World History

Junior Blitz

Day 1 Agenda

• Welcome

• Expectations

• Review of the Renaissance

Test Taking Tips #1

Read everything Carefully- many of the GHSGT questions involve short articles, tables, charts, and graphs. All test questions require careful reading of the directions and the questions and four answers.

Test Taking Tip # 2

• There are NO Trick Questions- while it is important to read each question carefully, we have not included any trick questions. You should not spend too much time trying to figure out what we really mean. If you read the entire questions (including all accompanying material), then the real meaning should be clear. We do not consider requiring a careful reading of the entire question to be a trick.

Test Taking Tip # 3

• Consider Every Question- You must choose, from the four alternatives, the answer that best addresses the question. Some of the alternatives (distractors) will be attractive because they include an irrelevant detail, a common misconception, or apply the right information in the wrong way.

Practice Question

• While both Italian and Northern Renaissance writers held humanist views, Northern Renaissance writers such as Desiderius Erasmus focused more on

A) nature.B) politics.C) religion.D) science.

Correct Answer: C

• Northern Renaissance writers such as Erasmus focused more on religion than on other worldly ideas. Erasmus, for example, believed that people should study the Bible and wrote The Praise of Folly, an essay which ends with an outline of true Christian ideals.

Practice Question• What was an important impact of the astrolabe

in Europe during the 1500s and 1600s?A) It helped engineers use Newton’s laws to

invent new machines.B) It improved the ability of explorers to navigate

across far distances.C) It increased the efficiency of book printing

through the use of movable type.D) It provided new evidence that supported

Kelper’s laws of planetary motion.

Correct Answer B

• The astrolabe is an astronomical instrument used by European explorers during the 1500s and 1600s to determine the ships latitude. This improved the ability of explores to navigate far distances during this time.

SSWH13. The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic

factors that changed the world view of Europeans. [QCC standards WH10, WH12,

WH13]

What Was the Renaissance?• The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many

areas–political, social, economic, and cultural. Perhaps most important, however, were the changes that took place in the way people viewed themselves and their world.

• Renaissance thinkers explored the human experience in the here and now. They emphasized individual achievement.

• The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields.

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a. Explain the social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the rise ofFlorence and the ideas of

Machiavelli.

Renaissance Italy 1

Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?

The Renaissance was marked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. Italy had been the center of the Roman empire.

The cities of Italy had survived the Middle Ages and grown into prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing.

A wealthy merchant class in the Italian city-states stressed education and individual achievement and spent lavishly on the arts.

Florence produced an amazing number of gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists.

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Machiavelli

• The Prince is an intensely practical guide to the exercise of raw political power over a Renaissance principality.

• Allowing for the unpredictable influence of fortune, Machiavelli argued that it is primarily the character or vitality or skill of the individual leader that determines the success of any state.

• The book surveys various bold means of acquiring and maintaining the principality and evaluates each of them solely by reference to its likelihood of augmenting the glory of the prince while serving the public interest.

• It is this focus on practical success by any means, even at the expense of traditional moral values, that earned Machiavelli's scheme a reputation for ruthlessness, deception, and cruelty.

b. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of Leonardo da

Vinci, the “Renaissanceman,” and Michelangelo.

Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art

Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet

Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David

Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome

Designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome

Made sketches of nature and of models

Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked

Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering

Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats

MICHELANGELOLEONARDO

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Renaissance Man

Renaissance Man and, less commonly, Homo Universalis (Latin for "universal man" or "man of the world") are related and used to describe a person who is well educated or who excels in a wide variety of subjects or fields.

c. Explain the main characteristics of humanism; include the ideas of Petrarch,

Dante, andErasmus.

HumanismAt the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism.

Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues.

Humanists studied the humanities, the subjects taught in ancient Greece and Rome. They believed that education should stimulate creativity.

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Northern Humanists

Like their Italian counterparts, northern humanists stressed education and classical learning. At the same time, they believed that the revival of ancient learning should be used to bring about religious and moral reforms.

Desiderius Erasmus called for reform of the church and for the bible to be translated from Latin into the vernacular, or language of ordinary people.

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• The writings of Dante, and particularly the doctrines of Petrarch and humanists like Machiavelli, emphasized the virtues of intellectual freedom and individual expression.

d. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation; include the ideas of Martin Luther

and John Calvin.

The Protestant Reformation

In the 1500s, calls for reform unleashed forces that would shatter Christian unity. The movement is known as the Protestant Reformation.

People who joined the movement for reform called themselves Protestants, for those who “protested” papal authority.

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Abuses in the Church

• Popes competed with Italian princes for political power. • Popes fought long wars to protect the Papal States against

invaders.• Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences.• Popes led lavish lifestyles and spent a great deal of money on

the arts. • The Church increased fees for services such as weddings and

baptisms to finance worldly projects.

Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.

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The Teachings of Martin Luther

• Salvation is achieved through faith alone. Luther rejected Church doctrine that good deeds were

necessary for salvation.

• The Bible is the sole source of religious truth.

Luther denied other authorities, such as Church councils or the pope.

• All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible.

Luther rejected the idea that priests and Church

officials had special powers.

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Luther’s ideas spread quickly in northern Germany and Scandinavia.

• Many clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to Church corruption.

• German princes hoped to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor.

• Germans supported Luther because of feelings of national loyalty.

• Peasants hoped that Luther would support social and economic change.

Why Did Lutheranism Receive Widespread Support?Why Did Lutheranism Receive Widespread Support?

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John Calvin

• Calvin followed most of the teachings of Martin Luther. He also preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation.

• In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva. A theocracy is a government run by Church leaders.

• By the late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.

• In several of these countries, Calvinists faced opposition and persecution from other religious groups.

The most important Protestant reformer to follow Martin Luther was John Calvin.

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Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation

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Immediate Effects

Peasants’ Revolt

Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches

Weakening of Holy Roman Empire

Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands

Long-Term Effects

Religious wars in Europe

Catholic Reformation

Strengthening of the Inquisition

Jewish migration to Eastern Europe

Increased anti-Semitism

Widespread Persecution

During this period of heightened religious passion, both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance.

Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics.

Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly women, died as victims of witch hunts.

In some places, Jews were forced to live in ghettos, or separate quarters of the city. In other places, they were expelled from Christian lands and their books and synagogues

were burned.

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e. Describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of

Trent and the role of the Jesuits.

The Catholic Reformation

Pope Paul III led a vigorous reform movement within the Catholic Church.

Pope Paul III set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide. To accomplish these goals, he:• Called the Council of Trent to establish the direction that reform should take;

• Strengthened the Inquisition;

• Recognized a new religious order, the Jesuits, to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.

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f. Describe the English Reformation and the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

England and the Church

In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul, or cancel, his marriage.

The pope refused Henry’s request.

Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and created the Church of England.

Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant reforms to England.

Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She had hundreds of English Protestants burned at the stake.

Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between Protestants and Catholics.

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g. Explain the importance of Gutenberg and the invention of

the printing press.

The Printing Revolution

A printing revolution took place when:• In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using the first

printing press and printing inks.• Movable type was developed twenty years later.

IMPACT:• Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce.• With books more readily available, more people learned to read.• Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas.

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• Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain are MOST associated with the exploration and settling of

• A) Quebec and New France.

• B) Jamestown and Roanoke.

• C) Haiti and New Orleans.

