world governance index 1 - wgi
TRANSCRIPT
WORLD GOVERNANCE INDEX 1
- WGI –
Why Should World Governance Be Evaluated, and for What Purpose?
Renaud FRANÇOIS2
January 2009
1 This paper is available and can be downloaded at the Web site of the Forum for a New World Governance, http://www.world-governance.org 2 Lieutenant Colonel (ret.) Renaud François held major posts in the General Staff or in high-level units (among others, at the African Unit of the Center for Planning and Command of the General Staff of the Armed Forces in Paris, at the Intelligence Office of the Inter-army Services General Staff for Operational Planning in Creil, and as Information Systems and Communications Officer of the General Staff of EUROFOR in Florence, Italy). He also held positions of responsibility for the United Nations (UNTSO mission in the Near East—Egypt, Israel, Jordan and Syria—and ONUVEH in Haiti), at the OSCE in Vienna (Conflict Prevention Centre, with special charge of the High Karabakh conflict), and for the European Union in Brussels (setting up military crisis-management centers within the framework of the European security and defense policy). Lieutenant Colonel François has a Humanities and Liberal Arts Masters in “Humanitarian aid and solidarity” from the University of Lyons 2. He is currently associate researcher for the European Strategic Intelligence & Security Center (ESISC) in Brussels.
3
Contents WORLD GOVERNANCE INDEX - WGI – .................... ......................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 5
1. A CURRENT TOPIC ................................................................................................... 5
2. HISTORIC ROOTS OF THE CONCEPT ..................................................................... 5
3. APPLICATION FRAMEWORK OF THE CONCEPT ................................................... 6
4. WORLD-GOVERNANCE ACTORS ............................................................................ 8
i. IGOs ........................................................................................................................ 8
ii. Civil-society representatives .................................................................................... 8
iii. Economic and international-finance actors .............................................................. 9
iv. States and informal groups ...................................................................................... 9
5. A SHARED DIAGNOSIS ............................................................................................. 9
6. INDICATORS AND WORLD GOVERNANCE: MAJOR STAKES ...............................10
CHAPTER 1 – WHY SHOULD WORLD GOVERNANCE BE EVALUATE D, AND FOR WHAT PURPOSE? ..................................... .........................................................................11
1. REFLECTIONS ON INDICATORS.............................................................................11
i. Indicators provide information .................................................................................12
ii. Indicators issue warnings ........................................................................................12
iii. Indicators enable action and guidance ....................................................................12
2. WHY SHOULD WORLD GOVERNANCE BE EVALUATED?.....................................13
i. Evaluation is necessary for understanding ..............................................................13
ii. The stakes are democratic and social .....................................................................14
3. EVALUATING WORLD GOVERNANCE: FOR WHAT PURPOSE? ...........................16
i. In order to act upon the actors … ............................................................................16
ii. … and to make the actors react ..............................................................................17
CHAPTER 2 - THE WORLD GOVERNANCE INDEX ............ ..............................................20
1. BASIC TEXTS ...........................................................................................................20
2. RIO DE JANEIRO: A NEW MOMENTUM ..................................................................20
3. THE MILLENNIUM DECLARATION: A CONFIRMATION ..........................................21
4. THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT: AN URGENCY ....................................................21
5. DOMAINS SELECTED FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE WGI: .............................22
i. Establishing the conditions for sustainable development ........................................22
ii. Reducing inequalities ..............................................................................................22
iii. Establishing lasting peace while respecting diversity ..............................................22
CHAPTER 3 - INDICATORS AND THEIR COMPOSITE INDEXES .....................................24
4
1. PEACE AND SECURITY ...........................................................................................24
2. RULE OF LAW ..........................................................................................................25
3. HUMAN RIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION...................................................................26
4. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ..............................................................................26
5. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ..........................................................................................27
6. CALCULATING THE WGI .........................................................................................28
CONCLUSION .....................................................................................................................29
ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................... 31
PEACE AND SECURITY APPENDIX ................................................................... 32
RULE OF LAW APPENDIX ................................................................................... 41
HUMAN RIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION APPENDIX ........................................... 50
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAPPENDIX ....................................................... 59
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT APPENDIX .................................................................. 69
RECAPITULATION TABLE PER INDICATOR ...................................................... 78
RECAPITULATION TABLE FOR WORLD GOVERNANCE .................................. 79
CLASSIFICATION APPENDIX .............................................................................. 80
COPYRIGHT APPENDIX ...................................................................................... 81
5
INTRODUCTION
How can world governance, or global governance, be evaluated?3 How can it be measured? The purpose of this study is to answer these questions. Before launching into the examination of the types of indicator that could be used to evaluate world governance, however, two other essential questions need to be addressed previously: Why? For what purpose? Both are fundamental to producing a measurement index. Developing a set of indicators in order to produce a World Governance Index (WGI) is a long and complex undertaking. The idea is to contribute to the possibility of measuring a contemporary concept—world governance—which, in spite of the fact that it is historically rooted, that there are frameworks in which it is currently applied, that it is implemented by identified actors, and that there is agreement on the diagnosis of its afflictions, it is as of yet far from having been "stabilized."
1. A CURRENT TOPIC
If there is a topic that in the past 15 years has been extensively written about, it is certainly governance in general, and world governance in particular. The magnitude of the reality of world governance is widely reflected by the exponential multiplication of books, articles, symposia, debates, and summits on its subject, whether to explore the many paths to it, or to discuss the difficulties involved in it or the requirements it brings to light. The first initiative in this area was taken by the World Bank, which, in the late 1980s, began to develop and spread its own thinking and visions on governance. In the 1990s, the United Nations and a number of economic-cooperation agencies followed suit. Today, there is no article, book, or study involving capitalism, globalization, development, or international law that does not devote a specific chapter to governance. Such abundance of thinking and publication does, however, have a drawback. It can lead to some confusion, to the point that no one knows what, exactly, is covered by the concept. There are many calling for governance, but not everyone is designating the same thing.
2. HISTORIC ROOTS OF THE CONCEPT
Historians place the origins of the word “governance ” in the Middle Ages, when it designated the way feudal power was organized. Although the term itself fell into oblivion until the twentieth century, the concept did subsist. The work of the economist Ronald Coase (who in 1991 would receive the Nobel Prize in Economics) would bring the word back into the literature in the late 1930s At that time, the concept covered the set of coordination processes internal to a business firm, something that was seen as more effective than the market for organizing a number of transactions. What was then called “corporate governance " would become, starting in the 1980s, a management method very much in vogue in the business world. 3 More commonly known as "global governance" in English, in this paper we have also extensively used the term "world governance," which is increasingly in use.
6
It was not until the late 1980s that the concept of "good governance " appeared in the field of international relations. It described, for international financial agencies, the criteria for good public administration in the countries submitted to structural-adjustment programs. The success of economic programs was seen as depending on "good governance," and major donors began to require countries to undertake institutional reforms to achieve it as a condition for obtaining aid or loans. The latest—and most developed—form of the concept is "global governance ," or “world governance .” Departing from the confines of the economic field, it is no longer limited to exploring different forms of economic cooperation as related to the successive stages of economic globalization. Taking into account the consequences of conflicts, in particular those of World War II, which led to the creation of the vast institutional whole constituted by the UN, heir to the defunct League of Nations, the concept rose to the political level and put forward the need for political cooperation among states.
3. APPLICATION FRAMEWORK OF THE CONCEPT
Up until the early 1990s, the question of global governance was not raised explicitly under this term. The term used to define how relations among states were managed was “interdependence .” It was in the Post-Cold War context, in the 1990s, that a new vision appeared as a consequence of some questioning and observations:
First there were questions surrounding the rise of globalization and the consecutive weakening of nation-states. A logical consequence of this weakening was the perspective of transferring to the global level the instruments of regulation that had lost all or part of their effectiveness at the national or regional levels. Environmental concerns were what then received multilateral consecration at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The climate and biodiversity issues that were brought up on this occasion became symbolic of a new approach, which was soon to find its conceptual expression in the concept of “global commons .” The third set of questions was in fact contention hailing from two sources: from developing countries, who were finding it unacceptable to let developed and industrialized countries monopolize power and put their own interests first; and from civil society, for which the system of international governance had become the true seat of power, and which rose up against both its principles and its procedures. The conjunction of these two currents of contention led, for example, to the failure of the 1999 WTO ministerial meeting in Seattle.
The gap between the market and politics, and between the globalized economy and national interests appeared as an important constituent element of the concept of global governance. Consideration of this gap by different players, whether economic or political, and the appearance of new actors, public and private, has contributed to reinforcing the debate around this concept. For some, the future of the world will require setting up a world-governance system that will compensate for the inability of nation-states and the current international
7
organizations to meet society’s demands. Today, the issue is no longer to regulate and limit the individual power of states for the purpose of avoiding unbalances, the underlying idea being to not challenge the status quo. What is now at stake is to weigh collectively on the world’s destiny by instituting a system to regulate the many interactions that are beyond the reach of states. The concept of governance includes the concepts of democracy, development, transparency, participation, and responsibility. In June 1997, the UN General Assembly referred to it as follows:
Democracy, respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to development, transparent and accountable governance in all sectors of society, as well as effective participation of civil society, are also an essential part of the necessary foundations for the realization of social and people-centred sustainable development.4
At the Millennium Summit held in the United Nations headquarters in September 2000, heads of state, heads of government, and world leaders adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration. The declaration, with a consensus unprecedented in the UN, presents a common vision of peace and security, development and poverty eradication, and respect of human rights and democracy. This declaration can be considered as the founding act that, by setting key goals to be reached by 2015, defined the application framework of world governance for the years to come. The fundamental values that had presided over the institution of the United Nations and had been eclipsed for some time by the pre-eminence of the economy were put back at the core of the debate. Facing the challenges of sustainable development, neither national sovereignties nor free-market globalization seem to be up to the task of providing satisfactory solutions. This is why world governance is at the core of progress toward sustainable development. Globalization of the market, the poor representation of stakeholders in the local, national, multilateral, and international regulation bodies, and global regulations hindered in their effectiveness by the absence of international sanctions all constitute the main obstacles to the performance of public decision centers in the area of regulation. World governance, in a sustainable-development perspective, is more demanding than the concept of good governance put at the front of the stage by certain financial institutions such as the World Bank. It requires working on promoting an ethics of behavior. It implies that all international institutions, financial ones in particular, factor in the stakes involved in sustainable development, hence that social and environmental dimensions be integrated into the practices of international, regional, and national financial backers. It imposes a change in the way public decisions are made and public action is implemented by including the voice of civil society and partnering with it. The rise in power of civil society, in particular since the Rio Summit, is gaining more and more strength, and international decision makers have a duty to listen to the expectations being expressed. The multiplication of "counter-summits" to the G7 4 UNHCHR (1998), "The right to development", Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/72, http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/f1108590029253708025667100324c12?Opendocument
8
meetings and the Davos World Economic Forum certainly expresses a desire for multilateral decisions to be reoriented in the direction of more equitable social progress and environmental respect. The citizen expression of a new human solidarity needs to be taken into better account by giving NGOs a place in international summits more systematically.
4. WORLD-GOVERNANCE ACTORS
From international organizations to nongovernmental organizations, from states to private regulation bodies, there is a big diversity of actors participating in the development of norms, rules, and codes intended to control a domain of activity at the international scale. At the end of World War II, a new world order appeared based on a new international system constituted of a network of IGOs, civil-society representatives, a set of economic and international-finance players, and, finally, states and informal groups.
i. IGOs
This type of organization comprises three distinct categories:
Organizations with a universal vocation: The United Nations with:
− its subsidiary bodies —the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, and ECOSOC;
− its operational agencies —UNDP, UNEP, UNHCR, UNICEF, WPF, and UNFPA—set up to allow direct intervention in countries, mainly developing countries, where urgent intervention is needed (although they are under the authority of the UN Secretary-General, they each have their own budget and decision-making body);
− its specialized institutions —ILO, WHO, FAO, and UNESCO—intergovernmental organizations working independently from one another with special collaboration agreements with the UN.
International institutions, which constitute what is commonly known as the Bretton Woods Institutions (the IMF, BIS, and World Bank) set up in 1944, before the end of World War II, to prevent monetary and trade conflicts, to finance the reconstruction of the countries destroyed by the war, etc. The WTO (set up in 1995 to replace the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade—GATT—that had been set up in 1947) can also be connected to these institutions. Multilateral organizations and regional entities . These include the OECD, the European Union, Mercosur, NAFTA, etc.
ii. Civil-society representatives
The majority of these are embodied by the many NGOs that have imposed themselves as key spokespersons vis-à-vis states and international organizations.
9
Some are recognized as legitimate representatives by international institutions, are in session with them, and take part in the development of international conventions. They are active in many fields, such as the environment (the World Watch Fund and the International Union for Conservation of Nature, for instance, contribute to the work of UNEP, Greenpeace works with the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, etc.), human rights (Amnesty International, Reporters without Borders, etc.), and humanitarian action (the Red Cross, Doctors without Borders, OXFAM, etc.). Alterglobalization movements are also representative of civil society. They have imposed themselves as an incontrovertible component of globalization. The Landless Movement, ATTAC, etc. are among the main movements.
iii. Economic and international-finance actors
This is the category where multinational corporations are found (the UN has listed 60,000), along with cartels, market authorities, and private institutions contributing to the development of common norms and standards. It can be in the domain of accounting (Anglo-Saxon businesses such as Pricewaterhouse Coopers, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, KPMG, Ernst & Young, which dominate the multinational-auditing market), or in that of telecommunications or telecommunications regulation (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers).
iv. States and informal groups
Although the decline of states is regularly announced, these remain in fact major actors in world governance. They do not all have the same freedom of action, however. Besides their role in the major international organizations and regional entities, some intervene through informal groups: the G7/8, set up in 1975 to coordinate the economic policies of the main industrialized countries after the oil shock, the G20 (set up in 1999), the G22 and the G33 (groups including the G7 and countries with emerging economies, dealing with problems related to the international financial system).
5. A SHARED DIAGNOSIS
Although many economists, thinkers, sociologists, and politicians defend their own vision of world governance, there is one area on which there seems to be general agreement: diagnosis. It can be summarized as follows. International relations are suffering today from serious deficiencies. Our planet is facing social, economic, financial, commercial, demographic, environmental, and security problems that individual states are unable to cope with other than collectively. In many areas the need for unity on a global scale is making itself felt, while awareness of the vulnerability of humankind is also growing continuously. The actions and interventions of the different existing international institutions (UN, IMF, WTO, World Bank, WHO, etc.), which are governed by different, sometimes even contradictory philosophies, principles, and objectives, are anything but consistent. A wide gap has appeared between, on the one hand, de facto interdependence among all the world’s peoples—economic integration, called globalization, tending to make of the planet a global village, is the
10
perfect illustration of this—and, on the other hand, de jure mechanisms, embodied by international organizations supposed to give shape to international relations and regulate them. A recent example amply illustrates and summarizes a certain form of deficiency. It took nearly one month of combat for the UN Security Council to finally adopt, on August 11, 2006, a cease-fire resolution (N° 1701) in Lebanon. The conflict will have revealed the failure, once again, of current world governance. It broke out while the major powers were meeting at the G8 summit in Moscow and had no effect on the meeting whatsoever. It went on, with its procession of horrors and civilian victims, while the United Nations remained unable to make a statement, not even call for a humanitarian truce limited in time. It is not the UN that is at fault. All it could do, as events and circumstances were unfolding, was to reflect the will or lack of will of its member states. In the past, the Cold War was the justification for the inability to take action to put out a regional fire such as the one opposing Israel and the Hezbollah. One of the founders of the United Nations, Brian Urquhart, explains that the ideal of collective conflict management and the will to go beyond strictly classic geopolitical visions only lasted a few months after World War II, before Soviet-American tensions threw a wrench in the works and stopped a machine that, today, is having a lot of trouble restarting.5
6. INDICATORS AND WORLD GOVERNANCE: MAJOR STAKES
The concept of world governance is therefore in full evolution, its application framework is vast, and its actors abound. This is what makes the development of indicators—intended to measure its state—difficult, delicate, and complex. The stakes are twofold. On the one hand, the idea is to find out whether it is possible to analyze and quantify evolutions, over time, in the founding principles or values that, individually or in interaction with one another, have as their purpose what could be called "the sustainability of humankind." On the other hand, this means assessing the actors of world governance, i.e. addressing the effectiveness of their action as implementing the values of world governance. In other words, it is about assessing the collective management of the planet with security, economic, political, environmental, etc. measurements, in order to draw elements for the development of an overall long-term strategy.
5 Urquhart, B (1987), A Life in Peace and War, Harper &Row, New York; Childers, E. and B. Urquhart (1994), Renewing the United Nations System, Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, Uppsala, Sweden.
11
CHAPTER 1 – WHY SHOULD WORLD GOVERNANCE BE EVALUATED, AND FOR WHAT PURPOSE?
The question of evaluating and measuring world governance begs three other questions:
First, there is the general question of indicators. What is their definition? What are their features? What is their purpose? This then raises the question of the need to evaluate. Can we abstain from measuring world governance? Or is it on the contrary indispensable to do so? The third question is about the purpose of this sort of evaluation. What should be done with its results? What consequences might they have on world-governance actors?
1. REFLECTIONS ON INDICATORS
Generally speaking, indicators can be said to enable a representation of complex reality. They play three main roles: a scientific one (in our case, by describing the state of world governance), a political one (by identifying priorities and evaluating the performances of actors involved in world governance), and a social one (by facilitating communication and pointing actions in the right direction). Indicators, by aggregating data that is sometimes abundant and incongruous, quantify information; they also simplify it, especially when illustrating complex realities. Indicators must meet a certain number of quality criteria, among which: political relevance and usefulness for users; robustness, reliability, and precision (they must effectively reflect the variations of what they are supposed to be summarizing); quality and availability of the data (data must be indisputable and easily accessible); comparability (year-on-year); legibility; and transparency. Indicators are also evaluation tools and are meant to assist in decision making (guidance, adjustments), thanks to which a situation, an activity, or a trend can be measured in a relatively objective light at a given point in time or in space. In a way, they constitute a summary of complex information offering different actors (scientists, administrators, policy makers, and citizens) the possibility of dialog with one another. Indicators, whether qualitative or quantitative, generally describe a situation that cannot be apprehended directly. There has to be a causal relation between the measured (indicated) fact and the indicator. Rather than trying, however, to give a specific theoretical definition, it is probably more useful to consider specific data, which will allow a quicker and more operational approach to the concept. An indicator can be considered as a signal in a system or in part of a system. This signal is to provide information about the system itself: its state or its evolution. This example provides three important terms directly related to indicators: signal, system, and information. Signal. This is data that is sought and judged to be important. System. Both within and outside the system; indicators can be external or internal. There are self-
12
indicators, managed by the actors themselves, or indicators provided by outside observers. In all cases, what is being approached is the system. Finally, information as measure or indication. Indicators or sets of indicators have a threefold role: to inform, to alert, and to enable guidance and action.
i. Indicators provide information
An approach relying on indicators provides information within a system, as well as outside it, because a good policy of indicators, therefore of evaluation, must indeed be a transparent policy. All the information provided by the indicators, whether internal or external, is to be returned to the actors of the system, who are directly concerned by what the indicators reveal regarding the state of the system for which they are responsible. Indicators must also, especially in a democracy, be used to inform citizens and public opinion in general. Furthermore, a policy of indicators or evaluation must be designed from the start as responding to a social demand. Such demand is indeed enormous with regard to the evaluation of world governance, and is set to grow. This very high demand for evaluation and for the indicators needed to perform it comes, quite paradoxically, with some reserve and skepticism, which reinforces the need for a rigorous approach, as much in the development of indicators as in how they are used.
ii. Indicators issue warnings
Beyond the information that they provide explicitly, indicators issue warnings. In this capacity, the information they supply can then lead to two results: deepening and action. After a set of indicators is applied to a system, the actors of the system should be induced to take things deeper, because self-evaluation is the necessary complement to a system of indicators. The world, as it is today, is a complex organism and its governance is complicated. An exhaustive description of its reality is unattainable, no matter the quality of the set of indicators developed to do so. When all is said and done, a system of indicators should be seen as an outline with one role to play: to alert. It provides indications, on the basis of which the actors who are directly involved and know the system well will be able to deepen their observations and get efficient answers to their questions: “Is it correct to say that …?” “Is it is true that …?”
iii. Indicators enable action and guidance
Action and guidance are the result of an instrumental vision of indicators. Indicators do not constitute scientific work, even when they are high-quality. Otherwise, there would be more than just skepticism about indicators, they would simply be rejected. This being said, the quality requirement must not cloud the fact that indicators are designed mainly to help organizations to clarify and deepen their thinking, and to act. This is where their political dimension comes into play, where indicators become instruments, or guidance tools. There are two main requirement to all modern democratic societies: evaluation, which is possible with a good set of indicators, and public debate on the quality and the perfectibility of world-governance actors. As mentioned in the introduction of this paper, the debate around the concept of world governance has been growing in scope over
13
the years. The view on world governance of different players, whether they are diplomatic or economic, or civil-society representatives, expresses just how much is expected from it. Like public service, which must be at the service of the public, world governance, to remain world governance, must truly be governance of the world, at the service of the world. More than simply an easy play on words, this is actually the core of the matter. If world governance does not fulfill this basic role, it runs the risk of bringing about a damaging setback or of accelerating into a road block on a path made of uncertainties.
In addition to feeding the public debate, systems of indicators also have an even more fundamental role, which is to provide guidance. World governance cannot be limited to no more than circular letters or top-down directives. Its success depends on the initiatives of actors. Having responsibilities, at whatever level, in the area of world governance, means giving rise to initiatives, framing them, and evaluating them, all at the same time. It is therefore useful for world-governance actors to have tools at their disposal that will allow them to take initiatives. Among such tools, indicators are indispensable.
2. WHY SHOULD WORLD GOVERNANCE BE EVALUATED?
i. Evaluation is necessary for understanding
The first explanation that comes to mind is that when a living organism—be it a human being or a society—suffers from significant deficiencies, whatever is wrong needs to be diagnosed. The first reflex should logically be to use the appropriate instruments, whether the most basic, such as a thermometer, or very elaborate ones, such as a medical-imaging instrument. This initial measurement, this first image, is what will make it possible to observe whether there is improvement or regression after some form of treatment has been implemented. World governance has become a current topic of interest that cannot be ignored. Everybody agrees that the world is in bad shape, and that this is because world governance is in bad shape. Before even defining a medical protocol, it is essential to know exactly what the patient is suffering from. Indicators, or systems of indicators, given their information role, seem to be the tools best adapted to get a clear picture of what world governance is afflicted with.
Over the years, all modern economies have taken up indicators as measuring instruments to allow them some form of definition in space (by comparing the respective performances of different countries) and in time (by tracking year-on-year evolution). Although the GDP, which measures a country’s production of economic wealth (goods and services), has long remained the undisputed reference to assess economic health, economists are now acknowledging that it simply does not reflect national “well-being." Even in his time, Robert Kennedy said, shortly before his assassination in 1968, “[GDP] measures everything, in short, except that which makes life worthwhile.”6 The GDP indicator is no longer the main compass used by policy makers: a true "political economy" is emerging, focused on the human factor, rather than on the production and consumption of countries and individuals. GDP growth, the be all and end all of political discourse that is so widespread, is a flawed and misleading thermometer.
6 Robert F Kennedy (1998), Address, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, March 18.
14
The world today is obviously no longer the world of the 1950s: its dimensions have changed (distances have been considerably shortened), as have its potentials (natural resources are at risk of depletion), its breathing space has been reduced (CO2 emissions are threatening the very balance of the planet), its sense of what is real is altered (the immaterial and the virtual have broken into our perception and our models), its technological capacities have grown, and its goals have shifted. It is no great gamble to state that our societies are going to have to cope, in the coming decades, with mutations comparable in magnitude to those that pushed them from the Middle Ages into the modern era. These mutations will not occur in just one area: they will involve values, forms of production, consumption, and trade, governance, and the relationship between humans and the biosphere. The present system of indicators can understandably be seen as unable to reflect these four main areas, and can hardy be expected to be of any use in appreciating the magnitude of these foreseeable mutations nor in tracking their evolution. Today’s social model—and hence the one (or those) toward which we are moving within a lifetime—is no longer that of the 1950s. Its evolution can therefore no longer be calculated with just the instruments developed in the 1960s. For new social models, we need new thermometers.
ii. The stakes are democratic and social
Indicators and indexes are increasingly a part of public life and should become more so in the coming years, at least if the commitments made at the 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development by our countries—in fact most countries of the planet—are complied with. Agenda 21, adopted at the conference, repeatedly underscores the need to embrace sustainable-development indicators to guide and evaluate policies in this area.7 Beyond the above-mentioned case of GDP, what is of interest here is the more general question of the status, both scientific and democratic, of indicators, whether they are meant to produce a World Governance Index (WGI), a Human Development Index (HDI, developed by the United Nations Development Programme—UNDP), a Genuine Progress Index (GPI), or any other type of index. These are all scientific objects built and circulated to be used in policy making. Their construction is submitted to three requirements that are sometimes hard to make compatible: scientific rigor, political effectiveness, and democratic legitimacy. To form an opinion on them, it is important to first examine how, concretely, these indexes are built and on what foundations. These building operations pose sometimes delicate technical problems regarding, for instance, how to translate abstract concepts into observable data or how to aggregate variables of different natures and metrics. Even if indicators and indexes were exclusively scientific constructs—which seems impossible, at least in the fields of world governance, human development, or any other social field—their use and interpretation would still be political, and social processes in which the beliefs, values, and strategies of the different actors would play a major role.
7 http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/
15
Politics are therefore implicitly or explicitly at the core of the construction and use of indicators. How, then, can both the reliability and relevance of the tool, and its democratic legitimacy be guaranteed? For the specific issue of sustainable-development indicators, this is the question all countries have had to, or are having to grapple with. A quick review of practices in the area of systems of indicators shows that the participatory nature of this process is most often limited to no more than consulting with institutional advisory councils. Sometimes, in the best of cases, “the people” are also called upon to express themselves. Should this be taken further, and above all, can it be? Some do not think this would be a good idea because of people’s excessively individualistic nature, which would push them, out of selfishness, to not worry about the well-being of future generations and the means to guarantee it. Others believe it might be a good idea, but an unrealistic one because the issues would be out of the reach of “ordinary” citizens, who would be plainly unable to make a useful contribution. Nevertheless, the broadest possible involvement of the population in the construction of sustainable-development indicators seems both desirable and possible. Desirable, because such involvement constitutes a central element in world governance or sustainable development insofar as these concepts require democracy to be deepened in order to achieve greater authenticity. Possible because, through the virtues of deliberation, citizens can express real and informed concern for the common good, including that of the future of humankind.
To illustrate this with a recent example, it seems useful to turn to the OECD Metagora project and its Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century (PARIS21). Based on a North-South partnership, the aim of this project is to study methods, tools, and areas of measurement in democracy, human rights, and governance. Its strategic goal is to enable improvement in observation and evaluation in these fields. Its main goal is to develop tools based on well-established statistical methods to develop, on the basis of the collected data, indicators on which national policies can be formulated and evaluated. Their findings speak for themselves:
1. Measuring human rights and democratic governance is technically feasible and politically relevant. Sensitive data on human rights, democracy, and governance can be collected and analyzed using statistical tools. 2. On the basis of this information, indicators can be produced that are relevant and useful for political decision and action. 3. Quantitative data and qualitative information can and should interrelate to properly inform assessment of human rights and democratic governance. 4. Official Statistical Agencies can be efficiently involved in various forms in evidence-based assessment of human rights and democratic governance. . . . 5. Quantitative indicators and statistical analysis bring a significant value-added to the work of national Human Rights institutions. 6. Statistical methods can substantially enhance the research and advocacy of civil society organizations in the fields of human rights and democracy.8
8 Suesser, J.R. and R.S. de Miguel (2007), “Measuring Progress in Democracy and Human Rights: Why? How? To whom?”, Second UECD World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policy: “Measuring and Fostering the Progress of Societies”, Istanbul, Turkey, July 27-30, www2.dpt.gov.tr/oecd_ing/anadolu/.../jean_Robert_Suesser.ppt
16
3. EVALUATING WORLD GOVERNANCE: FOR WHAT PURPOSE?
i. In order to act upon the actors …
This past decade has been the setting for a huge proliferation of systems of indicators and publication of indexes, many of which are directly related to the concept of governance. In 2003, there were nearly 50 projects in progress or published works. In the 2007 edition of the Governance Indicators Users’ Guide, written jointly by the European Union and the UNDP, there are no less than 100 of them. Since the UNDP’s first publication in 1990 of its report on human development, the HDI, which not only includes indicators for income and material well-being but also indicators for education and health, has contributed considerably to changing mindsets and ways of acting among the actors and international observers of human development. The best tribute to this considerable work could only have come from Amartya Sen, the distinguished economist who inspired the UNDP’s pioneering work. Initially, Sen was not favorable to publishing an HDI, which he deemed to be too “crude” and “summary” to reflect the enormous wealth of available information. In 1999, he changed his position and wrote, in reference to his previous discussions with the other “father” of UNDP reports and indicators, Mahbub ul Haq:
Mahbub got this exactly right, I have to admit, and I am very glad that we did not manage to deflect him from seeking a crude measure. By skilful use of the attracting power of the HDI, Mahbub got readers to take an involved interest in the large class of systematic tables and detailed critical analyses presented in the Human Development Report. The crude index spoke loud and clear and received intelligent attention and through that vehicle the complex reality contained in the rest of the Report also found an interested audience.9
Similarly, the Corruptions Perception Index produced by Transparency International is now taken into consideration as much by financial backers and other international players as by governments and civil-society groups. The same is true for many other indicators or indexes. Even the World Bank, whose work on governance indicators has often, and rightly, been criticized, has integrated into its indicators, since 2007, data and indexes on the perception of governance provided by about 30 civil-society organizations. This is remarkable progress, and it needs to be underscored, especially as the World Bank had refused for nearly 10 years to communicate on how it elaborated its Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) index.
Through the publication of indicators, the debate on governance has enabled and favored significant progress: the idea of legitimacy entered into the debate and became more important than the idea of efficiency. For many, if not all, civil-society organizations, the World Bank cannot and should not lead the governance crusade. First, because its status as international institution “frees” it from direct control by the United Nations. In addition, its absence of transparency disqualifies it from leadership. Rising criticism, conveyed in September 2006 by the European
9 UNDP (1999), “Human Development Report 1999”, Oxford University Press, published for the UNDP, New York, Oxford, http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_1999_front.pdf
17
Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid, Louis Michel, forced the World Bank in 2007 to review its corruption-related requisites for developing countries to be granted loans. The EU and civil society, represented by many organizations, by putting the debate on the floor drove the World Bank to consider governance from a much more political than a merely technical standpoint.
ii. … and to make the actors react
To illustrate the need for reaction and how urgent it is, here is an edifying, and unfortunately symptomatic testimony on a certain type of governance, or rather of non-governance. The scene is set in 2000, in Burundi, in the province of Karuzi. A team of 7 expatriate volunteers and 180 local staff of the Belgian branch of an internationally recognized French nongovernmental organization (NGO) was taking 150 persons into care at a Center for Nutrition and Treatment (CNT) and about 500 persons under a weekly food-ration distribution program at a Center for Nutritional Supplementation (CNS). The team was supported from the capital of Burundi, Bujumbura, by a coordination group (head of mission, logistics coordinator, accountant, and administrator, the latter two of which were on their very first mission). The administrative pair, entangled in wage calculations complicated by a complex system of bonuses, decided to suppress the bonuses and to level all wages to the top, which amounted to an average 40% wage increase for the local staff, and had a janitor, who was lowest on the wage scale, earning as much as a government-employed provincial physician. The raise was far from enough to unbalance the local economy of the province, with its 300,000 inhabitants. In late November of that year, a huge malaria epidemic broke out in the province. The epidemic, combined with a period of very poor crops, triggered a major humanitarian disaster. Four months later, the number of persons taken into care per month at the CNT had grown to 5,000 and to 30,000 at the CNS. The resources put to work by the NGO had become astronomical: 45 expats, 54 vehicles, 8 of which were trucks, 5 CNTs, 10 CNSs, 21 million Belgian francs in own funds, not to mention funding from the Humanitarian Aid Department of the European Commission (ECHO), and from the Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance, OFDA, 150 tons of freight per week, and above all, a staff of 1,500 local employees, 15,000 under contract and 500 day workers. The mass of local employees began to pose serious problems. Everybody wanted to work for the NGO. Positions had to be distributed between Hutus and Tutsis. With such enormous staff, however, things got out of hand. The wages were so attractive that many of the country’s civil servants abandoned their government jobs and concealed their status to get hired by the NGO. Schools and public administrations were soon in trouble and the local economy was completely unbalanced. Price monitoring, organized by the NGO itself, showed a weekly increase of nearly 10%. Relations with the crippled local administration quickly deteriorated, which hindered the smooth running of aid operations. The end of the emergency mission was especially delicate and painful, with expats being held hostage by local employees who did not want to lose this important source of income. When all was said and done, there was no doubt that thousands of lives had been saved, but with much collateral damage: an atomized economy, a profoundly disorganized
18
education system, a local administration depleted of resources, and greater suspicion of humanitarian missions.
