule parts of France. This created a great deal of resentment for both the French people, as well as their kings, who wanted control of their lands back.

In A.D. 1152 King Henry II of England married Eleanor of Aquitaine. Eleanor was the heiress to much of the lands in the southwest of France. This gave King Henry II control over more

of France than the French king had.

In A.D. 1328 when the king of France died without leaving a direct heir the situation became dangerous. King Edward III of England was the grandson of the former French King. As such, he was the rightful successor to the French throne. This gave the King Edward III the right to rule both England and France from a single throne.

The French were not ready to be ruled by an English King. Feelings between the English and French were too bitter. A Frenchman by the name of Philip of Valois who was the nephew of the former king of France began preparations for war with England. A war that would last from A.D. 1337 until A.D. 1453.

At first it appeared as though England would win the war. Their superior technology and strategies lead them to victory in a series of battles where they were often outnumbered by the French. Eventually, however the tables would be turned.

After more than one hundred years of fighting, the French were eventually able to declare victory of the English.

The One Hundred Years War greatly strengthened France, while weakening England. Following the war, England would enter a period of turmoil and civil war that would last for another 30 years.

/// Activities ///:

a. Explain the most important facts in the hundred years of war.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Why were the French not ready to be ruled by an English King?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.26. The War of The Roses

Following the Hundred Years War, England found itself in

turmoil. The war had seriously weakened the monarchy, and drained much of the nation’s treasury. The nation was ruled by the house of Lancaster, which bore the emblem of a red rose. The Duke of York, whose family bore the emblem of a white rose saw the kings weakened state as an opportunity to seize power, and establish himself as king.

For the next 30 years the house of Lancaster and the house of York would fight one another for control over England. In the end, the Duke of York was successful.

Unit 4: MEDIEVAL ASIA

4.1. Asia In The Middle Ages

During the middle ages Asia had become home to some of the most advanced civilizations on Earth. These civilizations flourished while much of Western Europe was swallowed up in chaos, war, and poverty. As Europe declined, Asia excelled.

4.2. The Steppe Nomads

During the middle ages Asia was a mix of complex and simple civilizations. Advanced civilizations were intermixed with tribes of nomads who lived, for the most part, off of the land around them. These nomads presented a great threat to the security of the more advanced nations. From time to time, the nomads rose up armies to attack and attempt to conquer the more civilized nations for their own gain. At times they were successful in these efforts.

4.3. The Seljuk Turks

The first group of nomads to successfully conquer parts of Asia were the Seljuk Turks. These nomads were hired by the nation of Islam as mercenary soldiers to fight in their wars of

conquest. As the Turks served in these military units, they learned the skills that they would latter use to eventually control much of Islam, and parts of central Asia.

These fearsome warriors were quick, brutal, and effective. Through their military exploits they eventually controlled a large empire that included some of the most important trade routes in Asia. Their conquests took them as far as the Byzantine Empire, which they almost defeated in A.D 1071.

What the Seljuk Turks had in fighting capacity however, they lacked in talent for governing. Their empire was short lived, because they were not able to establish an effective government. Internal squabbles and civil war weakened their nation, making it impossible for them to defend themselves against other nomadic tribes.

4.6. The Mongols

Isolated in northern central Asia, a group of nomads thrived, isolated from the rest of the world. These nomads were known as the Mongols. Their name comes from their homeland, which was known as Mongolia.

Their isolation protected them from outsiders, and allowed the Mongolian people to grow stronger, and their technologies to gradually become improved.

Like other nomads in the region, the Mongols lived off of the land around them. They lived in tents, which allowed them to migrate from place to place in search of the best hunting grounds, and the most fertile soil.

For the most part these nomads lived in small tribes that were united by their common family relationships. Tribes often

joined together forming larger co-dependent tribes, in order to offer greater protection and stability.

/// Activities ///:

Fill in the chart with the right information about each Asian civilization:

The Steppe Nomads

The Seljuk Turks The Mongols

4.6.1. The Mongols Conquer Asia

Genghis Khan was not satisfied to rule only his fellow Mongolians. Under his leadership the armies of Mongolia first conquered the other steppe nomads. As they did so, they became more powerful. These conquered peoples paid the Mongols tributes, giving them increased wealth. They also provided thousands of soldiers to fight in the Mongolian armies.

In A.D. 1211 an army of over 100,000 horsemen invaded China. By A.D. 1270 all of China lay under the control of the Mongols. The Mongols also conquered much of Russia, Islam, and many of the Slavic peoples. Their conquests were swift and brutal, often leaving thousands dead behind them

/// Activities ///:

a. What happened under Genghis Khan leadership?

_________________________________________________________

b. What places were conquered by the Mongols?

_________________________________________________________

4.6.2. The Mongol Empire

By the late A.D. 1200s the Mongols had conquered more territory than any other nation in history, either prior to that time, or since. The Mongol Empire stretched almost from sea to sea on the largest continent on Earth.