• D) St. Augustine and Miami.

Correct Answer A

• Though their time periods span a range of nearly 100 years, Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain are MOST associated with the foundation of French settlements in Quebec and New France. They were active in the 1530s, and early 1600s respectively.

Correct Answer A

• The work by people such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Andreas Vesalius, and William Harvey in the Scientific Revolution was made possible by advances during the

• A) Renaissance.  • B) Enlightenment. • C) Age of Exploration. • D) Protestant Reformation

• The advances of the Scientific Revolution would not have been possible if not for the work of people like Galileo in the Renaissance. Scholars of the Renaissance rediscovered the works of Greek and Roman scientists and began improving upon them. This led to the period that historians eventually called the Scientific Revolution.

SSWH10. The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and expansion

into the Americas, Africa, and Asia. [QCC standard WH11]

Why Did Europeans Cross the Seas?

• As Europe’s population recovered from the Black Death, the demand for trade goods grew.

• Europeans wanted spices.• European merchants wanted to gain direct access to the

riches of Asia.• Some voyagers still wanted to crusade against the

Muslims.• Others were inspired by the Renaissance spirit to learn

about distant lands.

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Early Voyages of European Exploration, 1487–1609

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a. Explain the roles of explorers and conquistadors; include

Vasco da Gama, ChristopherColumbus, Ferdinand Magellan,

and Samuel de Champlain.

Portugal’s Voyages to the East

In 1497, Vasco da Gama reached the spice port of Calicut in India.

In 1502, da Gama forced a treaty on Calicut.

The Portuguese seized key ports around the Indian Ocean to create a vast trading empire.

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Columbus’s Voyages to the West

Backed by Spain, Christopher Columbus tried to reach the Indies, in Southeast Asia, by sailing west across the Atlantic.

Columbus believed that the land that he reached was the Indies. In fact, he had found a route to continents previously unknown to Europeans. These lands later became known as the West Indies.

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When Columbus returned, Spain and Portugal both rushed to claim the lands Columbus had explored.

Pope Alexander VI set a Line of Demarcation, giving to Spain rights to any land west of the line and to Portugal, rights to any land east of the line.

Exploring the AmericasEuropeans continued to seek new routes around or through the Americas.

Ferdinand Magellan charted a passage around the southern tip of South America and gave the Pacific Ocean its name. His crew became the first people to circumnavigate, or sail around, the world.

Samuel de Champlain founded New France in the Americas. In modern times New France is called Quebec.

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b. Define the Columbian Exchange and its global

economic and cultural impact.

The Columbian ExchangeWhen Columbus returned toSpain in 1493, he broughtwith him “new” plants andanimals. Later that year, hereturned to the Americaswith some 1,200 settlers anda collection of Europeananimals and plants.

In this way, Columbus begana vast global exchange thatwould have a profound effecton the world.

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A Commercial RevolutionThe opening of direct links with Asia, Africa, and the Americas had far-reaching economic consequences for Europeans.

Prices began to rise in Europe, as part of the cycle of inflation.

European inflation had several causes:

• As the population grew, the demand for goods and services rose.• Because goods were scarce, sellers could raise their prices. • The increased flow of gold and silver from the Americas led to more money in circulation. Expanded trade and the push for overseas empires spurred the growth of European capitalism, the investment of money to make a profit.

Entrepreneurs and capitalists made up a new business class. Together they helped change the local European economy into an international trading system.

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Mercantilism

European monarchs adopted a new economic policy, known as mercantilism, aimed at strengthening their national economies.

According the mercantilism, a nation’s real wealth is measured in its gold and silver treasure. To build its supply of gold and silver, a nation must export more goods than it imports. Overseas empires and colonies existed for the benefit of the parent nation. Rulers needed to adopt policies to increase national wealth and government revenues.

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To achieve these goals, European governments

• passed strict laws regulating trade with their colonies.

• exploited natural resources, built roads, and backed new industries.

• sold monopolies to large producers in certain areas.

• imposed tariffs, or taxes on imported goods.

How Did Economic Changes Affect Europeans?

The impact of economic change depended on a person’s social class.• Merchants who invested in overseas ventures acquired wealth.• Nobles, whose wealth was in land, were hurt by the price revolution. • Hired workers in towns and cities faced poverty and discontent when their wages did not keep up with inflation.• Peasants, the majority of Europeans, were not affected until centuries later.

Within Europe’s growing cities, there were great differences in wealth and power.

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c. Explain the role of improved technology in European exploration; include the

astrolabe.

Tools of Ocean Navigation1

Astrolabe This device was used to measure

the angles of the sun and stars above the horizon. It was difficult to

use accurately in rough seas.

Caravel This ship combined the square sails of

European vessels with the lateen (triangular) sails of their Arab

counterparts. The new rigging made it easier to sail across and into the wind.

SSWH13. The student will examine the intellectual,

political, social, and economic factors that changed the world

view of Europeans. [QCC standards WH10, WH12, WH13]

a. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus,

Galileo, Kepler, and Newton andhow these ideas changed the

European world view.

These scientific discoveries called into question various religious teachings. Thus weakening the

Roman Catholic Church Authority.

In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe.

Johannes Keppler proposed that each planet moved around the sun in an oval-shaped orbit called an ellipse.

Galileo Galilei built a telescope and confirmed the heliocentric model. This discovery caused an uproar and Galileo was tried before the Inquisition.

Isaac Newton proposed the law of gravity.

b. Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings

of Locke and Rousseauand their relationship to politics

and society.

Political Thinkers of the Enlightenment

People are basically reasonable and moral.

People have certain natural rights.

A government has a duty to the people it governs. If a government fails, the people have the right to overthrow it.

JOHN LOCKE

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ROUSSEAU

Believed that people were basically good.

Argued that government controls should be minimal and should only be imposed by a freely elected government.

Felt the good of the community should be placed above individual interests.

SSWH14. The student will analyze the Age of Revolutions and Rebellions. [QCC standards

WH13, WH14]

England 1689

The Glorious Revolution When James II angered his subjects and clashed with Parliament, parliamentary leaders invited William and Mary to become rulers of England. When William and Mary landed in England, James II fled to France. This bloodless overthrow of a king became known as the Glorious Revolution.

Before they could be crowned, William and Mary had to accept the English Bill of Rights, which: • ensured superiority of Parliament over the monarchy.• gave the House of Commons “power of the purse.”• prohibited a monarch from interfering with Parliament.• barred any Roman Catholic from sitting on the throne.• restated the rights of English citizens.

The Glorious Revolution did not create democracy, but a type of government called limited monarchy, in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch’s powers.

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US Revolution

The 13 ColoniesBy the mid 1700s, the colonies were home to diverse religious and ethnic groups. The colonists felt entitled to the rights of English citizens, and their colonial assemblies exercised much control over local affairs.

Although the ways of life between the colonists of New England and those in the south differed, the colonists shared common values, respect for individual enterprise, and an increasing sense of their own identity separate from that of Britain.

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Growing DiscontentAfter 1763, relations between Britain and the 13 colonies grew strained.

George III wanted the colonists to help pay for the Seven Years’ War and troops still stationed along the frontier.

“No taxation without representation.”

The colonists protested that since they had no representation in Parliament, the British had no right to tax them.

British troops fired on a crowd of colonists in the “Boston Massacre.”

Colonists protested by dumping British tea into Boston Harbor in the Boston Tea Party.