This example, deliberately taken at the bottom of the world-governance scale, clearly shows, like the aforementioned World Bank example, that it is necessary, indispensable, and vital for world-governance actors to collect their wits. Deep soul searching, questioning their working methods and ways, i.e. their own governance, is something they simply cannot avoid if they expect to acquire a new legitimacy more in agreement with the challenges of the twenty-first century. Fortunately, there are now many encouraging cases of ambitious questioning. Humanitarian aid is the area in which such experiences seem to have progressed the most. This questioning-based reaction usually follows a relatively simple process, which can be summed up into three main rules: understanding, evolution, and innovation. These three rules are aimed at reinforcing the competence of actors, at promoting the improvement of practices, at drawing lessons from experience, at capitalizing knowledge and circulating it, and at inventing methods and tools intended to encourage a "quality approach." The goal of this overall approach, involving humanitarian-aid beneficiaries, actors, and donors, is to put humanitarian aid back in what is its raison d’être: to help populations afflicted by crises. The guidance and the evaluation of an action also aim to give an NGO credence and reinforce trust. Responsibility and accountability cannot simply be decreed: they need to be shown and proven. That NGOs should have been the first to react is not surprising, as their structures allow it. On the other hand, there is no denying that in large international organizations, thinking is slower and reactions even slower than that. The United Nations, having become aware of its weaknesses, has launched since 1997 a vast program aiming to make it a more effective instrument to achieve important goals, in particular those set out in its Millennium Declaration. The questioning process regarding certain practices is similar, overall, to the process followed by NGOs. It has placed the accent on useful action, reorganizing the means of information, better service to the benefit of Member States, better coordination of actions, funding priorities, and seeking excellence in staff hiring.
In September 2002, the acting UN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, noted that progress had been made on many fronts:
The reforms begun in 1997 were aimed at adapting the internal structures and culture of the United Nations to new expectations and new challenges. Since then, there have been some important achievements—not least the Millennium Declaration itself, which contains a clear set of priorities, including precise, time-bound development goals. These now serve as a common policy framework for the entire United Nations system. The United Nations has been in the forefront of the battle to eradicate poverty and fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The implementation of the report of the Panel on United Nations peace operations is improving the Organization's capacity to deploy and manage peacekeeping and peace-building operations, and it has responded well to novel and unexpected challenges in Sierra Leone, Kosovo and Timor-Leste. The United Nations is showing greater coherence, and its disparate elements are working better together. Fruitful partnerships have been built with a wide range of non-State actors. In short, the Organization is evolving with the times. It is more efficient, more open and more creative.
19
But more changes are needed. The present report suggests a number of improvements aimed at ensuring that the Organization devotes its attention to the priorities fixed by the Member States, and that the Secretariat gives better service. However, the intergovernmental organs must also change. The General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council both need to adapt in order to realize their potential, while the stalled process of Security Council reform needs new impetus. The work programme of the Organization as a whole should be better focused, with fewer but more productive meetings, and fewer but more useful documents.10
Obviously, the task is challenging and ambitious. It will take time to accomplish and will need to overcome the formidable inertia due to the size of the UN or that of the other large world-governance organizations. It will also have to overcome the many difficulties that will necessarily emerge from having to question certain habits. This is the price to pay to acquire the capacity essential for managing change in a rapidly evolving world. If the UN and, by extension, all large organizations with a universal vocation—international institutions and multilateral organizations, and regional organizations—do not modernize and develop their capacities in this area, they are likely to be outstripped and no longer be in a position to play a key role on the world stage. Both a photograph and a means to induce action/reaction, the WGI thus has a twofold dimension. An analytical dimension—it must provide as true a reflection as possible of the state of world governance—and an operational dimension—it must enable actors, whatever their level, to act or to react in the direction of a more efficient, more democratic world governance more in phase with the environment. On first impression, the first dimension seems relatively easy to measure, but the operational dimension seems more delicate to quantify. A study of this twofold dimension should make it possible to determine the constituent elements of a WGI that will respond to both the analytical and the operational need.
10 Annan, Kofi (2002), “Strengthening of the United Nations: an agenda for change”, Report of the Secretary-General to the United Nations General Assembly, Fifty-seventh session, United Nations, New York, September 9: http://www.centrodirittiumani.unipd.it/a_temi/riformanu/docs/StrengtheningUN.pdf
20
CHAPTER 2 - THE WORLD GOVERNANCE INDEX
In the preceding chapter, we underscored the exponential multiplication of systems of indicators. The major disadvantage of most of these systems is that they take into account only one of the domains of world governance. Although all these systems give excellent results, whether quantitative or qualitative, they cannot be said to provide a complete picture of the state of world governance. Monothematic research gives a monocolored picture. To get a precise picture of the state of world governance and of its evolution, the whole of the fundamental domains in which it is exercised needs to be taken into account.
1. BASIC TEXTS
These fundamental domains were originally written into two texts that are important for modern world governance: the Charter of the United Nations, signed on June 26, 1945, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of December 10, 1948. To “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war . . . and to reaffirm faith in the fundamental human rights, in the dignity and the worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards in larger freedom”: these are, in the wake of World War II, the guidelines set by the UN Charter for world governance.11 Three years later, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was to reinforce the Charter and constitute, in the minds of the leaders from all over the world who adopted it, the roadmap to ensuring every person's rights, in all places and at all times.
2. RIO DE JANEIRO: A NEW MOMENTUM
The Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, served to jump start awareness of the importance of the fundamental domains of world governance. At this international conference, sustained interest arose for the conservation of intangible assets, as precious as they were threatened: air, water, and forests. As months went by, as the idea of interdependence in the global village took hold, the thinking expanded from considering environmental assets to including the whole of humankind’s common goods, the global commons: health, education, human rights, etc. The concept of global commons being fuzzy, intellectuals and groups of experts set out to clear it up. It is the Italian Riccardo Petrella, former director of the Forecasting and Assessment in Science and Technology (FAST) program of the European Commission, Coordinator of the International Committee of the World Water Agreement set up in 1998 upon the launching of the "Water Manifesto," who can be attributed with what
11 http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/preamble.shtml
21
can be considered the best definition of global commons as the goods and services that should be seen as essential to the security of living together at the global level.12
3. THE MILLENNIUM DECLARATION: A CONFIRMATION
Taking into account the geopolitical upheavals ensuing from the end of the Cold War and the major challenges being faced by humankind, the Millennium Declaration of the year 2000 confirmed the thinking on global governance and reinforced the view, which had arisen from the global-commons concept eight years earlier, that the different domains were all linked with one another. Aware of the complexity of the challenges to be met and of the emergency to act, the heads of state and heads of government gathered in New York from September 6 to 8, 2000 solemnly reaffirmed their faith in the United Nations Organization and its Charter “as indispensable foundations of a more peaceful, prosperous and just world,” and went on to recognize their “collective responsibility to uphold the principles of human dignity, equality and equity at the global level." “Determined to establish a just and lasting peace all over the world in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter," they rededicated themselves "to support all efforts to uphold the sovereign equality of all States, respect for their territorial integrity and political independence, resolution of disputes by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, the right to self-determination of peoples which remain under colonial domination and foreign occupation, non-interference in the internal affairs of States, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for the equal rights of all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion and international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character.” They committed openly to “ensure that globalization becomes a positive force for all the world’s people," and declared that this was possible “only through broad and sustained efforts to create a shared future, based upon our common humanity in all its diversity.” These efforts were to “include policies and measures, at the global level, which correspond to the needs of developing countries and economies in transition . . . formulated and implemented with their effective participation."13 These Millennium Development Goals constitute a blueprint for the advent of a better world.
4. THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT: AN URGENCY
The World Summit on Sustainable Development of Johannesburg in 2002, ten years after the Rio Summit, underscored the urgent need to take on the challenges of the twenty-first century in compliance with the fundamental principles of world governance, which were restated in the final declaration of the summit. Seeking the best road to follow for the principles of sustainable development to be respected and their implementation to lead to concrete results, the state representatives confirmed during the summit the considerable progress achieved in the direction of a world consensus and the construction of a partnership among all the populations of the planet. Recalling the indivisibility of human dignity, they urged "the promotion of dialogue and cooperation among the world’s civilizations and peoples, irrespective of race, disabilities, religion, language, culture or tradition." Sustainable development
12 http://bpem.survie.org/article.php3?id_article=513 13 http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm
22
became the common goal of all humanity and everything was to be put to work to achieve it: “constructive partnerships for change,” “decisions on targets [and] timetables,” “poverty eradication, changing consumption and production patterns and protecting and managing the natural resource base for economic and social development,” “the emergence of stronger regional groupings and alliances, such as the New Partnership for African Development,” “a long-term perspective and broad-based participation in policy formulation, decision-making and implementation at all levels,” and “strengthen[ing] and improve[ment of] governance at all levels."14
5. DOMAINS SELECTED FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE WGI:
The different concepts developed in the founding texts and the above-mentioned conferences clearly reveal that the first goal of world governance is to define new relations among human beings, among societies, and between humankind and the biosphere. Starting from this overall objective, the Proposal Paper "Redefining Global Governance to Meet the Challenges of the Twenty-first Century" expresses the three main objectives that international institutions need to adopt as guidelines:15
i. Establishing the conditions for sustainable deve lopment
The first duty of governance is to preserve the long term. The current mode of development has generated fundamental imbalances. The imbalances generated by the current form of development between humanity and the biosphere have put the lives of our children and grandchildren at risk. The first common objective is therefore to change the current development models to make them compatible with the limited resources of the biosphere in the long term. Material development must be subordinated to human development. The future of humankind cannot be guaranteed unless concern for the complete development of human beings—spiritual, intellectual, social, artistic, etc. development—becomes the primary development criterion.
ii. Reducing inequalities
Sustainable development cannot be achieved if the limited natural resources of the planet are confined to a small minority that has the economic means to acquire them and the military means to hold onto them. Reducing inequalities is therefore not only a moral duty or an act of compassion. It is also a duty of justice and a condition for long-term peace. Finding ways to conciliate the liberty of all with respect of the dignity of all is the second objective assigned to world governance.
iii. Establishing lasting peace while respecting di versity
Ecological diversity and cultural diversity are not only irreducible realities of today’s world, they are also humankind’s main wealth. Peace requires the recognition of a common belonging, the search for a common good, and awareness of unity, from grassroots communities to the entire human family. At every level of governance, it
14 http://www.indigenous-info-kenya.org/images/issue%205/From%20our%20origins%20to%20the%20future,%20johannesburg%20declaration.pdf 15 http://www.alliance21.org/2003/article455.html
23
is to achieve both greater unity and greater diversity. The idea is not to oppose unity and diversity, but instead to consider them as the two sides of the same coin, which constitutes, from managing a district or a village to managing the planet, the art of governance. It is the art that world governance needs to practice at a global scale and help to practice at the other levels.
These three objectives, as presented and stated here, are those most consistent with the big traditional fields of application of world governance: peace, security, democracy, freedom, and equity. It is therefore, in a straight line from these big domains that we have selected the specific following domains, the detailed study of which, in the form of indicators and composite indexes, should make it possible to develop the WGI:
• Peace and Security • Rule of Law • Human Rights and Participation • Sustainable Development • Human Development
24
CHAPTER 3 - INDICATORS AND THEIR COMPOSITE INDEXES
1. PEACE AND SECURITY
For Kofi Annan, former Secretary-General of the United Nations, peace is essential to safeguarding all other global public goods. Without it, nothing that world governance is supposed to do is possible. In other words, being safe and secure is the first of all the principles of world governance. Overall, peace is based on two complementary and inseparable concepts: the concept of national security, involving the state as such, and the concept of public security, involving citizens and their protection. Defense and security, which constitute national security, are state prerogatives aiming to ensure, in all places, at all times, and in all circumstances, the integrity of a state’s territory, the protection of its population, and the preservation of its national interests against all types of outside threats and aggressions. They also involve respecting international alliances, treaties, and conventions.
The concept of public security, otherwise called human security, is relatively new and used extensively to deal with the complexity of threats weighing upon populations. Living in a secure state with regard to the outside does not necessarily mean that individuals are enjoying security within the state. Protecting citizens from an outside threat is without any doubt a necessary condition for public security, but it is far from being sufficient. It is therefore necessary to take into account everything related to the political climate within a state, to the protection of citizens against all forms of violence and theft, and to the means implemented to ensure this protection.
The Peace and Security indicator is therefore to be broken down into two sub-indicators: the National Security sub-indicator and the Public Security sub-indicator. Each of these sub-indicators is further broken down into several indexes, as summarized in the table below.
Indicator Sub-indicator Index
Peace and Security Indicator
National Security Conflicts Refugees and Asylum Seekers Displaced Persons
Public Security
Political Climate Degree of Trust among Citizens Violent Crime Homicides per 100,000 Inhabitants
With regard to the National Security sub-indicator, the three indexes surveyed seem to the main ones to use. Other indexes, such as that of the number of persons killed in the course of violent conflict or that of the number of deaths resulting from intentional and unilateral attacks against civil populations, could have also been selected, but the currently available data is not recent enough to allow for valid survey. The most recent data in this area (the UCDP Battle-Deaths Dataset, v.4.1,
25
2002-2005, the UCDP Non-State Conflict Dataset, v.1.1, 2002 - 2005 and the UCDP One-Sided Violence Dataset, v.1.2 1989 - 2005) dates back to 2005. This is why we shall limit our survey to the three above-mentioned indexes. Many other indexes could also be surveyed in the framework of the Public Security sub-indicator, in particular the one dealing with ease of access to handguns and light weapons, or that of the number of persons jailed per 100,000 inhabitants. On the one hand, the data currently available is not recent enough to be exploited usefully, and on the other hand, adding other indexes to those that have been selected does not seem to bring anything more to the survey.
2. RULE OF LAW
Without rule of law, it is impossible to speak of state or governance. Without necessarily referring to a specific system, the point here is to study the way in which personal litigations of all sorts are settled, in transparency and without violence: disputes between citizens and the state, or problems deriving from contractual obligations, formal or informal. Of course, states that have a developed body of laws, have undersigned international conventions and comply with the legal obligations ensuing from them, and have an independent judicial system, are more able to guarantee a good quality of rule of law. Rule of law, as it is studied here, refers exclusively to how laws are designed, elaborated, and implemented by a country’s legal authorities. The particular aspect of rule of law, that referring to a superior and binding moral law, will be approached in the study of the Human Rights and Participation indicator. From our point of view of world governance, rule of law must be evaluated through two essential components—the ratification of conventions and international treaties in the area of human rights, and the effectiveness and independence of the judicial system—to which assessment of corruption needs to be added, as it is commonly admitted that it is a direct consequence of deficient rule of law (a fuzzy legal framework and an inadequate judicial system). The Rule of Law indicator is therefore to be broken down into three sub-indicators: the Essential Body of Laws sub-indicator, the Existence of an Operational and Independent Judicial System sub-indicator, and the Corruption sub-indicator.
Indicator Sub-indicator Index
Rule of Law Indicator
Body of Laws Ratification of Treaties Property Rights
Judicial System Independence Effectiveness Settlement of Contractual Disputes
Corruption Corruption Perception Index
26
3. HUMAN RIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION
Human Rights are not optional. They offer a consistent—and binding—framework for all activity, whether political, economic, social, or financial. Human Rights obligations must systematically prevail over any other obligation. Thus, in the name of the pre-eminence of Human Rights over any other obligation, states must make sure that that all their commitments, including those made in the economic, commercial, or financial domains, are compatible with the universal Human Rights principles. The Human Rights indicator is to be broken down into three sub-indicators: the Civil and Political Rights sub-indicator, the Participation sub-indicator, and the Gender Discrimination / Inequality sub-indicator. Each in turn is broken down into composite indexes.
Indicator Sub-indicator Index
Human Rights and Participation
Civil and Political Rights
Respect for Civil Rights Respect for Physical Integrity Rights Freedom of the Press Violence against the Press
Participation Participation in Political Life Electoral Process and Pluralism Political Culture
Gender Discrimination / Inequality
Women’s Political Rights Women’s Social Rights Women’s Economic Rights Rate of Representation in National Parliaments
4. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable development is, according to the definition advanced in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report, "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” In other words, based on certain values (responsibility, participation and sharing, debate, partnership, innovation, durability, reversibility, precaution and prevention, and social, geographical, and intergenerational solidarity) it involves a twofold and joint approach: in time, we have the right to use the Earth’s resources, but the duty to ensure their sustainability for the coming generations; in space, every inhabitant on Earth has the same Human Right to the Earth’s resources. The concept of sustainable development is based on two core principles: on the one hand, intergenerational solidarity (a search for the improvement of the well-being of future generations); on the other, intragenerational solidarity (sharing well-being or the conditions for well-being within the same generation). These two principles are expressed in the statement of objectives, which make up the different dimensions of sustainability: the economic sphere, the social dimension (inequality and poverty), and the environmental sphere.
27
We will therefore study this indicator from the angle of the three above-defined dimensions, which break down into several indexes, as follows:
Indicator Sub-indicator Index
Sustainable Development
Economic Sector GDP at PPP per capita GDP growth rate Ease in Starting a Business
Social Dimension
GINI coefficient (poverty and inequality) Basic Capacities Ratification of International Labor Rights Texts
Environmental Dimension
Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity Environmental Sustainability Environmental Performance
5. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
The concept of human development appeared and gained substance in the 1980s. At the time, a number of economists, including Mahbub ul Haq from Pakistan, who was to play a key role in the development of the Human Development Index (HDI), understood that the idea that prevailed then—that human progress and development were intimately connected to economic progress—was flawed and laid the foundations of a new intellectual approach that challenged the supremacy of the exclusively economic approach. Mahbub ul Haq summarizes human development as follows: "The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people's choices. In principle, these choices can be infinite and can change over time. People often value achievements that do not show up at all, or not immediately, in income or growth figures . . . The objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives."16 Discussing human development therefore implies an approach to the problem of providing an environment in which people can make the best of all their abilities and lead a productive and creative life in tune with their needs and interests. Human development is what allows them to give their life meaning and value. Much more than the GDP, it is citizens that constitute the real wealth of countries. Economic development only constitutes one of the means—an important one, no doubt—that allows them to broaden their life choices. In the realm of human development, the most fundamental of an individual's possibilities consists in leading a long and healthy life, being well-informed, having access to the resources necessary for a decent standard of living, and being able to take part in the life of the community. Not having these basic abilities restricts the number of life choices and makes many opportunities inaccessible.
16 UNDP Web site : http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/
28
This way of considering development is not new. It has simply been concealed by the immediate concern of accumulating all sorts of material or financial wealth. As observed by Aristotle, wealth is obviously not the final end of our action on earth, although it does contribute to our happiness. By pursuing a goal other than material wealth, human development shares a common vision with the concept of Human Rights. The final end is human freedom. Peoples must be able to choose freely and to take part in the decision-making processes that affect their lives. Human Development and Human Rights reinforce one another in that they both contribute to the well-being of all and guarantee the dignity of peoples, in self-respect and in respect of others. We will study the Human Development indicator through the following sub-indicators and indexes:
Indicator Sub-indicator Index
Human Development
Development Human Development
Well-being and Happiness
Subjective Well-being Happiness Quality of life
6. CALCULATING THE WGI
The approach taken to calculate the WGI is explained in detail in the appendices of this study. It is similar to the one used by the UNDP to establish its Human Development Index. The final score is expressed on a scale of 0 (worst score) to 1 (best possible score). There are three types of table illustrating each indicator: first, a general table in alphabetical order recapitulating the details of all the data that was used to calculate the indicator; second, a table showing the global ranking for the indicator in question; and third, a table showing the ranking per regional entity. The WGI is given in two different tables: global ranking and regional ranking.
29
CONCLUSION
The ultimate goal of this study on the WGI is part of a long-term process. On the basis of the situation described by the WGI and of its diagnosis, it must enable actors in charge of governance to raise the right questions in order to consider solutions. In the end, the idea is to materialize a world governance that is capable of taking up the global challenges of the coming years in compliance with the big principles defined in the Guide to Developing Proposals for World Governance.17 Producing the WGI is a first step in that direction. The indicators, sub-indicators, and indexes used for this study point exactly in the direction of these principles. The indexes that constitute the Peace and Security, Rule of Law, and Human Rights and Participation indicators, for instance, clearly refer to the Legitimacy of the exercise of power principle and to that of Conformity with the democratic ideal and with principles of citizenship . The deep consent of peoples to the way in which they are governed, the trust they place in those exercising authority, the importance given to the necessities of the common good, and an organization of society based on an ethical foundation that is recognized and respected are concepts that the indexes surveyed illustrate and evaluate. Those of Sustainable Development point to the principle of Competence and efficacy and survey public and private institutions in the way they are designed, their way of working, as well as the competence, the pertinence, and the capacities of those in charge of their operations. As for the indexes of the Human Development indicator, they underscore the principle of Cooperation and partnership . This survey is not exhaustive. The choices made led to selecting five areas of survey and to limiting their field of application to only nation-states as actors. Nation-states constitute a legal framework and a form of political and social organization inherited from a history and culture sometimes thousands of years old. It is hence in this capacity that they are among the most important actors in world governance and it is for this reason that the result of the present survey provides a good indication of the current state of world governance. Nonetheless, a number of other actors will also need to be surveyed. Identifying these actors is not a problem in itself: they are Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs), NGOs and enterprises of global dimension. A more delicate aspect will be to determine what criteria to use. From the simple point of view of nation-states, it is relatively easy to define a number of general criteria common to all nation-states. Given their general and common character, there is plenty of easily exploitable data. The challenge will be different when it comes to other actors. In France, the recent and significant malfunctioning of a French NGO accused of trafficking children early in 2008, amply conveyed by the media, has contributed to rekindling the debate on the governance of non-state actors. It is therefore natural to raise the question of governance within this fuzzy mass of organizations.
17 http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article152
30
In the same way that the five indicators of this survey make it possible to assess the performance of nation-states in the area of governance, other indicators should be able to make it possible to evaluate the impact of IGOs, NGOs and enterprises of global dimension. Evaluating the "responsibility and accountability" of these actors should not stop at theory. The idea is to assess the way in which these actors commit to factoring their beneficiaries’ needs into their decisions, and the way in which they fulfill this commitment. One of the perverse effects of indicators is that very often their purpose is eclipsed by a final ranking that for some becomes obsessive, whereas for others, it seems to have no value. The point is not, therefore, when this survey is complete, to establish a ranking of countries or actors, or to use the results to hand out good or bad points. What is essential is to show the state of world governance through the selected survey criteria and to rouse the actors into taking advantage of the educational value of the WGI in order to raise the questions that are fundamental to their governance. Beyond the ranking, what is of the essence is the questioning that ensues. The ranking, or rather its constituent elements, should lead to in-depth thinking on the strengths and weaknesses of this or that nation-state. This should then lead in turn to implementing measures, seeking initiatives, and changing behavior in order to achieve, in the end, a world that is better because it is governed better. At the end of this survey, it would be pretentious and dangerous to state that the WGI is finished and perfect. The WGI, as defined here, is the result of an initial approach. The process has not been simple. Between compiling reliable data, comparing it, and studying its relevance, there were choices to be made. These choices are not final. With the exponential growth of communication means and information sharing characteristic of today’s world, it is more than likely that, in the near future, new, even more relevant data will be available. Any suggestion or observation is welcome, because it is from confronting ideas that an even more effective WGI will spring.
31
ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank
ATTAC Association pour la taxation des transactions pour l'aide aux citoyens (Association for the taxation of financial transactions for the benefit of citizens)
BIS Bank for International Settlements CIRI Cingranelli-Richards CNS Centre nutritionnel supplémentaire (Supplementary nutrition center) CNT Centre nutritionnel thérapeutjique (Therapeutical nutrition center) CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (World Bank) CPJ Committee to Protect Journalists CSD Commission on Sustainable Development DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office ECOSOC Economic and Social Council EIU Economist Intelligence Unit FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations) FAST Forecasting and Assessment in the field of Science and Technology GDP Gross Domestic Product HDI Human Development Index ICPO (INTERPOL) International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) IDMC Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre IDP Internally Displaced Person IGO Intergovernmental organization ILO International Labour Office ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund MERCOSUR Mercado Común del Cono Sur (Southern Cone common market) NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NEF New Economics Foundation NGO Nongovernmental organization OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID) PRIO Peace Research Institute Oslo RSF Reporters sans frontières (Reporters without borders) UCDP Uppsala Conflict Data Program UN United Nations Organization UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCHR United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime USCRI US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants WFP World Food Programme WGI World Governance Index WHO World Health Organization WTO World Trade Organization:
32
PEACE AND SECURITY APPENDIX NATIONAL SECURITY SUB-INDICATOR Index: Conflicts The data is drawn from the Conflict Barometer 2007, published annually by the Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research of the Department of Political Sciences of the University of Heidelberg.18 The institute applies the following definition of conflicts: "Conflicts are clashes of interest . . . concerning national values . . . of a certain duration and scope, involving at least two parties (organized groups, states, groups of states, organizations of states) determined to pursue and to win their cases." The main factors taken as a starting point for these conflicts are: "territory, secession, decolonization, autonomy, system/ideology, national power, regional predominance, international power, resources, other." The Conflict Barometer ranks conflicts on a scale of 1 to 5 by order of increasing gravity according to their nature: Latent Conflict, Manifest Conflict, Crisis, Severe Crisis, and War. For each country, the score in the Total column is the number of points attributed according to the number and types of conflicts documented in the previous year. As the purpose is to take into account all the countries of the world, the index is calculated in such a way that the country that totals the highest number of points, in this case India with 58 points, is attributed a zero and those whose total is equal to zero—Benin, Austria, Germany, etc—are attributed the best score, 1.00. The calculation went as follows: Index: Refugees / Asylum seekers The data used comes from the UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database.19 For the purpose of comparison among the different countries, the raw data is converted into results per 100,000 inhabitants. The index is then calculated as for the Conflicts index. In the present case the highest score is 16,107.4 (Bhutan) and the lowest is 0.4 (Ireland).
18 http://www.hiik.de 19 http://www.unhcr.org/statistics.html
Country score – Lowest score 100 - 100 x Highest score – Lowest score Index =
100
33
Index: Displaced Persons The survey is based on the data from the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, the USCRI's World Refugee Survey (2001 to 2007),20 and data from the IDP's Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) database (2007) of the Norwegian Refugee Council.21 The index is then calculated as previously. Here, the highest score is 16,022.1 (Sudan) and the lowest is 0. The National Security sub-indicator (NSI) is calcul ated by producing the average of the three indexes in this category. PUBLIC SECURITY SUB-INDICATOR Index: Political Climate The data used is that produced by the Political Terror Scale program, which has been measuring and assessing the levels of political violence annually since 1980.22 This assessment, from 1 to 5, is made by aggregating the data published annually by Amnesty International as well as by the US State Department in its Annual Report on Human Rights. Index: Trust among Citizens
The data used is that produced by the EIU, which assesses, on a scale of 1 to 5, the degree of trust observed among the citizens of a given country.23 Index: Violent Crime Rate The data in this area is open to doubt in a certain number of sectors (robberies, burglaries, etc.). The only data that can be properly exploited is the data on homicides. We have based our calculations on the data from the EIU and that from the United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operation of Criminal Justice Systems (Surveys 7, 8, and 9).24 Although it was once possible to access data from the ICPO, the organization has stopped publishing statistics since 2006, due to the lack of reliability of the data, which was provided under the responsibility of the states. Index: Homicides per 100,000 Inhabitants As for the previous sub-category, the data is drawn from the United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operation of Criminal Justice Systems (Surveys 7, 8, and 9) and from the EIU. Many experts agree that UNODC data is the most reliable,
20 www.refugees.org 21 www.internal-displacement.org 22 http://www.politicalterrorscale.org 23 http://www.eiu.com 24 http://www.unodc.org/
34
because it is drawn from questionnaires sent to the authorities by the United Nations Statistics Division. For the four indexes in this category—Political Climate, Trust, Violent Crime Rate, and Homicides/100,000—the data used is from the EIU. The results are expressed on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is the best score and 5 the worst. The conversion into a sub-indicator used the following formula: The Public Security sub-indicator (PSI) is calculat ed by producing the average of the four indexes in this category. Due to the importance of the NSI, the final indicat or, PEACE AND SECURITY, is obtained by adding 2/3 of the NSI to 1/3 of the PSI .