Because almost all of Asia was being ruled by a single government, there was great peace in the land. This peace led to prosperity and wealth. However, the Mongol Empire was short lived. The

massive size made it difficult to rule. Gradually local leaders became more powerful, while the Khans became less powerful. By A.D. 1300 the empire had divided into smaller independent states.

/// Activities ///:

a. Write TRUE or FALSE. Justify the false statements.

Mongols had conquered a few territories. ( )

________________________________________________

Because almost all of Asia was being ruled by many governments, there was great peace in the land.

( )

_________________________________________________

The Mongol empire lasted for a long period of time.( )

_________________________________________________

4.7. China In The Middle Ages

During the middle ages, the Chinese enjoyed a higher standard of living than almost any other contemporary nation. This high standard of living was made possible by their stable civilization, which for the most part had remained unbroken for centuries. While Europe was amidst dark times, poverty, war, and disease, China was flourishing, producing new art, science, and literary works.

4.8. The Sui Dynasty

In A.D. 220 after the fall of the Han Dynasty, China fell into a state of unrest and civil war. The region would be divided and ruled for over 350 years by a variety of war lords, and local leaders. Then in A.D. 589 a new emperor emerged from among all the competing war lords. This emperor was Yang Jian. Yang Jian started the Sui Dynasty.

After uniting all of the Chinese people behind him, Emperor Jian began again to build up the Chinese Empire. He ordered a number of new building projects to begin, including canals, roads, bridges, and buildings. He also ordered that the Great Wall be repaired and strengthened. In order to accomplish these new public works projects, Jian used peasants, in a form of forced labor that resembled slavery. His forced labor projects made him quite unpopular with the peasants, and eventually led to a peasant uprisings that would lead to the overthrowing of the Sui Dynasty in A.D. 618.

4.9. The Tang Dynasty

The Tang Dynasty came to power in A.D. 618, after a series of peasant uprisings against the Sui Dynasty, gave an ambitious territorial lord by the name of Li Yuan the opportunity to proclaim himself emperor.

Under the Tang Dynasty the empire continued to grow in strength, wealth, and size. Yuan’s son, Tai Cong established a strong central government, allowing him to easily maintain control over his massive kingdom.

Officials in the government were required to pass difficult written exams, that measured how qualified an individual was to serve in government. These tests help insure that the most talented individuals were selected and promoted within the government.

The peace that lasted during the Tang Dynasty allowed the people to improve their technologies. One important technological advance was in the area of growing rice. Farmers developed better methods for growing rice, which resulted in greater crop yields, and allowed the population of China to increase.

Under the Tang Dynasty, trade flourished. With new roads, and improved waterways, merchants were able to bring Chinese goods out to the rest of the world, and exotic goods back into China. This new wealth allowed the Chinese capital of Changan to grow into the largest city in the world at the time, with more than two million inhabitants.

While the capital flourished, many of the outlying provinces began to experience decline and poverty. The Tang Dynasty put so much of their resources into building the capital, that the military became weaker, and less effective. In A.D. 765 turmoil and uprisings began to plague the dynasty. In A.D. 907 these uprisings led to the dynasty being overthrown.

4.10. The Song Dynasty

In A.D. 960 a military commander by the name of Zhao Kuangyin took control of the empire, and established the Song Dynasty. For the next 300 years, Song emperors would rule China from their new capital of Kaifeng.

The Song Dynasty emperors collected taxes, and then used these taxes to build important public works projects that helped to spur on the economy of the empire. As a result, a new middle class grew in China, as well as a large group of wealthy city dwellers. These families lived in nice homes, and had modest grounds, with gardens, ponds, and flowers. They spent their free time in restaurants, markets, sporting events, and viewing dramatic plays.

Under the Song Dynasty China also flourished in the area of science. New technologies were developed, including gun powder. This gun powder was first used in fireworks, and latter in weaponry, including the first missiles, which were made from bamboo poles stuffed with gun powder.

In A.D. 1234 nomadic invaders from the North known as the Mongols invaded China. By A.D. 1279 they were able to completely overthrow the Song Dynasty.

/// Activities ///:

Fill in the chart with the right information about each Asian civilization:

The Sui Dynasty The Tang Dynasty

The Song Dynasty

4.11. Vietnam

China ruled Vietnam from 200 B.C. to A.D. 939. Because of this millennia of rule by the Chinese, in many ways Vietnamese culture resembles the culture of China.

However, the Vietnamese managed to retain many aspects of their own culture, including their own language, religious beliefs, and customs.

One of these customs was the practice of tattooing their bodies. Elaborate tattoos communicated religious beliefs and teachings, as well as identified the ranks of some members of society.

The Vietnamese gained their independence from China in A.D. 938. Under the leadership of a Vietnamese general by the name of Ngo Quyen the Vietnamese defeated a fleet of Chinese warships, which led to the eventual overthrowing of Chinese rule in Vietnam.