Representatives from each colony met in a Continental Congress.

War broke out between Britain and the colonists.

The Second Continental Congress declared independence from Britain and issued the Declaration of Independence.

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The American Revolution in the East

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A New Constitution

• The framers of the Constitution saw government in terms of a social contract. They provided for an elective legislature and an elected president.

• The Constitution created a federal republic, with power divided between the federal government and the states.

• The federal government was separated among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch was provided with checks and balances on the other branches.

• The Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, recognized that people had basic rights that the government must protect.

The new constitution reflected the Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau.

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France

Causes and Effects of the French Revolution

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Corrupt, inconsistent, and insensitive leadership

Prosperous members of Third Estate resent privileges of First and Second estates

Spread of Enlightenment ideas

Huge government debt

Poor harvests and rising price of bread

Failure of Louis XVI to accept financial reforms

Formation of National Assembly

Storming of Bastille

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen adopted

France adopts its first written constitution

Monarchy abolished

Revolutionary France fights coalition of European powers

Reign of Terror

Napoleon gains power

Napoleonic Code established

French public schools set up

French conquests spread nationalism

Revolutions occur in Europe and Latin America

Immediate Effects

Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes

Long-Term Effects

Haiti 1791

HAITI 1791• Haiti was the first republic in modern history led by people of African

descent. • It went directly from being a French colony to governing itself. • The pattern established under colonial rule had powerful and long-

lasting effects, though, having established a model of minority rule over the illiterate poor using violence and threats.

• Colonialism and slavery were outlived by the racial prejudice that they had contributed to; the new post-rebellion racial elite (referred to as mulattoes) had African ancestry, but many were also of European ancestry as descendants of white planters.

• Some had received educations, served in the military, and accumulated land and wealth.

RESULTS• The Haitian Revolution was influential in slave rebellions in America

and British colonies. • The loss of a major source of western revenue shook Napoleon's

faith in the promise of the western world, encouraging him to unload other French assets in the region including the territory known as Louisiana.

• In the early 1800s, many refugees, including free people of color and white planters, of whom some in both categories had owned slaves, settled in New Orleans, adding many new members to both its French-speaking mixed-race population and African population.

• In 1807 Britain became the first major power to permanently abolish the slave trade.

• The Haitian Revolution stood as a model for achieving emancipation for slaves in the United States who attempted to mimic Toussaint Louverture's actions. Louverture remains a hero to this day.

Latin America 1808-1825

• The Hispanic American wars of independence refer to the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Hispanic America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829 and resulted in the creation of a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south to Mexico in the north.

c. Explain Napoleon’s rise to power, and his defeat; and

explain the consequences forEurope.

The Rise of Napoleon 4

1769 Born on island of Corsica

1793 Helps capture Toulon from British; promoted to brigadier general

1795 Crushes rebels opposed to the National Convention

1796–1797 Becomes commander in chief of the army of Italy; wins victories against Austria

1798–1799 Loses to the British in Egypt and Syria

1799 Overthrows Directory and becomes First Consul of France

1804 Crowns himself emperor of France

France Under NapoleonNapoleon consolidated his power by strengthening the central government. Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as the slogans of the new regime.

Napoleon instituted a number of reforms to restore economic prosperity.

Napoleon developed a new law code, the Napoleonic Code, which embodied Enlightenment principles.

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Napoleon undid some of the reforms of the French Revolution:

• Women lost most of their newly gained rights.

• Male heads of household regained complete authority over their wives and children.

Building an Empire As Napoleon created a vast French empire, he

redrew the map of Europe.• He annexed, or added outright, some areas to

France.• He abolished the Holy Roman Empire.• He cut Prussia in half.

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Napoleon controlled much of Europe through forceful diplomacy.

• He put friends and relatives on the thrones of Europe.

• He forced alliances on many European powers.

Britain alone remained outside Napoleon’s empire.

Napoleon’s Power in Europe, 1812

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Challenges to Napoleon’s EmpireThe impact of nationalism Many Europeans who had welcomed the ideas of the French

Revolution nevertheless saw Napoleon and his armies as foreign oppressors.

Resistance in Spain Napoleon had replaced the king of Spain with his own brother, but

many Spaniards remained loyal to their former king. Spanish patriots conducted a campaign of guerrilla warfare against the French.

War with Austria Spanish resistance encouraged Austria to resume hostilities against

the French. Defeat in Russia Nearly all of Napoleon’s 400,000 troops sent on a campaign in

Russia died, most from hunger and the cold of the Russian winter.

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Downfall of Napoleon

.

1812—Napoleon’s forces were defeated in Russia.

Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia form a new alliance against a weakened France.

1813—Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Nations in Leipzig.

1814—Napoleon abdicated, or stepped down from power, and was exiled to Elba, an island in the Mediterranean Sea.

1815—Napoleon escaped his exile and returned to France.

Combined British and Prussian forces defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.

Napoleon was forced to abdicate again, and was this time exiled to St. Helena, an island in the South Atlantic.

1821—Napoleon died in exile.

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Legacy of Napoleon

The Napoleonic Code consolidated many changes of the revolution.

Napoleon turned France into a centralized state with a constitution.

Elections were held with expanded, though limited, suffrage.

Many more citizens had rights to property and access to education.

French citizens lost many rights promised to them during the Convention.

On the world stage, Napoleon’s conquests spread the ideas of the revolution and nationalism.

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Napoleon failed to make Europe into a French empire.

The abolition of the Holy Roman Empire would eventually contribute to the creation of a new Germany.

Napoleon’s decision to sell France’s Louisiana Territory to America doubled the size of the United States and ushered in an age of American expansion.

What Were the Goals of the Congress of Vienna?

The chief goal of the Congress was to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy.

To achieve this goal, the peacemakers did the following:• They redrew the map of Europe. To contain French ambition, they ringed France with strong countries.• They promoted the principle of legitimacy, restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution or Napoleon had unseated. • To protect the new order, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain extended their wartime alliance into the postwar era.

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Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815

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The Columbian Exchange was• A) the first great banking and trading house in

South America.• B) the exchange of precious metals between the

old and new worlds.• C) the exchange of plants, animals, and

diseases between the old and new worlds.• D) the movement of the army of Simon Bolivar

across Gran Columbia, exchanging Spanish prisoners for valuable weapons he would later use to free most of Latin America.

Correct Answer C

• The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the "old" and "new" worlds. This saw such things as potatoes and tobacco introduced to Europe and horses, coffee, and small pox introduced to the "new world."

Which of these had the GREATEST impact on the success of the Northern Renaissance?

• A) funding from wealthy patrons

• B) approval of the Catholic Church

• C) the works of da Vinci and Michelangelo

• D) the discoveries resulting from Columbus’ voyage

Correct Answer A

• The Northern Renaissance would not have been possible without funding from wealthy patrons. The artists, writers, and philosophers of the day would not have had time to "do their thing" had people with money not funded them.

SSWH16. The student will demonstrate an understanding of long-term causes of World War I and its global impact.

[QCC standards WH19, WH21, WH22]

a. Identify the causes of the war; include Balkan nationalism,

entangling alliances, andmilitarism.