The final score at the global level is the average of the 179 countries surveyed, or: 0.840
Country score - 5 Index =
4
35
PEACE AND SECURITY INDICATOR
PE
AC
E A
ND
SE
CU
RIT
Y
IND
ICA
TO
R NATIONAL SECURITY PUBLIC SECURITY
CONFLICTS REFUGEES / ASYLUM SEEKERS DISPLACED PERSONS NSI POL. CLIMATE TRUST CRIME RATE HOMICIDES PSI
Lat
ent
con
flic
t
Man
ifes
t co
nfl
ict
Cri
sis
Sev
ere
cris
is
War
To
tal a
mo
un
t:
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Po
pu
lati
on
(m
illio
ns)
Res
ults
per
10
0,00
0 In
hab
itan
ts
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Res
ults
per
10
0,00
0 In
hab
itan
ts
Ind
ex
Nat
ion
al
Sec
uri
ty
Ind
icat
or
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Pu
blic
Sec
uri
ty
Ind
icat
or
Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 1 5 0.914 2,122,498 32.7 6,490.8 0.597 161,000 492.4 0.969 0.827 5.0 0.000 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 0.313 0.655
Albania 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 16,369 3.1 528.0 0.967 0 0.0 1.000 0.989 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.594 0.857
Algeria 1 0 0 1 0 5 0.914 11,028 32.9 33.5 0.998 1,000,000 3,039.5 0.810 0.907 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.500 0.772
Angola 0 1 1 0 0 5 0.914 255,099 15.9 1,604.4 0.900 20,000 125.8 0.992 0.935 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 0.375 0.749
Argentina 0 3 0 0 0 6 0.897 1,073 38.7 2.8 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.965 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 0.563 0.831
Armenia 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 1,073 3.0 35.8 0.998 8,400 280.0 0.983 0.976 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.688 0.880
Australia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 36 20.3 0.2 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.875 0.958
Austria 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 50 8.2 0.6 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.875 0.958
Azerbaijan 0 1 1 0 0 5 0.914 129,166 8.4 1,537.7 0.905 690,000 8,214.3 0.487 0.769 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.688 0.742
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 33 0.31 10.7 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.5 0.875 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.906 0.969
Bahrain 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 82 0.71 11.5 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.988 1.5 0.875 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.844 0.940
Bangladesh 0 4 3 0 0 17 0.707 13,147 141.8 9.3 0.999 500,000 352.6 0.978 0.895 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 0.438 0.742
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 65 0.28 23.2 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 0.813 0.937
Belarus 0 2 0 0 0 4 0.931 11,091 9.8 113.2 0.993 0 0.0 1.000 0.975 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.858
Belgium 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 99 10.5 0.9 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.988 1.5 0.875 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.844 0.940
Belize 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.983 33 0.30 11.0 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.994 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.750 0.913
Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 375 8.4 4.5 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.750 0.917
Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 109,530 0.7 16,107.4 0.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.667 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.813 0.715
Bolivia 2 0 1 0 0 5 0.914 803 9.20 8.7 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.971 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.594 0.845
Bosnia Herzegovina 0 2 0 0 0 4 0.931 201,633 3.9 5,170.1 0.679 132,000 3,384.6 0.789 0.800 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.688 0.762
Botswana 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 44 1.8 2.4 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.988 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 4.0 0.250 0.625 0.867
Brazil 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 1,140 186.4 0.6 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.983 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 5.0 0.000 0.250 0.738
Brunei 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 2 0.4 0.5 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.938 0.979
Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 4,268 7.7 55.4 0.997 0 0.0 1.000 0.999 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.594 0.864
Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 579 13.2 4.4 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.750 0.917
Burundi 1 2 1 0 0 8 0.862 402,068 7.5 5,360.9 0.667 100,000 1,333.3 0.917 0.815 4.0 0.250 3.5 0.375 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.469 0.700
Cambodia 3 0 0 0 0 3 0.948 18,639 14.1 132.2 0.992 0 0.0 1.000 0.980 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 5.0 0.000 2.0 0.750 0.375 0.778
Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 13,767 16.3 84.5 0.995 0 0.0 1.000 0.998 3.5 0.375 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 0.344 0.780
Canada 1 1 0 0 0 3 0.948 140 35.3 0.4 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.983 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 0.875 0.947
Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 50 0.4 11.9 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.938 0.979
Central Africa Republic 1 0 0 1 0 5 0.914 73,797 4.0 1,844.9 0.885 197,000 4,925.0 0.693 0.831 4.5 0.125 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 0.406 0.689
Chad 0 2 1 2 0 15 0.741 39,731 9.7 409.6 0.975 178,000 1,835.1 0.885 0.867 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 0.500 0.745
Chile 1 0 1 0 0 4 0.931 885 16.3 5.4 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.977 1.5 0.875 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.719 0.891
China 2 5 1 0 0 15 0.741 157,893 1,304.5 12.1 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.914 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.563 0.797
Colombia 2 2 2 2 0 20 0.655 94,719 45.6 207.7 0.987 4,000,000 8,771.9 0.453 0.698 4.5 0.125 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 5.0 0.000 0.156 0.518
Comoros 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 83 0.7 11.7 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.983 1.0 1.000 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.750 0.905
Congo 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 26,508 4.0 662.7 0.959 7,800 195.0 0.988 0.965 2.5 0.625 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 0.531 0.820
Costa Rica 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 359 4.30 8.3 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.988 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 0.688 0.888
Croatia 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 93,988 4.4 2,136.1 0.867 3,200 72.7 0.995 0.943 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.688 0.858
Cuba 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 34,922 11.3 309.0 0.981 0 0.0 1.000 0.994 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.813 0.933
Cyprus 0 2 0 0 0 4 0.931 6 0.8 0.8 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.977 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.750 0.901
Czech Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 2,316 10.2 22.7 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.5 0.875 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.844 0.948
Denmark 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.983 19 5.4 0.4 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.994 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.938 0.975
Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 599 0.5 120.8 0.993 0 0.0 1.000 0.998 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 0.500 0.832
Dominica 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 67 8.9 0.8 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.688 0.896
Dominican Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 273 8.9 3.1 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 5.0 0.000 0.375 0.792
DRC 0 3 3 1 0 19 0.672 2,040,192 57.5 3,548.2 0.780 1,400,000 2,434.8 0.848 0.767 4.5 0.125 5.0 0.000 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 0.219 0.584
East Timor 1 0 1 0 0 4 0.931 260 1.1 23.6 0.999 100,000 9,090.9 0.433 0.787 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.733
Ecuador 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 1,157 13.2 8.8 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.983 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 0.438 0.801
Egypt 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 9,307 74 12.6 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.988 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.688 0.888
El Salvador 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 35,171 6.9 509.7 0.968 0 0.0 1.000 0.989 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 5.0 0.000 5.0 0.000 0.250 0.743
36
PEACE AND SECURITY INDICATOR
PE
AC
E A
ND
SE
CU
RIT
Y
IND
ICA
TO
R NATIONAL SECURITY PUBLIC SECURITY
CONFLICTS REFUGEES / ASYLUM SEEKERS DISPLACED PERSONS NSI POL. CLIMATE TRUST CRIME RATE HOMICIDES PSI
Lat
ent
con
flic
t
Man
ifes
t co
nfl
ict
Cri
sis
Sev
ere
cris
is
War
To
tal a
mo
un
t:
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Po
pu
lati
on
(m
illio
ns)
Res
ults
per
10
0,00
0 In
hab
itan
ts
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Res
ults
per
10
0,00
0 In
hab
itan
ts
Ind
ex
Nat
ion
al
Sec
uri
ty
Ind
icat
or
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Pu
blic
Sec
uri
ty
Ind
icat
or
Equatorial Guinea 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 493 0.6 89.6 0.994 0 0.0 1.000 0.987 3.5 0.375 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.469 0.814
Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 198,805 4.4 4,518.3 0.719 32,000 727.3 0.955 0.891 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.500 0.761
Estonia 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 752 1.3 57.8 0.996 0 0.0 1.000 0.982 1.0 1.000 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.813 0.925
Ethiopia 3 2 3 1 0 20 0.655 90,744 71.3 127.3 0.992 200,000 280.5 0.982 0.877 3.5 0.375 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.594 0.782
Fiji 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 1,940 0.9 208.6 0.987 0 0.0 1.000 0.984 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.813 0.927
Finland 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 8 5.2 0.2 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 0.875 0.958
France 0 0 2 0 0 6 0.897 124 60.9 0.2 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.966 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.813 0.915
Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 135 1.4 9.6 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 0.625 0.875
Gambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 2,278 1.5 151.9 0.991 0 0.0 1.000 0.997 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.873
Gaza / West Bank 0 1 0 2 0 10 0.828 335,528 3.6 9,320.2 0.421 70,000 1,944.4 0.879 0.709 4.0 0.250 5.0 0.000 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 0.250 0.556
Georgia 2 0 2 0 0 8 0.862 10,727 4.5 238.4 0.985 247,000 5,488.9 0.657 0.835 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.500 0.723
Germany 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 197 82.5 0.2 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.875 0.958
Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 11,117 22.1 50.3 0.997 0 0.0 1.000 0.999 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.656 0.885
Greece 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 114 11.1 1.0 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.988 2.5 0.625 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.781 0.919
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 245 0.09 272.2 0.983 0 0.0 1.000 0.994 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 0.750 0.913
Guatemala 1 0 1 0 0 4 0.931 27,029 12.6 214.5 0.987 242,000 1,920.6 0.880 0.933 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 5.0 0.000 5.0 0.000 0.188 0.684
Guinea 1 0 1 0 0 4 0.931 9,509 9.4 101.2 0.994 19,000 202.1 0.987 0.971 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.855
Guinea Bissau 1 0 1 0 0 4 0.931 1,313 1.6 82.1 0.995 0 0.0 1.000 0.975 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.656 0.869
Guyana 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.983 835 0.77 108.4 0.993 0 0.0 1.000 0.992 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.594 0.859
Haiti 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 34,238 8.5 402.8 0.975 0 0.0 1.000 0.974 3.5 0.375 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 0.344 0.764
Honduras 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.983 2,393 7.2 33.2 0.998 0 0.0 1.000 0.994 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 5.0 0.000 5.0 0.000 0.250 0.746
Hungary 2 1 0 0 0 4 0.931 3,317 10.1 32.8 0.998 0 0.0 1.000 0.976 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 0.750 0.901
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 33 0.3 11.0 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 1.000 1.000
India 3 4 13 2 0 58 0.000 24,569 1,094.6 2.2 1.000 600,000 54.8 0.997 0.665 3.5 0.375 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.531 0.621
Indonesia 2 2 3 0 0 15 0.741 38,001 220.6 17.2 0.999 150,000 68.0 0.996 0.912 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 1.0 1.000 0.563 0.796
Iran 1 4 1 1 0 16 0.724 116,196 68.3 170.1 0.989 0 0.0 1.000 0.905 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.811
Iraq 2 1 0 2 1 17 0.707 1,498,218 28.2 5,312.8 0.670 2,480,000 8,794.3 0.451 0.609 5.0 0.000 5.0 0.000 5.0 0.000 5.0 0.000 0.000 0.406
Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 4 4.2 0.1 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.875 0.958
Israel 1 1 1 2 0 14 0.759 1,827 6.9 26.5 0.998 420,000 6,087.0 0.620 0.792 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.500 0.695
Italy 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.983 122 58.6 0.2 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.994 1.0 1.000 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 0.750 0.913
Ivory Coast 0 1 1 0 0 5 0.914 32,698 18.2 179.7 0.989 709,000 3,895.6 0.757 0.887 4.0 0.250 5.0 0.000 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 0.313 0.695
Jamaica 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 933 2.7 34.6 0.998 0 0.0 1.000 0.999 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 5.0 0.000 5.0 0.000 0.250 0.750
Japan 0 3 0 0 0 6 0.897 199 127.8 0.2 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.966 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.938 0.956
Jordan 1 1 0 0 0 3 0.948 2,378 5.5 43.2 0.997 0 0.0 1.000 0.982 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.688 0.884
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 8,041 15.1 53.3 0.997 0 0.0 1.000 0.987 2.4 0.663 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.666 0.880
Kenya 0 1 1 1 0 9 0.845 6,446 34.3 18.8 0.999 200,000 583.1 0.964 0.936 2.0 0.750 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 0.375 0.749
Kirghizstan 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 3,068 5.1 60.2 0.996 0 0.0 1.000 0.987 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.688 0.887
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 742 2.5 29.7 0.998 0 0.0 1.000 0.999 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.875 0.958
Laos 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 26,739 5.9 453.2 0.972 0 0.0 1.000 0.973 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.750 0.899
Latvia 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 1,527 2.3 66.4 0.996 0 0.0 1.000 0.987 1.5 0.875 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 0.656 0.877
Lebanon 1 0 1 1 0 8 0.862 15,411 3.6 428.1 0.973 102,000 2,833.3 0.823 0.886 3.0 0.500 5.0 0.000 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.500 0.757
Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 14 1.8 0.8 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.750 0.917
Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 511,341 3.3 15,495.2 0.038 28,000 848.5 0.947 0.662 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 0.438 0.587
Libya 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.983 2,244 5.9 38.0 0.998 0 0.0 1.000 0.993 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 0.750 0.912
Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 1,109 3.4 32.6 0.998 0 0.0 1.000 0.999 1.5 0.875 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 4.0 0.250 0.594 0.864
Luxemburg 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 2 0.4 0.5 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.938 0.979
Macedonia 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 9,717 2.0 485.9 0.970 790 39.5 0.998 0.972 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.856
Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 285 18.6 1.5 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.875
Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 159 12.9 1.2 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.563 0.854
Malaysia 1 2 0 0 0 5 0.914 715 25.3 2.8 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.971 2.5 0.625 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.719 0.887
Maldives 0 2 0 0 0 4 0.931 21 0.4 5.7 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.977 2.5 0.625 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.844 0.933
37
PEACE AND SECURITY INDICATOR
PE
AC
E A
ND
SE
CU
RIT
Y
IND
ICA
TO
R NATIONAL SECURITY PUBLIC SECURITY
CONFLICTS REFUGEES / ASYLUM SEEKERS DISPLACED PERSONS NSI POL. CLIMATE TRUST CRIME RATE HOMICIDES PSI
Lat
ent
con
flic
t
Man
ifes
t co
nfl
ict
Cri
sis
Sev
ere
cris
is
War
To
tal a
mo
un
t:
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Po
pu
lati
on
(m
illio
ns)
Res
ults
per
10
0,00
0 In
hab
itan
ts
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Res
ults
per
10
0,00
0 In
hab
itan
ts
Ind
ex
Nat
ion
al
Sec
uri
ty
Ind
icat
or
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Pu
blic
Sec
uri
ty
Ind
icat
or
Mali 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 4,524 13.5 33.5 0.998 0 0.0 1.000 0.982 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.750 0.905
Malta 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 32 0.4 8.0 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.5 0.875 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.781 0.927
Mauritania 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.983 35,240 3.1 1,136.8 0.929 0 0.0 1.000 0.971 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.855
Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 102 1.2 8.5 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.938 0.979
Mexico 0 1 3 1 0 15 0.741 15,121 103.1 14.7 0.999 5,500 5.3 1.000 0.913 3.5 0.375 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 0.406 0.744
Moldavia 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 12,958 4.2 308.5 0.981 0 0.0 1.000 0.982 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 0.594 0.853
Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 2,721 2.6 104.7 0.994 0 0.0 1.000 0.998 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.656 0.884
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 16,654 0.6 2,775.7 0.828 0 0.0 1.000 0.943 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.563 0.816
Morocco 1 2 0 0 0 5 0.914 5,299 30.2 17.5 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.971 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 0.688 0.876
Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 246 19.8 1.2 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.875
Myanmar 0 2 5 2 0 27 0.534 229,142 50.5 453.7 0.972 500,000 990.1 0.938 0.815 4.5 0.125 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.531 0.720
Namibia 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 1,258 2.0 62.9 0.996 0 0.0 1.000 0.987 2.0 0.750 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 0.500 0.825
Nepal 0 2 2 0 0 10 0.828 5,076 27.1 18.7 0.999 100,000 369.0 0.977 0.934 4.5 0.125 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.531 0.800
Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 79 16.3 0.5 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.875 0.958
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 15 4.1 0.4 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.875 0.958
Nicaragua 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 4,129 5.10 81.0 0.995 0 0.0 1.000 0.987 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 0.625 0.866
Niger 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 1,299 14.0 9.3 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.983 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.688 0.884
Nigeria 1 3 0 1 0 11 0.810 21,624 131.5 16.4 0.999 350,000 266.2 0.983 0.931 4.0 0.250 5.0 0.000 5.0 0.000 4.0 0.250 0.125 0.662
North Korea 0 2 0 0 0 4 0.931 502 22.5 2.2 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.977 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.500 0.818
Norway 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 5 4.6 0.1 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.938 0.979
Oman 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 47 2.6 1.8 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.938 0.979
Pakistan 0 1 2 2 1 21 0.638 32,402 155.8 20.8 0.999 84,000 53.9 0.997 0.878 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 0.375 0.710
Panama 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 95 3.2 3.0 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 0.688 0.896
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 40 5.9 0.7 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 5.0 0.000 3.0 0.500 0.313 0.771
Paraguay 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 142 5.9 2.4 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.983 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.563 0.843
Peru 1 0 1 0 0 4 0.931 8,914 28.0 31.8 0.998 150,000 535.7 0.967 0.965 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 0.500 0.810
Philippines 0 0 4 0 0 12 0.793 1,687 83.1 2.0 1.000 210,000 252.7 0.984 0.926 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 0.438 0.763
Poland 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 13,892 38.2 36.4 0.998 0 0.0 1.000 0.999 1.5 0.875 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.781 0.927
Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 72 10.5 0.7 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.813 0.937
Qatar 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 58 0.92 6.3 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.5 0.875 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 0.844 0.948
Romania 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.983 8,554 21.6 39.6 0.998 0 0.0 1.000 0.993 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.656 0.881
Russia 2 3 3 0 0 17 0.707 180,440 143.1 126.1 0.992 159,000 111.1 0.993 0.897 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 0.313 0.702
Rwanda 1 2 0 0 0 5 0.914 107,568 9.0 1,195.2 0.926 0 0.0 1.000 0.947 2.5 0.625 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 0.406 0.766
Saint Lucia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 305 0.17 179.4 0.989 0 0.0 1.000 0.996 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.750 0.914
St Vincent and the Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 707 0.11 642.7 0.960 0 0.0 1.000 0.987 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.688 0.887
Salomon Islands 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 65 0.6 11.2 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.988 1.0 1.000 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.875 0.951
São Tomé and Príncipe 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 32 0.2 16.8 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.938 0.979
Saudi Arabia 1 0 1 0 0 4 0.931 671 23.1 2.9 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.977 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 0.563 0.839
Senegal 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 16,406 11.7 140.2 0.991 22,000 188.0 0.988 0.976 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.563 0.838
Serbia 3 2 2 0 0 13 0.776 195,178 10.1 1,932.5 0.880 247,000 2,445.5 0.847 0.834 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.594 0.754
Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 69 0.1 86.3 0.995 0 0.0 1.000 0.998 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.938 0.978
Sierra Leone 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 48,638 5.5 884.3 0.945 0 0.0 1.000 0.970 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 0.531 0.824
Singapore 3 0 0 0 0 3 0.948 124 4.3 2.9 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.983 1.5 0.875 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.844 0.936
Slovakia 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 1,023 5.4 18.9 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.988 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.750 0.909
Slovenia 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 1,776 2.0 88.8 0.994 0 0.0 1.000 0.987 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.938 0.970
Somalia 1 3 1 0 1 15 0.741 486,060 8.2 5,927.6 0.632 1,000,000 12,195.1 0.239 0.537 4.0 0.250 5.0 0.000 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 0.250 0.442
South Africa 1 1 0 0 0 3 0.948 674 46.9 1.4 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.983 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 5.0 0.000 5.0 0.000 0.250 0.738
South Korea 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 1,647 48.3 3.4 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.5 0.875 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 0.844 0.948
Spain 2 0 1 0 0 5 0.914 2,464 43.4 5.7 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.971 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.750 0.897
Sri Lanka 3 3 4 0 1 26 0.552 124,309 19.6 634.2 0.961 460,000 2,346.9 0.854 0.789 5.0 0.000 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 0.375 0.651
38
PEACE AND SECURITY INDICATOR
PE
AC
E A
ND
SE
CU
RIT
Y
IND
ICA
TO
R NATIONAL SECURITY PUBLIC SECURITY
CONFLICTS REFUGEES / ASYLUM SEEKERS DISPLACED PERSONS NSI POL. CLIMATE TRUST CRIME RATE HOMICIDES PSI
Lat
ent
con
flic
t
Man
ifes
t co
nfl
ict
Cri
sis
Sev
ere
cris
is
War
To
tal a
mo
un
t:
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Po
pu
lati
on
(m
illio
ns)
Res
ults
per
10
0,00
0 In
hab
itan
ts
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Res
ults
per
10
0,00
0 In
hab
itan
ts
Ind
ex
Nat
ion
al
Sec
uri
ty
Ind
icat
or
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Raw
dat
a
Ind
ex
Pu
blic
Sec
uri
ty
Ind
icat
or
Sudan 3 1 1 0 1 13 0.776 702,965 36.2 1,941.9 0.879 5,800,000 16,022.1 0.000 0.552 5.0 0.000 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 5.0 0.000 0.188 0.430
Surinam 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 91 0.47 19.4 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 2.0 0.750 4.0 0.250 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.875
Swaziland 1 0 1 0 0 4 0.931 27 1.1 2.5 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.977 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.860
Sweden 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 34 9.0 0.4 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 0.875 0.958
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 38 7.4 0.5 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.5 0.875 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 0.844 0.948
Syria 0 2 1 0 0 7 0.879 19,851 19 104.5 0.994 430,000 2,263.2 0.859 0.911 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.688 0.836
Tadzhikistan 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 768 6.5 11.8 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.983 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.863
Tanzania 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 6,799 38.3 17.8 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.988 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 0.531 0.836
Thailand 2 2 1 1 0 13 0.776 3,534 64.2 5.5 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.925 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 0.375 0.742
Togo 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.983 44,844 6.1 735.1 0.954 1,500 24.6 0.998 0.979 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.861
Tonga 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 23 0.11 20.9 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.988 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.813 0.930
Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 311 1.30 23.9 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 2.5 0.625 3.0 0.500 5.0 0.000 5.0 0.000 0.281 0.760
Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 3,199 10.0 32.0 0.998 0 0.0 1.000 0.999 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.688 0.895
Turkey 0 2 0 0 0 4 0.931 242,180 72.1 335.9 0.979 1,200,000 1,664.4 0.896 0.935 3.5 0.375 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.531 0.801
Turkmenistan 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 847 4.8 17.6 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.625 0.875
Uganda 0 1 2 0 0 8 0.862 23,100 28.8 80.2 0.995 1,270,000 4,409.7 0.725 0.861 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 0.438 0.720
Ukraine 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 67,212 47.1 142.7 0.991 0 0.0 1.000 0.997 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 0.500 0.831
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 277 4.5 6.2 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.813 0.937
United Kingdom 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 223 60.2 0.4 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.983 2.0 0.750 3.0 0.500 1.0 1.000 1.0 1.000 0.813 0.926
United States 1 4 0 0 0 9 0.845 1,754 296.4 0.6 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.948 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 2.0 0.750 0.750 0.882
Uruguay 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.966 218 3.5 6.2 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 0.988 1.0 1.000 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.750 0.909
Uzbekistan 0 2 0 0 0 4 0.931 11,261 26.2 43.0 0.997 3,400 13.0 0.999 0.976 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 0.563 0.838
Venezuela 0 0 3 0 0 9 0.845 6,204 26.6 23.3 0.999 0 0.0 1.000 0.948 3.5 0.375 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 5.0 0.000 0.219 0.705
Viet Nam 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.983 376,050 83.1 452.5 0.972 0 0.0 1.000 0.985 2.5 0.625 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 1.0 1.000 0.781 0.917
Yemen 1 0 1 0 0 4 0.931 1,721 21.0 8.2 0.999 35,000 166.7 0.990 0.973 3.0 0.500 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 2.0 0.750 0.688 0.878
Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 270 11.7 2.3 1.000 0 0.0 1.000 1.000 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 3.0 0.500 0.500 0.833
Zimbabwe 0 0 1 0 0 3 0.948 13,998 13.0 107.7 0.993 570,000 4,384.6 0.726 0.889 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 4.0 0.250 3.0 0.500 0.313 0.697
39
PEACE AND SECURITY INDICATOR (GLOBAL RANKING IN DESCENDING ORDER)
Iceland 1.000 Portugal 0.937 Spain 0.897 Lithuania 0.864 Equatorial Guinea 0.814 Thailand 0.742 Norway 0.979 United Arab Emirates 0.937 Dominica 0.896 Bulgaria 0.864 Iran 0.811 Azerbaijan 0.742 Luxemburg 0.979 Barbados 0.937 Panama 0.896 Tadzhikistan 0.863 Peru 0.810 Brazil 0.738 Brunei 0.979 Singapore 0.936 Tunisia 0.895 Togo 0.861 Ecuador 0.801 South Africa 0.738
Oman 0.979 Cuba 0.933 Chile 0.891 Swaziland 0.860 Turkey 0.801 East Timor 0.733 Mauritius 0.979 Maldives 0.933 Costa Rica 0.888 Guyana 0.859 Nepal 0.800 Georgia 0.723 Cape Verde 0.979 Tonga 0.930 Egypt 0.888 Belarus 0.858 China 0.797 Myanmar 0.720 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.979 Malta 0.927 Kirghizstan 0.887 Croatia 0.858 Indonesia 0.796 Uganda 0.720
Seychelles 0.978 Fiji 0.927 Malaysia 0.887 Albania 0.857 Dominican Republic 0.792 Bhutan 0.715 Denmark 0.975 Poland 0.927 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.887 Macedonia 0.856 Ethiopia 0.782 Pakistan 0.710 Slovenia 0.970 United Kingdom 0.926 Ghana 0.885 Mauritania 0.855 Cameroon 0.780 Venezuela 0.705 Bahamas 0.969 Estonia 0.925 Niger 0.884 Guinea 0.855 Cambodia 0.778 Russia 0.702 Ireland 0.958 Greece 0.919 Mongolia 0.884 Malawi 0.854 Algeria 0.772 Burundi 0.700
Finland 0.958 Viet Nam 0.917 Jordan 0.884 Moldavia 0.853 Papua New Guinea 0.771 Zimbabwe 0.697 Australia 0.958 Lesotho 0.917 United States 0.882 Bolivia 0.845 Rwanda 0.766 Ivory Coast 0.695 Germany 0.958 Burkina Faso 0.917 Romania 0.881 Paraguay 0.843 Haiti 0.764 Israel 0.695 New Zealand 0.958 Benin 0.917 Kazakhstan 0.880 Saudi Arabia 0.839 Philippines 0.763 Centr. Africa Rep. 0.689
Sweden 0.958 France 0.915 Armenia 0.880 Senegal 0.838 Bosnia Herzegovina 0.762 Guatemala 0.684 Netherlands 0.958 Saint Lucia 0.914 Yemen 0.878 Uzbekistan 0.838 Eritrea 0.761 Nigeria 0.662 Austria 0.958 Grenada 0.913 Latvia 0.877 Syria 0.836 Trinidad and Tobago 0.760 Afghanistan 0.655 Kuwait 0.958 Italy 0.913 Morocco 0.876 Tanzania 0.836 Lebanon 0.757 Sri Lanka 0.651
Japan 0.956 Belize 0.913 Mozambique 0.875 Zambia 0.833 Serbia 0.754 India 0.621 Salomon Islands 0.951 Libya 0.912 Madagascar 0.875 Djibouti 0.832 Jamaica 0.750 Liberia 0.587 Switzerland 0.948 Uruguay 0.909 Gabon 0.875 Ukraine 0.831 Kenya 0.749 DRC 0.584 South Korea 0.948 Slovakia 0.909 Turkmenistan 0.875 Argentina 0.831 Angola 0.749 Gaza/West Bank 0.556 Qatar 0.948 Comoros 0.905 Surinam 0.875 Namibia 0.825 Honduras 0.746 Colombia 0.518
Czech Republic 0.948 Mali 0.905 Gambia 0.873 Sierra Leone 0.824 Chad 0.745 Somalia 0.442 Canada 0.947 Cyprus 0.901 Guinea Bissau 0.869 Congo 0.820 Mexico 0.744 Sudan 0.430 Belgium 0.940 Hungary 0.901 Botswana 0.867 North Korea 0.818 El Salvador 0.743 Iraq 0.406 Bahrain 0.940 Laos 0.899 Nicaragua 0.866 Montenegro 0.816 Bangladesh 0.742 AVERAGE 0.840
40
PEACE AND SECURITY INDICATOR (REGIONAL RANKING IN DESCENDING ORDER)
AFRICA EU OECD LATIN AMERICA AND THE
CARIBBEAN ASIA PACIFIC ARAB STATES CIS CENTRAL ASIA BALKANS
Mauritius 0.979 Iceland 1.000 Bahamas 0.969 Brunei 0.979 Algeria 0.772 Kirghizstan 0.887
Cape Verde 0.979 Norway 0.979 Barbados 0.937 Salomon Islands 0.951 Saudi Arabia 0.839 Kazakhstan 0.880 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.979 Luxemburg 0.979 Cuba 0.933 Singapore 0.936 Bahrain 0.940 Armenia 0.880
Seychelles 0.978 Denmark 0.975 Saint Lucia 0.914 Maldives 0.933 Djibouti 0.832 Turkmenistan 0.875
Lesotho 0.917 Slovenia 0.970 Grenada 0.913 Tonga 0.930 Egypt 0.888 Tadzhikistan 0.863 Burkina Faso 0.917 Ireland 0.958 Belize 0.913 Fiji 0.927 United Arab Emirates 0.937 Belarus 0.858
Benin 0.917 Finland 0.958 Uruguay 0.909 Viet Nam 0.917 Gaza / West Bank 0.556 Croatia 0.858
Comoros 0.905 Australia 0.958 Dominica 0.896 Laos 0.899 Iraq 0.406 Albania 0.857 Mali 0.905 Germany 0.958 Panama 0.896 Malaysia 0.887 Jordan 0.884 Macedonia 0.856
Ghana 0.885 New Zealand 0.958 Chile 0.891 Mongolia 0.884 Kuwait 0.958 Moldavia 0.853
Niger 0.884 Sweden 0.958 Costa Rica 0.888 North Korea 0.818 Lebanon 0.757 Uzbekistan 0.838 Mozambique 0.875 Netherlands 0.958 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.887 Iran 0.811 Libya 0.912 Ukraine 0.831
Madagascar 0.875 Austria 0.958 Surinam 0.875 Nepal 0.800 Morocco 0.876 Montenegro 0.816
Gabon 0.875 Japan 0.956 Nicaragua 0.866 China 0.797 Oman 0.979 Bosnia Herzegovina 0.762 Gambia 0.873 Switzerland 0.948 Guyana 0.859 Indonesia 0.796 Qatar 0.948 Serbia 0.754
Guinea Bissau 0.869 South Korea 0.948 Bolivia 0.845 Cambodia 0.778 Somalia 0.442 Azerbaijan 0.742
Botswana 0.867 Czech Republic 0.948 Paraguay 0.843 Papua New Guinea 0.771 Sudan 0.430 Georgia 0.723 Togo 0.861 Canada 0.947 Argentina 0.831 Philippines 0.763 Syria 0.836 Russia 0.702
Swaziland 0.860 Belgium 0.940 Peru 0.810 Bangladesh 0.742 Tunisia 0.895
Mauritania 0.855 Portugal 0.937 Ecuador 0.801 Thailand 0.742 Yemen 0.878 Guinea 0.855 Malta 0.927 Dominican Republic 0.792 East Timor 0.733
Malawi 0.854 Poland 0.927 Haiti 0.764 Myanmar 0.720
Senegal 0.838 United Kingdom 0.926 Trinidad and Tobago 0.760 Bhutan 0.715 Tanzania 0.836 Estonia 0.925 Jamaica 0.750 Pakistan 0.710
Zambia 0.833 Greece 0.919 Honduras 0.746 Afghanistan 0.655
Namibia 0.825 France 0.915 El Salvador 0.743 Sri Lanka 0.651 Sierra Leone 0.824 Italy 0.913 Brazil 0.738 India 0.621
Congo 0.820 Slovakia 0.909 Venezuela 0.705
Equatorial Guinea 0.814 Cyprus 0.901 Guatemala 0.684 Ethiopia 0.782 Hungary 0.901 Colombia 0.518
Cameroon 0.780 Spain 0.897
Rwanda 0.766 United States 0.882 Eritrea 0.761 Romania 0.881
Kenya 0.749 Latvia 0.877
Angola 0.749 Lithuania 0.864 Chad 0.745 Bulgaria 0.864
South Africa 0.738 Turkey 0.801
Uganda 0.720 Mexico 0.744 Burundi 0.700 Israel 0.695
Zimbabwe 0.697
Ivory Coast 0.695 Central Africa Republic 0.689
Nigeria 0.662
Liberia 0.587 DRC 0.584
AVERAGE 0.821 AVERAGE 0.920 AVERAGE 0.829 AVERAGE 0.810 AVERAGE 0.798 AVERAGE 0.824
41
RULE OF LAW APPENDIX ESSENTIAL BODY OF LAWS SUB-INDICATOR Index: Status of the main international instruments for the defense of Human Rights The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) identified the ten international conventions and treaties that constitute the core of the issue in this area. They are the following:
• 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
• International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD - December 21, 1965)
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR - December 16, 1966)
• International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR - December 16, 1966)
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW - December 18, 1979)
• United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT - December 10, 1984)
• Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC - November 20, 1989) • International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant
Workers and Members of Their Families (December 18, 1990) • Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (December 13,
2006) • International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced
Disappearance The purpose of this index is to determine the degree of ratification of these seven treaties and conventions currently in force. Ratification by a country is not an insignificant act. Indeed, after signing a treaty, a country must ratify it, often through its parliament's approval. This is no longer just interest in the treaty or convention as indicated by the signature, it implies transposing its principles and obligations into national legislation. The latest convention (the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance) is not yet in force, so the survey is limited to the first nine texts and is based on the data provided by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights,25 and the UNDP's HDI tables.26
25 http://www.ohchr.org 26 http://hdr.undp.org
42
We have assigned 1 point for every treaty or convention that has been ratified. The highest possible total is therefore 9 points and the sub-indicator was then calculated according to the following formula: Index: Property Rights The purpose of this index is to assess a country's degree of commitment to the protection of private property and the way in which the authorities apply this right. The data is drawn from the Economic Freedom index as defined by the Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal.27 Although most of the data provided in the Economic Freedom index is data considered from the point of view of economic liberalism, which is reminiscent of the one that drove the World Bank to produce questionable indicators, it seems nevertheless necessary to take this sub-indicator into account. Guaranteeing private property by law constitutes an important force in the framework of market economy. It gives citizens the necessary confidence to get involved in commercial activities, to live from them, and to consider the future in the long term. In this index, respect and guarantee of property rights are assessed on a scale of 0 (no guarantee) to 100 (guarantee insured and total respect). The sub-indicator was calculated according to the formula: The Essential Body of Laws sub-indicator is calcula ted by producing the average of the two above indexes. EXISTENCE OF AN OPERATIONAL INDEPENDENT JUDICIAL SY STEM SUB-INDICATOR Index: Independence The data is drawn from the Rule of Law section of the Civil Liberties index produced by Freedom House.28 This index is the result of a composite measurement that assesses, all together, the independence of the judicial system, the bodies that oversee the police force, legal protection, and the guarantee of equal treatment for all. The assessment is made on a scale of 1 to 16, where 1 is the worst score and 16 the best.
27 http://www.heritage.org 28 http://www.freedomhouse.org
Country score Index =
9
Country score Index =
100
43
It is the only available index for the moment. As of the end of 2008, it should be possible to have data available from a survey performed by the American Bar Association, which was working on a global Rule of Law index under its World Justice Project program.29 Calculation of the Independence index was performed as following: Index: Effectiveness One of the ways of estimating the efficiency of a judicial system consists in using as
a basis the available data on the ratio of remand prisoners to convicted prisoners. The World Prisons Brief published by the Center for Prison Studies provides a good overview of this data. It is updated regularly, and the latest figures are for 2007.30
The index was calculated according to the same process as for the Conflicts index with the highest value being 97.30 (for Liberia) and the lowest 0. Index: Effectiveness in the Settlement of Contractu al Disputes The data is drawn from the World Bank's Doing Business report.31 This report studies how long it takes for national judicial institutions to settle disputes related to commercial contracts. The average time is expressed in number of days from the moment a plaintiff has filed a lawsuit until actual settlement. The calculation method is identical to the method used for the Effectiveness index, where the highest result is 1,800 days (East Timor) and the lowest 120 (Singapore). The Judicial System sub-indicator is calculated by producing the average of the three above indexes.
29 http://www.abanet.org/crimjust/home.html 30 http://www.kcl.ac.uk 31 http://www.doingbusiness.org
Country score Index =
16
Country score – Lowest score 100 - 100 x Highest score – Lowest score Index =
100
44
CORRUPTION SUB-INDICATOR Index: Corruption The Corruption Perceptions Index produced by Transparency International is calculated from a dozen surveys conducted by nine institutions (World Bank, Economist Intelligence Unit, Freedom House, Nations in Transit, International Institute for Management Development, Merchant International Group, Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, World Economic Forum, and the World Markets Research Center).32 It is established on the basis of observations made by the experts of these organizations assigned to study the results of the dozen surveys conducted. This index is expressed on a scale of 0 (total corruption) to 10 (no corruption). The index was calculated as follows: The Corruption sub-indicator is the result of this single index. The RULE OF LAW indicator is the average of the thr ee previously determined sub-indicators.