/// Activities ///:

a. Complete the following Statements about Vietnam:

China ruled Vietnam from ___________to _________.

Because of these millennia of rule by the Chinese, Vietnamese culture resembles ___________________________.

Vietnamese managed to retain many aspects of their own culture, including ________________________________________________.

The Vietnamese gained their independence from China ____________.

Under the leadership of a Vietnamese general by the name of __________________ the Vietnamese defeated a

fleet of Chinese warships, which led to the eventual overthrowing of Chinese rule in Vietnam.

b. Oral Lesson

4.12. Korea

The first Koreans are believed to have migrated into Korea from northern Asia around 3000 B.C. These peoples lived in villages, and survived by farming, and through hunting.

The Koreans practiced Shamanism, which is the belief that both living and non-living things contained

powerful spirits. Priests known as shamans helped the people communicate with the spirits, and helped the people understand their will.

By the 100s B.C. Korea had been conquered by China. From 109 B.C. until A.D. 220 the Koreans would be under the control of the Chinese. During this time period they would be heavily influenced by the Chinese. However, they would also manage to maintain many elements of their own culture.

/// Activities ///:

a. What is the Shamanism?

______________________________________________________

b. Why did Korea have a heavy influence from Chinese?

______________________________________________________

4.13. The Three Kingdoms Period

After obtaining their independence from China in A.D. 220, the Koreans eventually formed themselves into three separate kingdoms. These kingdoms were known as Silla, Paekche, and Koguryo. From A.D. 313 until A.D. 668 these three kingdoms would rule the Korean Peninsula. Then in A.D. 668 the Kingdom of Silla conquered the other two kingdoms, uniting all of Korea under a single government.

/// Activities ///:

a. Why did the Koreans eventually form themselves into three separate kingdoms?

________________________________________________________

b. Which kingdom conquered Paekche and Koguryo?

________________________________________________________

4.14. The Yi Dynasty

In A.D. 1392 a dynasty known as the Yi Dynasty came to power in Korea. Yi rulers built a new capital city, which they named Hanyang. Hanyang would become the present day city of Seoul, which for many years was the modern capital of Korea.

Under Yi rulers the Koreans developed many cultural advancements, including an alphabet, advancements in weather forecasting, and advancements in war technology.

These advancements in wartime technologies allowed helped them to defend themselves against outside attacks, and allowed them to maintain their independence for centuries.

/// Activities ///:

a. When did the Yi Dynasty come to power in Korea?

_________________________________________________________

b. What is Hanyang?

_________________________________________________________

c. What cultural advancements did the Koreans develop under Yi rulers?_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

4.15. Japan

The first people to migrate into the islands of Japan probably arrived around 8000 B.C. These hunter-gathers probably lived in temporary huts, as well as in caves and ravines. Four thousands of years, the people of Japan lived off of the land, hunted, farmed, and developed a unique cultures and religious beliefs within their small clans or tribes.

Around 200 B.C. invaders from the Asian mainland entered Japan. Using their superior technology and weapons, these new comers were easily able to defeat and conquer the peoples of these islands.

These newcomers intermarried with the islanders, and over a period of many generations helped raise their standard of living, teaching them new methods for farming, and new technologies, including the use of both Bronze and Iron.

Around A.D. 250 another wave of invaders entered Japan from the Asian mainland. These invaders had mastered the use of horses in battle, and their warriors were again able to quickly conquer the islanders.

It is believed by many historians that these warriors would eventually become the ruling class in Japan.

/// Activities ///:

a. Explain how the fist people in Japan lived.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

b. How did Japanese learn more about technology and new methods of living?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

4.16. The Heian Era

Between A.D. 800 and A.D. 1200 the Japanese aristocracy began to push a new cultural movement known as Heian Culture. The focus of this movement was to find as much beauty as possible. Every aspect of life was modeled around trying to find beauty, including handwriting, dress, appearance, gardens, and homes.

During this period some of the most beautiful Japanese poems were written. It was not uncommon for individuals to spend hours writing poetry.

All this attention on beauty did have a downside however. With all of their energies focused elsewhere, the Japanese government grew weaker. As the government was neglected, ambitious warlords began to grow more independent of the central government.

/// Activities ///:

a. Look up the meaning of these terms in the dictionary:

Aristocracy:_________________________________________

Beauty:_____________________________________________

Appearance:_________________________________________

Weak:______________________________________________

Neglect:_____________________________________________

Warlords:_____________________________________________

Poetry:________________________________________________

b. Oral lesson

4.17. Yoritomo Minamoto

In A.D. 1185 a powerful aristocrat by the name of Yoritomo Minamoto defeated all other opponents, and became the defacto ruler of Japan. The emperor remained in Kyoto where he carried out religious and cultural rituals. The emperor named Yoritomo the shogun, which means ‘general’ in Japanese. As the shogun, Yorimoto had all the political and military power in Japan. Actvities:

a. Who was Yoritomo Minamoto?____________________________________________________

b. What influence did Yoritomo Minamoto have with the military power in Japan?_____________________________________________________

4.18. Japanese Feudalism

In A.D. 1336 civil war broke out in Japan. Both the shogun and the emperor remained in office,

but both became nothing more than figure heads, having no real political power.