Balkan NationalismA complex web of competing interests contributed to a series of crises and wars in the Balkans.Serbia and Greece had won independence in the early 1800s. However, there were still many Serbs and Greeks living in the Balkans under Ottoman rule. The Ottoman empire was home to other national groups, such as Bulgarians and Romanians. During the 1800s, various subject people staged revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states. European powers stepped in to divide up Ottoman lands, ignoring the nationalist goals of various Balkan peoples.

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The Balkans, 18784

Nationalism and International Rivalries

Aggressive nationalism was one leading cause of international tensions.

• Nationalist feelings were strong in both Germany and France.

• In Eastern Europe, Pan-Slavism held that all Slavic peoples shared a common nationality. Russia felt that it had a duty to lead and defend all Slavs.

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Imperial rivalries divided European nations. • In 1906 and again in 1911, competition for

colonies brought France and Germany to the brink of war.

The 1800s saw a rise in militarism, the glorification of the military.

• The great powers expanded their armies and navies, creating an arms race that further increased suspicions and made war more likely.

Causes and Effects of European Alliances

Distrust led the great powers to sign treaties pledging to defend one another.

These alliances were intended to create powerful combinations that no one would dare attack.

The growth of rival alliance systems increased international tensions.

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European Alliances, 1914

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b. Describe conditions on the war front for soldiers.

The Western FrontGerman forces swept through Belgium toward Paris.

Russia mobilized more quickly than expected.

Germany shifted some troops to the east to confront Russia, weakening German forces in the west.

British and French troops defeat Germany in the Battle of the Marne. The battle of the Marne pushed back the German offensive and destroyed Germany’s hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front.

The result was a long, deadly stalemate, a deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other. Battle lines in France remained almost unchanged for four years.

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Europe at War, 1914–1918

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World War I Technology

Modern weapons added greatly to the destructiveness of the war.

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A one- or two-seat propeller plane was equipped with a machine gun. At first the planes were used mainly for observation. Later, “flying aces” engaged in individual combat, though such “dogfights” had little effect on the war.

A mounted gun that fired a rapid, continuous stream of bullets made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of soldiers. This helped create a stalemate by making it difficult to advance across no man’s land.

These underwater ships, or U-boats, could launch torpedoes, or guided underwater bombs. Used by Germany to destroy Allied shipping, U-boat attacks helped bring the United States into the war.

Airplane

Automatic machine gun

Submarine

How Did the War Become a Global Conflict?

The Allies overran German colonies in Africa and Asia.

The great powers turned to their own colonies for troops, laborers, and supplies.

Japan, allied with Britain, tried to impose a protectorate on China.

The Ottoman empire joined the Central Powers in 1914.

Arab nationalists revolted against Ottoman rule.

In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and helped crush Serbia.

EASTERN EUROPEIn August 1914, Russian armies pushed into eastern Germany. After Russia was defeated in the battle of Tannenburg, armies in the east fought on Russian soil.

SOUTHERN EUROPE

OUTSIDE EUROPE THE COLONIES

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c. Explain the major decisions made in the Versailles Treaty; include German reparations

and the mandate system that replaced Ottoman control.

Campaign to VictoryIn 1917, The United States declared war on Germany.

By 1918, about two million American soldiers had joined the Allies on the Western Front.

The Germans launched a huge offensive, pushing the Allies back.

The Allies launched a counteroffensive, driving German forces back across France and Germany.

Germany sought an armistice, or agreement to end fighting, with the Allies. On November 11, 1918, the war ended.

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President Woodrow Wilson issued the Fourteen Points, a list of his terms for resolving World War I and future wars. He called for:

• freedom of the seas• free trade• large-scale reductions of arms• an end to secret treaties• self-determination, or the right of people to choose their own form of government, for Eastern Europe• the creation of a “general association of nations” to keep the peace in the future

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

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• More than 8.5 million people died. Twice that number had been wounded.

• Famine threatened many regions.• Across the European continent, homes, farms, factories, roads,

and churches had been shelled to rubble.• People everywhere were shaken and disillusioned. • Governments had collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-

Hungary, and the Ottoman empire.

The Costs of War

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Casualties of World War I

Deaths Woundedin Battle in Battle

AlliesFrance 1,357,800 4,266,000British empire 908,371 2,090,212Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000Italy 462,391 953,886United States 50,585 205,690Others 502,421 342,585

Central PowersGermany 1,808,546 4,247,143Austria-Hungary 922,500 3,620,000Ottoman empire 325,000 400,000

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The Paris Peace ConferenceThe delegates to the Paris Peace Conference faced many difficult issues:

• The Allied leaders had different aims.

• The Italians insisted that the Allies honor their secret agreement to gain Austria-Hungary. Such secret agreements violated Wilson’s principle of self-determination.

• Many people who had been ruled by Russia, Austria-Hungary, or the Ottoman empire now demanded national states of their own. The territories claimed by these people often overlapped, so it was impossible to satisfy them all.

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The Treaty:• forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war.• imposed huge reparations upon Germany.

The Treaty aimed at weakening Germany by:• limiting the size of the German military,• returning Alsace and Lorraine to France,• removing hundreds of miles of territory from Germany,• stripping Germany of its overseas colonies.

The Germans signed the treaty because they had no choice. But German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles would poison the international climate for 20 years and lead to an even deadlier world war.

The Treaty of Versailles5

Europe in 1914 and 19201914

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Europe in 1914 and 19201920

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Summary World War I

World War I: Cause and Effect

Imperialist and economic rivalries among European powers

European alliance system

Militarism and arms race

Nationalist tensions in Balkans

Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Fighting in the Balkans

Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

German invasion of Belgium

Enormous cost in lives and money

Russian Revolution

Creation of new nations in Eastern Europe

Requirement that Germany pay reparations

German loss of its overseas colonies

Balfour Declaration

League of Nations

Economic impact of war debts on Europe

Emergence of United States and Japan as important powers

Growth of nationalism in colonies

Rise of fascism

World War II

Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes

Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects

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d. Analyze the destabilization of Europe in the collapse of the

great empires; include theRomanov and Hapsburg

dynasties.

Hapsburgs

• Oldest ruling house in Europe• Conservative government suppresses

liberal demands• Growing urban discontent• Nationalist unrest in a multinational empire• Military defeats led to growing demands

from liberals and nationalist• Arrangement of dual monarchy satisfied

Hungarians, angered other nationalist

SSWH17. The student will be able to identify the major

political and economic factors that shaped world societies

between World War I and World War II. [QCC standards

WH19, WH21, WH22]

b. Determine the causes and results of the Russian Revolution

from the rise of theBolsheviks under Lenin to

Stalin’s first Five Year Plan.

Why Did Revolution Occur in Russia in March 1917?

• Czars had made some reforms, but too few to ease the nation’s tensions.

• Much of the majority peasant population endured stark poverty. • Revolutionaries worked to hatch radical plots.• World War I was producing disasters on the battlefield for the

Russian army, and food and fuel shortages on the home front. • Rasputin’s influence in domestic affairs weakened confidence

in the government.

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Why Did Lenin and the Bolsheviks Launch the November Revolution?

Lenin adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russian conditions. He called for an elite group to lead the revolution and set up a “dictatorship of the proletariat.”

Conditions were ripe for Lenin and the Bolsheviks to make their move:

• The provisional government continued the war effort and failed to deal with land reform.• In the summer of 1917, the government launched a disastrous offensive against Germany. • The army was in terrible shape and growing numbers of troops mutinied.• Peasants seized land and drove off fearful landlords.