The final score at the global level is the average of the 179 countries surveyed, or: 0.530
32 www.transparency.org
Country score Index =
10
45
RULE OF LAW
RU
LE
OF
LA
W
IND
ICA
TO
R
Essential Body of Law Existence of an operational independent legal
system Corruption
Inte
rnat
ion
al
inst
rum
ents
st
atu
s
Ind
ex
Pro
per
ty
Rig
hts
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Ind
epen
den
ce
Ind
ex
Eff
ectiv
enes
s
Ind
ex
Dis
pu
te
Set
tlem
ent
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Co
rru
pti
on
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Afghanistan 8 0.889 50 0.500 0.694 12 0.750 32.30 0.668 600 0.714 0.711 5.1 0.510 0.638
Albania 8 0.889 30 0.300 0.594 10 0.625 38.80 0.601 390 0.839 0.689 2.9 0.290 0.524
Algeria 8 0.889 30 0.300 0.594 5 0.313 22.80 0.766 630 0.696 0.592 3.0 0.300 0.495
Angola 4 0.444 20 0.200 0.322 4 0.250 58.90 0.395 1011 0.470 0.371 2.2 0.220 0.305
Argentina 8 0.889 30 0.300 0.594 10.0 0.625 53.80 0.447 590 0.720 0.597 2.9 0.290 0.494
Armenia 7 0.778 35 0.350 0.564 6 0.375 17.70 0.818 285 0.902 0.698 3.0 0.300 0.521
Australia 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 14.0 0.875 22.40 0.770 262 0.915 0.853 8.6 0.860 0.851
Austria 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 15 0.938 23.30 0.761 397 0.835 0.844 8.1 0.810 0.831
Azerbaijan 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 4 0.250 13.30 0.863 267 0.913 0.675 2.1 0.210 0.475
Bahamas 4 0.444 80 0.800 0.622 15.0 0.938 43.00 0.558 754 0.623 0.706 7.0 0.700 0.676
Bahrain 6 0.667 60 0.600 0.633 4 0.250 16.00 0.836 659 0.679 0.588 5.0 0.500 0.574
Bangladesh 7 0.778 25 0.250 0.514 6.0 0.375 67.70 0.304 1142 0.392 0.357 2.0 0.200 0.357
Barbados 6 0.667 90 0.900 0.783 16.0 1.000 29.60 0.696 754 0.623 0.773 6.9 0.690 0.749
Belarus 7 0.778 20 0.200 0.489 2 0.125 19.60 0.799 225 0.938 0.620 2.1 0.210 0.440
Belgium 7 0.778 80 0.800 0.789 15 0.938 44.30 0.545 505 0.771 0.751 7.1 0.710 0.750
Belize 8 0.889 50 0.500 0.694 12.0 0.750 21.70 0.777 892 0.540 0.689 3.0 0.300 0.561
Benin 6 0.667 30 0.300 0.483 12 0.750 64.50 0.337 720 0.643 0.577 2.7 0.270 0.443
Bhutan 3 0.333 30 0.300 0.317 4.0 0.250 50.00 0.486 275 0.908 0.548 5.0 0.500 0.455
Bolivia 8 0.889 25 0.250 0.569 8.0 0.500 75.00 0.229 591 0.720 0.483 2.9 0.290 0.447
Bosnia Herzegovina 8 0.889 10 0.100 0.494 10 0.625 16.40 0.831 595 0.717 0.725 3.3 0.330 0.516
Botswana 5 0.556 70 0.700 0.628 13 0.813 17.10 0.824 987 0.484 0.707 5.4 0.540 0.625
Brazil 7 0.778 50 0.500 0.639 8.0 0.500 33.90 0.652 616 0.705 0.619 3.5 0.350 0.536
Brunei 2 0.222 20 0.200 0.211 6.0 0.375 7.20 0.926 540 0.750 0.684 5.5 0.550 0.482
Bulgaria 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 12 0.750 19.00 0.805 564 0.736 0.763 4.1 0.410 0.571
Burkina Faso 8 0.889 30 0.300 0.594 6 0.375 58.30 0.401 446 0.806 0.527 2.9 0.290 0.471
Burundi 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 4 0.250 66.80 0.313 558 0.739 0.434 2.5 0.250 0.408
Cambodia 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 2.0 0.125 29.80 0.694 401 0.833 0.550 2.0 0.200 0.430
Cameroon 6 0.667 30 0.300 0.483 2 0.125 65.00 0.332 800 0.595 0.351 2.4 0.240 0.358
Canada 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 15.0 0.938 33.70 0.654 570 0.732 0.774 8.7 0.870 0.828
Cape Verde 7 0.778 70 0.700 0.739 14 0.875 36.50 0.625 465 0.795 0.765 4.9 0.490 0.665
Central Africa Republic 5 0.556 20 0.200 0.378 3 0.188 52.00 0.466 660 0.679 0.444 2.0 0.200 0.341
Chile 8 0.889 90 0.900 0.894 15.0 0.938 23.00 0.764 480 0.786 0.829 7.0 0.700 0.808
China 7 0.778 20 0.200 0.489 2.0 0.125 7.00 0.928 406 0.830 0.628 3.5 0.350 0.489
Colombia 8 0.889 40 0.400 0.644 7.0 0.438 34.90 0.641 1346 0.270 0.450 3.8 0.380 0.491
Comoros 5 0.556 30 0.300 0.428 8 0.500 50.00 0.486 506 0.770 0.585 2.6 0.260 0.424
Congo 6 0.667 20 0.200 0.433 2 0.125 40.00 0.589 560 0.738 0.484 2.1 0.210 0.376
Costa Rica 7 0.778 50 0.500 0.639 13.0 0.813 21.30 0.781 877 0.549 0.714 5.0 0.500 0.618
Croatia 8 0.889 30 0.300 0.594 11 0.688 29.90 0.693 561 0.738 0.706 4.1 0.410 0.570
Cuba 5 0.556 10 0.100 0.328 1.0 0.063 85.00 0.126 754 0.623 0.271 4.2 0.420 0.339
Cyprus 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 15 0.938 17.40 0.821 443 0.808 0.855 5.3 0.530 0.741
Denmark 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 15 0.938 27.00 0.723 380 0.845 0.835 9.4 0.940 0.871
Djibouti 6 0.667 30 0.300 0.483 5 0.313 57.20 0.412 1225 0.342 0.356 2.9 0.290 0.376
Dominica 4 0.444 40 0.400 0.422 13.0 0.813 18.50 0.810 681 0.666 0.763 5.6 0.560 0.582
Ecuador 9 1.000 30 0.300 0.650 5.0 0.313 63.00 0.353 498 0.775 0.480 2.1 0.210 0.447
Egypt 8 0.889 40 0.400 0.644 5 0.313 16.70 0.828 1010 0.470 0.537 2.9 0.290 0.490
El Salvador 8 0.889 50 0.500 0.694 7.0 0.438 29.10 0.701 786 0.604 0.581 4.0 0.400 0.558
Equatorial Guinea 6 0.667 30 0.300 0.483 1 0.063 43.00 0.558 553 0.742 0.454 1.9 0.190 0.376
Eritrea 5 0.556 20 0.200 0.378 2 0.125 75.00 0.229 405 0.830 0.395 2.8 0.280 0.351
Estonia 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 14 0.875 26.40 0.729 425 0.818 0.807 6.5 0.650 0.765
Ethiopia 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 4 0.250 72.00 0.260 690 0.661 0.390 2.4 0.240 0.390
Fiji 4 0.444 30 0.300 0.372 7.0 0.438 6.60 0.932 397 0.835 0.735 5.0 0.500 0.536
Finland 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 16 1.000 14.00 0.856 235 0.932 0.929 9.4 0.940 0.903
France 7 0.778 70 0.700 0.739 14 0.875 27.70 0.715 331 0.874 0.822 7.3 0.730 0.763
Gabon 8 0.889 40 0.400 0.644 6 0.375 40.00 0.589 1070 0.435 0.466 3.3 0.330 0.480
Gambia 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 7 0.438 18.50 0.810 434 0.813 0.687 2.3 0.230 0.485
Gaza / West Bank 0 0.000 10 0.100 0.050 1 0.063 75.00 0.229 659 0.679 0.324 2.5 0.250 0.208
Georgia 7 0.778 35 0.350 0.564 7 0.438 21.70 0.777 285 0.902 0.705 3.4 0.340 0.536
Germany 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 15 0.938 17.00 0.825 394 0.837 0.867 7.8 0.780 0.828
Ghana 8 0.889 50 0.500 0.694 12 0.750 29.00 0.702 487 0.782 0.745 3.7 0.370 0.603
Greece 7 0.778 50 0.500 0.639 14 0.875 28.60 0.706 819 0.584 0.722 4.6 0.460 0.607
Grenada 5 0.556 45 0.450 0.503 11.0 0.688 17.30 0.822 723 0.641 0.717 3.4 0.340 0.520
Guatemala 8 0.889 30 0.300 0.594 5.0 0.313 43.00 0.558 1459 0.203 0.358 2.8 0.280 0.411
Guinea 9 1.000 30 0.300 0.650 4 0.250 51.30 0.473 276 0.907 0.543 1.9 0.190 0.461
Guinea Bissau 6 0.667 20 0.200 0.433 8 0.500 43.00 0.558 1140 0.393 0.484 2.2 0.220 0.379
Guyana 6 0.667 40 0.400 0.533 8.0 0.500 40.80 0.581 581 0.726 0.602 2.6 0.260 0.465
Haiti 5 0.556 10 0.100 0.328 2.0 0.125 84.20 0.135 508 0.769 0.343 1.6 0.160 0.277
Honduras 9 1.000 30 0.300 0.650 7.0 0.438 63.50 0.347 480 0.786 0.524 2.5 0.250 0.475
Hungary 8 0.889 70 0.700 0.794 13 0.813 25.50 0.738 335 0.872 0.807 5.3 0.530 0.711
Iceland 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 16 1.000 10.60 0.891 393 0.838 0.910 9.2 0.920 0.889
India 7 0.778 50 0.500 0.639 9.0 0.563 69.70 0.284 1420 0.226 0.357 3.5 0.350 0.449
Indonesia 6 0.667 30 0.300 0.483 7.0 0.438 40.70 0.582 570 0.732 0.584 2.3 0.230 0.432
Iran 5 0.556 10 0.100 0.328 3 0.188 24.80 0.745 520 0.762 0.565 2.5 0.250 0.381
46
RULE OF LAW
RU
LE
OF
LA
W
IND
ICA
TO
R
Essential Body of Law Existence of an operational independent legal
system Corruption
Inte
rnat
ion
al
inst
rum
ents
st
atu
s
Ind
ex
Pro
per
ty
Rig
hts
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Ind
epen
den
ce
Ind
ex
Eff
ectiv
enes
s
Ind
ex
Dis
pu
te
Set
tlem
ent
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Co
rru
pti
on
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Iraq 6 0.667 15 0.150 0.408 0 0.000 75.00 0.229 520 0.762 0.330 1.5 0.150 0.296
Ireland 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 15 0.938 20.00 0.794 515 0.765 0.832 7.5 0.750 0.807
Israel 7 0.778 70 0.700 0.739 10 0.625 36.50 0.625 890 0.542 0.597 6.1 0.610 0.649
Italy 7 0.778 50 0.500 0.639 12 0.750 58.30 0.401 1210 0.351 0.501 5.2 0.520 0.553
Ivory Coast 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 3 0.188 35.60 0.634 770 0.613 0.478 2.1 0.210 0.409
Jamaica 7 0.778 50 0.500 0.639 8.0 0.500 15.00 0.846 565 0.735 0.694 3.3 0.330 0.554
Japan 6 0.667 70 0.700 0.683 15.0 0.938 14.70 0.849 316 0.883 0.890 7.5 0.750 0.774
Jordan 8 0.889 55 0.550 0.719 6 0.375 42.90 0.559 689 0.661 0.532 4.7 0.470 0.574
Kazakhstan 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 4.0 0.250 14.40 0.852 230 0.935 0.679 2.1 0.210 0.476
Kenya 6 0.667 35 0.350 0.508 8 0.500 45.60 0.531 465 0.795 0.609 2.1 0.210 0.442
Kirghizstan 8 0.889 30 0.300 0.594 5.0 0.313 20.80 0.786 177 0.966 0.688 2.1 0.210 0.498
Kuwait 7 0.778 55 0.550 0.664 7 0.438 18.60 0.809 566 0.735 0.660 4.3 0.430 0.585
Laos 6 0.667 10 0.100 0.383 2.0 0.125 1.00 0.990 443 0.808 0.641 1.9 0.190 0.405
Latvia 7 0.778 55 0.550 0.664 12 0.750 26.10 0.732 279 0.905 0.796 4.8 0.480 0.647
Lebanon 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 5 0.313 62.00 0.363 721 0.642 0.439 3.0 0.300 0.426
Lesotho 8 0.889 40 0.400 0.644 11 0.688 16.80 0.827 695 0.658 0.724 3.3 0.330 0.566
Liberia 7 0.778 35 0.350 0.564 7 0.438 97.30 0.000 1280 0.310 0.249 2.1 0.210 0.341
Libya 8 0.889 10 0.100 0.494 0 0.000 50.10 0.485 659 0.679 0.388 2.5 0.250 0.378
Lithuania 7 0.778 50 0.500 0.639 14 0.875 17.40 0.821 210 0.946 0.881 4.8 0.480 0.667
Luxemburg 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 16 1.000 41.50 0.573 321 0.880 0.818 8.4 0.840 0.832
Macedonia 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 8 0.500 15.90 0.837 385 0.842 0.726 3.3 0.330 0.532
Madagascar 6 0.667 50 0.500 0.583 9 0.563 64.70 0.335 871 0.553 0.484 3.2 0.320 0.462
Malawi 6 0.667 40 0.400 0.533 9 0.563 17.30 0.822 432 0.814 0.733 2.7 0.270 0.512
Malaysia 3 0.333 50 0.500 0.417 6.0 0.375 41.10 0.578 600 0.714 0.556 5.1 0.510 0.494
Maldives 7 0.778 40 0.400 0.589 7.0 0.438 45.00 0.538 665 0.676 0.550 3.3 0.330 0.490
Mali 9 1.000 30 0.300 0.65 10 0.625 88.70 0.088 860 0.560 0.424 2.7 0.270 0.448
Malta 6 0.667 90 0.900 0.783 16 1.000 35.80 0.632 443 0.808 0.813 5.8 0.580 0.726
Mauritania 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 6 0.375 13.00 0.866 400 0.833 0.692 2.6 0.260 0.497
Mauritius 6 0.667 90 0.900 0.783 13 0.813 24.40 0.749 443 0.808 0.790 4.7 0.470 0.681
Mexico 9 1.000 50 0.500 0.750 8.0 0.500 42.40 0.564 415 0.824 0.630 3.5 0.350 0.577
Morocco 8 0.889 35 0.350 0.619 6 0.375 52.30 0.462 615 0.705 0.514 3.5 0.350 0.495
North Korea 5 0.556 10 0.100 0.328 0.0 0.000 80.00 0.178 421 0.821 0.333 3.5 0.350 0.337
Salomon Islands 4 0.444 50 0.50 0.472 8.0 0.500 29.90 0.693 455 0.801 0.664 2.8 0.280 0.472
Saudi Arabia 5 0.556 50 0.500 0.528 3 0.188 58.70 0.397 635 0.693 0.426 3.4 0.340 0.431
South Africa 7 0.778 20 0.200 0.489 3.0 0.188 44.30 0.545 1642 0.094 0.275 1.8 0.180 0.315
South Korea 7 0.778 70 0.700 0.739 13.0 0.813 34.20 0.649 421 0.821 0.761 5.1 0.510 0.670
Spain 8 0.889 70 0.700 0.794 14 0.875 24.90 0.744 515 0.765 0.795 6.7 0.670 0.753
United Arab Emirates 4 0.444 40 0.400 0.422 4 0.250 46.70 0.520 607 0.710 0.493 5.7 0.570 0.495
United States 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 14.0 0.875 21.20 0.782 300 0.893 0.850 7.2 0.720 0.803
Moldavia 7 0.778 50 0.500 0.639 8 0.500 20.60 0.788 365 0.854 0.714 2.8 0.280 0.544
Mongolia 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 12.0 0.750 19.80 0.797 314 0.885 0.810 3.0 0.300 0.550
Montenegro 7 0.778 0 0.000 0.389 8 0.500 38.10 0.608 545 0.747 0.618 3.3 0.330 0.446
Mozambique 6 0.667 30 0.300 0.483 7 0.438 30.00 0.692 1010 0.470 0.533 2.8 0.280 0.432
Myanmar 3 0.333 10 0.100 0.217 0.0 0.000 12.90 0.867 421 0.821 0.563 1.4 0.140 0.306
Namibia 8 0.889 30 0.300 0.594 10 0.625 5.20 0.947 270 0.911 0.827 4.5 0.450 0.624
Nepal 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 6.0 0.375 51.00 0.476 735 0.634 0.495 2.5 0.250 0.428
Nicaragua 8 0.889 25 0.250 0.569 7.0 0.438 21.40 0.780 540 0.750 0.656 2.6 0.260 0.495
Niger 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 9 0.563 76.00 0.219 545 0.747 0.509 2.6 0.260 0.436
Nigeria 6 0.667 30 0.300 0.483 5 0.313 65.00 0.332 457 0.799 0.481 2.2 0.220 0.395
Norway 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 16 1.000 19.80 0.797 310 0.887 0.894 8.7 0.870 0.868
New Zealand 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 15.0 0.938 21.40 0.780 216 0.943 0.887 9.4 0.940 0.889
Oman 3 0.333 50 0.500 0.417 4 0.250 50.00 0.486 598 0.715 0.484 4.7 0.470 0.457
Uganda 8 0.889 30 0.300 0.594 7 0.438 56.80 0.416 535 0.753 0.536 2.8 0.280 0.470
Uzbekistan 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 0.0 0.000 11.50 0.882 195 0.955 0.612 1.7 0.170 0.440
Pakistan 5 0.556 30 0.300 0.428 4.0 0.250 66.10 0.321 880 0.548 0.373 2.4 0.240 0.347
Panama 8 0.889 30 0.300 0.594 9.0 0.563 63.20 0.350 686 0.663 0.525 3.2 0.320 0.480
Papua New Guinea 4 0.444 40 0.400 0.422 7.0 0.438 31.30 0.678 591 0.720 0.612 2.0 0.200 0.411
Paraguay 7 0.778 35 0.350 0.564 7.0 0.438 68.20 0.299 591 0.720 0.485 2.4 0.240 0.430
Netherlands 6 0.667 90 0.900 0.783 15 0.938 33.00 0.661 514 0.765 0.788 9.0 0.900 0.824
Peru 9 1.000 40 0.400 0.700 8.0 0.500 67.80 0.303 468 0.793 0.532 3.5 0.350 0.527
Philippines 8 0.889 30 0.300 0.594 8.0 0.500 67.30 0.308 842 0.570 0.460 2.5 0.250 0.435
Poland 7 0.778 50 0.500 0.639 13 0.813 12.60 0.871 830 0.577 0.753 4.2 0.420 0.604
Portugal 7 0.778 70 0.700 0.739 15 0.938 19.90 0.795 577 0.728 0.820 6.5 0.650 0.736
Qatar 3 0.333 50 0.500 0.417 4 0.250 1.90 0.980 659 0.679 0.637 6.0 0.600 0.551
DRC 7 0.778 10 0.100 0.439 0 0.000 66.80 0.313 685 0.664 0.326 1.9 0.190 0.318
Dominican Republic 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 10.0 0.625 57.30 0.411 460 0.798 0.611 3.0 0.300 0.483
Czech Republic 7 0.778 70 0.700 0.739 14 0.875 12.50 0.872 820 0.583 0.777 5.2 0.520 0.679
Romania 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 12 0.750 13.10 0.865 537 0.752 0.789 3.7 0.370 0.566
United Kingdom 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 15 0.938 23.50 0.758 404 0.831 0.842 8.4 0.840 0.840
Russia 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 4 0.250 15.60 0.840 281 0.904 0.665 2.3 0.230 0.478
Rwanda 6 0.667 30 0.300 0.483 6 0.375 30.30 0.689 310 0.887 0.650 2.8 0.280 0.471
Saint Lucia 3 0.333 60 0.600 0.467 12.0 0.750 33.00 0.661 635 0.693 0.701 6.8 0.680 0.616
47
RULE OF LAW
RU
LE
OF
LA
W
IND
ICA
TO
R
Essential Body of Law Existence of an operational independent legal
system Corruption
Inte
rnat
ion
al
inst
rum
ents
st
atu
s
Ind
ex
Pro
per
ty
Rig
hts
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Ind
epen
den
ce
Ind
ex
Eff
ectiv
enes
s
Ind
ex
Dis
pu
te
Set
tlem
ent
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Co
rru
pti
on
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
São Tomé and Príncipe 5 0.556 35 0.350 0.453 12 0.750 45.00 0.538 405 0.830 0.706 2.7 0.270 0.476
Senegal 8 0.889 50 0.500 0.694 9 0.563 37.20 0.618 780 0.607 0.596 3.6 0.360 0.550
Serbia 7 0.778 50 0.500 0.639 9 0.563 30.40 0.688 635 0.693 0.648 3.4 0.340 0.542
Seychelles 8 0.889 35 0.350 0.619 11 0.688 19.70 0.798 720 0.643 0.709 4.5 0.450 0.593
Sierra Leone 6 0.667 10 0.100 0.383 8 0.500 53.70 0.448 515 0.765 0.571 2.1 0.210 0.388
Singapore 3 0.333 90 0.900 0.617 8.0 0.500 6.90 0.929 120 1.000 0.810 9.3 0.930 0.785
Slovakia 7 0.778 50 0.500 0.639 12 0.750 25.50 0.738 565 0.735 0.741 4.9 0.490 0.623
Slovenia 7 0.778 50 0.500 0.639 14 0.875 25.10 0.742 1350 0.268 0.628 6.6 0.660 0.642
Somalia 5 0.556 10 0.100 0.328 0 0.000 75.00 0.229 643 0.689 0.306 1.4 0.140 0.258
Sudan 6 0.667 10 0.100 0.383 0 0.000 10.00 0.897 643 0.689 0.529 1.8 0.180 0.364
Sri Lanka 8 0.889 50 0.500 0.694 6.0 0.375 49.40 0.492 1318 0.287 0.385 3.2 0.320 0.466
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7 0.778 60 0.600 0.689 13.0 0.813 21.80 0.776 394 0.837 0.808 6.1 0.610 0.702
Sweden 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 16 1.000 22.20 0.772 508 0.769 0.847 9.3 0.930 0.872
Switzerland 7 0.778 90 0.900 0.839 15 0.938 37.90 0.610 417 0.823 0.790 9.0 0.900 0.843
Surinam 5 0.556 50 0.500 0.528 9.0 0.563 55.00 0.435 1715 0.051 0.349 3.5 0.350 0.409
Swaziland 6 0.667 50 0.500 0.583 4 0.250 31.50 0.676 972 0.493 0.473 3.3 0.330 0.462
Syria 8 0.889 30 0.300 0.594 1 0.063 50.50 0.481 872 0.552 0.365 2.4 0.240 0.400
Tadzhikistan 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 4.0 0.250 14.10 0.855 295 0.896 0.667 2.1 0.210 0.472
Tanzania 6 0.667 30 0.300 0.483 10 0.625 44.00 0.548 462 0.796 0.656 3.2 0.320 0.487
Chad 6 0.667 20 0.200 0.433 1 0.063 58.00 0.404 743 0.629 0.365 1.8 0.180 0.326
Thailand 5 0.556 50 0.500 0.528 6.0 0.375 26.20 0.731 479 0.786 0.631 3.3 0.330 0.496
East Timor 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 6.0 0.375 70.90 0.271 1800 0.000 0.215 2.6 0.260 0.338
Togo 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 3 0.188 55.40 0.431 588 0.721 0.447 2.3 0.230 0.405
Tonga 3 0.333 30 0.300 0.317 11.0 0.688 0.00 1.000 350 0.863 0.850 1.7 0.170 0.446
Trinidad and Tobago 6 0.667 65 0.650 0.658 10.0 0.625 37.40 0.616 1340 0.274 0.505 3.4 0.340 0.501
Tunisia 8 0.889 50 0.500 0.694 4 0.250 22.70 0.767 565 0.735 0.584 4.2 0.420 0.566
Turkmenistan 5 0.556 10 0.100 0.328 0.0 0.000 80.00 0.178 443 0.808 0.329 2.0 0.200 0.285
Turkey 8 0.889 50 0.500 0.694 8 0.500 60.90 0.374 420 0.821 0.565 4.1 0.410 0.557
Ukraine 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 11 0.688 21.50 0.779 354 0.861 0.776 2.7 0.270 0.528
Uruguay 8 0.889 70 0.700 0.794 15.0 0.938 63.10 0.351 720 0.643 0.644 6.7 0.670 0.703
Venezuela 7 0.778 10 0.100 0.439 5.0 0.313 48.50 0.502 510 0.768 0.527 2.0 0.200 0.389
Viet Nam 6 0.667 10 0.100 0.383 4.0 0.250 15.00 0.846 295 0.896 0.664 2.6 0.260 0.436
Yemen 7 0.778 30 0.300 0.539 4 0.250 75.00 0.229 520 0.762 0.414 2.5 0.250 0.401
Zambia 6 0.667 40 0.400 0.533 8 0.500 35.30 0.637 471 0.791 0.643 2.6 0.260 0.479
Zimbabwe 6 0.667 10 0.100 0.383 1 0.063 23.40 0.760 410 0.827 0.550 2.1 0.210 0.381
48
RULE OF LAW INDICATOR (GLOBAL RANKING IN DESCENDING ORDER)
Finland 0.903 Mauritius 0.681 El Salvador 0.558 Colombia 0.491 Bolivia 0.447 Venezuela 0.389 Iceland 0.889 Czech Republic 0.679 Turkey 0.557 Egypt 0.490 Ecuador 0.447 Sierra Leone 0.388 New Zealand 0.889 Bahamas 0.676 Jamaica 0.554 Maldives 0.490 Montenegro 0.446 Zimbabwe 0.381 Sweden 0.872 South Korea 0.670 Italy 0.553 China 0.489 Tonga 0.446 Iran 0.381
Denmark 0.871 Lithuania 0.667 Qatar 0.551 Tanzania 0.487 Benin 0.443 Guinea Bissau 0.379 Norway 0.868 Cape Verde 0.665 Senegal 0.550 Gambia 0.485 Kenya 0.442 Libya 0.378 Australia 0.851 Israel 0.649 Mongolia 0.550 Dominican Republic 0.483 Uzbekistan 0.440 Djibouti 0.376 Switzerland 0.843 Latvia 0.647 Moldavia 0.544 Brunei 0.482 Belarus 0.440 Equatorial Guinea 0.376
United Kingdom 0.840 Slovenia 0.642 Serbia 0.542 Gabon 0.480 Niger 0.436 Congo 0.376 Luxemburg 0.832 Afghanistan 0.638 Georgia 0.536 Panama 0.480 Viet Nam 0.436 Sudan 0.364 Austria 0.831 Botswana 0.625 Brazil 0.536 Zambia 0.479 Philippines 0.435 Cameroon 0.358 Germany 0.828 Namibia 0.624 Fiji 0.536 Russia 0.478 Indonesia 0.432 Bangladesh 0.357 Canada 0.828 Slovakia 0.623 Macedonia 0.532 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.476 Mozambique 0.432 Eritrea 0.351
Netherlands 0.824 Costa Rica 0.618 Ukraine 0.528 Kazakhstan 0.476 Saudi Arabia 0.431 Pakistan 0.347 Chile 0.808 Saint Lucia 0.616 Peru 0.527 Azerbaijan 0.475 Cambodia 0.430 Liberia 0.341 Ireland 0.807 Greece 0.607 Albania 0.524 Honduras 0.475 Paraguay 0.430 Central Africa Rep. 0.341 United States 0.803 Poland 0.604 Armenia 0.521 Salomon Islands 0.472 Nepal 0.428 Cuba 0.339
Singapore 0.785 Ghana 0.603 Grenada 0.520 Tadzhikistan 0.472 Lebanon 0.426 East Timor 0.338 Japan 0.774 Seychelles 0.593 Bosnia Herzegovina 0.516 Rwanda 0.471 Comoros 0.424 North Korea 0.337 Estonia 0.765 Kuwait 0.585 Malawi 0.512 Burkina Faso 0.471 Papua New Guinea 0.411 Chad 0.326 France 0.763 Dominica 0.582 Trinidad and Tobago 0.501 Uganda 0.470 Guatemala 0.411 DRC 0.318
Spain 0.753 Mexico 0.577 Kirghizstan 0.498 Sri Lanka 0.466 Ivory Coast 0.409 South Africa 0.315 Belgium 0.750 Bahrain 0.574 Mauritania 0.497 Guyana 0.465 Surinam 0.409 Myanmar 0.306 Barbados 0.749 Jordan 0.574 Thailand 0.496 Madagascar 0.462 Burundi 0.408 Angola 0.305 Cyprus 0.741 Bulgaria 0.571 Algeria 0.495 Swaziland 0.462 Togo 0.405 Iraq 0.296 Portugal 0.736 Croatia 0.570 United Arab Emirates 0.495 Guinea 0.461 Laos 0.405 Turkmenistan 0.285
Malta 0.726 Lesotho 0.566 Nicaragua 0.495 Oman 0.457 Yemen 0.401 Haiti 0.277 Hungary 0.711 Tunisia 0.566 Morocco 0.495 Bhutan 0.455 Syria 0.400 Somalia 0.258 Uruguay 0.703 Romania 0.566 Malaysia 0.494 India 0.449 Nigeria 0.395 Gaza / West Bank 0.208 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.702 Belize 0.561 Argentina 0.494 Mali 0.448 Ethiopia 0.390 AVERAGE 0.530
49
RULE OF LAW INDICATOR (REGIONAL RANKING IN DESCENDING ORDER)
AFRICA EU OECD LATIN AMERICA AND THE
CARIBBEAN ASIA PACIFIC ARAB STATES CIS CENTRAL ASIA BALKANS
Mauritius 0.681 Finland 0.903 Chile 0.808 Singapore 0.785 Kuwait 0.585 Croatia 0.570
Cape Verde 0.665 Iceland 0.889 Barbados 0.749 Afghanistan 0.638 Bahrain 0.574 Moldavia 0.544 Botswana 0.625 New Zealand 0.889 Uruguay 0.703 Mongolia 0.550 Jordan 0.574 Serbia 0.542
Namibia 0.624 Sweden 0.872 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.702 Fiji 0.536 Tunisia 0.566 Georgia 0.536
Ghana 0.603 Denmark 0.871 Bahamas 0.676 Thailand 0.496 Qatar 0.551 Macedonia 0.532 Seychelles 0.593 Norway 0.868 Costa Rica 0.618 Malaysia 0.494 Algeria 0.495 Ukraine 0.528
Lesotho 0.566 Australia 0.851 Saint Lucia 0.616 Maldives 0.490 United Arab Emirates 0.495 Albania 0.524
Senegal 0.550 Switzerland 0.843 Dominica 0.582 China 0.489 Morocco 0.495 Armenia 0.521 Malawi 0.512 United Kingdom 0.840 Belize 0.561 Brunei 0.482 Egypt 0.490 Bosnia Herzegovina 0.516
Mauritania 0.497 Luxemburg 0.832 El Salvador 0.558 Salomon Islands 0.472 Oman 0.457 Kirghizstan 0.498
Tanzania 0.487 Austria 0.831 Jamaica 0.554 Sri Lanka 0.466 Saudi Arabia 0.431 Russia 0.478 Gambia 0.485 Germany 0.828 Brazil 0.536 Bhutan 0.455 Lebanon 0.426 Kazakhstan 0.476
Gabon 0.480 Canada 0.828 Peru 0.527 India 0.449 Yemen 0.401 Azerbaijan 0.475
Zambia 0.479 Netherlands 0.824 Grenada 0.520 Tonga 0.446 Syria 0.400 Tadzhikistan 0.472 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.476 Ireland 0.807 Trinidad and Tobago 0.501 Viet Nam 0.436 Libya 0.378 Montenegro 0.446
Rwanda 0.471 United States 0.803 Nicaragua 0.495 Philippines 0.435 Djibouti 0.376 Uzbekistan 0.440
Burkina Faso 0.471 Japan 0.774 Argentina 0.494 Indonesia 0.432 Sudan 0.364 Belarus 0.440 Uganda 0.470 Estonia 0.765 Colombia 0.491 Cambodia 0.430 Iraq 0.296 Turkmenistan 0.285
Madagascar 0.462 France 0.763 Dominican Republic 0.483 Nepal 0.428 Somalia 0.258
Swaziland 0.462 Spain 0.753 Panama 0.480 Papua New Guinea 0.411 Gaza / West Bank 0.208 Guinea 0.461 Belgium 0.750 Honduras 0.475 Laos 0.405
Mali 0.448 Cyprus 0.741 Guyana 0.465 Iran 0.381
Benin 0.443 Portugal 0.736 Bolivia 0.447 Bangladesh 0.357 Kenya 0.442 Malta 0.726 Ecuador 0.447 Pakistan 0.347
Niger 0.436 Hungary 0.711 Paraguay 0.430 East Timor 0.338
Mozambique 0.432 Czech Republic 0.679 Guatemala 0.411 North Korea 0.337 Comoros 0.424 South Korea 0.670 Surinam 0.409 Myanmar 0.306
Ivory Coast 0.409 Lithuania 0.667 Venezuela 0.389
Burundi 0.408 Israel 0.649 Cuba 0.339 Togo 0.405 Latvia 0.647 Haiti 0.277
Nigeria 0.395 Slovenia 0.642
Ethiopia 0.390 Slovakia 0.623 Sierra Leone 0.388 Greece 0.607
Zimbabwe 0.381 Poland 0.604 Guinea Bissau 0.379 Mexico 0.577
Equatorial Guinea 0.376 Bulgaria 0.571
Congo 0.376 Romania 0.566 Cameroon 0.358 Turkey 0.557
Eritrea 0.351 Italy 0.553
Liberia 0.341 Central Africa Republic 0.341
Chad 0.326
DRC 0.318 South Africa 0.315
Angola 0.305
AVERAGE 0.451 AVERAGE 0.741 AVERAGE 0.525 AVERAGE 0.455 AVERAGE 0.441 AVERAGE 0.490
50
HUMAN RIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION APPENDIX CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS SUB-INDICATOR Index: Respect of Civil Rights The data is drawn from the Cingranelli-Richard (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset33 on the basis of the results obtained in the following domains: Freedom of Movement, Political Participation, Worker's Rights, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Assembly and Association. The assessment scale runs from 0 to 10, where 0 is the worst score and 10 the best. The index was calculated according to the following formula:
Index: Respect for Physical Integrity Rights The data is drawn from the Cingranelli-Richard (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset on the basis of the results obtained in the following domains: Torture, Disappearance or Political Abductions, Extrajudicial Killing, and Political Imprisonment. The assessment scale runs from 0 to 8, where 0 is the worst score and 8 the best.
Index: Freedom of the Press The data is drawn from the NGO RSF's 2008 Annual Report: Freedom of the Press Worldwide.34 The index is the result of a survey for more than fifty criteria throughout the year by a large number of journalists' associations and organizations partnered with RSF. The index was calculated according to the following formula with the highest value being 114.75 (for Eritrea) and the lowest 0.75 (Norway).