Japan fell into a feudal system similar to that of Europe. Landowning warriors known as samurai pledged their allegiance to lords known as daimyos, and fought to protect their lands.

Poor farmers paid the daimyos taxes for the right to farm their lands. In exchange, the daimyos used his samurais to protect these poor farmers.

/// Activities ///:a. Explain why Japan fell into a feudal system.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT 5. ANCIENT AMERICA

5.1. Ancient America

The first inhabitants of the American continents were nomadic hunters and gathers. These nomads probably arrived in North America around 40,000 years ago, following a land bridge that formed between

North America and Asia. It is believed that another group of humans migrated from Asia into North America around 12,000 years ago. Some scientist also think that some people might

have used boats to follow ocean currents to the tip of South America, while others arrived following ice from Western Europe.

As these various groups traveled into the new world following wild game, they spread out across the land, forming new cultures, and in some cases, complex civilizations.

Four thousands of years, these early inhabitants of the Americas made a life by hunting game, and gathering food from seeds, berries, and wild plants. Then around 5000 B.C. an agricultural revolution took place near present day Mexico.

5.2. Agricultural Revolution

For thousands of years, the inhabitants who lived on the American continents lived off of the land. Then in 5000 B.C. near present day Mexico many groups of people began to discover farming. They realized that they could plant crops such as corn, pumpkins, potatoes, and squash, and by doing so, could better provide for the needs of their people.

This new technology spread from Mexico outward to other parts of the Southwest, so that by 3000 B.C. many groups of people in the region were actively practicing farming.

5.3. Villages Develop

The practice of farming the land led to the development of villages. The people no longer had to travel in search of wild game and plant life. Instead, they could settle down in one place, and begin to build more permanent structures.

These permanent villages allowed for more complex societies and cultures to evolve in the region. New religions and governments began to form, and individuals began to become more

specialized in their jobs.

This specialization of work tasks allowed technology to really take off, so that great advancements were made. The people became more skilled in tool making, creating special implements for farming, fishing, building and so forth.

All of this meant that the standard of living in the Americas could be greatly improved. This improved standard of living led to a population explosion. By A.D. 1500 it is estimated that more than 50 million people lived in the Western Hemisphere.

5.4. Cultural Differentiation

The various peoples inhabiting North America gradually developed many different and unique cultures. Each culture was heavily influenced by the land, and natural resources around the people. These cultures included their traditions, religious practices, and their everyday lives and customs.

As this happened, the various cultures became regionalized. That is to say that the cultures of different groups of people were very similar to one another in the same region, but very different from the cultures of the peoples in

another region. The process of cultures developing in a specific region is known as cultural differentiation.

The regions that developed in North America were the Arctic, the Northwest, the California region, The Great Basin, the Southwest, the Great Plains, and the Eastern Woodlands.

/// Activities ///:

a. Class will be divided into 4 groups to prepare an exposition.

b. Any of the integrants of each group must be able to expose.

c. Rubrics are

Chart……………5 pointsKnowledge……10 pointsEye contact……2.5 pointsFluency…………2.5 points

d. Topics are:

Ancient America Agricultural Revolution Villages Develop Cultural Differentiation

5.5. The Arctic Peoples

The peoples who settled in the Arctic lived in an area of frigid temperatures. The hostile cold created a condition in the ground known as permafrost. This permafrost was a layer of ice, underground that never melted. This meant that farming the land was impossible.

These peoples survived by hunting seals, whales, bears, sea birds, and other animals. Because resources were scarce, they learned to make use of

every part of the animals they hunted. The meat and fat could be used as food, while the bones could be used to build huts, and skins could be used to create warm clothing.

5.6. The Northwest Peoples

The peoples of the Northwest settled along the West coast of North America. The warm ocean currents helped keep the climate in this region more moderate. Like the peoples of the Arctic, the Northwest peoples lived off of the ocean, and rivers. They fished, and hunted wildlife.

The peoples of the Northwest had an advantage though that the Arctic peoples did not. Their lands were covered with thick forests. These forests provided another source of food, including many wild animals, as well as wild berries, nuts, and fruits.

Overtime, these peoples became experts in hunting and fishing, developing some of the most advanced hunting and fishing technologies of the era. They also developed trade routes with other native peoples in order to obtain goods that they could not produce themselves

5.7. The Southwest

The peoples of the Southwest lived in some of the most extreme conditions in North America. The

North American deserts were hot, dry, and offered little in the way of food and shelter.