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Russian Civil War How did the Communists defeat their opponents in Russia’s civil war?

• Lenin quickly made peace with Germany so that the Communists could focus all their energy on defeating enemies at home. • The Communists adopted a policy called “war communism.” They took over banks, mines, factories, and railroads, took control of food produced by peasants, and drafted peasant laborers into military or factory work. • Trotsky turned the Red Army into an effective fighting force.• When the Allies intervened to support the Whites, the Communists appealed to nationalism and urged Russians to drive out the foreigners.

1

Turning Points in Russia, 1914–1921

2

1914AugustWorld War I begins.

1917March Revolution forces the czar to abdicate. A provisional government is formed.AprilLenin returns to Russia.JulyRussians suffer more than 50,000 casualties in battle against German and Austro-Hungarian forces.NovemberA second revolution results in Bolshevik takeover of government.DecemberBolshevik government seeks peace with Germany.

1918MarchRussia signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk, losing a large amount of territory.JulyCivil war between the Reds and Whites begins. The czar and his family are executed.AugustBritish, American, Japanese, and other foreign forces intervene in Russia.

1921MarchCommunist government is victorious. Only sporadic fighting continues.

The Communists produced a new constitution that:• set up an elected legislature, later called the Supreme Soviet• gave all citizens over 18 the right to vote• placed all political power, resources, and means of production in the hands of the

workers and peasants

The new government united much of the old Russian empire in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or Soviet Union.

Lenin adopted the New Economic Policy, or NEP.• It allowed some capitalist ventures. • The state kept control of banks, foreign trade, and large industries. Small businesses

were allowed to reopen for private profit.

The Communist State Under Lenin

2

Soviet Union, 1917–19382

Stalin’s Five-Year Plans

• Stalin brought all economic activity under government control. The Soviet Union developed a command economy, in which government officials made all basic economic decisions.

• Stalin also brought agriculture under government control. He forced peasants to give up their land and live on either state-owned farms or collectives, large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group.

• Overall, standards of living remained poor. Wages were low, and consumer goods were scarce.

Once in power, Stalin set out to make the Soviet Union a modern industrial power. He put into place several “five-year plans” aimed at building heavy industry, improving transportation, and increasing farm output.

2

The Great Purge

• At least four million people were purged during the Stalin years.

• The purges increased Stalin’s power.

• The victims of the purges included most of the nation’s military leadership. This loss of military leadership would weigh heavily on Stalin in 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

Stalin harbored obsessive fears that rival party leaders were plotting against him. In 1934, he launched the Great Purge.

2

Soviet Foreign Policy

Between 1917 and 1939, the Soviet Union pursued two very different goals in foreign policy.

As Communists, both Lenin and Stalin wanted to bring about the worldwide revolution that Marx had predicted. • Lenin formed the Communist International, or Comintern, which aided revolutionary groups around the world.

As Russians, they wanted to guarantee their nation’s security by winning the support of other countries. •The Soviet Union sought to join the League of Nations.

The Comintern’s propaganda against capitalism made western powers highly suspicious of the Soviet Union.

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c. Describe the rise of fascism in Europe and Asia by comparing

the policies of BenitoMussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Hirohito in Japan.

What Is Fascism?

In the 1920s and 1930s, fascism meant different things in different countries. All forms of fascism, however, shared some basic features:• extreme nationalism• glorification of action, violence, discipline, and, above all, blind loyalty to the state• rejection of Enlightenment faith in reason and the concepts of equality and liberty• rejection of democratic ideas• pursuit of aggressive foreign expansion• glorification of warfare as a necessary and noble struggle for survival

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BenitoMussolini in Italy

How Did Conditions in Italy Favor the Rise of Mussolini?

• Italian nationalists were outraged by the Paris peace treaties.

• Inspired by the revolution in Russia, Italian peasants seized land, and workers went on strike or seized factories.

• Returning veterans faced unemployment.• Trade declined and taxes rose.• The government was split into feuding factions and

seemed powerless to end the crisis.

3

Mussolini’s Italy

The individual was unimportant except as a member of the state.

Men were urged to be ruthless warriors.

Women were called on to produce more children.

Fascist youth groups toughened children and taught them to obey strict military discipline.

Mussolini brought the economy under state control.

Unlike socialists, Mussolini preserved capitalism.

Workers received poor wages and were forbidden to strike.

By 1925, Mussolini had assumed the title Il Duce, “The Leader.”

In theory, Italy remained a parliamentary monarchy. In fact, it became a dictatorship upheld by terror.

The Fascists relied on secret police and propaganda.

SOCIAL POLICIES

ECONOMIC POLICY

POLITICAL STRUCTURE

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Adolf Hitler in Germany

The Weimar Republic

• The government was weak because Germany had many small parties.

• The government came under constant fire from both the left and the right.

• Germans of all classes blamed the Weimar Republic for the hated Versailles treaty.

• When Germany fell behind in reparations payments, France occupied the coal-rich Ruhr Valley.

• Runaway inflation spread misery and despair.

In 1919, German leaders set up a democratic government known as the Weimar Republic. The republic faced severe problems from the start.

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Adolf Hitler’s Rise to PowerHitler fought in the German army in World War I.

In 1919, he joined a small group of right-wing extremists.

Within a year, he was the leader of the National Socialist German Workers, or Nazi, party.

In 1923, he made a failed attempt to seize power in Munich. He was imprisoned for treason.

In prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”). It would later become the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology.

Nazi membership grew to almost a million.

In 1933, Hitler was made chancellor of Germany.

Within a year, Hitler was master of Germany. He made Germany a one-party state and purged his own party.

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The Third Reich

School courses and textbooks were written to reflect Nazi racial views. The Nazis sought to purge, or purify, German culture.

Hitler sought to replace religion with his racial creed.

The Nazis indoctrinated young people with their ideology.

Hitler spread his message of racism.

The Nazis sought to limit women’s roles.

Hitler launched a large public works program.

Hitler began to rearm Germany, in violation of the Versailles treaty.

Hitler repudiated, or rejected, the hated Treaty of Versailles.

Hitler organized a system of terror, repression, and totalitarian rule.

POLITICAL POLICIES ECONOMIC POLICIES

SOCIAL POLICIES CULTURAL POLICIES

4

Hitler’s Campaign Against the Jews

Hitler set out to drive Jews from Germany.

In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws placed severe restrictions on Jews.

Many German Jews fled Germany and sought refuge in other countries.

In 1938, Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities all over Germany in what came to be called Kristallnacht, or the “Night of Broken Glass.”

Hitler sent tens of thousands of Jews to concentration camps, detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state.

Hitler planned the “final solution”—the extermination of all Jews.

4

Hirohito Japan

• The Army and the Navy are in command, that militarism is lauded to the skies, that ‘dangerous thought’ is suppressed, that there is persecution of Socialists and Communists and that the political parties have little power. 

• They refer to the assassination of Cabinet Ministers by groups of ‘Young Officers’ in whom they see the nucleus of a coming Fascist regime. 

e. Describe the nature of totalitarianism and the police state that existed in Russia,

Germany, and Italy and how they differ from authoritarian

governments.

RUSSIA

A Totalitarian State

Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state. In this form of government, a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens.

• To ensure obedience, Stalin used secret police, censorship, violent purges, and terror.

• The party bombarded the public with relentless propaganda.• The Communists replaced religion with their own ideology.