33 http://ciri.binghamton.edu/index.asp 34 http://www.rsf.org/index.php?page=rubrique&id_rubrique=2
Country score Index =
10
Country score Index =
8
Country score – Lowest score 100 - 100 x Highest score – Lowest score Index =
100
51
Index: Violence against Media Representatives For this sub-category, the data is drawn from the CPJ (Committee to Protect Journalists), which lists every year the number of murders, abductions, and disappearances of journalists and media workers, as well as the number of imprisoned journalists.35 The index was calculated as previously with the highest value being 51 (for Iraq) and the lowest 0. The Political and Civil Rights sub-indicator is cal culated by producing the average of the four indexes in this category. PARTICIPATION SUB-INDICATOR Index: Political Participation Index: Electoral Process and Pluralism Index: Political Culture The data used for these three indexes is drawn from the Democracy Index determined by the EIU on the basis of data related, among others, to the degree of participation in political life, to the effective share of pluralism in the different electoral processes, and to the political culture of citizens. Each of the sub-categories is expressed along a scale running from 0 to 10 (0 being the lowest score and 10 the highest). For each of these indexes, the following formula was applied: The Participation sub-indicator is calculated by pr oducing the average of the three indexes in this category. GENDER DISCRIMINATION / INEQUALITY SUB-INDICATOR This category deals with inequalities between men's and women's rights, women's political, economic, and social rights in particular, on the basis of the data provided in the Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Dataset.36 Each of these indexes is rated on a scale of 0 (no rights) to 3 (maximum rights).
35 http://www.cpj.org/deadly/killed07.html 36 http://ciri.binghamton.edu/
Country score Index =
10
Country score – Lowest score 100 - 100 x Highest score. – Lowest score Index =
100
52
Index: Women’s Political Rights These rights include a number of internationally recognized rights: voting rights, the right to run for political office, and the right to hold elected and appointed government positions. Index: Women’s Social Rights Included in these rights, which are also internationally recognized rights, are the right to equal inheritance, the right to enter into marriage on a basis of equality with men, the right to travel abroad, the right to initiate a divorce, etc. Index: Women’s Civil Rights Equal pay for equal work, free choice of profession or employment, non-discrimination by employers, the right to be free from sexual harassment in the workplace, the right to work in the military and the police force are the main rights taken into account in this sub-category. The three above indexes were grouped into a single index, which runs on a scale of 0 (worst score) and 9 (best possible score), calculated as follows: Index: Female Parliamentary Representation The data is drawn from the Inter-Parliamentary Union Web site, which provides the percentage of seats held by women in national parliaments.37 Parity being set at 50%, the index was calculated with the following formula: The Gender Discrimination / Inequality sub-indicato r is calculated by producing the average of the four indexes in this category. The HUMAN RIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION indicator is the average of the three previously determined sub-indicators. The final score at the world level is the average o f the 179 countries
surveyed, or: 0.571
37 http://www.ipu.org/wmn-f/classif.htm)
Country score Index =
9
Country score x 2 Index =
100
53
HUMAN RIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION
HU
MA
N R
IGH
TS
IN
DIC
AT
OR
Civil and Political Rights Participation Women's Rights
Res
pec
t o
f C
ivil
Rig
hts
Ind
ex
Res
pec
t o
f P
hys
ical
In
teg
rity
Rig
hts
Ind
ex
Fre
edo
m o
f th
e P
ress
Ind
ex
Vio
len
ce
agai
nst
th
e P
ress
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Po
litic
al P
arti
cip
atio
n
Ind
ex
Ele
cto
ral P
roce
ss
and
Plu
ralis
m
Ind
ex
Po
litic
al C
ult
ure
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Po
litic
al, C
ivil
and
S
oci
al R
igh
ts
Ind
ex
Fem
ale
Par
liam
enta
ry
Rep
rese
nta
tio
n
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Afghanistan 2.0 0.200 4.0 0.500 56.50 0.511 3.0 0.941 0.538 2.22 0.222 6.17 0.617 2.50 0.250 0.363 4.0 0.444 27.7 0.554 0.499 0.467
Albania 7.0 0.700 6.0 0.750 25.50 0.783 0.0 1.000 0.808 4.44 0.444 7.33 0.733 5.63 0.563 0.580 5.0 0.556 7.1 0.142 0.349 0.579
Algeria 1.0 0.100 1.0 0.125 40.50 0.651 0.0 1.000 0.469 2.22 0.222 2.25 0.225 5.63 0.563 0.337 5.0 0.556 7.7 0.154 0.355 0.387
Angola 4.0 0.400 4.0 0.500 26.50 0.774 0 1.000 0.669 1.11 0.111 0.50 0.050 5.63 0.563 0.241 5.0 0.556 15.0 0.300 0.428 0.446
Argentina 9.0 0.900 5.0 0.625 24.83 0.789 0.0 1.000 0.828 5.56 0.556 8.75 0.875 5.63 0.563 0.665 7.0 0.778 40.0 0.800 0.789 0.761
Armenia 4.0 0.400 5.0 0.625 23.63 0.799 0.0 1.000 0.706 3.89 0.389 4.33 0.433 3.13 0.313 0.378 5.0 0.556 9.2 0.184 0.370 0.485
Australia 9.0 0.900 7.0 0.875 8.79 0.929 0.0 1.000 0.926 7.78 0.778 10.00 1.000 8.75 0.875 0.884 7.0 0.778 26.7 0.534 0.656 0.822
Austria 9.0 0.900 7.0 0.875 4.25 0.969 0.0 1.000 0.936 7.78 0.778 9.58 0.958 8.75 0.875 0.870 8.0 0.889 32.8 0.656 0.772 0.860
Azerbaijan 3.0 0.300 2.0 0.250 55.40 0.521 0.0 1.000 0.518 3.33 0.333 3.08 0.308 3.75 0.375 0.339 5.0 0.556 11.4 0.228 0.392 0.416
Bahamas 8.0 0.800 6.0 0.750 18.50 0.844 0.0 1.000 0.849 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 1.000 6.0 0.667 12.2 0.244 0.455 0.768
Bahrain 2.0 0.200 6.0 0.750 38.00 0.673 0.0 1.000 0.656 2.78 0.278 3.50 0.350 5.00 0.500 0.376 3.0 0.333 2.5 0.050 0.192 0.408
Bangladesh 6.0 0.600 0.0 0.000 53.17 0.540 0.0 1.000 0.535 4.44 0.444 7.42 0.742 6.25 0.625 0.604 5.0 0.556 0.0 0.000 0.278 0.472
Barbados 9.0 0.900 6.0 0.750 19.50 0.836 0.0 1.000 0.871 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 1.000 8.0 0.889 10.0 0.200 0.544 0.805
Belarus 0.0 0.000 4.0 0.500 63.63 0.448 0.0 1.000 0.487 3.33 0.333 2.58 0.258 4.38 0.438 0.343 5.0 0.556 29.1 0.582 0.569 0.466
Belgium 10.0 1.000 8.0 1.000 1.50 0.993 0.0 1.000 0.998 6.67 0.667 9.58 0.958 6.88 0.688 0.771 8.0 0.889 35.3 0.706 0.797 0.856
Belize 9.0 0.900 6.0 0.750 25.00 0.787 0.0 1.000 0.859 8.75 0.875 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 0.958 5.0 0.556 0.0 0.000 0.278 0.698
Benin 7.0 0.700 6.0 0.750 17.00 0.857 0 1.000 0.827 3.89 0.389 6.83 0.683 6.88 0.688 0.587 5.0 0.556 10.8 0.216 0.386 0.600
Bhutan 2.0 0.200 7.0 0.875 37.17 0.681 0.0 1.000 0.689 1.11 0.111 0.08 0.008 3.75 0.375 0.165 6.0 0.667 2.7 0.054 0.360 0.405
Bolivia 7.0 0.700 6.0 0.750 21.50 0.818 0.0 1.000 0.817 4.44 0.444 8.33 0.833 3.75 0.375 0.551 5.0 0.556 16.9 0.338 0.447 0.605
Bosnia Herzegovina 5.0 0.500 7.0 0.875 11.17 0.909 0.0 1.000 0.821 4.44 0.444 8.25 0.825 5.00 0.500 0.590 5.0 0.556 11.9 0.238 0.397 0.602
Botswana 7.0 0.700 6.0 0.750 23.50 0.800 0 1.000 0.813 1.11 0.111 9.17 0.917 3.75 0.375 0.468 5.0 0.556 11.1 0.222 0.389 0.556
Brazil 9.0 0.900 2.0 0.250 25.25 0.785 1.0 0.980 0.729 4.44 0.444 9.58 0.958 5.63 0.563 0.655 6.0 0.667 9.0 0.180 0.423 0.602
Brunei 1.0 0.100 7.0 0.875 88.00 0.235 0.0 1.000 0.552 1.87 0.187 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.062 3.0 0.333 0.0 0.000 0.167 0.260
Bulgaria 6.0 0.600 6.0 0.750 16.25 0.864 0.0 1.000 0.804 6.67 0.667 9.58 0.958 5.00 0.500 0.708 6.0 0.667 21.7 0.434 0.550 0.687
Burkina Faso 6.0 0.600 5.0 0.625 21.50 0.818 0 1.000 0.761 2.78 0.278 4.00 0.400 5.63 0.563 0.414 5.0 0.556 15.3 0.306 0.431 0.535
Burundi 5.0 0.500 1.0 0.125 43.40 0.626 0 1.000 0.563 3.89 0.389 4.42 0.442 6.25 0.625 0.485 7.0 0.778 30.5 0.610 0.694 0.581
Cambodia 5.0 0.500 3.0 0.375 25.33 0.784 0.0 1.000 0.665 2.78 0.278 5.58 0.558 5.00 0.500 0.445 5.0 0.556 19.5 0.390 0.473 0.528
Cameroon 4.0 0.400 4.0 0.500 36.00 0.691 0 1.000 0.648 2.78 0.278 0.92 0.092 5.63 0.563 0.311 4.0 0.444 13.9 0.278 0.361 0.440
Canada 10.0 1.000 7.0 0.875 4.88 0.964 0.0 1.000 0.960 7.78 0.778 9.17 0.917 8.75 0.875 0.857 6.0 0.667 21.3 0.426 0.546 0.788
Cape Verde 8.0 0.800 7.0 0.875 14.00 0.884 0 1.000 0.890 5.00 0.500 9.17 0.917 6.88 0.688 0.702 5.0 0.556 18.1 0.362 0.459 0.683
Central Africa Republic 3.0 0.300 3.0 0.375 22.50 0.809 0 1.000 0.621 1.67 0.167 0.42 0.042 1.88 0.188 0.132 4.0 0.444 10.5 0.210 0.327 0.360
Chad 2.0 0.200 2.0 0.250 36.50 0.686 0 1.000 0.534 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.500 0.167 4.0 0.444 5.2 0.104 0.274 0.325
Chile 6.0 0.600 7.0 0.875 12.13 0.900 0.0 1.000 0.844 5.00 0.500 9.58 0.958 6.25 0.625 0.694 6.0 0.667 15.0 0.300 0.483 0.674
China 2.0 0.200 1.0 0.125 89.00 0.226 1.0 0.980 0.383 2.78 0.278 0.00 0.000 6.25 0.625 0.301 5.0 0.556 20.6 0.412 0.484 0.389
Colombia 6.0 0.600 0.0 0.000 42.33 0.635 1.0 0.980 0.554 5.00 0.500 9.17 0.917 4.38 0.438 0.618 5.0 0.556 8.4 0.168 0.362 0.511
Comoros 6.0 0.600 7.0 0.875 28.00 0.761 0 1.000 0.809 4.44 0.444 3.00 0.300 5.63 0.563 0.436 3.0 0.333 3.0 0.060 0.197 0.480
Congo 6.0 0.600 4.0 0.500 24.50 0.792 0 1.000 0.723 2.22 0.222 1.42 0.142 5.63 0.563 0.309 5.0 0.556 7.3 0.146 0.351 0.461
Costa Rica 8.0 0.800 7.0 0.875 6.50 0.950 0.0 1.000 0.906 6.11 0.611 9.58 0.958 6.88 0.688 0.752 9.0 1.000 36.8 0.736 0.868 0.842
Croatia 6.0 0.600 8.0 1.000 12.50 0.897 0.0 1.000 0.874 6.11 0.611 9.17 0.917 5.63 0.563 0.697 5.0 0.556 20.9 0.418 0.487 0.686
Cuba 0.0 0.000 5.0 0.625 96.17 0.163 0.0 1.000 0.447 3.89 0.389 1.75 0.175 4.38 0.438 0.334 9.0 1.000 43.2 0.864 0.932 0.571
Cyprus 9.0 0.900 7.0 0.875 14.00 0.884 0.0 1.000 0.915 6.67 0.667 9.17 0.917 6.25 0.625 0.736 5.0 0.556 14.3 0.286 0.421 0.691
Czech Republic 7.0 0.700 7.0 0.875 4.00 0.971 0.0 1.000 0.887 7.22 0.722 9.58 0.958 8.13 0.813 0.831 6.0 0.667 15.5 0.310 0.488 0.735
Denmark 10.0 1.000 8.0 1.000 2.00 0.989 0.0 1.000 0.997 8.89 0.889 10.00 1.000 9.38 0.938 0.942 7.0 0.778 38.0 0.760 0.769 0.903
Djibouti 4.0 0.400 6.0 0.750 50.25 0.566 0 1.000 0.679 0.56 0.056 2.50 0.250 5.00 0.500 0.269 6.0 0.667 13.8 0.276 0.471 0.473
Dominica 10.0 1.000 3.0 0.375 42.00 0.638 0.0 1.000 0.753 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 1.000 5.0 0.556 16.1 0.322 0.439 0.731
Dominican Republic 8.0 0.800 3.0 0.375 22.75 0.807 0.0 1.000 0.746 3.33 0.333 9.17 0.917 5.63 0.563 0.604 5.0 0.556 19.7 0.394 0.475 0.608
DRC 2.0 0.200 1.0 0.125 50.50 0.564 1 0.980 0.467 2.78 0.278 4.58 0.458 3.75 0.375 0.370 4.0 0.444 8.4 0.168 0.306 0.381
East Timor 2.0 0.200 2.0 0.250 27.00 0.770 0.0 1.000 0.555 5.00 0.500 7.00 0.700 6.25 0.625 0.608 2.0 0.222 29.2 0.584 0.403 0.522
Ecuador 6.0 0.600 4.0 0.500 18.50 0.844 0.0 1.000 0.736 5.00 0.500 7.83 0.783 3.13 0.313 0.532 5.0 0.556 25.0 0.500 0.528 0.599
54
HUMAN RIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION
HU
MA
N R
IGH
TS
IN
DIC
AT
OR
Civil and Political Rights Participation Women's Rights
Res
pec
t o
f C
ivil
Rig
hts
Ind
ex
Res
pec
t o
f P
hys
ical
In
teg
rity
Rig
hts
Ind
ex
Fre
edo
m o
f th
e P
ress
Ind
ex
Vio
len
ce
agai
nst
th
e P
ress
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Po
litic
al P
arti
cip
atio
n
Ind
ex
Ele
cto
ral P
roce
ss
and
Plu
ralis
m
Ind
ex
Po
litic
al C
ult
ure
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Po
litic
al, C
ivil
and
S
oci
al R
igh
ts
Ind
ex
Fem
ale
Par
liam
enta
ry
Rep
rese
nta
tio
n
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Egypt 3.0 0.300 3.0 0.375 58.00 0.498 0.0 1.000 0.543 2.78 0.278 2.67 0.267 6.88 0.688 0.411 3.0 0.333 1.8 0.036 0.185 0.380
El Salvador 8.0 0.800 5.0 0.625 20.20 0.829 1.0 0.980 0.809 3.89 0.389 9.17 0.917 4.38 0.438 0.581 5.0 0.556 16.7 0.334 0.445 0.612
Equatorial Guinea 1.0 0.100 3.0 0.375 65.25 0.434 0 1.000 0.477 1.11 0.111 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.500 0.204 5.0 0.556 18.0 0.360 0.458 0.380
Eritrea 0.0 0.000 2.0 0.250 114.75 0.000 2 0.961 0.303 1.11 0.111 0.00 0.000 6.25 0.625 0.245 5.0 0.556 22.0 0.440 0.498 0.349
Estonia 7.0 0.700 7.0 0.875 1.00 0.998 0.0 1.000 0.893 5.00 0.500 9.58 0.958 7.50 0.750 0.736 4.0 0.444 20.8 0.416 0.430 0.686
Ethiopia 3.0 0.300 1.0 0.125 63.00 0.454 0 1.000 0.470 5.00 0.500 4.00 0.400 6.25 0.625 0.508 5.0 0.556 21.9 0.438 0.497 0.492
Fiji 5.0 0.500 5.0 0.625 33.50 0.713 0.0 1.000 0.709 3.33 0.333 6.50 0.650 5.00 0.500 0.494 6.0 0.667 0.0 0.000 0.333 0.512
Finland 10.0 1.000 7.0 0.875 1.50 0.993 0.0 1.000 0.967 7.78 0.778 10.00 1.000 8.75 0.875 0.884 8.0 0.889 41.5 0.830 0.859 0.904
France 9.0 0.900 7.0 0.875 9.75 0.921 0.0 1.000 0.924 6.67 0.667 9.58 0.958 7.50 0.750 0.792 6.0 0.667 18.2 0.364 0.515 0.744
Gabon 6.0 0.600 5.0 0.625 31.50 0.730 0 1.000 0.739 2.22 0.222 0.50 0.050 5.63 0.563 0.278 5.0 0.556 16.7 0.334 0.445 0.487
Gambia 7.0 0.700 3.0 0.375 48.25 0.583 0 1.000 0.665 4.44 0.444 4.00 0.400 5.63 0.563 0.469 4.0 0.444 9.4 0.188 0.316 0.483
Gaza / West Bank 1.0 0.100 0.0 0.000 69.83 0.394 2.0 0.961 0.364 7.78 0.778 8.25 0.825 6.88 0.688 0.764 2.0 0.222 0.0 0.000 0.111 0.413
Georgia 6.0 0.600 4.0 0.500 20.83 0.824 0.0 1.000 0.731 3.33 0.333 7.92 0.792 5.00 0.500 0.542 5.0 0.556 9.4 0.188 0.372 0.548
Germany 7.0 0.700 8.0 1.000 5.75 0.956 0.0 1.000 0.914 7.78 0.778 9.58 0.958 8.75 0.875 0.870 8.0 0.889 31.6 0.632 0.760 0.848
Ghana 7.0 0.700 5.0 0.625 9.00 0.928 0 1.000 0.813 4.44 0.444 7.42 0.742 4.38 0.438 0.541 5.0 0.556 10.9 0.218 0.387 0.580
Greece 5.0 0.500 5.0 0.625 9.25 0.925 0.0 1.000 0.763 6.67 0.667 9.58 0.958 7.50 0.750 0.792 6.0 0.667 14.7 0.294 0.480 0.678
Grenada 10.0 1.000 6.0 0.750 27.00 0.770 0.0 1.000 0.880 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 1.000 8.0 0.889 26.7 0.534 0.711 0.864
Guatemala 8.0 0.800 5.0 0.625 33.00 0.717 1.0 0.980 0.781 2.78 0.278 8.75 0.875 4.38 0.438 0.530 6.0 0.667 12.0 0.240 0.453 0.588
Guinea 3.0 0.300 4.0 0.500 33.50 0.713 0 1.000 0.628 2.22 0.222 1.00 0.100 3.75 0.375 0.232 5.0 0.556 19.3 0.386 0.471 0.444
Guinea Bissau 6.0 0.600 7.0 0.875 33.50 0.713 0 1.000 0.797 3.33 0.333 2.08 0.208 1.88 0.188 0.243 5.0 0.556 14.0 0.280 0.418 0.486
Guyana 7.0 0.700 5.0 0.625 31.00 0.735 0.0 1.000 0.765 4.44 0.444 8.33 0.833 4.38 0.438 0.572 5.0 0.556 29.0 0.580 0.568 0.635
Haiti 9.0 0.900 4.0 0.500 23.50 0.800 2.0 0.961 0.790 2.78 0.278 5.58 0.558 2.50 0.250 0.362 4.0 0.444 4.1 0.082 0.263 0.472
Honduras 7.0 0.700 5.0 0.625 25.50 0.783 0.0 1.000 0.777 4.44 0.444 8.33 0.833 5.00 0.500 0.592 5.0 0.556 23.4 0.468 0.512 0.627
Hungary 9.0 0.900 7.0 0.875 4.50 0.967 0.0 1.000 0.936 5.00 0.500 9.58 0.958 6.88 0.688 0.715 5.0 0.556 11.1 0.222 0.389 0.680
Iceland 10.0 1.000 8.0 1.000 0.75 1.000 0.0 1.000 1.000 8.89 0.889 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 0.963 8.0 0.889 33.3 0.666 0.777 0.913
India 6.0 0.600 0.0 0.000 39.33 0.662 3.0 0.941 0.551 5.56 0.556 9.58 0.958 5.63 0.563 0.692 5.0 0.556 9.1 0.182 0.369 0.537
Indonesia 6.0 0.600 4.0 0.500 30.50 0.739 0.0 1.000 0.710 5.00 0.500 6.92 0.692 6.25 0.625 0.606 4.0 0.444 11.6 0.232 0.338 0.551
Iran 0.0 0.000 1.0 0.125 96.50 0.160 0.0 1.000 0.321 3.89 0.389 0.08 0.008 5.63 0.563 0.320 2.0 0.222 4.1 0.082 0.152 0.264
Iraq 4.0 0.400 1.0 0.125 67.83 0.412 51.0 0.000 0.234 5.56 0.556 4.75 0.475 5.63 0.563 0.531 5.0 0.556 25.5 0.510 0.533 0.433
Ireland 9.0 0.900 7.0 0.875 2.00 0.989 0.0 1.000 0.941 7.78 0.778 9.58 0.958 8.75 0.875 0.870 6.0 0.667 13.3 0.266 0.466 0.759
Israel 6.0 0.600 2.0 0.250 13.25 0.890 0.0 1.000 0.685 7.78 0.778 9.17 0.917 7.50 0.750 0.815 5.0 0.556 14.2 0.284 0.420 0.640
Italy 9.0 0.900 6.0 0.750 11.25 0.908 0.0 1.000 0.889 6.11 0.611 9.17 0.917 8.13 0.813 0.780 6.0 0.667 17.3 0.346 0.506 0.725
Ivory Coast 3.0 0.300 2.0 0.250 27.00 0.770 0 1.000 0.580 3.33 0.333 1.25 0.125 5.63 0.563 0.340 5.0 0.556 8.9 0.178 0.367 0.429
Jamaica 8.0 0.800 5.0 0.625 8.63 0.931 0.0 1.000 0.839 5.00 0.500 9.17 0.917 6.25 0.625 0.681 5.0 0.556 13.3 0.266 0.411 0.643
Japan 10.0 1.000 8.0 1.000 11.75 0.904 0.0 1.000 0.976 5.56 0.556 9.17 0.917 8.75 0.875 0.783 5.0 0.556 9.4 0.188 0.372 0.710
Jordan 3.0 0.300 4.0 0.500 40.21 0.654 0.0 1.000 0.613 3.89 0.389 3.08 0.308 5.00 0.500 0.399 3.0 0.333 6.4 0.128 0.231 0.414
Kazakhstan 3.0 0.300 4.0 0.500 41.63 0.641 0.0 1.000 0.610 3.33 0.333 2.67 0.267 4.38 0.438 0.346 5.0 0.556 15.9 0.318 0.437 0.464
Kenya 6.0 0.600 3.0 0.375 23.75 0.798 0 1.000 0.693 5.56 0.556 4.33 0.433 6.25 0.625 0.538 4.0 0.444 7.2 0.144 0.294 0.509
Kirghizstan 6.0 0.600 4.0 0.500 33.60 0.712 1.0 0.980 0.698 2.78 0.278 5.75 0.575 5.00 0.500 0.451 3.0 0.333 25.6 0.512 0.423 0.524
Kuwait 3.0 0.300 7.0 0.875 20.17 0.830 0.0 1.000 0.751 1.11 0.111 1.33 0.133 5.63 0.563 0.269 0.0 0.000 1.5 0.030 0.015 0.345
Laos 1.0 0.100 4.0 0.500 75.00 0.349 0.0 1.000 0.487 1.11 0.111 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.500 0.204 6.0 0.667 25.2 0.504 0.585 0.425
Latvia 8.0 0.800 7.0 0.875 3.50 0.976 0.0 1.000 0.913 5.00 0.500 7.75 0.775 5.63 0.563 0.613 5.0 0.556 20.0 0.400 0.478 0.668
Lebanon 5.0 0.500 6.0 0.750 28.75 0.754 0.0 1.000 0.751 6.11 0.611 7.92 0.792 6.25 0.625 0.676 3.0 0.333 4.7 0.094 0.214 0.547
Lesotho 8.0 0.800 6.0 0.750 29.50 0.748 0 1.000 0.824 4.44 0.444 7.92 0.792 6.25 0.625 0.620 5.0 0.556 25.0 0.500 0.528 0.658
Liberia 8.0 0.800 5.0 0.625 25.33 0.784 0 1.000 0.802 5.00 0.500 7.75 0.775 5.63 0.563 0.613 7.0 0.778 12.5 0.250 0.514 0.643
Libya 1.0 0.100 3.0 0.375 66.50 0.423 0.0 1.000 0.475 1.11 0.111 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.500 0.204 3.0 0.333 7.7 0.154 0.244 0.307
Lithuania 7.0 0.700 7.0 0.875 7.00 0.945 0.0 1.000 0.880 6.67 0.667 9.58 0.958 5.63 0.563 0.729 7.0 0.778 22.7 0.454 0.616 0.742
Luxemburg 10.0 1.000 8.0 1.000 1.50 0.993 0.0 1.000 0.998 7.78 0.778 10.00 1.000 8.75 0.875 0.884 8.0 0.889 23.3 0.466 0.677 0.853
Macedonia 7.0 0.700 5.0 0.625 11.50 0.906 0.0 1.000 0.808 7.22 0.722 8.25 0.825 3.75 0.375 0.641 5.0 0.556 29.2 0.584 0.570 0.673
55
HUMAN RIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION
HU
MA
N R
IGH
TS
IN
DIC
AT
OR
Civil and Political Rights Participation Women's Rights
Res
pec
t o
f C
ivil
Rig
hts
Ind
ex
Res
pec
t o
f P
hys
ical
In
teg
rity
Rig
hts
Ind
ex
Fre
edo
m o
f th
e P
ress
Ind
ex
Vio
len
ce
agai
nst
th
e P
ress
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Po
litic
al P
arti
cip
atio
n
Ind
ex
Ele
cto
ral P
roce
ss
and
Plu
ralis
m
Ind
ex
Po
litic
al C
ult
ure
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Po
litic
al, C
ivil
and
S
oci
al R
igh
ts
Ind
ex
Fem
ale
Par
liam
enta
ry
Rep
rese
nta
tio
n
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Madagascar 7.0 0.700 5.0 0.625 20.00 0.831 0 1.000 0.789 5.56 0.556 5.67 0.567 6.88 0.688 0.604 5.0 0.556 7.9 0.158 0.357 0.583
Malawi 6.0 0.600 4.0 0.500 26.75 0.772 0 1.000 0.718 3.89 0.389 6.00 0.600 4.38 0.438 0.476 5.0 0.556 13.0 0.260 0.408 0.534
Malaysia 3.0 0.300 4.0 0.500 41.00 0.647 0.0 1.000 0.612 4.44 0.444 6.08 0.608 7.50 0.750 0.601 5.0 0.556 10.0 0.200 0.378 0.530
Maldives 4.0 0.400 5.0 0.625 45.17 0.610 0.0 1.000 0.659 2.50 0.250 2.50 0.250 2.50 0.250 0.250 5.0 0.556 12.0 0.240 0.398 0.436
Mali 8.0 0.800 6.0 0.750 16.50 0.862 0 1.000 0.853 3.89 0.389 8.25 0.825 5.63 0.563 0.592 5.0 0.556 10.2 0.204 0.380 0.608
Malta 9.0 0.900 8.0 1.000 1.50 0.993 0.0 1.000 0.973 6.11 0.611 9.17 0.917 8.75 0.875 0.801 6.0 0.667 9.2 0.184 0.425 0.733
Mauritania 4.0 0.400 6.0 0.750 15.50 0.871 0 1.000 0.755 2.22 0.222 1.83 0.183 3.13 0.313 0.239 5.0 0.556 22.1 0.442 0.499 0.498
Mauritius 9.0 0.900 5.0 0.625 8.50 0.932 0 1.000 0.864 5.00 0.500 9.17 0.917 8.13 0.813 0.743 6.0 0.667 17.1 0.342 0.504 0.704
Mexico 7.0 0.700 1.0 0.125 53.63 0.536 3.0 0.941 0.576 5.00 0.500 8.75 0.875 5.00 0.500 0.625 6.0 0.667 23.2 0.464 0.565 0.589
Moldavia 5.0 0.500 5.0 0.625 24.75 0.789 0.0 1.000 0.729 6.11 0.611 9.17 0.917 5.00 0.500 0.676 6.0 0.667 21.8 0.436 0.551 0.652
Mongolia 7.0 0.700 4.0 0.500 23.40 0.801 0.0 1.000 0.750 3.89 0.389 9.17 0.917 5.63 0.563 0.623 4.0 0.444 6.6 0.132 0.288 0.554
Montenegro 8.0 0.800 6.0 0.750 19.00 0.840 0.0 1.000 0.847 5.00 0.500 9.17 0.917 5.63 0.563 0.660 3.0 0.333 11.1 0.222 0.278 0.595
Morocco 5.0 0.500 4.0 0.500 33.25 0.715 0.0 1.000 0.679 2.78 0.278 3.50 0.350 5.63 0.563 0.397 5.0 0.556 10.5 0.210 0.383 0.486
Mozambique 5.0 0.500 5.0 0.625 23.00 0.805 0 1.000 0.732 4.44 0.444 5.25 0.525 6.88 0.688 0.552 7.0 0.778 34.8 0.696 0.737 0.674
Myanmar 1.0 0.100 0.0 0.000 93.75 0.184 1.0 0.980 0.316 0.56 0.056 0.00 0.000 5.63 0.563 0.206 0.0 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.174
Namibia 8.0 0.800 5.0 0.625 8.50 0.932 0 1.000 0.839 6.67 0.667 4.75 0.475 8.75 0.875 0.672 5.0 0.556 26.9 0.538 0.547 0.686
Nepal 3.0 0.300 1.0 0.125 53.75 0.535 2.0 0.961 0.480 2.22 0.222 0.08 0.008 5.63 0.563 0.264 3.0 0.333 17.3 0.346 0.340 0.361
Netherlands 10.0 1.000 8.0 1.000 3.50 0.976 0.0 1.000 0.994 9.44 0.944 9.58 0.958 10.00 1.000 0.967 8.0 0.889 39.3 0.786 0.837 0.933
New Zealand 10.0 1.000 7.0 0.875 4.17 0.970 0.0 1.000 0.961 8.33 0.833 10.00 1.000 8.13 0.813 0.882 7.0 0.778 33.1 0.662 0.720 0.854
Nicaragua 8.0 0.800 5.0 0.625 14.25 0.882 0.0 1.000 0.827 3.33 0.333 8.25 0.825 3.75 0.375 0.511 5.0 0.556 18.5 0.370 0.463 0.600