Yet despite these difficult circumstances, the people of the Southwest were well adapted to their environments. They developed complex systems for irrigating their crops, including massive irrigation projects. They also creating unique methods for building villages. One group of peoples in this region known as the Pueblo built their villages into the side of desert cliffs. These villages were made out of cement and stone, and often included buildings that could be several stories high. The ruins of many of these villages still exist to the present day, showing just how skilled these builders were.

5.8. The Great Plains

The great plains stretched from the Eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains out to the Mississippi River. This vast region of rolling hills and regular rainfall were covered in wild grasses. These grasses supported a wide variety of wildlife, which included bison herds that were almost unimaginable in size.

These herds could stretch across miles of terrain, and include millions of individual animals. The peoples who lived in this region depended heavily on the bison as a source of food, as well as skins which they used to create clothing, and shelters.

5.9. The Eastern Woodlands

The peoples who inhabited the Eastern Woodlands lived in farming villages, as well as hunter-gatherer groups. The land was

rich and fertile, and the climate provided ample rainfall. They also hunted the forests for animals such as bear, deer, elk, turkey, and squirrel.

One group of people who lived near the Mississippi river began to build large mounds, were they buried their dead, along with tools and implements in elaborate religious ceremonies./// Activities ///:

a. Underline the most important facts in the texts above about each of these topics:

The Arctic Peoples The Northwest Peoples The Southwest The Great Plains The Eastern Woodlands

b. Look up the meaning of the following terms. Use a dictionary if necessary: Frigid, hostile, permafrost, live off, cliff.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.10. Mesoamerican Cultures

The people who inhabited Central America formed a number of advanced civilizations between 1500 B.C. and A.D. 1200. As one civilization faded in the region, another developed to take its place. Later civilizations borrowed many aspects of culture from earlier civilizations, as well as creating their own unique traditions.

Historians call these civilizations the Mesoamerican cultures. The word ‘meso’ means ‘middle’. These peoples all lived in middle America.

/// Activities ///:

a. What does Meso mean?________________________________________________________.

b. Which part of America did Mesoamerican Culture belong to?_______________________________________________________.

5.10.1. The Olmecs

The first civilization to evolve in Mesoamerica was that of the Olmecs. Around 1500 B.C. villages in Mesoamerica became more complex and specialized. These people formed a nation which they called Olmec.

The Olmecs built huge religious stone emblems of their gods and rulers. Some of these emblems were more than nine feet tall, and weighed more than 40 tons. These massive figures were transported miles across the terrain without the use of wheels, or the aid of animals.

The Olmec villages were organized, with a market square in the center, where trade and business could take place. They worshiped a variety of gods and deities. Their chief god was believed to be a being with a human body, and a jaguar face.

The Olmecs were expert farmers, and practiced a type of farming known as slash-and-burn farming. They would cut the trees of a forest down, and wait a period of several months as the trees dried out. They would then light the trees on fire, burning them all into ashes. These ashes acted as a fertilizer, making the soil more fertile. These farmers then farmed the land a few years until it was no longer fertile, at which point they moved on to the next forest.

5.10.2. The Mayans

Around 900 B.C a group of people known as the Mayans begin to settle the territory around the Yucatan Peninsula. By 300 A.D. they Mayan culture had become quite advanced. The Mayans were not ruled by a central government. They shared the same language, traditions, and culture, but they were lead by small local governments.

The Mayans believed that the universe was made up of two separate worlds. The everyday world, and the otherworld. The everyday world was the world in which they lived. The otherworld, they believed, was were gods, spirits, and their dead ancestors lived.

The village chief acted as the leader of political life, as well as the priest. He was responsible for standing between his people, and the otherworld. He performed important religious ceremonies, that the Mayans believed would earn the favor of those in the otherworld, and bring about their blessings. These ceremonies included the sacrifice of humans, as well as the blood letting of the priest.

The Mayans are one of the first peoples to develop and play professional sports. One of the most important sports played by the Mayans was called Pok-a-tok.

Using a solid rubber ball, which was about the size of a basketball, teams battled one another in a way that reminded the people of ancient Mayan battles, and legends. To protect themselves from injury, these players wore protective padding.

The goal of this game was to hit the ball into a stone hoop. The ball could not be picked up however. It had to be bounced off of leather shields that were attached to the players, arms, legs, and chest.

The Mayans became excellent scientists in many different fields, including medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. They tracked the movement of the stars and planets across the sky, and were able to accurately predict celestial events such as eclipses.

They also developed an accurate calendar of 360 days, which they used to plan their harvests, and religious ceremonies.

One of the most important advancements developed by the Mayans was written language. The Mayans developed a complex system of writing, which consisted of both an alphabet, as well as symbols, which represented whole words or thoughts.

These writings were recorded in books made out of bark and plaster, as well as carved into monuments, bones, and stone. Many of these writings have survived to the present, and help give us an accurate look at their history, and culture.

By A.D. 900 the Mayan culture began to decline. It is not entirely clear as to why, however many historians believe that war broke out between different members of royal families. This civil war made farming difficult, and as a result, many people died from hunger and disease. By the late A.D. 900s almost all signs of this once great civilization were gone.