3

Changes in Soviet SocietyThe Communists transformed Russian life.

• They created a society where a few elite groups emerged as a new ruling class.

• The state provided free education, free medical care, day care for children, inexpensive housing, and public recreation.

• Women were granted equality under the law.

3

State Control and the ArtsStalin forced artists and writers to conform to a style called socialist realism. Its goal was to boost socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light.

Government controlled what books were published, what music was heard, and which works of art were displayed.

Writers, artists, and composers faced government persecution.

3

f. Explain the aggression and conflict leading to World War II in

Europe and Asia.

How Did Dictators Challenge World Peace?

Throughout the 1930s, dictators took aggressive action but met only verbal protests and pleas for peace from the democracies.

Mussolini and Hitler viewed that desire for peace as weakness and responded with new acts of aggression.

In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. The League of Nations voted sanctions, or penalties, but had no power to enforce the sanctions.

Hitler built up the German military in defiance of the Versailles treaty. Then, in 1936, he sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland bordering France — another treaty violation.

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Test Taking Tip # 4

• Try to stay awake- Rememeber that this is a timed test. There will be time afterwards to sleep. Get a good nights sleep the night before, and be refreshed for the morning exam.

• The period of European history that began at the close of the Middle Ages and was characterized by a cultural revival is known as the

• A) Reformation.

• B) Renaissance.

• C) Baroque Period.

• D) Classical Period.

Correct Answer B

• The Renaissance was the period in Europe that was characterized by a radical development in the arts, medicine, politics, and sciences. An intense development of art and literature is associated with this time.

• According to the Treaty of Versailles, what country was expected to pay for the damages in World War I?

• A) Austria-Hungary

• B) France

• C) Germany

• D) Russia

Correct Answer C

• Germany was blamed for the war and all the damage. In the long run, this led to massive resentment by the German people and was a major cause of World War II.

The Spanish Civil War Although the Spanish Civil War was a local struggle, it drew other European powers into the fighting.

• Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and forces to help Franco.• Volunteers from Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and the western democracies joined the International Brigade and fought alongside the Loyalists against fascism.

By 1939, Franco had triumphed. Once in power, he created a fascist dictatorship like those of Hitler and Mussolini.

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German Aggression

In 1938, Hitler used force to unite Austria and Germany in the Anschluss. The western democracies took no action.

Hitler annexed the Sudetenland, a region in western Czechoslovakia.

At the Munich Conference, British and French leaders again chose appeasement.

In 1939, Hitler claimed the rest of Czechoslovakia.

The democracies realized that appeasement had failed. They promised to protect Poland, most likely Hitler’s next target.

Hitler formed a Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact with Stalin.

German forces invaded Poland. Britain and France immediately declared war on Germany.

1

Aggression in Europe to 1939

1

Why War Came

• Historians see the war as an effort to revise the 1919 peace settlement. The Versailles treaty had divided the world into two camps.

• The western democracies might have been able to stop Hitler. Unwilling to risk war, however, they adopted a policy of appeasement, giving in to the demands of an aggressor in hope of keeping the peace.

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SSWH18. The student will demonstrate an understanding

of the global political,economic, and social impact of

World War II. [QCC standards WH21, WH22, WH25]

a. Describe the major conflicts and outcomes; include Pearl

Harbor and D-Day.

Early Axis Gains

By 1941, the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of Western Europe.

2

Germany and Russia conquered and divided Poland.

Stalin’s armies pushed into Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

Soviet forces seized Finland.

Hitler conquered Norway and Denmark.

Hitler took the Netherlands and Belgium.

France surrendered to Hitler.

Axis armies pushed into North Africa and the Balkans.

Axis armies defeated Greece and Yugoslavia.

Bulgaria and Hungary joined the Axis alliance.

The Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa

In 1940, Hitler ordered Operation Sea Lion, the invasion of Britain. The Germans first bombed military targets, then changed tactics to the blitz, or bombing, of London and other cities.

London did not break under the blitz. The bombing only strengthened British resolve to turn back the enemy.

Operation Sea Lion was a failure.

In 1941, Hitler embarked on Operation Barbarossa, the conquest of the Soviet Union.

The Nazis smashed deep into Russia, but were stalled before they could take Moscow and Leningrad.

Thousands of German soldiers froze to death in Russia’s winter. Russians also suffered appalling hardships.

Stalin urged Britain to open a second front in Western Europe.

THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN OPERATION BARBAROSSA

2

Growing American Involvement

When the war began in 1939, the United States declared its neutrality.

Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the President to supply arms to those who were fighting for democracy.

Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, which called for the “final destruction of the Nazi tyranny.”

Japan advanced into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies.

To stop Japanese aggression, the United States banned the sale of war materials to Japan.

Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.

The United States declared war on Japan.

Germany and Italy, as Japan’s allies, declared war on the United States.

2

Occupied Lands

• Hitler set up puppet governments in countries that were peopled by “Aryans.”

• Eastern Europeans were considered an inferior “race,” and were thus shoved aside to provide “living space” for Germans.

• To the Nazis, occupied lands were an economic resource to be looted and plundered.

• German leaders worked to accomplish the “final solution of the Jewish problem” — the genocide, or deliberate murder, of all European Jews.

• Japan’s self-proclaimed mission was to help Asians escape imperial rule. In fact, its real goal was a Japanese empire in Asia.

• The Japanese treated conquered people with great brutality.

While the Germans rampaged across Europe, the Japanese conquered an empire in Asia and the Pacific. Each set out to build a “new order” in the occupied lands.

3

b. Identify Nazi ideology, policies, and consequences that led to the

Holocaust.

Turning Points

The Allies opened a second front in Europe with the invasion of Paris. They freed France and were then able to focus on defeating Germany and Japan.

(mid-1944)

The Red Army took the offensive and drove the Germans out of the Soviet Union entirely. Hitler’s forces suffered irreplaceable losses of troops and

equipment.

(late 1942)

From North Africa, the Allies invaded Italy. The invasion weakened Hitler by forcing him to fight on another front.

(mid-1943)

The British stopped Rommel’s advance and drove the Axis forces back across Libya into Tunisia.

(late 1942)

During 1942 and 1943, the Allies won several victories that would turn the tide of battle and push back the Axis powers.

EL ALAMEIN INVASION OF ITALY

STALINGRAD INVASION OF FRANCE

3

World War II in Europe and North Africa

3

• At first, the Japanese won an uninterrupted series of victories.

• Soon, however, the tide of the Pacific war began to turn.

• The United States began an “island-hopping” campaign. The goal of the campaign was to recapture some Japanese-held islands while bypassing others. The captured islands served as steppingstones to the next objective.

• In this way, American forces gradually moved north to Japan itself.

Strategies in the Pacific

4

World War II in the Pacific

4

Defeating Nazi Germany

To win the assault on Germany, the Allies had to use devastating force.

As Allied armies advanced into Belgium in 1944, Germany launched a massive counterattack.

Both sides suffered terrible losses at the Battle of the Bulge.

Hitler’s support in Germany was declining.

Germany faced round-the-clock bombing.

The Allies crossed the Rhine into western Germany.

Soviet troops closed in on Berlin.

Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered.

4

Dropping the atomic bomb brought a quick end to the war. It also unleashed terrifying destruction.

Why did President Truman use the bomb?

• Truman was convinced that Japan would not surrender without an invasion that would result in enormous losses of both American and Japanese lives.

