world history 1 1 era 5 increased hemispheric interaction 500 ish - 1500 increased hemispheric...

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The Making of Medieval Europe

The Emergence of EuropeW

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Growth of the Medieval Church

A. Why the Church? Under Rome, the church experienced both persecution and acceptance. As the barbarians increased their attacks on the empire, they faced unexpected opposition: the church. When Attila the Hun approached the city of Rome in 452, he accepted the appeals of Pope Leo I to spare the city; he retreated. The church proved to be the one stable institution after the fall of Rome.


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B. Who is the Church? The church hierarchy developed distinct roles for believers.

1. Specifically, a church represents a local assembly of believers; generally, the church represents a spiritual body of believers everywhere—a universal assembly—united by faith: the catholic church. The people form of this church form the laity.

2. Official church workers dedicate their lives in service to the church; they form the clergy.



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a. The bishop of Rome, presiding over the largest and wealthiest city in the empire became known as the pope (“father”, “protector”).

b. Beneath the pope serve cardinals, archbishops, bishops, priests, and nuns—as well as others. Each have different roles in the church: some serve as leaders of local congregations; some went to foreign lands as missionaries to convert non-Christians; some secluded themselves as monks, living apart from society in self-denial and study (called monasticism).

The Emergence of EuropeThe Making of Medieval Europe


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C. What does the Church Believe? Church doctrine (official statements of belief) came from a mixture of the teachings of Jesus, the writings of the saints, and tradition. The sacraments (sacred acts performed to bring grace) of the Roman Catholic Church include

1. Baptism to wash away original sin

2. Confirmation to grant church membership and establish fellowship

3. Penance to forgive sin



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4. Communion (Holy Eucharist) to remember the Lord’s crucifixion

5. Extreme Unction (Last Rites) to remove unconfessed sin prior to death

6. Holy Matrimony to sanctify marriage

7. Holy Orders to identify service to the Church





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A New Western Empire

A. The Kingdom of the Franks

1. Germanic tribes of northern Europe warred amongst themselves for generations.

One of them, the Franks, became

a long-lasting empire after

Clovis defeated rival tribes.

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His conversion to Christianity brought support from Rome.

The Baptism of Clovis I, King of the Franks

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Consistent with custom, his heirs

divided the kingdom among

themselves upon his death.



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2. The fracturing of the Frankish kingdom weakened the power of the kings. The actual power behind the throne was the “major domo” – the mayor of the palace who managed the king’s household.



In 732, one of these de facto rulers, Charles Martel, stopped the advance of the Muslims into Europe at the Battle of Tours.His son, Pepin, successfully appealed to the pope to be named king. This strengthened the relationship between the political power of the king and the spiritual power of the pope.

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B. The Carolingian Empire

1. Charlemagne (Charles the Great) assumed the kingship following Pepin’s death. An aggressive warrior, he strengthened the Frankish military and expanded the empire to its greatest size.



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NThe Emergence of EuropeThe Making of Medieval Europe


He delegated authority to district nobles responsible for managing the kingdom; he relied on missi dominici (“messengers of the king”) to inspect their work. A patron of learning, he revived classical studies, preserved the Latin culture, and established monastic and palace schools.2. Charlemagne’s reign represented the development of a “new” civilization. The pope, the spiritual leader of Western Christendom, crowned Charlemagne, a German, as emperor of the Romans. This recognition of authority raises the question of whose authority is greater: the king/state or the pope/church.

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3. Charlemagne’s success—no surprise—was marred by the division of his kingdom. His grandsons fought each other for control, eventually dividing the realm into three kingdoms: the West Frankish Kingdom will become, over time, France; the East Frankish Kingdom will become, over time, Germany; the Middle Frankish Kingdom will become what the other two have been fighting over since the split!

4. Invaders (Vikings from the north; Muslims from North Africa; Magyars from the East) threatened the quarrelling kingdoms and hastened their decline.

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The Feudal System

Feudalism: political system in which lords granted land to vassals in return for a pledge of military service

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The Feudal System

http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/medieval_manor.gif

Manorialism: economic system in which lords granted land to vassals in exchange for money, crops, and services

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The Feudal System

OATH OF FEALTYpledge of

faithfulness to a lord

FIEF land grant from the lord to the vassal

VASSALservant indebted

to a lordHOMAGE

obligation of service and respect of a vassal to a lordINVESTITURE

symbolic of granting authority

or power

LORDlandholding noble

AIDSFinancial payments made by vassals to

their lords

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The Feudal System

“I promise on my faith that I will in the future be faithful to the lord, never cause him harm and will observe my homage to him completely against all persons in good faith and without deceit.”

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The Feudal System

MANORSelf-contained farming

community controlled by a lord and worked by

peasantsDEMESNE

land reserved for the lordSERF

peasant farmer

GLEBElands reserved to support

the church

FREEMANofficials and skilled

laborers

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The Feudal System

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The Feudal System

CHIVALRYa noble’s Medieval code of

ethics of loyalty, honor and courtesy; a knight pledged

service…

…to the churchThe Roman Catholic church was a major influence on life in the Middle Ages. Rigorous observance of

Church doctrine was expected although Church practices varied across the

continent

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…to His LordThe knight was a

soldier. Loyalty to his lord was essential in a feudal society, and a central element of

chivalry

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The Feudal System

…to WomenKnights were expected to be

honorable in their dealing with noblewomen. In time, a

romantic idea developed: a knight was supposed to pledge his devotion and service to a

noble lady, who might be married to someone else.

…to the WeakIdeally, a knight would be

expected to use his military skill and social standing to

protect the most vulnerable people in society

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The Feudal System

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world history 1 1 era 5 increased hemispheric interaction 500 ish - 1500 increased hemispheric...

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church membership

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roman catholic church

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medieval churchthe

emergence of europethe

city of rome

fall of rome