5.10.3. The Teotihuacanos

Just outside of present day Mexico City, a civilization developed known as the Teotihuacanos. This people built a massive capital city, that at its height had more than 200,000 inhabitants. This city was expertly laid out with wide streets, town squares, markets, and plazas.

This massive city had over 600 pyramids, which were believed

to be used for religious purposes. It also had well over 2000 apartment buildings, were many of the people of this civilization lived.

The Teotihuacanos thrived for nearly 750 years. Then in A.D. 750 invaders from the north known as the Toltecs conquered and destroyed them.

5.10.4. The Toltecs

Around A.D. 750 a new empire began to form in Mesoamerica. Using their powerful armies, the Toltecs began to conquer much of the territory in the region. Their capital city was called Tula.

The Toltecs were expert miners, and effective traders. These efforts brought significant wealth to their empire.

In A.D. 1170 invaders attacked the capital of Tula, and were able to conquer it. As a result, the empire itself collapsed.

5.10.5. The Aztecs

In A.D. 1200 a group of nomadic hunters called the Aztecs migrated into Mesoamerica in search of food and wild game. By A.D. 1325 the Aztecs had settled in present day Mexico City, and had built a large, beautiful and powerful city, on a small island which they called Tenochtitlan.

As the population of Tenochtitlan grew, the island became too small. Their innovative solution was to make the island bigger. They built large wooden rafts, which they covered with mud, and secured to the lakebed with stakes. Many people lived and farmed on these floating parcels of land.

By A.D. 1500 the Aztecs had used both their military strength, as well as political ties to conquer almost all of the territory in and around their capital city. Their empire stretched from the Pacific Ocean in the west, to the Atlantic Ocean in the east.

The Aztecs founded a strong secure central government. This helped provide stability, and allowed the empire to thrive. At the top of this government was the royal family, headed by an emperor or king. This emperor appointed various authorities to rule different regions of his empire. These leaders swore allegiance to the emperor himself. The emperor maintained his control over the empire through the use of his vast and powerful army.

/// Activities ///:

a. Fill in the chart with the most relevant feature of each culture:

The Olmecs The Mayans

The Teotihuacanos

The Toltecs

The Aztecs

b. Write an Essay about the Mesoamerican Cultures. Type it using times New Roman # 12.

5.11. The Inca Empire

In the Andes Mountains around A.D. 1200 a civilization developed independently from the civilizations of Mesoamerica. This civilization would become known as the Incas.

By the late A.D. 1200s the Incas had settled in the city of Cuzco, which would eventually become their capital. In A.D. 1438 Pachacuti became the king of the Incas. He and his son Topa began a great period of expansion, creating what would be the largest empire in the new world, and one of the largest empires in the

world.

The Incas formed a powerful central government. Pachacuti allowed local leaders to continue governing the people, so long as they remained loyal to him. If they did not, he relocated the people to distant parts of his kingdom, where they would not pose a threat.

He passed and recorded laws that were consistent throughout the empire, and founded courts, trade routes, and initiated many building projects that strengthened his empire.

In order to further unite the people, Pachacuti required all his subjects to learn and speak a common language. This language was called Quechua. There are still many people in these regions who speak Quechua to

this day.

5.11.1. The Incas Fall

In A.D. 1533 the Spanish arrived in South America. Hungry for territory, and for converts to Christianity, the Spanish overwhelmed the Incan Empire. Their armies were no match for the far superior Spanish technologies. While the Incan Empire disappeared completely, the Incan people remained in the region. To this day, many descendants of the Incans still inhabit the nations of Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. These people still speak Quechua, the official Incan language, and still practice Incan culture.

/// Activities ///:

a. Fill in the Index Card about the Incas:Inca Empire Tawantinsuyu (Quechua)

1438–1533

Capital

Language(s)ReligionGovernmentLeader(s)

UNIT 6: THE RENAISSANCE & THE REFORMATION

6.1. The Renaissance

Throughout the history of mankind, human technology and culture has experienced many advancements, and setbacks. As a civilization rises, new technologies are developed, as well as new types of music, art, and literature. Then years, decades, or even centuries later, as that same civilization begins to decline, many of these technologies and arts are lost.

During the Middle Ages much of the great advancements made by the Greeks and the Romans had been forgotten due to the decline of living conditions in Western Europe. People went from living comfortable lives with good jobs and educations, to living in very poor conditions, where there was constant turmoil, war, poverty, and hunger. This time period is known as the dark ages.

The dark ages lasted for hundreds of years, as many generations of individuals lived and died in these terrible conditions. Then in the middle A.D. 1300s things slowly began to improve. People began again to discover the arts, and technologies of the Romans and Greeks, making life a little easier. With call this period of time the Renaissance. The Renaissance began around A.D. 1350 in Italy, and continued until about A.D. 1600.