• Truman also may have hoped that the bomb would impress the Soviet Union with American power.

The Atomic Bomb

4

The Cold WarAs the United States and the Soviet Union became superpowers, they also became tense rivals in an increasingly divided world.

The Cold War was a state of tension and hostility among nations, without armed conflict between the major rivals.

At first, the focus of the Cold War was Eastern Europe, where Stalin and the western powers had very different goals.

5

Casualties of World War II

5

Military Military CivilianDead Wounded Dead

AlliesBritain 389,000 475,000 65,000France 211,000 400,000 108,000Soviet Union 7,500,000 14,102,000 15,000,000United States 292,000 671,000 **

Axis PowersGermany 2,850,000 7,250,000 5,000,000Italy 77,500 120,000 100,000Japan 1,576,000 500,000 300,000

** Very small number of civilian dead.Source: Henri Michel, The Second World War

c. Explain the military and diplomatic negotiations between

the leaders of Great Britain(Churchill), the Soviet Union

(Stalin), and the United States (Roosevelt/Truman) from

Teheran to Yalta and Potsdam and the impact on the nations of

Eastern Europe.

Teheran

• The key Allied leaders—Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill—were known as the "Big Three" because of the might of the nations they represented and their peaceful collaboration during World War II.

• The chief discussion was centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe.

• Most importantly the conference was organized to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies.

Major Decisions• An agreement was made stating that the Partisans of Yugoslavia should be

supported by supplies and equipment and also by commando operations. • It was agreed that it would be most desirable if Turkey should come into war

on the side of the Allies before the end of the year. • If Turkey found themselves at war, the Soviet Union was to support them. • Took note on November 30 that Operation Overlord would be launched

during May 1944, in conjunction with an operation against southern France. • It was agreed that the military staff of the Three Powers should from then on

keep in close touch with each other. • Britain and the U.S. promised Stalin that they would send troops to Western

Europe. It was agreed that they would arrive in the spring of 1944. • At the insistence of Stalin, the borders of post-war Poland were determined

along the Oder and Neisse rivers and the Curzon line. • A United Nations Organization was tentatively agreed to. • The Soviet Union agreed to wage war against Japan once Germany was

defeated.

Yalta

• The Big Three (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) met in Yalta for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization.

• Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of nations conquered by Germany.

Major Decisions

• There was an agreement that the priority would be the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. After the war Germany would be split into four occupied zones.

• Stalin agreed that France might have a fourth occupation zone in Germany and Austria but it would have to be formed out of the American and British zones.

• Germany would undergo demilitarization and denazification.

• German reparations were partly to be in the form of forced labor of German soldiers, to be used to repair damage Germany inflicted on its victims.

Potsdam

• Stalin, Churchill, and Truman had gathered to decide how to administer the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on May 8 (V-E Day).

• The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war.

Potsdam Agreement• Issuance of a statement of aims of the occupation of Germany by the Allies:

demilitarization, denazification, democratization, decentralization and decartelization. • Division of Germany and Austria respectively into four occupation zones (earlier

agreed in principle at Yalta), and the similar division of each's capital, Berlin and Vienna, into four zones.

• Agreement on the prosecution of Nazi war criminals. • Reversion of all German annexations in Europe, including Sudetenland,

Alsace-Lorraine, Austria and the westernmost parts of Poland • Germany's eastern border was to be shifted westwards to the Oder-Neisse line,

effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 borders.

• Expulsion of the German populations remaining beyond the new eastern borders of Germany.

• Agreement on war reparations to the Soviet Union from their zone of occupation in Germany. It was also agreed that 10% of the industrial capacity of the western zones unnecessary for the German peace economy should be transferred to the Soviet Union within 2 years. Stalin proposed and it was accepted that Poland was to be excluded from division of German compensation to be later granted 15% of compensation given to Soviet Union

d. Explain allied Post-World War II policies; include formation of

the United Nations, theMarshall Plan for Europe, and

McArthur’s plan for Japan.

The United Nations

World War II Allies set up an international organization to ensure peace.

Under the UN Charter, each of the member nations had one vote in the General Assembly. A smaller body, the Security Council, was given greater power. Its five permanent members were the United States, the Soviet Union (today Russia), Britain, France, and China.

The UN’s work would go far beyond peacekeeping. The organization would take on many world problems.

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Marshall Plan

• The Marshall Plan is also called the European Recovery Plan. It was enacted by the US in 1947 as a way to help rebuild Europe after World War II.

McArthur’s Plan

• MacArthur oversaw the Occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951.

• Although criticized for protecting Emperor Hirohito and the imperial family from prosecution for war crimes, MacArthur is credited with implementing far-reaching democratic reforms in that country.

• During the Allied occupation of Japan, he demilitarized the former enemy power and implemented a comprehensive policy of social, economic, and political reforms with the goal of liberalizing that nation.

SSWH19. The student will demonstrate an understanding of the global social, economic, and political impact of the Cold

War and decolonization from 1945 to 1989. [QCC standards

WH22, WH25, WH26]

a. Analyze the revolutionary movements in India (Gandhi) and

China (Mao Zedong).

India (Gandhi)

Why Was India Partitioned?

After World War II, Britain finally agreed to Indian demand for independence.

Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan.

Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to partition, or divide, the subcontinent.

In 1947, British officials created Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.

As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence erupted in Northern India.

Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million people, including Mohandas Gandhi, were killed.

Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim tensions persisted.

1

Partition of India, 19471

Cause and Effect: Partition of India1

Muslim conquest of northern India in 1100s

British imperialism in India

Nationalists organize the Indian National Congress in 1885

Muslim nationalists form separate Muslim League in 1906

Long-TermCauses

World War II weakens European colonial empires

Pressure from Indian nationalists increases

Insistence by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League that Muslims have their own state

Rioting between Hindus and Muslims throughout northern India

Short-TermCauses

Violence erupts as millions of Hindus and Muslims cross the border between India and Pakistan

Gandhi is assassinated by Hindu extremists

India and Pakistan become centers of Cold War rivalry

Establishment of the state of Bangladesh

Effects

Continuing clash between India and Pakistan over Kashmir

Nuclear arms race as both India and Pakistan refuse to sign Non-Proliferation Treaty

Connections to Today

Urbanization undermined some traditions, but most Indians continued to live in villages.

The government tried to end discrimination based on caste. However, deep prejudice continued.

India adopted a socialist model to expand agriculture and industry.

Rapid population growth hurt efforts to improve living conditions.

An economic slowdown forced India to privatize some industries and make foreign investment easier.

India’s constitution set up a federal system.

For 40 years after independence, the Nehru family led India.India’s size and diversity have contributed to religious and regional divisions.Today, India is the world’s largest democratic nation.

SOCIALECONOMICPOLITICAL

India: Political, Economic, and Social Change

1

Pakistan and Bangladesh

After independence, military leaders seized power and ruled as dictators.

When civilian leaders were finally elected, the military continued to intervene.

The country lacked natural resources for industry.

Ethnic rivalries fueled conflicts.Severe economic problems and corruption plagued the government.

Forty percent of the nation’s budget goes to repaying foreign debt.

In 1971, Bengalis declared independence for Bangladesh.

Geography has made it difficult to rise out of poverty.

Explosive population growth has further strained resources.

Since the early 1990s, civilian governments have worked to encourage foreign investments.