Niger 5.0 0.500 5.0 0.625 25.50 0.783 0 1.000 0.727 1.67 0.167 5.25 0.525 3.75 0.375 0.356 5.0 0.556 12.4 0.248 0.402 0.495
Nigeria 4.0 0.400 2.0 0.250 49.83 0.569 0 1.000 0.555 4.44 0.444 3.08 0.308 4.38 0.438 0.397 2.0 0.222 7.0 0.140 0.181 0.378
North Korea 0.0 0.000 0.0 0.000 108.75 0.053 0.0 1.000 0.263 0.56 0.056 0.83 0.083 1.25 0.125 0.088 5.0 0.556 20.1 0.402 0.479 0.277
Norway 10.0 1.000 8.0 1.000 0.75 1.000 0.0 1.000 1.000 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 8.13 0.813 0.938 9.0 1.000 36.1 0.722 0.861 0.933
Oman 3.0 0.300 7.0 0.875 81.00 0.296 0.0 1.000 0.618 1.67 0.167 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.500 0.222 5.0 0.556 0.0 0.000 0.278 0.373
Pakistan 4.0 0.400 0.0 0.000 64.83 0.438 5.0 0.902 0.435 0.56 0.056 4.33 0.433 4.38 0.438 0.309 4.0 0.444 22.5 0.450 0.447 0.397
Panama 8.0 0.800 7.0 0.875 17.88 0.850 0.0 1.000 0.881 5.56 0.556 9.58 0.958 5.63 0.563 0.692 5.0 0.556 16.7 0.334 0.445 0.673
Papua New Guinea 8.0 0.800 5.0 0.625 0.00 1.007 0.0 1.000 0.858 4.44 0.444 7.33 0.733 6.25 0.625 0.601 3.0 0.333 0.9 0.018 0.176 0.545
Paraguay 6.0 0.600 4.0 0.500 26.10 0.778 1.0 0.980 0.715 5.00 0.500 7.92 0.792 4.38 0.438 0.577 5.0 0.556 10.0 0.200 0.378 0.556
Peru 6.0 0.600 5.0 0.625 37.38 0.679 1.0 0.980 0.721 5.56 0.556 8.75 0.875 5.00 0.500 0.644 5.0 0.556 29.2 0.584 0.570 0.645
Philippines 8.0 0.800 0.0 0.000 44.75 0.614 2.0 0.961 0.594 5.00 0.500 9.17 0.917 3.75 0.375 0.597 5.0 0.556 20.5 0.410 0.483 0.558
Poland 6.0 0.600 7.0 0.875 18.50 0.844 0.0 1.000 0.830 6.11 0.611 9.58 0.958 5.63 0.563 0.711 5.0 0.556 20.2 0.404 0.480 0.673
Portugal 10.0 1.000 6.0 0.750 2.00 0.989 0.0 1.000 0.935 6.11 0.611 9.58 0.958 7.50 0.750 0.773 5.0 0.556 28.3 0.566 0.561 0.756
Qatar 0.0 0.000 6.0 0.750 24.00 0.796 0.0 1.000 0.637 1.67 0.167 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.500 0.222 3.0 0.333 0.0 0.000 0.167 0.342
Romania 4.0 0.400 5.0 0.625 12.75 0.895 0.0 1.000 0.730 6.11 0.611 9.58 0.958 5.00 0.500 0.690 5.0 0.556 9.4 0.188 0.372 0.597
Russia 3.0 0.300 2.0 0.250 56.90 0.507 2.0 0.961 0.505 5.56 0.556 7.00 0.700 3.75 0.375 0.544 5.0 0.556 14.0 0.280 0.418 0.489
Rwanda 5.0 0.500 4.0 0.500 58.88 0.490 0 1.000 0.623 2.22 0.222 3.00 0.300 5.00 0.500 0.341 7.0 0.778 48.8 0.976 0.877 0.613
Saint Lucia 9.0 0.900 5.0 0.625 19.50 0.836 0.0 1.000 0.840 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 1.000 6.0 0.667 11.1 0.222 0.444 0.761
St Vincent and the Grenadines 8.0 0.800 7.0 0.875 18.50 0.844 0.0 1.000 0.880 9.37 0.937 9.16 0.916 9.16 0.916 0.923 6.0 0.667 18.2 0.364 0.515 0.773
Salomon Islands 9.0 0.900 8.0 1.000 35.00 0.700 0.0 1.000 0.900 6.25 0.625 5.00 0.500 5.00 0.500 0.542 3.0 0.333 0.0 0.000 0.167 0.536
São Tomé and Príncipe 9.0 0.900 6.0 0.750 30.00 0.743 0 1.000 0.848 3.23 0.323 4.00 0.400 5.24 0.524 0.416 5.0 0.556 1.8 0.036 0.296 0.520
Saudi Arabia 0.0 0.000 4.0 0.500 59.75 0.482 0.0 1.000 0.496 1.11 0.111 0.00 0.000 4.38 0.438 0.183 0.0 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.226
Senegal 7.0 0.700 5.0 0.625 25.00 0.787 0 1.000 0.778 3.33 0.333 7.00 0.700 5.63 0.563 0.532 4.0 0.444 22.0 0.440 0.442 0.584
Serbia 5.0 0.500 6.0 0.750 21.00 0.822 0.0 1.000 0.768 5.00 0.500 9.17 0.917 5.63 0.563 0.660 5.0 0.556 20.4 0.408 0.482 0.637
Seychelles 5.0 0.500 8.0 1.000 33.00 0.717 0 1.000 0.804 3.23 0.323 4.00 0.400 5.24 0.524 0.416 7.0 0.778 23.5 0.470 0.624 0.615
Sierra Leone 7.0 0.700 5.0 0.625 39.50 0.660 0 1.000 0.746 2.22 0.222 5.25 0.525 3.75 0.375 0.374 5.0 0.556 13.2 0.264 0.410 0.510
Singapore 5.0 0.500 5.0 0.625 56.00 0.515 0.0 1.000 0.660 2.78 0.278 4.33 0.433 7.50 0.750 0.487 6.0 0.667 24.5 0.490 0.578 0.575
Slovakia 9.0 0.900 7.0 0.875 1.00 0.998 0.0 1.000 0.943 6.11 0.611 9.58 0.958 5.00 0.500 0.690 5.0 0.556 19.3 0.386 0.471 0.701
56
HUMAN RIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION
HU
MA
N R
IGH
TS
IN
DIC
AT
OR
Civil and Political Rights Participation Women's Rights
Res
pec
t o
f C
ivil
Rig
hts
Ind
ex
Res
pec
t o
f P
hys
ical
In
teg
rity
Rig
hts
Ind
ex
Fre
edo
m o
f th
e P
ress
Ind
ex
Vio
len
ce
agai
nst
th
e P
ress
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Po
litic
al P
arti
cip
atio
n
Ind
ex
Ele
cto
ral P
roce
ss
and
Plu
ralis
m
Ind
ex
Po
litic
al C
ult
ure
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Po
litic
al, C
ivil
and
S
oci
al R
igh
ts
Ind
ex
Fem
ale
Par
liam
enta
ry
Rep
rese
nta
tio
n
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Slovenia 8.0 0.800 7.0 0.875 6.50 0.950 0.0 1.000 0.906 6.67 0.667 9.58 0.958 6.88 0.688 0.771 6.0 0.667 12.2 0.244 0.455 0.711
Somalia 0.0 0.000 0.0 0.000 71.50 0.379 8 0.843 0.306 0.00 0.000 0.10 0.010 0.20 0.020 0.010 0.0 0.000 8.2 0.164 0.082 0.133
South Africa 7.0 0.700 4.0 0.500 13.00 0.893 0 1.000 0.773 7.22 0.722 8.75 0.875 6.88 0.688 0.762 7.0 0.778 33.0 0.660 0.719 0.751
South Korea 8.0 0.800 5.0 0.625 12.13 0.900 0.0 1.000 0.831 7.22 0.722 9.58 0.958 7.50 0.750 0.810 5.0 0.556 14.4 0.288 0.422 0.688
Spain 9.0 0.900 5.0 0.625 10.25 0.917 0.0 1.000 0.860 6.11 0.611 9.58 0.958 8.75 0.875 0.815 8.0 0.889 36.6 0.732 0.810 0.829
Sri Lanka 4.0 0.400 2.0 0.250 67.50 0.414 6.0 0.882 0.487 5.56 0.556 6.92 0.692 7.50 0.750 0.666 3.0 0.333 5.8 0.116 0.225 0.459
Sudan 0.0 0.000 1.0 0.125 55.75 0.518 0 1.000 0.411 1.67 0.167 2.25 0.225 5.00 0.500 0.297 4.0 0.444 18.1 0.362 0.403 0.370
Surinam 6.0 0.600 6.0 0.750 26.10 0.778 0.0 1.000 0.782 4.44 0.444 9.17 0.917 5.00 0.500 0.620 5.0 0.556 25.5 0.510 0.533 0.645
Swaziland 4.0 0.400 6.0 0.750 54.50 0.529 0 1.000 0.670 2.22 0.222 1.75 0.175 3.13 0.313 0.237 5.0 0.556 10.8 0.216 0.386 0.431
Sweden 9.0 0.900 7.0 0.875 1.50 0.993 0.0 1.000 0.942 10.00 1.000 10.00 1.000 9.38 0.938 0.979 9.0 1.000 47.0 0.940 0.970 0.964
Switzerland 8.0 0.800 7.0 0.875 3.00 0.980 0.0 1.000 0.914 7.78 0.778 9.58 0.958 8.75 0.875 0.870 5.0 0.556 28.5 0.570 0.563 0.782
Syria 0.0 0.000 2.0 0.250 66.00 0.428 0.0 1.000 0.419 1.67 0.167 0.00 0.000 6.88 0.688 0.285 3.0 0.333 12.4 0.248 0.291 0.332
Tadzhikistan 5.0 0.500 3.0 0.375 37.00 0.682 0.0 1.000 0.639 2.22 0.222 1.83 0.183 6.25 0.625 0.343 5.0 0.556 17.5 0.350 0.453 0.478
Tanzania 3.0 0.300 5.0 0.625 18.00 0.849 0 1.000 0.693 5.06 0.506 6.00 0.600 5.63 0.563 0.556 5.0 0.556 30.4 0.608 0.582 0.611
Thailand 3.0 0.300 3.0 0.375 53.50 0.537 0.0 1.000 0.553 5.00 0.500 4.83 0.483 5.63 0.563 0.515 5.0 0.556 11.7 0.234 0.395 0.488
Togo 3.0 0.300 3.0 0.375 15.17 0.874 0 1.000 0.637 0.56 0.056 0.00 0.000 5.63 0.563 0.206 5.0 0.556 11.1 0.222 0.389 0.411
Tonga 5.0 0.500 7.0 0.875 38.25 0.671 0.0 1.000 0.762 5.60 0.560 2.50 0.250 2.50 0.250 0.353 1.0 0.111 3.3 0.066 0.089 0.401
Trinidad and Tobago 9.0 0.900 6.0 0.750 5.00 0.963 0.0 1.000 0.903 6.11 0.611 9.17 0.917 5.63 0.563 0.697 5.0 0.556 26.8 0.536 0.546 0.715
Tunisia 4.0 0.400 3.0 0.375 57.00 0.507 0.0 1.000 0.570 2.22 0.222 0.00 0.000 6.88 0.688 0.303 5.0 0.556 22.8 0.456 0.506 0.460
Turkey 4.0 0.400 3.0 0.375 31.25 0.732 1.0 0.980 0.622 4.44 0.444 7.92 0.792 3.75 0.375 0.537 3.0 0.333 9.1 0.182 0.258 0.472
Turkmenistan 2.0 0.200 3.0 0.375 103.75 0.096 0.0 1.000 0.418 2.78 0.278 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.500 0.259 5.0 0.556 16.0 0.320 0.438 0.372
Uganda 5.0 0.500 1.0 0.125 28.00 0.761 0 1.000 0.596 4.44 0.444 4.33 0.433 6.25 0.625 0.501 5.0 0.556 30.7 0.614 0.585 0.561
Ukraine 4.0 0.400 6.0 0.750 26.75 0.772 0.0 1.000 0.730 5.56 0.556 9.58 0.958 5.63 0.563 0.692 5.0 0.556 8.2 0.164 0.360 0.594
United Arab Emirates 2.0 0.200 7.0 0.875 20.25 0.829 0.0 1.000 0.726 1.11 0.111 0.00 0.000 5.00 0.500 0.204 3.0 0.333 22.5 0.450 0.392 0.440
United Kingdom 10.0 1.000 7.0 0.875 8.25 0.934 0.0 1.000 0.952 5.00 0.500 9.58 0.958 8.13 0.813 0.757 6.0 0.667 19.5 0.390 0.528 0.746
United States 9.0 0.900 4.0 0.500 14.50 0.879 1.0 0.980 0.815 7.22 0.722 8.75 0.875 8.75 0.875 0.824 7.0 0.778 16.8 0.336 0.557 0.732
Uruguay 9.0 0.900 8.0 1.000 11.75 0.904 0.0 1.000 0.951 5.00 0.500 10.00 1.000 6.88 0.688 0.729 5.0 0.556 12.1 0.242 0.399 0.693
Uzbekistan 0.0 0.000 3.0 0.375 74.88 0.350 0.0 1.000 0.431 2.78 0.278 0.08 0.008 5.00 0.500 0.262 5.0 0.556 17.5 0.350 0.453 0.382
Venezuela 6.0 0.600 2.0 0.250 36.88 0.683 0.0 1.000 0.633 5.56 0.556 7.00 0.700 5.00 0.500 0.585 5.0 0.556 18.6 0.372 0.464 0.561
Viet Nam 0.0 0.000 4.0 0.500 79.25 0.311 0.0 1.000 0.453 2.78 0.278 0.83 0.083 4.38 0.438 0.266 6.0 0.667 25.8 0.516 0.591 0.437
Yemen 2.0 0.200 3.0 0.375 56.67 0.509 0.0 1.000 0.521 2.78 0.278 2.67 0.267 4.38 0.438 0.328 3.0 0.333 0.3 0.006 0.170 0.339
Zambia 6.0 0.600 4.0 0.500 21.50 0.818 0 1.000 0.729 3.33 0.333 5.25 0.525 6.25 0.625 0.494 3.0 0.333 15.2 0.304 0.319 0.514
Zimbabwe 0.0 0.000 2.0 0.250 62.00 0.463 1 0.980 0.423 3.89 0.389 0.17 0.017 5.63 0.563 0.323 4.0 0.444 16.0 0.320 0.382 0.376
57
HUMAN RIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION INDICATOR (GLOBAL RANKING IN DESCENDING ORDER)
Sweden 0.964 United States 0.732 Liberia 0.643 Uganda 0.561 Guinea Bissau 0.486 Bhutan 0.405 Netherlands 0.933 Dominica 0.731 Israel 0.640 Philippines 0.558 Armenia 0.485 Tonga 0.401 Norway 0.933 Italy 0.725 Serbia 0.637 Botswana 0.556 Gambia 0.483 Pakistan 0.397 Iceland 0.913 Trinidad and Tobago 0.715 Guyana 0.635 Paraguay 0.556 Comoros 0.480 China 0.389
Finland 0.904 Slovenia 0.711 Honduras 0.627 Mongolia 0.554 Tadzhikistan 0.478 Algeria 0.387 Denmark 0.903 Japan 0.710 Seychelles 0.615 Indonesia 0.551 Djibouti 0.473 Uzbekistan 0.382 Grenada 0.864 Mauritius 0.704 Rwanda 0.613 Georgia 0.548 Turkey 0.472 DRC 0.381 Austria 0.860 Slovakia 0.701 El Salvador 0.612 Lebanon 0.547 Bangladesh 0.472 Egypt 0.380
Belgium 0.856 Belize 0.698 Tanzania 0.611 Papua New Guinea 0.545 Haiti 0.472 Equatorial Guinea 0.380 New Zealand 0.854 Uruguay 0.693 Mali 0.608 India 0.537 Afghanistan 0.467 Nigeria 0.378 Luxemburg 0.853 Cyprus 0.691 Dominican Republic 0.608 Salomon Islands 0.536 Belarus 0.466 Zimbabwe 0.376 Germany 0.848 South Korea 0.688 Bolivia 0.605 Burkina Faso 0.535 Kazakhstan 0.464 Oman 0.373 Costa Rica 0.842 Bulgaria 0.687 Bosnia Herzegovina 0.602 Malawi 0.534 Congo 0.461 Turkmenistan 0.372
Spain 0.829 Estonia 0.686 Brazil 0.602 Malaysia 0.530 Tunisia 0.460 Sudan 0.370 Australia 0.822 Namibia 0.686 Nicaragua 0.600 Cambodia 0.528 Sri Lanka 0.459 Nepal 0.361 Barbados 0.805 Croatia 0.686 Benin 0.600 Kirghizstan 0.524 Angola 0.446 Central Africa Rep. 0.360 Canada 0.788 Cape Verde 0.683 Ecuador 0.599 East Timor 0.522 Guinea 0.444 Eritrea 0.349
Switzerland 0.782 Hungary 0.680 Romania 0.597 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.520 United Arab Emirates 0.440 Kuwait 0.345 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.773 Greece 0.678 Montenegro 0.595 Zambia 0.514 Cameroon 0.440 Qatar 0.342 Bahamas 0.768 Mozambique 0.674 Ukraine 0.594 Fiji 0.512 Viet Nam 0.437 Yemen 0.339 Saint Lucia 0.761 Chile 0.674 Mexico 0.589 Colombia 0.511 Maldives 0.436 Syria 0.332
Argentina 0.761 Poland 0.673 Guatemala 0.588 Sierra Leone 0.510 Iraq 0.433 Chad 0.325 Ireland 0.759 Panama 0.673 Senegal 0.584 Kenya 0.509 Swaziland 0.431 Libya 0.307 Portugal 0.756 Macedonia 0.673 Madagascar 0.583 Mauritania 0.498 Ivory Coast 0.429 North Korea 0.277 South Africa 0.751 Latvia 0.668 Burundi 0.581 Niger 0.495 Laos 0.425 Iran 0.264 United Kingdom 0.746 Lesotho 0.658 Ghana 0.580 Ethiopia 0.492 Azerbaijan 0.416 Brunei 0.260
France 0.744 Moldavia 0.652 Albania 0.579 Russia 0.489 Jordan 0.414 Saudi Arabia 0.226 Lithuania 0.742 Surinam 0.645 Singapore 0.575 Thailand 0.488 Gaza / West Bank 0.413 Myanmar 0.174 Czech Republic 0.735 Peru 0.645 Cuba 0.571 Gabon 0.487 Togo 0.411 Somalia 0.133 Malta 0.733 Jamaica 0.643 Venezuela 0.561 Morocco 0.486 Bahrain 0.408 AVERAGE 0.571
58
HUMAN RIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION INDICATOR (REGIONAL RANKING IN DESCENDING ORDER)
AFRICA EU OECD LATIN AMERICA AND THE
CARIBBEAN ASIA PACIFIC ARAB STATES CIS CENTRAL ASIA BALKANS
South Africa 0.751 Sweden 0.964 Grenada 0.864 Singapore 0.575 Lebanon 0.547 Croatia 0.686
Mauritius 0.704 Netherlands 0.933 Costa Rica 0.842 Philippines 0.558 Morocco 0.486 Macedonia 0.673 Namibia 0.686 Norway 0.933 Barbados 0.805 Mongolia 0.554 Djibouti 0.473 Moldavia 0.652
Cape Verde 0.683 Iceland 0.913 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.773 Indonesia 0.551 Tunisia 0.460 Serbia 0.637
Mozambique 0.674 Finland 0.904 Bahamas 0.768 Papua New Guinea 0.545 United Arab Emirates 0.440 Bosnia Herzegovina 0.602 Lesotho 0.658 Denmark 0.903 Saint Lucia 0.761 India 0.537 Iraq 0.433 Montenegro 0.595
Liberia 0.643 Austria 0.860 Argentina 0.761 Salomon Islands 0.536 Jordan 0.414 Ukraine 0.594
Seychelles 0.615 Belgium 0.856 Dominica 0.731 Malaysia 0.530 Gaza / West Bank 0.413 Albania 0.579 Rwanda 0.613 New Zealand 0.854 Trinidad and Tobago 0.715 Cambodia 0.528 Bahrain 0.408 Georgia 0.548
Tanzania 0.611 Luxemburg 0.853 Belize 0.698 East Timor 0.522 Algeria 0.387 Kirghizstan 0.524
Mali 0.608 Germany 0.848 Uruguay 0.693 Fiji 0.512 Egypt 0.380 Russia 0.489 Benin 0.600 Spain 0.829 Chile 0.674 Thailand 0.488 Oman 0.373 Armenia 0.485
Senegal 0.584 Australia 0.822 Panama 0.673 Bangladesh 0.472 Sudan 0.370 Tadzhikistan 0.478
Madagascar 0.583 Canada 0.788 Surinam 0.645 Afghanistan 0.467 Kuwait 0.345 Belarus 0.466 Burundi 0.581 Switzerland 0.782 Peru 0.645 Sri Lanka 0.459 Qatar 0.342 Kazakhstan 0.464
Ghana 0.580 Ireland 0.759 Jamaica 0.643 Viet Nam 0.437 Yemen 0.339 Azerbaijan 0.416
Uganda 0.561 Portugal 0.756 Guyana 0.635 Maldives 0.436 Syria 0.332 Uzbekistan 0.382 Botswana 0.556 United Kingdom 0.746 Honduras 0.627 Laos 0.425 Libya 0.307 Turkmenistan 0.372
Burkina Faso 0.535 France 0.744 El Salvador 0.612 Bhutan 0.405 Saudi Arabia 0.226
Malawi 0.534 Lithuania 0.742 Dominican Republic 0.608 Tonga 0.401 Somalia 0.133 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.520 Czech Republic 0.735 Bolivia 0.605 Pakistan 0.397
Zambia 0.514 Malta 0.733 Brazil 0.602 China 0.389
Sierra Leone 0.510 United States 0.732 Nicaragua 0.600 Nepal 0.361 Kenya 0.509 Italy 0.725 Ecuador 0.599 North Korea 0.277
Mauritania 0.498 Slovenia 0.711 Guatemala 0.588 Iran 0.264
Niger 0.495 Japan 0.710 Cuba 0.571 Brunei 0.260 Ethiopia 0.492 Slovakia 0.701 Venezuela 0.561 Myanmar 0.174
Gabon 0.487 Cyprus 0.691 Paraguay 0.556
Guinea Bissau 0.486 South Korea 0.688 Colombia 0.511 Gambia 0.483 Bulgaria 0.687 Haiti 0.472
Comoros 0.480 Estonia 0.686
Congo 0.461 Hungary 0.680 Angola 0.446 Greece 0.678
Guinea 0.444 Poland 0.673 Cameroon 0.440 Latvia 0.668
Swaziland 0.431 Israel 0.640
Ivory Coast 0.429 Romania 0.597 Togo 0.411 Mexico 0.589
DRC 0.381 Turkey 0.472
Equatorial Guinea 0.380 Nigeria 0.378
Zimbabwe 0.376
Central Africa Republic 0.360 Eritrea 0.349
Chad 0.325
AVERAGE 0.521 AVERAGE 0.759 AVERAGE 0.661 AVERAGE 0.447 AVERAGE 0.380 AVERAGE 0.536
59
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT APPENDIX ECONOMIC DIMENSION SUB-INDICATOR Index: GDP at PPP per capita The data is drawn from the IMF's 2008 World Economic Outlook database.38 The advantage of using the GDP at PPP (purchasing power parity) is that the monetary wealth that it takes into account is closer to reality than the GDP alone, because it gets rid of the exchange problem. The index is calculated according to the following formula with the highest value being 85,638 (for Qatar) and the lowest 120 (for Gaza / West Bank). In this specific case, the calculation differs from the method used for the Confict, Refugees / Asylum Seekers, and Freedom of the Press indexes. The idea is to take into account the fact that the highest result is a good score, whereas in the other cases the highest result is a very bad score. We have therefore subtracted the result of the following division from 1. Index: GDP Growth Rate The data for this growth rate is drawn from the IMF's 2008 World Economic Outlook database. The index was calculated according to the following formula with the highest value being 18.6 (for Azerbaijan) and the lowest -6.6 (for Zimbabwe).
38 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/download.aspx
Country score – Lowest score 100 - 100 x Highest score – Lowest score Index = 1-
100
Country score – Lowest score 100 - 100 x Highest score – Lowest score Index = 1-
100
60
Index: Starting a business The data is drawn from the World Bank's Doing Business report.39 The index is calculated on the basis of the data regarding the bureaucratic and legal hurdles an entrepreneur must overcome to start a commercial or industrial business (number of procedures, cost, and time, expressed in days). The index was calculated as follows: The ECONOMIC DIMENSION sub-indicator is calculated by producing the average of the three indexes in this category. SOCIAL DIMENSION SUB-INDICATOR Index: GINI coefficient (poverty and inequality) We will use the GINI coefficient as it is given in the UNDP's 2007/2008 global Human Development Report.40 The coefficient measures, per country, the difference between the actual distribution of income (or of consumption) of individuals or households in a country and a perfectly equal distribution. Absolute equality is equal to 0, and 100 represents absolute inequality. The index was then calculated as follows: Index: Basic Capabilities The data is drawn from the Social Watch Report 2008.41 This index is made up of basic indicators (education, infant health and maternal health) for which data is available in almost all the countries of the world, which makes it possible to follow closely how much countries are meeting the minimum social needs of their citizens. The results of the Social Watch survey are presented on a scale of 0 (worst score) to 100 (best score). The index was calculated as follows:
39 http://www.doingbusiness.org/ 40 http://www.undp.org/ 41 http://www.socialwatch.org/
Country score – Lowest score 100 - 100 x Highest score – Lowest score Index =
100
100 - Country score Index =
100
Country score Index =
100
61
Index: Ratification of International Labor Rights T exts Information on the ratification of fundamental treaties and conventions on international labor rights is provided on the ILO Web site.42 The ILO has identified the eight following conventions as fundamental:
• Forced Labour Convention (1930) • Convention concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to
Organise (1948) • Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (1949) • Equal Remuneration Convention (1951) • Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (1957) • Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (1958) • Minimum Age Convention (1973) • Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999)
We assigned 1 point for every treaty or convention that has been ratified. The highest possible total is therefore 8 points and the sub-indicator was then calculated according to the following formula: The Social Dimension sub-indicator is calculated by producing the average of the three indexes in this category. ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION SUB-INDICATOR Index: Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity The data is drawn from the WWF's Living Planet Report, which studies two indexes. The Ecological Footprint index measures the necessary per capita surface area (terrestrial, marine, and freshwater) to meet humankind's needs and to eliminate waste. 43 The other index, the Biocapacity index, measures the per capita surface area (in terms of agriculture, breeding, forest, and fish resources) available to meet humankind's needs. The positive or negative difference between biocapacity and ecological footprint is the basis for the index, which was calculated with the following formula:
42 http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/docs/declworld.htm 43 http://www.panda.org/
Country score – Lowest score 100 - 100 x Highest score – Lowest score Index = 1-
100
Country score Index =
8
62
Index: Environmental Sustainability The data is drawn from Yale University's Environmental Sustainability Index.44 The Environmental Sustainability Index benchmarks the ability of nations to protect the environment over the next several decades. It does so by integrating 76 data sets that track the evolution of natural resources, past and present pollution levels, environmental-management efforts, and the capacity of a society to improve its environmental performance. It is expressed as percentage on a scale of 0 to 100, where 0 is the worst score and 100 the best, and calculation of the index that we use was as follows: Index: Environmental Performance The data is drawn from Yale University's Environmental Sustainability Index on the basis of 25 indicators grouped into six categories:45 environmental health, air pollution, aquifer resources, biodiversity and habitat, natural resources, and climate change. It is expressed as percentage on a scale of 0 to 100, where 0 is the worst score and 100 the best, and calculation of the index that we use was as follows:
The Environmental Dimension sub-indicator is the av erage of the three indexes in this category. The SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT indicator is the averag e of the three previously determined sub-indicators.