6.1.1.The Renaissance In Italy

The Italian Peninsula had been home to the Roman Empire for centuries. It had been the world center of culture, power, business, and technology. The ideas that evolved and were developed in this region would have a lasting impact for thousands of years.

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Italy was ruled by many different people and groups. It was conquered by Germanic tribes, by the Byzantine Empire, by Islam, and by others. It also experienced many periods of self rule, where small city-states were governed by local leaders.

Because the Italian Peninsula jets out into the Mediterranean Sea it is an ideal location for controlling important trade routes. As merchants traveled from China, to the Byzantine Empire, and into Africa and other parts of the World, they often passed through the Italian Peninsula. This brought both money and culture into the region. As a result, the Italians were not hit as hard by the dark ages as were other parts of Western Europe.

As the study of humanism became popular in Italy in the mid A.D. 1300s humanist teachers began to replace the clergy as the main source of education in Italy. These humanists opened schools, where they taught the children of wealthy families to value the works and traditions of classic Rome and Greece.

These teachers encouraged people to write in their own languages, instead of in only Latin and Greek. As a result, literary works became available to the masses of people who did not speak these old languages. New and important literary works were published in the languages of the people, helping to spread ideas throughout Europe more quickly.

6.1.2. The Northern Renaissance

By the late A.D. 1400s the Renaissance was in full swing in the Italian Peninsula. As a result of the Renaissance, the Italian economy had grown stronger, and the living standards of those in the region had been greatly improved.

As other people in Western Europe visited Italy they became fascinated with their ways of life, their culture, art, literary works, and customs.

In A.D. 1494 the French invaded Italy. They brought a number of Italian artists and scholars back to France. Among them was an artist by the name of Leonardo Da Vinci.

The French hired these artists to paint beautiful masterpieces for their palaces and public building. They hired the scholars to teach their children, and improve their educations.

Soon many other monarchies including the English, Spanish, Germany, and even as far away as the Netherlands were actively employing humanists in their courts to help improve life. They adopted many of the beliefs of the humanists in Italy, but also modified them to suit their own needs and circumstances.

6.1.3. The English Renaissance

One of the last places to be reached by the Renaissance was the English countryside. England was locked in a bloody civil war known as the War of The Roses. In the late A.D. 1400s this civil war was ended, and the Tudor family began to rule the nation.

The newly enthroned king Henry VII invited Italian humanists to join his court, and teach his people. The Renaissance in England focused much more on literary works than in other areas. One of the most famous playwrights during this time period was a man named William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote immensely popular plays that were attended by thousands of people.

/// Activities ///:

a. Describe these facts:

The Renaissance: What does it mean?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Renaissance In Italy:_____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Northern Renaissance:__________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The English Renaissance:____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.2. The Reformation

As the Renaissance spread throughout Europe the standard of living among Europeans greatly improved. As this happened, more people could afford to have their children receive a formal education. With more people being able to read and write, the number of individuals who read the bible increased. Many began to criticize the Catholic Church for its extravagance and for its abuses.

There were many people who felt that the practices and teachings of the Church were not consistent with the teachings found in the scriptures. The result was what historians call the Protestant Reformation.

/// Activities ///:a. Write True or False. Justify the False Statements:

Renaissance means Rebirth. ( )______________________________________________________ Reformation means Changes. ( )_______________________________________________________ As soon as people began to read and write, more people criticize the Catholic Church for its holy messages.

( )________________________________________________________

6.3. Martin Luther

Many years after the formation of the Waldensian Church, the protestant reformation continued to gather support, begining with the efforts of a German monk born in A.D. 1483. This monk’s name was Martin Luther. Luther’s parents wanted him to become a lawyer, and were sending him to law school. Deep within his heart however, Martin Luther wanted to serve God.

On a fateful afternoon, while caught out in a storm, Martin Luther was nearly struck by lightning. He felt that this was a sign that he should give up law

school, and become a monk.

Shortly there after, Martin Luther joined a monastery in Germany, and began to dedicate his life to learning and teaching the Gospel. The more he studied, the more he felt that the Catholic Church had gone astray. He collected a list of 95 different points of doctrine where he felt that the Church was incorrect.

On October 31 st, 1517 Martin wrote these 95 points of doctrine on a placard, which he nailed to the door of the Catholic Church in Wittenberg, Germany. These 95 points of doctrine were copied and sent throughout Germany, resulting in the Catholic Church loosing out on the collection of money that they collected in exchange for indulgences. The sale of indulgences was one of the 95 practices that Martin Luther disagreed with. This practice allowed people to buy forgiveness for their sins.

As the money from the sale of indulgences greatly declined, Pope Leo X grew upset, and sent convoys to Martin Luther in

an attempt to get him to recant his disagreement. Martin Luther refused to do so stating that he had an obligation to God to do what he felt was right.

By A.D. 1520 the Catholic Church had had enough. They declared Martin Luther a heretic. A crime punishable by death. Luther escaped and went into hiding, where he translated the Bible into German.