PAKISTAN BANGLADESH

1

How is South Asia Linked to World Affairs?

• India and Pakistan achieved their independence as the Cold War began.

• Pakistan accepted military aid from the United States, while India signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union.

• When the Cold War ended, both India and Pakistan sought aid from the western powers.

• Regional conflicts bred global concern after both India and Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons.

1

Mao Zedong- China

• Mao Zedong (also Mao Tse-Tung) was the world's most prominent Chinese communist during the 20th century.

• Mao's Red Army overthrew Chiang Kai-Shek in 1949, and the communists seized power of mainland China.

• Ruthless and ambitious, Mao turned China into a world military power and created a cult of personality, forcing the distribution of his image and his "Little Red Book" (a collection of political maxims) upon the Chinese people.

• His campaign to export communism made China a threat to the West and led to confrontations in Southeast Asia and Korea

b. Describe the formation of the state of Israel.

• The United Nations created Modern Israel by taking Palestine and partitioning it.

• Fighting between the Arab and Jewish communities of Palestine began in November 1947, immediately after the UN decision to create a Jewish state. The Arab States declared they would greet any attempt to form a Jewish state with war.

c. Explain the arms race; include development of the hydrogen

bomb (1954).

• arms race, describes a competition between two or more parties for real or apparent military supremacy.

• Each party competes to produce larger numbers of weapons, greater armies, or superior military technology in a technological escalation. Nowadays the term is commonly used to describe any competition where there is no absolute goal, only the relative goal of staying ahead of the other competitors.

• In the 20th century, the United States and the Soviet Union developed more and better nuclear weapons during the Cold War

• Immediately after World War II, the United States was behind the Soviet Union in the area of intermediate range missiles, but they managed to catch up with the help of German scientists.

• The Soviet Union committed their command economy to the arms race and, with the deployment of the SS-18 in the late 1970s, achieved first strike parity.

• However, the strain of competition against the great spending power of the United States created enormous economic problems during Mikhail Gorbachev's attempt at , the transition to a consumer based, mixed economy, and hastened the collapse of the Soviet Union. Because the two powers were competing with one another instead of aiming for a predefined goal, both nations soon acquired a huge capacity for overkill.

Hydrogen Bomb

• Both nations quickly began work on hydrogen bombs and the United States detonated the first such device on November 1, 1952.

• Again the Soviets surprised the Americans by exploding a deployable thermonuclear device of their own the next August, though it was not actually a "true" multi-stage hydrogen bomb (that would wait until 1955).

• The Soviet H-bomb was almost completely a product of domestic research, as their espionage sources in the USA had only worked on very preliminary (and incorrect) versions of the hydrogen bomb.

SSWH20. The student will examine change and continuity

in the world since the 1960s. [QCC standard WH26]

a. Identify ethnic conflicts and new nationalisms.

c. Analyze terrorism in the 20th century and analyze the impact

of terrorism on daily life;include travel, world energy

supplies, and financial markets.

Europe After the Cold War• Russia and the nations of Eastern Europe turned to the West

for loans and investments to build capitalist economies.

• Ethnic clashes, especially in the Balkans, created conflicts that threatened European peace.

• The nuclear peril, although reduced, still remained.

• NATO faced the debate as to whether it should become Europe’s peacekeeper and protector of human rights.

1

Economic and Political Trends

The West faced growing competition from other parts of the world, causing many factories to close.Economies changed when most new jobs were created in service industries.The gap between the rich and the poor grew.

In 1973, OPEC cut oil production and raised prices.

The higher prices caused inflation and slowed economic growth. In 1979, OPEC again raised prices, triggering a severe recession, in which business slowed and unemployment rates rose.

After 1945, governments extended the welfare state.

Governments took on a larger role in national economies. Conservatives condemned the drift from the free enterprise system toward socialism.

ECONOMIC SHIFTSTHE OIL SHOCKTHE WELFARE STATE

Postwar governments in France, Italy, and Germany adopted many policies favored by the left.

1

Welfare-State Spending in Britain, 1975 – 1980

1

Toward European Unity

• In 1952, six nations — France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg — set up the European Coal and Steel Community. This agency set prices and regulated the coal and steel industries of member states.

• In 1957, the same six nations formed the European Community (EC) or Common Market. Its goal was free trade. It also set up the European Parliament.

• In 1973, Britain, Denmark, and Ireland were admitted to the Common Market.

• In the 1980s and 1990s, the Common Market expanded and took on the name European Union (EU). The EU pushed for complete economic unity and greater political unity.

1

European Union, 1957 – 2000

1

Social Trends

Class lines blurred as prosperity spread.

More and more people joined the middle class.

Most people faced greater

opportunities.

Since the 1950s, many immigrants from former colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean had settled in Europe. Some Europeans resented the newcomers.Many immigrants faced discrimination and segregation.

Women in the West made progress toward legal and economic equality.

Women narrowed the gender gap in hiring, promotion,and pay.

Western families had fewer children than in the past.

Children stayed in school longer.The divorce rate climbed.

Social change speeded up after 1945.

SOCIAL CLASSES ETHNIC DIVERSITY

WOMEN FAMILY LIFE

1

Migration to Western Europe

1

Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe

5

1945 After World War II, Soviet armies occupy much of Eastern Europe.

1949 Most Eastern European countries are under communist rule.

1956 Hungary withdraws from Warsaw Pact and ends one-party rule; Soviet troops crush Hungarian uprising.

1968 Czechoslovakia introduces reforms; Soviets use force to restore communist dictatorship.

1980 Polish government, under Soviet pressure, cracks down on trade union movement and arrests its leaders.

Fall of Communist Governments

• Eastern European countries withdrew from the Warsaw Pact and requested that Soviet troops leave.

• Eastern European nations set out to build stable governments and free-market economies.

• The many changes contributed to rising inflation, high unemployment, and crime waves.

• Consumer goods became more plentiful, but many people could not afford them.

• Former communists were sometimes returned to office when people became disillusioned with reform.

• In the 1990s, Eastern European nations looked to the West for aid. • Ethnic tension arose is some areas.

5

New Nations in Eastern Europe

5

Civil War in Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia consisted of a broad mixture of ethnic and religious groups.

Tito had silenced nationalist and religious unrest for decades. When he died, nationalism tore Yugoslavia apart.

Communism fell.

Four of the six republics declared independence.

Tens of thousands of Bosnian Muslims were killed in a campaign of ethnic cleansing. The Balkan region remained unstable.

New nations needed massive aid to rebuild.

Large numbers of refugees remained in temporary shelter for years after the war.

Ethnic feuds were hard to contain.

CAUSES EFFECTS

5

The Role of World Organizations

International organizations deal with issues of global concern.

The UN was set up as a forum for settling world disputes. Its responsibilities have expanded greatly since 1945. UN agencies provide services for millions of people worldwide.

Many nations formed regional groups to promote trade or meet common needs. Examples include the European Union and the North American Free Trade Association.

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) play a large role in the world economy.

Other types of nongovernmental organizations have forged valuable global networks. Examples include the International Olympic Committee and the International Red Cross.

1

a. Describe the cultural and intellectual integration of

countries into the world economythrough the development of

television, satellites, and computers.

Computers

• Creates new jobs• Links people,

businesses, nations• Makes more

information available

• Threatens some jobs• Available only to

those who can afford equipment

• Widens gap between global north and global south