The final score at the global level is the average of the 179 countries surveyed, or: 0.591
44 http://www.yale.edu/esi/ 45 http://epi.yale.edu/Home
Country score Index =
100
Country score Index =
100
63
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SU
ST
AIN
AB
LE
D
EV
EL
OP
ME
NT
IN
DIC
AT
OR
Economic Dimension Social Dimension Environmental Dimension
GD
P a
t P
PP
per
ca
pit
a
Ind
ex
GD
P G
row
th R
ate
Ind
ex
Eas
e in
sta
rtin
g a
b
usi
nes
s
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Bas
ic C
apac
itie
s
Ind
ex
GIN
I Po
vert
y an
d
Ineq
ual
ity
Ind
ex
Un
emp
loym
ent
Rat
e
Ind
ex
Rat
ific
atio
n o
f In
tern
atio
nal
Lab
or
Rig
hts
tex
ts
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Eco
log
ical
F
oo
tpri
nt
and
B
ioca
pac
ity
Ind
ex
En
viro
nm
enta
l S
ust
ain
abili
ty
Ind
ex
En
viro
nm
enta
l P
erfo
rman
ce
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Afghanistan 733 0.007 8.6 0.603 0.939 0.939 0.517 51.8 0.518 60.0 0.400 8.5 0.913 3 0.375 0.551 0.2 0.389 37.0 0.370 52.6 0.526 0.428 0.499
Albania 6298 0.072 6.0 0.500 0.753 0.753 0.442 94.3 0.943 31.1 0.689 13.8 0.850 8 1.000 0.870 -0.5 0.365 58.8 0.588 84.0 0.840 0.598 0.637
Algeria 6538 0.075 4.9 0.456 0.651 0.651 0.394 93.9 0.939 35.3 0.647 12.3 0.868 8 1.000 0.863 -0.9 0.351 46.0 0.460 77.0 0.770 0.527 0.595
Angola 5595 0.064 16.0 0.897 0.638 0.638 0.533 62.0 0.620 62.0 0.380 45.0 0.477 8 1.000 0.619 2.4 0.465 42.9 0.429 39.5 0.395 0.430 0.527
Argentina 13317 0.154 7.0 0.540 0.646 0.646 0.447 98.1 0.981 51.3 0.487 9.5 0.901 8 1.000 0.842 3.6 0.507 62.7 0.627 81.8 0.818 0.651 0.646
Armenia 4945 0.056 10.0 0.659 0.794 0.794 0.503 95.6 0.956 33.8 0.662 36.4 0.580 8 1.000 0.799 -0.5 0.365 53.2 0.532 77.8 0.778 0.558 0.620
Australia 36225 0.422 3.2 0.389 1.000 1.000 0.604 99.4 0.994 35.2 0.648 5.0 0.955 7 0.875 0.868 5.9 0.587 61.0 0.610 79.8 0.798 0.665 0.712
Austria 38180 0.445 1.9 0.337 0.815 0.815 0.532 99.7 0.997 29.1 0.709 4.7 0.958 8 1.000 0.916 -1.5 0.330 62.7 0.627 89.4 0.894 0.617 0.688
Azerbaijan 7618 0.088 18.6 1.000 0.674 0.674 0.587 85.3 0.853 36.5 0.635 8.5 0.913 8 1.000 0.850 -0.5 0.365 45.4 0.454 72.2 0.722 0.514 0.650
Bahamas 24960 0.290 4.0 0.421 0.735 0.735 0.482 98.9 0.989 45.6 0.544 7.6 0.924 8 1.000 0.864 0.5 0.399 45.0 0.450 71.0 0.710 0.520 0.622
Bahrain 31898 0.372 6.2 0.508 0.760 0.760 0.546 99.0 0.990 36.0 0.640 15.0 0.835 4 0.500 0.741 -2.5 0.295 45.0 0.450 65.9 0.659 0.468 0.585
Bangladesh 1311 0.014 5.5 0.480 0.781 0.781 0.425 57.1 0.571 33.4 0.666 4.3 0.963 7 0.875 0.769 -0.2 0.375 44.1 0.441 58.0 0.580 0.465 0.553
Barbados 18558 0.216 2.7 0.369 0.735 0.735 0.440 98.9 0.989 42.5 0.575 9.8 0.897 8 1.000 0.865 3.4 0.500 50.0 0.500 72.0 0.720 0.573 0.626
Belarus 10948 0.127 7.1 0.544 0.745 0.745 0.472 98.9 0.989 29.7 0.703 1.2 1.000 8 1.000 0.923 -0.1 0.378 52.8 0.528 80.5 0.805 0.570 0.655
Belgium 35387 0.412 1.4 0.317 0.971 0.971 0.567 98.9 0.989 33.0 0.670 8.2 0.916 8 1.000 0.894 -4.4 0.229 44.4 0.444 78.4 0.784 0.486 0.649
Belize 7720 0.089 3.0 0.381 0.775 0.775 0.415 93.2 0.932 45.0 0.550 11.0 0.883 8 1.000 0.841 3.4 0.500 55.0 0.550 71.7 0.717 0.589 0.615
Benin 1547 0.017 5.4 0.476 0.840 0.840 0.444 67.6 0.676 36.5 0.635 35.0 0.597 8 1.000 0.727 0.1 0.385 47.5 0.475 56.1 0.561 0.474 0.548
Bhutan 4862 0.055 7.8 0.571 0.800 0.800 0.476 78.3 0.783 32.0 0.680 7.9 0.920 5 0.625 0.752 -0.6 0.361 53.5 0.535 70.9 0.709 0.535 0.588
Bolivia 4084 0.046 4.2 0.429 0.604 0.604 0.360 79.8 0.798 60.1 0.399 8.7 0.911 8 1.000 0.777 13.7 0.858 59.5 0.595 64.7 0.647 0.700 0.612
Bosnia Herzegovina 7074 0.081 5.5 0.480 0.685 0.685 0.415 87.5 0.875 26.2 0.738 31.1 0.643 8 1.000 0.814 -0.6 0.361 51.0 0.510 79.7 0.797 0.556 0.595
Botswana 16516 0.192 5.0 0.460 0.673 0.673 0.442 92.4 0.924 60.0 0.400 17.6 0.804 8 1.000 0.782 3.0 0.486 55.9 0.559 68.7 0.687 0.577 0.600
Brazil 9703 0.112 4.8 0.452 0.447 0.447 0.337 91.8 0.918 57.0 0.430 8.9 0.908 7 0.875 0.783 7.8 0.653 62.2 0.622 82.7 0.827 0.701 0.607
Brunei 50790 0.593 -0.5 0.242 0.473 0.473 0.436 99.5 0.995 38.9 0.611 4.8 0.957 0 0.000 0.641 -0.9 0.351 45.1 0.451 70.5 0.705 0.502 0.526
Bulgaria 11310 0.131 5.5 0.480 0.784 0.784 0.465 98.5 0.985 29.2 0.708 9.0 0.907 8 1.000 0.900 -1.0 0.347 50.0 0.500 78.5 0.785 0.544 0.636
Burkina Faso 1206 0.013 1.0 0.302 0.877 0.877 0.397 64.3 0.643 39.5 0.605 77.0 0.095 8 1.000 0.586 0.0 0.382 45.7 0.457 44.3 0.443 0.427 0.470
Burundi 371 0.003 5.9 0.496 0.720 0.720 0.406 57.9 0.579 42.4 0.576 14.0 0.847 8 1.000 0.751 -0.1 0.378 40.0 0.400 54.7 0.547 0.442 0.533
Cambodia 1817 0.020 7.2 0.548 0.717 0.717 0.428 66.2 0.662 41.7 0.583 1.8 0.993 8 1.000 0.809 0.1 0.385 50.1 0.501 53.8 0.538 0.475 0.571
Cameroon 2093 0.023 4.5 0.440 0.669 0.669 0.378 70.2 0.702 44.6 0.554 7.5 0.925 8 1.000 0.795 0.4 0.396 52.5 0.525 63.8 0.638 0.520 0.564
Canada 38613 0.450 1.3 0.313 0.999 0.999 0.588 99.1 0.991 32.6 0.674 6.3 0.939 5 0.625 0.807 6.9 0.622 64.4 0.644 86.6 0.866 0.711 0.702
Cape Verde 3270 0.037 7.1 0.544 0.686 0.686 0.422 92.7 0.927 56.0 0.440 21.0 0.764 7 0.875 0.751 0.3 0.392 51.2 0.512 57.2 0.572 0.492 0.555
Central Africa Republic 726 0.007 4.9 0.456 0.769 0.769 0.411 64.5 0.645 61.3 0.387 10.0 0.895 8 1.000 0.732 2.8 0.479 58.7 0.587 56.0 0.560 0.542 0.562
Chad 1668 0.018 1.8 0.333 0.475 0.475 0.275 42.4 0.424 52.3 0.477 35.0 0.597 8 1.000 0.624 1.5 0.434 45.0 0.450 45.9 0.459 0.448 0.449
Chile 13921 0.161 4.5 0.440 0.787 0.787 0.463 99.6 0.996 54.9 0.451 6.0 0.943 8 1.000 0.847 3.0 0.486 53.6 0.536 83.4 0.834 0.619 0.643
China 5325 0.061 9.3 0.631 0.671 0.671 0.454 90.4 0.904 46.9 0.531 4.2 0.964 4 0.500 0.725 -0.9 0.351 38.6 0.386 65.1 0.651 0.463 0.547
Colombia 7968 0.092 4.6 0.444 0.721 0.721 0.419 90.1 0.901 58.6 0.414 12.7 0.863 8 1.000 0.794 2.3 0.462 58.9 0.589 88.3 0.883 0.645 0.619
Comoros 1142 0.012 1.6 0.325 0.735 0.735 0.357 78.5 0.785 52.8 0.472 20.0 0.776 8 1.000 0.758 -0.2 0.375 44.2 0.442 69.4 0.694 0.504 0.540
Congo 3732 0.042 9.2 0.627 0.752 0.752 0.474 78.9 0.789 56.2 0.438 15.0 0.835 8 1.000 0.766 7.2 0.632 53.8 0.538 69.7 0.697 0.622 0.621
Costa Rica 10357 0.120 4.1 0.425 0.668 0.668 0.404 94.5 0.945 49.8 0.502 6.0 0.943 8 1.000 0.847 -0.5 0.365 59.6 0.596 90.5 0.905 0.622 0.624
Croatia 15532 0.180 4.3 0.433 0.806 0.806 0.473 99.1 0.991 29.0 0.710 11.1 0.882 8 1.000 0.896 -0.3 0.372 59.5 0.595 84.6 0.846 0.604 0.658
Cuba 5625 0.064 2.5 0.361 0.735 0.735 0.387 98.8 0.988 30.0 0.700 1.9 0.992 7 0.875 0.889 -0.7 0.358 52.3 0.523 80.7 0.807 0.563 0.613
Cyprus 27170 0.316 3.4 0.397 0.880 0.880 0.531 99.2 0.992 35.0 0.650 4.5 0.961 8 1.000 0.901 -2.7 0.288 47.2 0.472 79.2 0.792 0.517 0.650
Czech Republic 24229 0.282 4.2 0.429 0.767 0.767 0.492 99.3 0.993 25.4 0.746 7.1 0.930 8 1.000 0.917 -2.3 0.302 46.6 0.466 76.8 0.768 0.512 0.641
Denmark 37264 0.434 1.2 0.310 0.942 0.942 0.562 97.6 0.976 24.7 0.753 4.1 0.965 8 1.000 0.924 -2.2 0.306 58.2 0.582 84.0 0.840 0.576 0.687
Djibouti 2273 0.025 6.5 0.520 0.725 0.725 0.423 74.9 0.749 56.0 0.440 59.0 0.310 8 1.000 0.625 0.1 0.385 35.8 0.358 50.5 0.505 0.416 0.488
Dominica 9582 0.111 3.5 0.401 0.904 0.904 0.472 97.1 0.971 54.5 0.455 11.0 0.883 8 1.000 0.827 3.4 0.500 51.5 0.515 75.8 0.758 0.591 0.630
Dominican Republic 8116 0.094 4.8 0.452 0.791 0.791 0.446 87.8 0.878 51.6 0.484 17.9 0.801 8 1.000 0.791 -0.8 0.354 43.7 0.437 83.0 0.830 0.540 0.592
DRC 311 0.002 8.8 0.611 0.584 0.584 0.399 69.2 0.692 55.0 0.450 25.0 0.716 8 1.000 0.714 0.9 0.413 44.1 0.441 47.3 0.473 0.442 0.519
East Timor 2505 0.028 2.5 0.361 0.748 0.748 0.379 59.8 0.598 54.0 0.460 50.0 0.418 0 0.000 0.369 -0.6 0.361 42.3 0.423 75.6 0.756 0.513 0.420
Ecuador 7242 0.083 2.9 0.377 0.621 0.621 0.360 82.6 0.826 53.6 0.464 7.9 0.920 8 1.000 0.803 0.7 0.406 52.4 0.524 84.4 0.844 0.591 0.585
Egypt 5495 0.063 7.0 0.540 0.856 0.856 0.486 88.4 0.884 34.4 0.656 11.2 0.881 8 1.000 0.855 -0.9 0.351 44.0 0.440 76.3 0.763 0.518 0.620
64
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SU
ST
AIN
AB
LE
D
EV
EL
OP
ME
NT
IN
DIC
AT
OR
Economic Dimension Social Dimension Environmental Dimension
GD
P a
t P
PP
per
ca
pit
a
Ind
ex
GD
P G
row
th R
ate
Ind
ex
Eas
e in
sta
rtin
g a
b
usi
nes
s
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Bas
ic C
apac
itie
s
Ind
ex
GIN
I Po
vert
y an
d
Ineq
ual
ity
Ind
ex
Un
emp
loym
ent
Rat
e
Ind
ex
Rat
ific
atio
n o
f In
tern
atio
nal
Lab
or
Rig
hts
tex
ts
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Eco
log
ical
F
oo
tpri
nt
and
B
ioca
pac
ity
Ind
ex
En
viro
nm
enta
l S
ust
ain
abili
ty
Ind
ex
En
viro
nm
enta
l P
erfo
rman
ce
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
El Salvador 5846 0.067 3.0 0.381 0.788 0.788 0.412 78.6 0.786 52.4 0.476 6.6 0.936 8 1.000 0.799 -0.8 0.354 43.8 0.438 77.2 0.772 0.521 0.578
Equatorial Guinea 16312 0.189 10.1 0.663 0.403 0.403 0.418 59.0 0.590 65.0 0.350 30.0 0.656 8 1.000 0.649 2.0 0.451 48.0 0.480 50.1 0.501 0.477 0.515
Eritrea 746 0.007 1.2 0.310 0.635 0.635 0.317 66.7 0.667 49.7 0.503 20.0 0.776 7 0.875 0.705 -0.2 0.375 37.8 0.378 59.4 0.594 0.449 0.491
Estonia 20534 0.239 3.0 0.381 0.913 0.913 0.511 99.4 0.994 35.8 0.642 5.9 0.944 8 1.000 0.895 -0.7 0.358 58.2 0.582 85.2 0.852 0.597 0.668
Ethiopia 806 0.008 8.4 0.595 0.851 0.851 0.485 53.5 0.535 30.0 0.700 16.7 0.815 8 1.000 0.763 -0.3 0.372 37.8 0.378 58.8 0.588 0.446 0.564
Fiji 4275 0.049 2.0 0.341 0.802 0.802 0.397 98.6 0.986 54.0 0.460 4.6 0.959 8 1.000 0.851 -0.6 0.361 50.0 0.500 69.7 0.697 0.519 0.589
Finland 35349 0.412 2.4 0.357 0.964 0.964 0.578 99.7 0.997 26.9 0.731 7.7 0.922 8 1.000 0.913 4.4 0.535 75.1 0.751 91.4 0.914 0.733 0.741
France 33508 0.390 1.4 0.317 0.913 0.913 0.540 99.2 0.992 32.7 0.673 9.8 0.897 8 1.000 0.891 -2.6 0.292 55.2 0.552 87.8 0.878 0.574 0.668
Gabon 14094 0.163 4.2 0.429 0.765 0.765 0.452 82.1 0.821 60.0 0.400 21.0 0.764 7 0.875 0.715 17.8 1.000 61.7 0.617 77.3 0.773 0.797 0.655
Gambia 1317 0.014 6.5 0.520 0.784 0.784 0.439 70.2 0.702 50.2 0.498 25.0 0.716 8 1.000 0.729 -0.5 0.365 50.0 0.500 53.1 0.531 0.465 0.544
Gaza / West Bank 120 0.000 0.0 0.262 0.657 0.657 0.306 68.0 0.680 53.0 0.470 23.2 0.737 6 0.750 0.659 -4.2 0.236 40.2 0.402 64.0 0.640 0.426 0.464
Georgia 4694 0.053 9.0 0.619 0.910 0.910 0.528 89.4 0.894 40.4 0.596 13.8 0.850 8 1.000 0.835 0.5 0.399 51.5 0.515 82.2 0.822 0.579 0.647
Germany 34212 0.399 1.4 0.317 0.794 0.794 0.503 99.9 0.999 28.3 0.717 10.3 0.891 8 1.000 0.902 -2.8 0.285 57.0 0.570 86.3 0.863 0.573 0.659
Ghana 1425 0.015 6.9 0.536 0.721 0.721 0.424 66.1 0.661 40.8 0.592 11.0 0.883 7 0.875 0.753 0.3 0.392 52.8 0.528 70.8 0.708 0.543 0.573
Greece 29146 0.339 3.5 0.401 0.613 0.613 0.451 99.5 0.995 34.3 0.657 8.8 0.909 8 1.000 0.890 -3.6 0.257 50.1 0.501 80.2 0.802 0.520 0.620
Grenada 10632 0.123 4.3 0.433 0.876 0.876 0.477 92.3 0.923 46.7 0.533 12.5 0.865 8 1.000 0.830 3.4 0.500 51.0 0.510 75.0 0.750 0.587 0.631
Guatemala 4702 0.054 4.8 0.452 0.733 0.733 0.413 68.3 0.683 55.1 0.449 3.4 0.974 8 1.000 0.776 0.0 0.382 44.0 0.440 76.7 0.767 0.530 0.573
Guinea 973 0.010 4.9 0.456 0.666 0.666 0.378 66.0 0.660 38.6 0.614 20.0 0.776 8 1.000 0.762 1.8 0.444 48.1 0.481 51.3 0.513 0.479 0.540
Guinea Bissau 484 0.004 3.2 0.389 0.416 0.416 0.270 60.7 0.607 47.0 0.530 25.0 0.716 5 0.625 0.619 2.2 0.458 48.6 0.486 49.7 0.497 0.480 0.457
Guyana 3841 0.044 4.6 0.444 0.803 0.803 0.430 81.4 0.814 54.1 0.459 14.5 0.841 8 1.000 0.779 3.4 0.500 62.9 0.629 64.8 0.648 0.592 0.600
Haiti 1291 0.014 3.7 0.409 0.578 0.578 0.333 41.0 0.410 59.2 0.408 60.0 0.298 7 0.875 0.498 -0.3 0.372 34.8 0.348 60.7 0.607 0.442 0.424
Honduras 4085 0.046 4.8 0.452 0.681 0.681 0.393 78.1 0.781 53.8 0.462 4.1 0.965 8 1.000 0.802 0.5 0.399 47.4 0.474 75.4 0.754 0.542 0.579
Hungary 19019 0.221 1.8 0.333 0.879 0.879 0.478 99.1 0.991 26.9 0.731 7.2 0.928 8 1.000 0.913 -1.5 0.330 52.0 0.520 84.2 0.842 0.564 0.651
Iceland 39167 0.457 0.4 0.278 0.914 0.914 0.550 99.8 0.998 25.0 0.750 2.9 0.980 8 1.000 0.932 -0.5 0.365 70.8 0.708 87.6 0.876 0.650 0.710
India 2563 0.029 7.9 0.575 0.672 0.672 0.425 71.1 0.711 36.8 0.632 4.3 0.963 4 0.500 0.702 -0.4 0.368 45.2 0.452 60.3 0.603 0.474 0.534
Indonesia 9728 0.112 6.1 0.504 0.648 0.648 0.421 84.1 0.841 34.3 0.657 10.5 0.889 8 1.000 0.847 0.0 0.382 48.8 0.488 66.2 0.662 0.511 0.593
Iran 10570 0.122 5.8 0.492 0.801 0.801 0.472 91.5 0.915 43.0 0.570 11.5 0.877 5 0.625 0.747 -1.6 0.326 39.8 0.398 76.9 0.769 0.498 0.572
Iraq 250 0.002 4.0 0.421 0.696 0.696 0.373 82.7 0.827 42.0 0.580 27.0 0.692 7 0.875 0.744 -0.8 0.354 33.6 0.336 53.9 0.539 0.410 0.509
Ireland 43413 0.506 1.8 0.333 0.936 0.936 0.592 99.8 0.998 34.3 0.657 4.3 0.963 8 1.000 0.905 -0.2 0.375 59.2 0.592 82.7 0.827 0.598 0.698
Israel 27146 0.316 3.0 0.381 0.894 0.894 0.530 99.8 0.998 39.2 0.608 8.4 0.914 8 1.000 0.880 -4.2 0.236 50.9 0.509 79.6 0.796 0.514 0.641
Italy 30365 0.354 0.3 0.274 0.798 0.798 0.475 99.5 0.995 36.0 0.640 6.8 0.933 8 1.000 0.892 -3.1 0.274 50.1 0.501 84.2 0.842 0.539 0.635
Ivory Coast 1736 0.019 2.9 0.377 0.750 0.750 0.382 79.3 0.793 44.6 0.554 40.0 0.537 8 1.000 0.721 1.2 0.424 47.3 0.473 65.2 0.652 0.516 0.540
Jamaica 7688 0.088 2.4 0.357 0.885 0.885 0.443 94.7 0.947 45.0 0.550 9.6 0.900 8 1.000 0.849 -1.3 0.337 44.7 0.447 79.1 0.791 0.525 0.606
Japan 33596 0.391 1.4 0.317 0.818 0.818 0.509 99.2 0.992 24.9 0.751 4.1 0.965 6 0.750 0.865 -3.6 0.257 57.3 0.573 84.5 0.845 0.558 0.644
Jordan 4906 0.056 5.5 0.480 0.769 0.769 0.435 97.3 0.973 38.8 0.612 13.5 0.853 7 0.875 0.828 -1.5 0.330 47.8 0.478 76.5 0.765 0.524 0.596
Kazakhstan 10837 0.125 5.0 0.460 0.820 0.820 0.468 98.0 0.980 33.9 0.661 8.4 0.914 8 1.000 0.889 0.1 0.385 48.6 0.486 65.0 0.650 0.507 0.621
Kenya 1672 0.018 2.5 0.361 0.692 0.692 0.357 70.8 0.708 42.5 0.575 40.0 0.537 7 0.875 0.674 -0.2 0.375 45.3 0.453 69.0 0.690 0.506 0.512
Kirghizstan 2000 0.022 7.0 0.540 0.820 0.820 0.460 94.9 0.949 30.3 0.697 8.1 0.918 8 1.000 0.891 0.1 0.385 48.4 0.484 69.6 0.696 0.522 0.624
Kuwait 39343 0.459 6.0 0.500 0.671 0.671 0.543 98.2 0.982 30.0 0.700 1.3 0.999 7 0.875 0.889 -7.0 0.139 36.6 0.366 64.5 0.645 0.383 0.605
Laos 2054 0.023 7.9 0.575 0.760 0.760 0.453 58.2 0.582 34.6 0.654 2.4 0.986 3 0.375 0.649 0.4 0.396 52.4 0.524 66.3 0.663 0.528 0.543
Latvia 17488 0.203 3.6 0.405 0.907 0.907 0.505 99.0 0.990 37.7 0.623 6.8 0.933 8 1.000 0.887 4.0 0.521 60.4 0.604 88.8 0.888 0.671 0.687
Lebanon 11279 0.130 3.0 0.381 0.857 0.857 0.456 95.3 0.953 45.0 0.550 20.0 0.776 7 0.875 0.788 -2.6 0.292 40.5 0.405 70.3 0.703 0.467 0.570
Lesotho 1285 0.014 5.2 0.468 0.782 0.782 0.421 71.8 0.718 63.2 0.368 39.3 0.545 8 1.000 0.658 0.3 0.392 48.2 0.482 74.9 0.749 0.541 0.540
Liberia 357 0.003 9.5 0.639 0.652 0.652 0.431 64.8 0.648 59.5 0.405 85.0 0.000 6 0.750 0.451 2.4 0.465 43.4 0.434 51.4 0.514 0.471 0.451
Libya 13593 0.158 8.8 0.611 0.760 0.760 0.509 98.4 0.984 36.0 0.640 30.0 0.656 8 1.000 0.820 -2.4 0.299 42.3 0.423 70.4 0.704 0.475 0.602
Lithuania 17732 0.206 5.5 0.480 0.844 0.844 0.510 99.1 0.991 36.0 0.640 5.6 0.947 8 1.000 0.895 -0.2 0.375 58.9 0.589 86.2 0.862 0.609 0.671
Luxemburg 79659 0.930 3.1 0.385 0.872 0.872 0.729 97.2 0.972 26.0 0.740 4.6 0.959 8 1.000 0.918 -4.4 0.229 44.4 0.444 83.1 0.831 0.501 0.716
Macedonia 8490 0.098 4.5 0.440 0.796 0.796 0.445 96.0 0.960 39.0 0.610 36.0 0.585 8 1.000 0.789 -1.4 0.333 47.2 0.472 75.1 0.751 0.519 0.584
Madagascar 979 0.010 6.8 0.532 0.913 0.913 0.485 60.7 0.607 47.5 0.525 2.8 0.981 8 1.000 0.778 2.2 0.458 50.2 0.502 54.6 0.546 0.502 0.588
Malawi 792 0.008 7.1 0.544 0.752 0.752 0.435 62.0 0.620 39.0 0.610 17.0 0.811 8 1.000 0.760 -0.1 0.378 49.3 0.493 59.9 0.599 0.490 0.562
65
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SU
ST
AIN
AB
LE
D
EV
EL
OP
ME
NT
IN
DIC
AT
OR
Economic Dimension Social Dimension Environmental Dimension
GD
P a
t P
PP
per
ca
pit
a
Ind
ex
GD
P G
row
th R
ate
Ind
ex
Eas
e in
sta
rtin
g a
b
usi
nes
s
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Bas
ic C
apac
itie
s
Ind
ex
GIN
I Po
vert
y an
d
Ineq
ual
ity
Ind
ex
Un
emp
loym
ent
Rat
e
Ind
ex
Rat
ific
atio
n o
f In
tern
atio
nal
Lab
or
Rig
hts
tex
ts
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Eco
log
ical
F
oo
tpri
nt
and
B
ioca
pac
ity
Ind
ex
En
viro
nm
enta
l S
ust
ain
abili
ty
Ind
ex
En
viro
nm
enta
l P
erfo
rman
ce
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Malaysia 13385 0.155 5.0 0.460 0.790 0.790 0.468 99.1 0.991 49.2 0.508 3.6 0.971 5 0.625 0.774 1.5 0.434 54.0 0.540 84.0 0.840 0.605 0.616
Maldives 4603 0.052 4.5 0.440 0.912 0.912 0.468 86.4 0.864 45.1 0.549 4.1 0.965 5 0.625 0.751 -0.7 0.358 39.5 0.395 69.4 0.694 0.482 0.567
Mali 1038 0.011 4.3 0.433 0.733 0.733 0.392 68.7 0.687 40.1 0.599 8.8 0.909 8 1.000 0.799 0.5 0.399 53.7 0.537 44.3 0.443 0.460 0.550
Malta 23025 0.268 2.2 0.349 0.880 0.880 0.499 99.6 0.996 38.7 0.613 7.3 0.927 8 1.000 0.884 -2.6 0.292 49.4 0.494 65.9 0.659 0.482 0.621
Mauritania 2011 0.022 6.1 0.504 0.704 0.704 0.410 65.8 0.658 39.0 0.610 20.0 0.776 8 1.000 0.761 4.5 0.538 42.6 0.426 44.2 0.442 0.469 0.547
Mauritius 11125 0.129 7.0 0.540 0.885 0.885 0.518 98.2 0.982 42.6 0.574 9.1 0.906 8 1.000 0.865 -0.7 0.358 54.0 0.540 78.1 0.781 0.560 0.648
Mexico 14119 0.164 2.0 0.341 0.815 0.815 0.440 94.4 0.944 46.1 0.539 3.2 0.976 6 0.750 0.802 -0.9 0.351 46.2 0.462 79.8 0.798 0.537 0.593
Moldavia 2897 0.032 7.0 0.540 0.790 0.790 0.454 96.1 0.961 33.2 0.668 7.4 0.926 8 1.000 0.889 -0.5 0.365 51.2 0.512 70.7 0.707 0.528 0.624
Mongolia 3222 0.036 8.7 0.607 0.820 0.820 0.488 95.5 0.955 32.8 0.672 3.3 0.975 8 1.000 0.900 8.7 0.684 50.0 0.500 68.1 0.681 0.622 0.670
Montenegro 5320 0.061 7.2 0.548 0.623 0.623 0.410 85.0 0.850 30.0 0.700 30.3 0.653 8 1.000 0.801 -1.5 0.330 47.3 0.473 70.2 0.702 0.502 0.571
Morocco 4093 0.046 6.5 0.520 0.882 0.882 0.483 79.4 0.794 39.5 0.605 9.7 0.899 7 0.875 0.793 -0.1 0.378 44.8 0.448 72.1 0.721 0.516 0.597
Mozambique 842 0.008 7.0 0.540 0.758 0.758 0.435 65.5 0.655 47.3 0.527 21.0 0.764 8 1.000 0.736 1.4 0.431 44.8 0.448 53.9 0.539 0.473 0.548
Myanmar 1040 0.011 4.0 0.421 0.542 0.542 0.324 75.8 0.758 40.0 0.600 5.2 0.952 2 0.250 0.640 0.4 0.396 52.8 0.528 65.1 0.651 0.525 0.496
Namibia 5249 0.060 4.1 0.425 0.708 0.708 0.397 85.3 0.853 74.3 0.257 33.8 0.611 7 0.875 0.649 3.3 0.497 56.8 0.568 70.6 0.706 0.590 0.546
Nepal 1078 0.011 4.0 0.421 0.840 0.840 0.424 66.1 0.661 47.2 0.528 1.8 0.993 7 0.875 0.764 -0.2 0.375 47.7 0.477 72.1 0.721 0.524 0.571
Netherlands 38994 0.455 2.1 0.345 0.883 0.883 0.561 99.6 0.996 30.9 0.691 5.2 0.952 8 1.000 0.910 -3.6 0.257 53.7 0.537 78.7 0.787 0.527 0.666
New Zealand 26610 0.310 2.0 0.341 0.993 0.993 0.548 98.1 0.981 36.2 0.638 3.8 0.969 6 0.750 0.834 9.0 0.694 61.0 0.610 88.9 0.889 0.731 0.705
Nicaragua 2628 0.029 4.0 0.421 0.862 0.862 0.437 72.3 0.723 43.1 0.569 12.2 0.869 8 1.000 0.790 2.4 0.465 50.2 0.502 73.4 0.734 0.567 0.598
Niger 667 0.006 4.4 0.437 0.735 0.735 0.393 52.4 0.524 50.5 0.495 15.7 0.827 8 1.000 0.711 0.4 0.396 45.0 0.450 39.1 0.391 0.412 0.505
Nigeria 2027 0.022 9.1 0.623 0.782 0.782 0.476 63.3 0.633 43.7 0.563 5.8 0.945 8 1.000 0.785 -0.2 0.375 45.4 0.454 56.2 0.562 0.464 0.575
North Korea 3245 0.037 3.5 0.401 0.325 0.325 0.254 75.0 0.750 31.0 0.690 2.5 0.984 0.000 0.606 -0.8 0.354 29.2 0.292 50.0 0.500 0.382 0.414
Norway 53152 0.620 3.1 0.385 0.883 0.883 0.629 99.9 0.999 25.8 0.742 3.4 0.974 8 1.000 0.929 0.9 0.413 73.4 0.734 93.1 0.931 0.693 0.750
Oman 23987 0.279 7.4 0.556 0.782 0.782 0.539 98.9 0.989 32.0 0.680 15.0 0.835 4 0.500 0.751 -1.2 0.340 47.9 0.479 70.3 0.703 0.507 0.599
Pakistan 2594 0.029 6.0 0.500 0.734 0.734 0.421 63.7 0.637 30.6 0.694 6.2 0.940 8 1.000 0.818 -0.3 0.372 39.9 0.399 58.7 0.587 0.453 0.564
Panama 10357 0.120 7.7 0.567 0.849 0.849 0.512 91.3 0.913 56.1 0.439 9.1 0.906 8 1.000 0.814 0.6 0.403 57.7 0.577 83.1 0.831 0.604 0.643
Papua New Guinea 1973 0.022 5.8 0.492 0.794 0.794 0.436 67.5 0.675 50.9 0.491 2.8 0.981 8 1.000 0.787 -0.3 0.372 55.2 0.552 64.8 0.648 0.524 0.582
Paraguay 4509 0.051 4.0 0.421 0.837 0.837 0.436 85.3 0.853 58.4 0.416 8.1 0.918 8 1.000 0.797 4.0 0.521 59.7 0.597 77.7 0.777 0.632 0.622
Peru 7809 0.090 7.0 0.540 0.727 0.727 0.452 86.3 0.863 52.0 0.480 8.8 0.909 8 1.000 0.813 3.0 0.486 60.4 0.604 78.1 0.781 0.624 0.630
Philippines 3383 0.038 5.8 0.492 0.603 0.603 0.378 77.2 0.772 44.5 0.555 7.3 0.927 8 1.000 0.814 -0.5 0.365 42.3 0.423 77.9 0.779 0.522 0.571
Poland 16316 0.189 4.9 0.456 0.757 0.757 0.468 99.5 0.995 34.5 0.655 13.8 0.850 8 1.000 0.875 -1.4 0.333 45.0 0.450 80.5 0.805 0.529 0.624
Portugal 21778 0.253 1.3 0.313 0.857 0.857 0.475 99.2 0.992 38.5 0.615 7.7 0.922 8 1.000 0.882 -2.6 0.292 54.2 0.542 85.8 0.858 0.564 0.640
Qatar 85638 1.000 14.1 0.821 0.780 0.780 0.867 96.2 0.962 3.9 0.961 3.9 0.968 5 0.625 0.879 -4.2 0.236 42.1 0.421 63.0 0.630 0.429 0.725
Romania 11400 0.132 5.4 0.476 0.880 0.880 0.496 95.6 0.956 31.0 0.690 7.3 0.927 8 1.000 0.893 -0.1 0.378 46.2 0.462 71.9 0.719 0.520 0.636
Russia 14704 0.171 6.8 0.532 0.814 0.814 0.505 98.5 0.985 39.9 0.601 7.2 0.928 8 1.000 0.879 2.5 0.469 56.1 0.561 83.9 0.839 0.623 0.669
Rwanda 898 0.009 6.0 0.500 0.795 0.795 0.435 52.7 0.527 46.8 0.532 8.0 0.919 8 1.000 0.744 -0.1 0.378 44.8 0.448 54.9 0.549 0.458 0.546
Saint Lucia 10521 0.122 4.4 0.437 0.861 0.861 0.473 80.0 0.800 41.3 0.587 16.4 0.819 7 0.875 0.770 3.4 0.500 51.4 0.514 51.3 0.513 0.509 0.584
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9759 0.113 5.0 0.460 0.826 0.826 0.466 93.3 0.933 35.7 0.643 15.0 0.835 8 1.000 0.853 3.4 0.500 51.2 0.512 75.4 0.754 0.589 0.636
Salomon Islands 1920 0.021 4.2 0.429 0.821 0.821 0.424 81.6 0.816 39.4 0.606 10.0 0.895 1 0.125 0.610 3.4 0.500 51.0 0.510 52.3 0.523 0.511 0.515
São Tomé and Príncipe 1643 0.018 6.0 0.500 0.675 0.675 0.398 81.9 0.819 48.7 0.513 35.0 0.597 8 1.000 0.732 3.4 0.500 46.2 0.462 59.0 0.590 0.517 0.549
Saudi Arabia 22851 0.266 4.8 0.452 0.852 0.852 0.523 96.6 0.966 32.0 0.680 6.3 0.939 5 0.625 0.803 -3.7 0.253 37.8 0.378 72.8 0.728 0.453 0.593
Senegal 1692 0.018 6.1 0.504 0.737 0.737 0.420 71.1 0.711 41.3 0.587 48.0 0.442 8 1.000 0.685 -0.3 0.372 51.1 0.511 62.8 0.628 0.504 0.536
Serbia 10071 0.116 4.0 0.421 0.735 0.735 0.424 85.0 0.850 30.0 0.700 20.9 0.765 8 1.000 0.829 -1.5 0.330 47.3 0.473 70.2 0.702 0.502 0.585
Seychelles 16693 0.194 4.6 0.444 0.780 0.780 0.473 87.0 0.870 39.4 0.606 2.0 0.990 8 1.000 0.867 0.3 0.392 49.7 0.497 75.8 0.758 0.549 0.629
Sierra Leone 692 0.007 6.5 0.520 0.788 0.788 0.438 60.7 0.607 62.9 0.371 27.0 0.692 6 0.750 0.605 0.4 0.396 43.4 0.434 40.0 0.400 0.410 0.484
Singapore 49754 0.580 4.0 0.421 0.914 0.914 0.639 91.5 0.915 42.5 0.575 4.5 0.961 5 0.625 0.769 1.5 0.434 48.1 0.481 72.4 0.724 0.546 0.651
Slovakia 20267 0.236 6.6 0.524 0.789 0.789 0.516 96.6 0.966 25.8 0.742 13.3 0.856 8 1.000 0.891 -0.5 0.365 52.8 0.528 86.0 0.860 0.584 0.664
Slovenia 27227 0.317 4.1 0.425 0.764 0.764 0.502 99.2 0.992 28.4 0.716 5.9 0.944 8 1.000 0.913 -0.6 0.361 57.5 0.575 86.3 0.863 0.600 0.671
Somalia 140 0.000 -0.5 0.242 0.350 0.350 0.197 50.0 0.500 30.0 0.700 47.0 0.453 3 0.375 0.507 0.3 0.392 34.5 0.345 59.1 0.591 0.443 0.382
South Africa 9767 0.113 3.8 0.413 0.812 0.812 0.446 89.2 0.892 57.8 0.422 25.5 0.710 8 1.000 0.756 -0.3 0.372 46.2 0.462 69.0 0.690 0.508 0.570
South Korea 24803 0.289 4.2 0.429 0.767 0.767 0.495 99.5 0.995 31.6 0.684 3.5 0.973 4 0.500 0.788 -3.5 0.260 43.0 0.430 79.4 0.794 0.495 0.592
66
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SU
ST
AIN
AB
LE
D
EV
EL
OP
ME
NT
IN
DIC
AT
OR
Economic Dimension Social Dimension Environmental Dimension
GD
P a
t P
PP
per
ca
pit
a
Ind
ex
GD
P G
row
th R
ate
Ind
ex
Eas
e in
sta
rtin
g a
b
usi
nes
s
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Bas
ic C
apac
itie
s
Ind
ex
GIN
I Po
vert
y an
d
Ineq
ual
ity
Ind
ex
Un
emp
loym
ent
Rat
e
Ind
ex
Rat
ific
atio
n o
f In
tern
atio
nal
Lab
or
Rig
hts
tex
ts
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Eco
log
ical
F
oo
tpri
nt
and
B
ioca
pac
ity
Ind
ex
En
viro
nm
enta
l S
ust
ain
abili
ty
Ind
ex
En
viro
nm
enta
l P
erfo
rman
ce
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Spain 30118 0.351 1.8 0.333 0.745 0.745 0.476 99.3 0.993 34.7 0.653 8.5 0.913 8 1.000 0.890 3.6 0.507 48.8 0.488 83.1 0.831 0.609 0.658