Citing the Waldensians as an example of a Christian church that was separate from Catholicism, Martin Luther founded a new religion known as Lutheranism.

/// Activities ///:

a. Who was Martin Luther?

_________________________________________________________

b. Where did Martin Luther come from?

_________________________________________________________

c. What influence did Martin Luther have in the religious life of Germany?

_________________________________________________________

d. What is the Lutheranism?

________________________________________________________

6.4. The Swiss Reformation

As Lutheranism gained influence in Germany religious leaders in the neighboring country of Switzerland began a reformation of their own. Like Martin Luther, these leaders felt that the Catholic Church had grown corrupt. Unlike Martin Luther, however, these leaders wanted to establish a religious theocracy, or a government, based on their new religion, so

that they could rule the lives of their people, and insure that they were keeping the commandments of God. The first of these leaders was a man named Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli established his theocracy in the city of Zurich. His government successfully ruled the city for six years. Then in A.D. 1531 a Catholic army of 8,000 soldiers conquered and overthrew them. /// Activities ///:

a. What did the Reformation in Switzerland consist of?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.5. John Calvin

In the mid A.D. 1500s another religious leader by the name of John Calvin began working to bring about reform in the Catholic Church. Like Huldrych Zwingli, Calvin lived in Switzerland, and wanted to setup a theocracy.

By A.D. 1541 John Calvin had managed to setup his theocracy in Geneva. The city government forced all citizens to attend church several times a week, and had very strict rules about what people could and could not do.

John Calvin wrote a book, which he called The Institutes of The Christian Religion. This book became quite popular in his day, and would become very influential among future reformers.

Calvin’s most important teaching was that mankind could not control or change anything in this earth life. Calvin believed that everything was controlled by god, the past, the present, and the future. He called this doctrine predestination. According to this doctrine, certain people were predestined to heaven, while others were predestined to hell. They believed that an individual could do nothing to change their predestination.

As they worked to insure that their people practiced the religious teachings that were required by law, they put many people to death for various crimes against the church, such as witchcraft, or being too Catholic.

/// Activities ///:

a. Explain about the theocracy of John Calvin.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Investigate about John Calvin’s Biography. Type it on a separate sheet of paper using Times New Roman # 12.

6.6. The Anabaptists

One group of reformers known as the Anabaptists believed that no one should be baptized until they were old enough to make the decision for themselves. These peoples spread throughout Western Europe.

They believed strongly that religion should be kept separate from politics. They cited the many examples where political power had corrupted the Christian faith. The Anabaptists were heavily persecuted in Europe for their beliefs.

These Anabaptists would eventually migrate to North America, and become fundamental in forming the ideas of separation of church and state, and religious freedom

/// Activities ///:

a. What were the Anabaptists beliefs?

_________________________________________________________

b. Write down the meaning of these words:

Baptize:___________________________________________________

Persecute:________________________________________________

Corrupted:_______________________________________________

6.7. The Church of England

The protestant movement arrived in England after the Pope would not grant King Henry VIII the right to divorce his wife Catherine. Henry VIII wanted to produce a male heir. He feared that without an heir his nation would again be thrown into civil war. His marriage to Catherine had only produced daughters, and she was too old to bare any additional children.

After being denied the right to divorce, King Henry VIII convinced Parliament to declare the Church in England separate from that of the Catholic Church, and to place himself at the head of the Church.

After becoming the head of the newly formed church, King Henry VIII granted his divorce. He then married Anne Boleyn. After she failed to produce a male heir, King Henry VIII had her executed on charges of treason. He would marry four

more times, and would have only one son, who would rule as King Edward VI.

Edward would only rule for a short time, and would die in A.D. 1553. Following his death Henry’s Catholic daughter came to the throne. Her name was Mary. Queen Mary attempted to use fear and death to bring the Catholic Church back into England. After putting many people to death, she became known as Bloody Mary.

Queen Mary was overthrown by her half-sister Elizabeth I. Queen Elizabeth was protestant, and helped to strengthen the Church of England. She brought all the people together by making the Church of England more like the Catholic Church, while still maintaining it as a separate church./// Activities ///:

a. Look up the meaning in the dictionary of the underlined words in the text above.

b. Explain about the protest against the Church rules in England.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/

http://www.gradebook.org/Social%20Studies

%20Worksheets.htm

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/hyper_titles.cfm

http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/

presentationsand/// Activities ////presentations/timeline/

http://www.worldhistory.com/

http://old.sandi.net/depts/history_social_science/

world_history_curriculum.pdf http://iss.schoolwires.com/1685204410347887/lib/

1685204410347887/Chapter_20.pdf http://www.historyonthenet.com/Lessons/worksheets.htm http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/schools/primaryhistory/

worksheets/worldhistory/world_explorers.pdf http://www.eduplace.com/ss/socsci/books/content/

gfxorganizers/graph_2-col.pdf