Sri Lanka 4264 0.048 6.4 0.516 0.890 0.890 0.485 50.0 0.500 40.2 0.598 6.6 0.936 8 1.000 0.758 -0.6 0.361 48.5 0.485 79.5 0.795 0.547 0.597
Sudan 2166 0.024 7.6 0.563 0.751 0.751 0.446 75.6 0.756 51.0 0.490 18.7 0.791 8 1.000 0.759 0.8 0.410 35.9 0.359 55.5 0.555 0.441 0.549
Surinam 7762 0.089 6.8 0.532 0.194 0.194 0.272 85.9 0.859 36.0 0.640 14.0 0.847 5 0.625 0.743 3.4 0.500 58.4 0.584 79.2 0.792 0.625 0.547
Swaziland 5401 0.062 2.0 0.341 0.652 0.652 0.352 76.8 0.768 50.4 0.496 40.0 0.537 8 1.000 0.700 -0.1 0.378 55.0 0.550 61.3 0.613 0.514 0.522
Sweden 36577 0.426 2.0 0.341 0.963 0.963 0.577 99.8 0.998 25.0 0.750 5.4 0.950 8 1.000 0.924 3.5 0.503 71.7 0.717 93.1 0.931 0.717 0.739
Switzerland 36577 0.426 1.3 0.313 0.876 0.876 0.539 96.7 0.967 33.7 0.663 4.0 0.967 8 1.000 0.899 -3.6 0.257 63.7 0.637 95.5 0.955 0.616 0.685
Syria 4491 0.051 4.0 0.421 0.665 0.665 0.379 93.7 0.937 42.0 0.580 11.7 0.875 8 1.000 0.848 -0.9 0.351 43.8 0.438 68.2 0.682 0.490 0.572
Tadzhikistan 1842 0.020 4.1 0.425 0.660 0.660 0.368 85.0 0.850 32.6 0.674 2.7 0.982 8 1.000 0.877 -0.1 0.378 38.6 0.386 72.3 0.723 0.496 0.580
Tanzania 1255 0.013 7.8 0.571 0.703 0.703 0.429 73.1 0.731 34.6 0.654 5.1 0.953 8 1.000 0.835 0.6 0.403 50.3 0.503 63.9 0.639 0.515 0.593
Thailand 7906 0.091 5.3 0.472 0.811 0.811 0.458 96.3 0.963 42.0 0.580 1.2 1.000 5 0.625 0.792 -0.4 0.368 49.8 0.498 79.2 0.792 0.553 0.601
Togo 806 0.008 3.0 0.381 0.658 0.658 0.349 70.9 0.709 59.7 0.403 28.0 0.680 8 1.000 0.698 -0.1 0.378 44.5 0.445 62.3 0.623 0.482 0.510
Tonga 5209 0.060 0.8 0.294 0.923 0.923 0.425 94.7 0.947 42.8 0.572 13.0 0.859 6 0.750 0.782 -0.6 0.361 41.9 0.419 71.4 0.714 0.498 0.568
Trinidad and Tobago 18384 0.214 5.9 0.496 0.776 0.776 0.495 94.7 0.947 38.9 0.611 8.0 0.919 8 1.000 0.869 -2.7 0.288 36.3 0.363 70.4 0.704 0.452 0.605
Tunisia 7534 0.087 5.5 0.480 0.771 0.771 0.446 94.9 0.949 39.8 0.602 14.2 0.845 8 1.000 0.849 -0.8 0.354 51.8 0.518 78.1 0.781 0.551 0.615
Turkey 12858 0.149 4.0 0.421 0.886 0.886 0.485 92.4 0.924 43.6 0.564 9.9 0.896 8 1.000 0.846 -0.7 0.358 46.6 0.466 75.9 0.759 0.528 0.620
Turkmenistan 5171 0.059 9.5 0.639 0.651 0.651 0.450 90.0 0.900 40.8 0.592 60.0 0.298 6 0.750 0.635 0.1 0.385 33.1 0.331 71.3 0.713 0.476 0.520
Uganda 1059 0.011 7.1 0.544 0.537 0.537 0.364 59.3 0.593 453.7 -3.537 3.2 0.976 8 1.000 -0.242 -0.2 0.375 51.3 0.513 61.6 0.616 0.501 0.208
Ukraine 6968 0.080 5.6 0.484 0.760 0.760 0.441 98.5 0.985 28.1 0.719 6.8 0.933 8 1.000 0.909 -1.5 0.330 44.7 0.447 74.1 0.741 0.506 0.619
United Arab Emirates 37941 0.442 6.1 0.504 0.707 0.707 0.551 98.7 0.987 31.0 0.690 2.3 0.987 6 0.750 0.853 -11.0 0.000 44.6 0.446 64.0 0.640 0.362 0.589
United Kingdom 35634 0.415 1.6 0.325 0.881 0.881 0.541 98.8 0.988 36.0 0.640 5.0 0.955 8 1.000 0.896 -4.0 0.243 50.2 0.502 86.3 0.863 0.536 0.657
United States 45725 0.533 0.5 0.282 0.886 0.886 0.567 98.7 0.987 40.8 0.592 4.6 0.959 2 0.250 0.697 -4.8 0.215 53.0 0.530 81.0 0.810 0.518 0.594
Uruguay 11674 0.135 6.0 0.500 0.720 0.720 0.452 96.3 0.963 44.9 0.551 10.6 0.888 8 1.000 0.850 6.1 0.594 71.8 0.718 82.3 0.823 0.712 0.671
Uzbekistan 2389 0.027 8.0 0.579 0.852 0.852 0.486 84.0 0.840 36.8 0.632 21.0 0.764 5 0.625 0.715 -1.1 0.344 34.4 0.344 65.0 0.650 0.446 0.549
Venezuela 12176 0.141 5.8 0.492 0.511 0.511 0.381 94.6 0.946 48.2 0.518 15.8 0.826 8 1.000 0.822 0.2 0.389 48.1 0.481 80.0 0.800 0.557 0.587
Viet Nam 2589 0.029 7.3 0.552 0.715 0.715 0.432 90.0 0.900 34.4 0.656 2.1 0.989 5 0.625 0.793 -0.1 0.378 42.3 0.423 73.9 0.739 0.513 0.579
Yemen 2342 0.026 4.1 0.425 0.678 0.678 0.376 61.1 0.611 33.4 0.666 11.5 0.877 8 1.000 0.789 -0.5 0.365 37.3 0.373 49.7 0.497 0.412 0.525
Zambia 1323 0.014 6.3 0.512 0.866 0.866 0.464 73.0 0.730 50.8 0.492 12.0 0.871 8 1.000 0.773 2.8 0.479 51.1 0.511 55.1 0.551 0.514 0.584
Zimbabwe 188 0.001 -6.6 0.000 0.710 0.710 0.237 79.7 0.797 50.1 0.499 6.0 0.943 8 1.000 0.810 -0.1 0.378 41.2 0.412 69.3 0.693 0.494 0.514
67
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATOR (GLOBAL RANKING IN DESCENDING ORDER)
Norway 0.750 Singapore 0.651 Kazakhstan 0.622 Saudi Arabia 0.593 Lebanon 0.571 Burundi 0.533 Finland 0.741 Azerbaijan 0.650 Congo 0.621 Indonesia 0.593 South Africa 0.570 Angola 0.527
Sweden 0.740 Cyprus 0.650 Greece 0.621 Tanzania 0.593 Tonga 0.569 Brunei 0.526
Qatar 0.725 Belgium 0.649 Armenia 0.620 South Korea 0.593 Maldives 0.567 Yemen 0.526 Luxemburg 0.716 Mauritius 0.648 Egypt 0.620 Dominican Republic 0.592 Ethiopia 0.565 Swaziland 0.522
Australia 0.712 Georgia 0.647 Turkey 0.620 Fiji 0.589 Cameroon 0.564 Turkmenistan 0.521
Iceland 0.710 Argentina 0.647 Colombia 0.620 United Arab Emirates 0.589 Pakistan 0.564 DRC 0.519 New Zealand 0.705 Japan 0.644 Ukraine 0.619 Madagascar 0.589 Malawi 0.562 Salomon Islands 0.515
Canada 0.702 Panama 0.643 Malaysia 0.616 Bhutan 0.588 Central Africa Republic 0.562 Equatorial Guinea 0.515
Ireland 0.698 Chile 0.643 Tunisia 0.615 Venezuela 0.587 Cape Verde 0.555 Zimbabwe 0.514 Austria 0.689 Israel 0.641 Belize 0.615 Bahrain 0.585 Bangladesh 0.553 Kenya 0.512
Latvia 0.688 Czech Republic 0.641 Cuba 0.613 Ecuador 0.585 Mali 0.550 Togo 0.510
Denmark 0.687 Portugal 0.640 Bolivia 0.612 Serbia 0.585 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.549 Iraq 0.509 Switzerland 0.685 Albania 0.637 Brazil 0.607 Saint Lucia 0.584 Uzbekistan 0.549 Niger 0.506
Slovenia 0.672 Romania 0.637 Jamaica 0.606 Macedonia 0.584 Sudan 0.549 Afghanistan 0.499
Uruguay 0.671 Bulgaria 0.636 Trinidad and Tobago 0.605 Zambia 0.584 Benin 0.549 Myanmar 0.497 Lithuania 0.671 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.636 Kuwait 0.605 Papua New Guinea 0.582 Mozambique 0.548 Eritrea 0.491
Mongolia 0.670 Italy 0.635 Libya 0.602 Tadzhikistan 0.580 China 0.547 Djibouti 0.488
Russia 0.669 Grenada 0.631 Thailand 0.601 Viet Nam 0.579 Surinam 0.547 Sierra Leone 0.485 France 0.668 Dominica 0.630 Guyana 0.601 Honduras 0.579 Mauritania 0.547 Burkina Faso 0.470
Estonia 0.668 Peru 0.630 Botswana 0.601 El Salvador 0.578 Rwanda 0.546 Gaza / West Bank 0.464
Netherlands 0.666 Seychelles 0.630 Oman 0.599 Nigeria 0.575 Namibia 0.546 Guinea Bissau 0.457 Slovakia 0.664 Barbados 0.626 Nicaragua 0.598 Ghana 0.573 Gambia 0.545 Liberia 0.451
Germany 0.659 Costa Rica 0.625 Morocco 0.597 Guatemala 0.573 Laos 0.543 Chad 0.449
Spain 0.658 Kirghizstan 0.625 Sri Lanka 0.597 Syria 0.572 Lesotho 0.540 Haiti 0.425 Croatia 0.658 Poland 0.624 Jordan 0.596 Iran 0.572 Guinea 0.540 East Timor 0.421
United Kingdom 0.657 Moldavia 0.624 Bosnia Herzegovina 0.595 Philippines 0.571 Ivory Coast 0.540 North Korea 0.414
Belarus 0.655 Bahamas 0.622 Algeria 0.595 Montenegro 0.571 Comoros 0.540 Somalia 0.383 Gabon 0.655 Paraguay 0.622 United States 0.594 Nepal 0.571 Senegal 0.536 Uganda 0.208
Hungary 0.652 Malta 0.622 Mexico 0.593 Cambodia 0.571 India 0.534 AVERAGE 0.591
68
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATOR (REGIONAL RANKING IN DESCENDING ORDER)
AFRICA EU OECD LATIN AMERICA AND THE
CARIBBEAN ASIA PACIFIC ARAB STATES CIS CENTRAL ASIA BALKANS
Gabon 0.655 Norway 0.750 Uruguay 0.671 Mongolia 0.670 Qatar 0.725 Russia 0.669
Mauritius 0.648 Finland 0.741 Argentina 0.647 Singapore 0.651 Egypt 0.620 Croatia 0.658 Seychelles 0.630 Sweden 0.740 Panama 0.643 Malaysia 0.616 Tunisia 0.615 Belarus 0.655
Congo 0.621 Luxemburg 0.716 Chile 0.643 Thailand 0.601 Kuwait 0.605 Azerbaijan 0.650
Botswana 0.601 Australia 0.712 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.636 Sri Lanka 0.597 Libya 0.602 Georgia 0.647 Tanzania 0.593 Iceland 0.710 Grenada 0.631 Indonesia 0.593 Oman 0.599 Albania 0.637
Madagascar 0.589 New Zealand 0.705 Dominica 0.630 Fiji 0.589 Morocco 0.597 Kirghizstan 0.625
Zambia 0.584 Canada 0.702 Peru 0.630 Bhutan 0.588 Jordan 0.596 Moldavia 0.624 Nigeria 0.575 Ireland 0.698 Barbados 0.626 Papua New Guinea 0.582 Algeria 0.595 Kazakhstan 0.622
Ghana 0.573 Austria 0.689 Costa Rica 0.625 Viet Nam 0.579 Saudi Arabia 0.593 Armenia 0.620
South Africa 0.570 Latvia 0.688 Bahamas 0.622 Iran 0.572 United Arab Emirates 0.589 Ukraine 0.619 Ethiopia 0.565 Denmark 0.687 Paraguay 0.622 Philippines 0.571 Bahrain 0.585 Bosnia Herzegovina 0.595
Cameroon 0.564 Switzerland 0.685 Colombia 0.620 Nepal 0.571 Syria 0.572 Serbia 0.585
Malawi 0.562 Slovenia 0.672 Belize 0.615 Cambodia 0.571 Lebanon 0.571 Macedonia 0.584 Central Africa Republic 0.562 Lithuania 0.671 Cuba 0.613 Tonga 0.569 Sudan 0.549 Tadzhikistan 0.580
Cape Verde 0.555 France 0.668 Bolivia 0.612 Maldives 0.567 Yemen 0.526 Montenegro 0.571
Mali 0.550 Estonia 0.668 Brazil 0.607 Pakistan 0.564 Iraq 0.509 Uzbekistan 0.549 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.549 Netherlands 0.666 Jamaica 0.606 Bangladesh 0.553 Djibouti 0.488 Turkmenistan 0.521
Benin 0.549 Slovakia 0.664 Trinidad and Tobago 0.605 China 0.547 Gaza / West Bank 0.464
Mozambique 0.548 Germany 0.659 Guyana 0.601 Laos 0.543 Somalia 0.383 Mauritania 0.547 Spain 0.658 Nicaragua 0.598 India 0.534
Rwanda 0.546 United Kingdom 0.657 Dominican Republic 0.592 Brunei 0.526
Namibia 0.546 Hungary 0.652 Venezuela 0.587 Salomon Islands 0.515 Gambia 0.545 Cyprus 0.650 Ecuador 0.585 Afghanistan 0.499
Lesotho 0.540 Belgium 0.649 Saint Lucia 0.584 Myanmar 0.497
Guinea 0.540 Japan 0.644 Honduras 0.579 East Timor 0.421 Ivory Coast 0.540 Israel 0.641 El Salvador 0.578 North Korea 0.414
Comoros 0.540 Czech Republic 0.641 Guatemala 0.573
Senegal 0.536 Portugal 0.640 Surinam 0.547 Burundi 0.533 Romania 0.637 Haiti 0.425
Angola 0.527 Bulgaria 0.636
Swaziland 0.522 Italy 0.635 DRC 0.519 Poland 0.624
Equatorial Guinea 0.515 Malta 0.622
Zimbabwe 0.514 Greece 0.621 Kenya 0.512 Turkey 0.620
Togo 0.510 United States 0.594
Niger 0.506 Mexico 0.593 Eritrea 0.491 South Korea 0.593
Sierra Leone 0.485
Burkina Faso 0.470 Guinea Bissau 0.457
Liberia 0.451
Chad 0.449 Uganda 0.208
AVERAGE 0.538 AVERAGE 0.664 AVERAGE 0.605 AVERAGE 0.559 AVERAGE 0.569 AVERAGE 0.612
69
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT APPENDIX HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SUB-INDICATOR Index: Human Development The data was drawn from the UNDP's Human Development Report and we are using the full indicator as such for this survey.46 HAPPINESS AND WELL-BEING SUB-INDICATOR Index: Happiness Presented by the New Economics Foundation (NEF), this index is the result of a combination of a satisfaction index (determined on the basis of the results of an international opinion survey asking respondents to attribute their measure of satisfaction on a scale from 0 to 10), life expectancy at birth (as estimated by the UNDP in its Human Development Report), and the environmental impact as provided by the Global Footprint Network.47 The index was calculated on the basis of the NEF results and according to the following formula, with the highest value being 67.24 (for Colombia) and the lowest 16.64 (for Zimbabwe):48 Index: Well-being Also presented by the NEF, the index for personal subjective well-being is the result of a combination of economic well-being, environmental well-being, and social well-being. The index was calculated as follows with as its highest value 273 (for Denmark) and its lowest 100 (for Burundi):49
46 http://www.undp.org/ 47 http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/ 48 http://www.lexas.net/rankings/happy_planet_index.asp 49 http://www.lexas.net/rankings/global_happiness_index.asp
Country score – Lowest score 100 - 100 x Highest score – Lowest score Index = 1-
100
Country score – Lowest score 100 - 100 x Highest score – Lowest score Index = 1-
100
70
Index: Quality of Life Developed by International Living, the 2008 Quality of Life index considers the following parameters:50 Cost of Living, Culture and Leisure, Economy, Environment, Freedom, Health, Infrastructure, Safety and Risk, and Climate. It is expressed on a scale of 0 to 100, where 0 is the worst score and 100 the best, and calculation of the index that we use was as follows: The Happiness and Well-being sub-indicator is calcu lated by producing the average of the three indexes in this category.
The HUMAN DEVELOPMENT indicator is the average of t he three previously determined sub-indicators.
The final score at the global level is the average of the 179
countries surveyed, or: 0.627
50 http://www.internationalliving.com/Internal-Components/Further-Resources/qofl2009
Country score Index =
100
71
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HU
MA
N D
EV
EL
OP
ME
NT
UNDP Well-being and Happiness
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Su
bje
ctiv
e W
ell-
bei
ng
Ind
ex
Hap
pin
ess
Ind
ex
Qu
alit
y o
f L
ife
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Afghanistan 0.308 0.308 175 0.434 22.00 0.106 31 0.310 0.283 0.296
Albania 0.801 0.801 153 0.306 42.13 0.504 59 0.590 0.467 0.634
Algeria 0.733 0.733 173 0.422 45.89 0.578 45 0.450 0.483 0.608
Angola 0.446 0.446 160 0.347 27.88 0.222 39 0.390 0.320 0.383
Argentina 0.869 0.869 227 0.734 51.96 0.698 74 0.740 0.724 0.797
Armenia 0.775 0.775 123 0.133 36.15 0.386 56 0.560 0.360 0.567
Australia 0.962 0.962 243 0.827 34.06 0.344 79 0.790 0.654 0.808
Austria 0.948 0.948 260 0.925 48.77 0.635 74 0.740 0.767 0.857
Azerbaijan 0.746 0.746 163 0.364 40.69 0.475 48 0.480 0.440 0.593
Bahamas 0.845 0.845 257 0.908 44.90 0.558 61 0.610 0.692 0.769
Bahrain 0.866 0.866 240 0.809 34.35 0.350 51 0.510 0.556 0.711
Bangladesh 0.547 0.547 190 0.520 53.20 0.723 47 0.470 0.571 0.559
Barbados 0.892 0.892 243 0.827 52.73 0.713 61 0.610 0.717 0.804
Belarus 0.804 0.804 133 0.191 25.78 0.181 56 0.560 0.310 0.557
Belgium 0.946 0.946 243 0.827 44.04 0.542 74 0.740 0.703 0.824
Belize 0.778 0.778 230 0.751 51.32 0.685 66 0.660 0.699 0.738
Benin 0.437 0.437 180 0.462 40.10 0.464 49 0.490 0.472 0.455
Bhutan 0.579 0.579 253 0.884 61.08 0.878 54 0.540 0.768 0.673
Bolivia 0.695 0.695 183 0.480 46.17 0.584 62 0.620 0.561 0.628
Bosnia Herzegovina 0.803 0.803 170 0.405 40.96 0.481 60 0.600 0.495 0.649
Botswana 0.654 0.654 180 0.462 25.42 0.174 61 0.610 0.415 0.535
Brazil 0.800 0.800 210 0.636 48.59 0.631 68 0.680 0.649 0.725
Brunei 0.894 0.894 253 0.884 41.16 0.485 54 0.540 0.636 0.765
Bulgaria 0.824 0.824 143 0.249 31.59 0.295 70 0.700 0.415 0.619
Burkina Faso 0.370 0.370 157 0.329 30.08 0.266 42 0.420 0.338 0.354
Burundi 0.413 0.413 100 0.000 19.02 0.047 42 0.420 0.156 0.284
Cambodia 0.598 0.598 187 0.503 42.15 0.504 45 0.450 0.486 0.542
Cameroon 0.532 0.532 170 0.405 32.76 0.319 42 0.420 0.381 0.457
Canada 0.962 0.962 253 0.884 39.76 0.457 74 0.740 0.694 0.828
Cape Verde 0.736 0.736 193 0.538 52.41 0.707 49 0.490 0.578 0.657
Central Africa Republic 0.384 0.384 163 0.364 25.90 0.183 42 0.420 0.322 0.353
Chad 0.388 0.388 150 0.289 25.37 0.173 37 0.370 0.277 0.333
Chile 0.868 0.868 217 0.676 52.20 0.703 65 0.650 0.676 0.772
China 0.777 0.777 210 0.636 55.99 0.778 56 0.560 0.658 0.717
Colombia 0.791 0.791 240 0.809 67.24 1.000 65 0.650 0.820 0.805
Comoros 0.561 0.561 197 0.561 52.92 0.717 50 0.500 0.593 0.577
Congo 0.548 0.548 190 0.520 41.59 0.493 45 0.450 0.488 0.518
Costa Rica 0.846 0.846 250 0.867 66.00 0.975 71 0.710 0.851 0.848
Croatia 0.850 0.850 197 0.561 43.71 0.535 68 0.680 0.592 0.721
Cuba 0.838 0.838 210 0.636 61.86 0.894 56 0.560 0.697 0.767
Cyprus 0.903 0.903 230 0.751 45.99 0.580 63 0.630 0.654 0.778
Czech Republic 0.891 0.891 213 0.653 36.59 0.394 70 0.700 0.582 0.737
Denmark 0.949 0.949 273 1.000 41.40 0.489 71 0.710 0.733 0.841
Djibouti 0.516 0.516 160 0.347 32.72 0.318 37 0.370 0.345 0.430
Dominica 0.798 0.798 243 0.827 64.55 0.947 66 0.660 0.811 0.805
Dominican Republic 0.779 0.779 233 0.769 57.14 0.800 60 0.600 0.723 0.751
DRC 0.411 0.411 110 0.058 20.69 0.080 39 0.390 0.176 0.293
East Timor 0.514 0.514 220 0.694 52.04 0.700 35 0.350 0.581 0.548
Ecuador 0.772 0.772 187 0.503 49.29 0.645 69 0.690 0.613 0.692
Egypt 0.708 0.708 160 0.347 41.58 0.493 50 0.500 0.447 0.577
El Salvador 0.735 0.735 220 0.694 61.66 0.890 56 0.560 0.714 0.725
Equatorial Guinea 0.642 0.642 173 0.422 23.77 0.141 42 0.420 0.328 0.485
Eritrea 0.483 0.483 147 0.272 34.49 0.353 39 0.390 0.338 0.411
Estonia 0.860 0.860 170 0.405 22.68 0.119 68 0.680 0.401 0.631
Ethiopia 0.406 0.406 157 0.329 32.53 0.314 41 0.410 0.351 0.379
Fiji 0.762 0.762 223 0.711 54.47 0.748 54 0.540 0.666 0.714
Finland 0.952 0.952 257 0.908 37.36 0.409 71 0.710 0.676 0.814
France 0.952 0.952 220 0.694 36.42 0.391 85 0.850 0.645 0.798
Gabon 0.677 0.677 207 0.618 40.52 0.472 43 0.430 0.507 0.592
Gambia 0.502 0.502 190 0.520 42.46 0.510 46 0.460 0.497 0.499
Gaza / West Bank 0.731 0.731 120 0.116 25.00 0.165 30 0.300 0.194 0.462
Georgia 0.754 0.754 137 0.214 41.15 0.484 57 0.570 0.423 0.588
Germany 0.935 0.935 240 0.809 43.83 0.537 80 0.800 0.716 0.825
Ghana 0.553 0.553 207 0.618 46.98 0.600 53 0.530 0.583 0.568
Greece 0.926 0.926 210 0.636 35.71 0.377 70 0.700 0.571 0.748
Grenada 0.777 0.777 217 0.676 48.96 0.639 62 0.620 0.645 0.711
Guatemala 0.689 0.689 233 0.769 61.69 0.890 58 0.580 0.746 0.718
Guinea 0.456 0.456 170 0.405 37.42 0.411 39 0.390 0.402 0.429
Guinea Bissau 0.374 0.374 180 0.462 35.08 0.364 46 0.460 0.429 0.401
72
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HU
MA
N D
EV
EL
OP
ME
NT
UNDP Well-being and Happiness
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Su
bje
ctiv
e W
ell-
bei
ng
Ind
ex
Hap
pin
ess
Ind
ex
Qu
alit
y o
f L
ife
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Guyana 0.750 0.750 240 0.809 56.65 0.791 55 0.550 0.717 0.733
Haiti 0.529 0.529 183 0.480 43.34 0.528 41 0.410 0.472 0.501
Honduras 0.700 0.700 240 0.809 61.75 0.892 59 0.590 0.764 0.732
Hungary 0.874 0.874 190 0.520 37.64 0.415 71 0.710 0.548 0.711
Iceland 0.968 0.968 260 0.925 48.35 0.627 72 0.720 0.757 0.863
India 0.619 0.619 180 0.462 48.67 0.633 49 0.490 0.528 0.574
Indonesia 0.728 0.728 220 0.694 57.90 0.815 48 0.480 0.663 0.696
Iran 0.759 0.759 200 0.578 47.23 0.605 45 0.450 0.544 0.652
Iraq 0.575 0.575 110 0.058 23.00 0.126 29 0.290 0.158 0.366
Ireland 0.959 0.959 253 0.884 39.38 0.449 65 0.650 0.661 0.810
Israel 0.932 0.932 223 0.711 39.07 0.443 63 0.630 0.595 0.763
Italy 0.941 0.941 230 0.751 48.26 0.625 78 0.780 0.719 0.830
Ivory Coast 0.432 0.432 150 0.289 28.80 0.240 40 0.400 0.310 0.371
Jamaica 0.736 0.736 233 0.769 51.01 0.679 59 0.590 0.679 0.708
Japan 0.953 0.953 207 0.618 41.70 0.495 74 0.740 0.618 0.785
Jordan 0.773 0.773 170 0.405 42.05 0.502 55 0.550 0.486 0.629
Kazakhstan 0.794 0.794 193 0.538 36.92 0.401 47 0.470 0.469 0.632
Kenya 0.521 0.521 187 0.503 36.70 0.396 49 0.490 0.463 0.492
Kuwait 0.891 0.891 240 0.809 27.67 0.218 48 0.480 0.502 0.697
Laos 0.601 0.601 180 0.462 40.26 0.467 43 0.430 0.453 0.527
Latvia 0.855 0.855 157 0.329 27.27 0.210 67 0.670 0.403 0.629
Lebanon 0.772 0.772 187 0.503 43.64 0.534 54 0.540 0.525 0.649
Lesotho 0.549 0.549 143 0.249 23.05 0.127 53 0.530 0.302 0.425
Liberia 0.423 0.423 135 0.202 26.00 0.185 38 0.380 0.256 0.339
Libya 0.818 0.818 190 0.520 40.33 0.468 47 0.470 0.486 0.652
Lithuania 0.862 0.862 157 0.329 29.29 0.250 72 0.720 0.433 0.648
Luxemburg 0.944 0.944 253 0.884 45.62 0.573 82 0.820 0.759 0.852
Macedonia 0.801 0.801 163 0.364 39.14 0.445 62 0.620 0.476 0.639
Madagascar 0.533 0.533 193 0.538 45.99 0.580 52 0.520 0.546 0.539
Malawi 0.437 0.437 153 0.306 26.66 0.198 52 0.520 0.341 0.389
Malaysia 0.811 0.811 247 0.850 52.69 0.712 58 0.580 0.714 0.763
Maldives 0.741 0.741 220 0.694 53.52 0.729 52 0.520 0.647 0.694
Mali 0.380 0.380 177 0.445 33.68 0.337 46 0.460 0.414 0.397
Malta 0.878 0.878 250 0.867 53.26 0.724 74 0.740 0.777 0.827
Mauritania 0.550 0.550 177 0.445 37.30 0.408 43 0.430 0.428 0.489
Mauritius 0.804 0.804 217 0.676 49.65 0.652 63 0.630 0.653 0.728
Mexico 0.829 0.829 230 0.751 54.39 0.746 68 0.680 0.726 0.777
Moldavia 0.708 0.708 117 0.098 31.12 0.286 63 0.630 0.338 0.523
Mongolia 0.700 0.700 223 0.711 49.59 0.651 55 0.550 0.637 0.669
Montenegro 0.783 0.783 175 0.434 39.45 0.451 55 0.550 0.478 0.631
Morocco 0.646 0.646 187 0.503 54.43 0.747 57 0.570 0.607 0.626
Mozambique 0.384 0.384 180 0.462 33.01 0.324 46 0.460 0.415 0.400
Myanmar 0.583 0.583 177 0.445 44.55 0.552 46 0.460 0.486 0.534
Namibia 0.650 0.650 217 0.676 38.41 0.430 62 0.620 0.576 0.613
Nepal 0.534 0.534 183 0.480 49.95 0.658 49 0.490 0.543 0.538
Netherlands 0.953 0.953 250 0.867 46.00 0.580 75 0.750 0.732 0.843
New Zealand 0.943 0.943 247 0.850 41.92 0.500 77 0.770 0.706 0.825
Nicaragua 0.710 0.710 210 0.636 59.09 0.839 58 0.580 0.685 0.697
Niger 0.374 0.374 150 0.289 26.80 0.201 42 0.420 0.303 0.339
Nigeria 0.470 0.470 183 0.480 31.14 0.287 43 0.430 0.399 0.434
North Korea 0.279 0.279 145 0.260 18.00 0.027 49 0.490 0.259 0.269
Norway 0.968 0.968 247 0.850 39.18 0.445 74 0.740 0.678 0.823
Oman 0.814 0.814 243 0.827 43.94 0.540 43 0.430 0.599 0.706
Pakistan 0.551 0.551 143 0.249 39.40 0.450 40 0.400 0.366 0.459
Panama 0.812 0.812 240 0.809 63.54 0.927 68 0.680 0.805 0.809
Papua New Guinea 0.530 0.530 210 0.636 44.75 0.556 47 0.470 0.554 0.542
Paraguay 0.755 0.755 217 0.676 51.13 0.682 62 0.620 0.659 0.707
Peru 0.773 0.773 187 0.503 55.14 0.761 54 0.540 0.601 0.687
Philippines 0.771 0.771 213 0.653 59.17 0.841 51 0.510 0.668 0.719
Poland 0.870 0.870 197 0.561 39.29 0.448 69 0.690 0.566 0.718
Portugal 0.897 0.897 203 0.595 34.83 0.359 74 0.740 0.565 0.731
Qatar 0.875 0.875 233 0.769 25.50 0.175 47 0.470 0.471 0.673
Romania 0.813 0.813 173 0.422 37.72 0.417 67 0.670 0.503 0.658
Russia 0.802 0.802 143 0.249 22.76 0.121 52 0.520 0.297 0.549
Rwanda 0.452 0.452 147 0.272 28.35 0.231 43 0.430 0.311 0.382
Saint Lucia 0.795 0.795 233 0.769 61.31 0.883 57 0.570 0.741 0.768
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.761 0.761 240 0.809 61.37 0.884 55 0.550 0.748 0.754
Salomon Islands 0.602 0.602 230 0.751 58.93 0.836 49 0.490 0.692 0.647
São Tomé and Príncipe 0.654 0.654 223 0.711 57.92 0.816 56 0.560 0.696 0.675
Saudi Arabia 0.812 0.812 243 0.827 42.65 0.514 44 0.440 0.594 0.703
73
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HU
MA
N D
EV
EL
OP
ME
NT
UNDP Well-being and Happiness
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Su
bje
ctiv
e W
ell-
bei
ng
Ind
ex
Hap
pin
ess
Ind
ex
Qu
alit
y o
f L
ife
Ind
ex
Su
b-i
nd
icat
or
Senegal 0.499 0.499 187 0.503 40.81 0.478 50 0.500 0.494 0.496
Serbia 0.780 0.780 175 0.434 39.45 0.451 63 0.630 0.505 0.642
Seychelles 0.843 0.843 247 0.850 56.07 0.779 59 0.590 0.740 0.791
Sierra Leone 0.336 0.336 167 0.387 28.24 0.229 32 0.320 0.312 0.324
Singapore 0.922 0.922 230 0.751 36.14 0.385 58 0.580 0.572 0.747
Slovakia 0.863 0.863 180 0.462 35.81 0.379 68 0.680 0.507 0.685
Slovenia 0.917 0.917 220 0.694 44.03 0.541 70 0.700 0.645 0.781
Somalia 0.295 0.295 130 0.173 18.60 0.039 30 0.300 0.171 0.233
South Africa 0.674 0.674 190 0.520 27.80 0.221 65 0.650 0.464 0.569
South Korea 0.921 0.921 193 0.538 41.11 0.484 67 0.670 0.564 0.742
Spain 0.949 0.949 233 0.769 43.04 0.522 76 0.760 0.684 0.816
Sri Lanka 0.743 0.743 203 0.595 60.31 0.863 53 0.530 0.663 0.703
Sudan 0.526 0.526 120 0.116 27.74 0.219 31 0.310 0.215 0.370
Surinam 0.774 0.774 243 0.827 55.03 0.759 56 0.560 0.715 0.745
Swaziland 0.547 0.547 140 0.231 18.38 0.034 53 0.530 0.265 0.406
Sweden 0.956 0.956 257 0.908 38.17 0.425 71 0.710 0.681 0.819
Switzerland 0.955 0.955 273 1.000 48.30 0.626 84 0.840 0.822 0.888
Syria 0.724 0.724 170 0.405 43.23 0.525 50 0.500 0.477 0.600
Tadzhikistan 0.673 0.673 203 0.595 57.66 0.811 47 0.470 0.625 0.649
Tanzania 0.467 0.467 183 0.480 35.08 0.364 46 0.460 0.435 0.451
Thailand 0.781 0.781 217 0.676 55.39 0.766 56 0.560 0.667 0.724
Togo 0.512 0.512 163 0.364 36.86 0.400 44 0.440 0.401 0.457
Tonga 0.819 0.819 220 0.694 57.90 0.815 56 0.560 0.690 0.754
Trinidad and Tobago 0.814 0.814 230 0.751 51.87 0.696 56 0.560 0.669 0.742
Tunisia 0.766 0.766 213 0.653 58.92 0.836 59 0.590 0.693 0.729
Turkey 0.775 0.775 177 0.445 41.40 0.489 58 0.580 0.505 0.640
Turkmenistan 0.713 0.713 133 0.191 23.96 0.145 44 0.440 0.258 0.486
Uganda 0.505 0.505 157 0.329 27.68 0.218 44 0.440 0.329 0.417
Ukraine 0.788 0.788 120 0.116 22.21 0.110 62 0.620 0.282 0.535
United Arab Emirates 0.868 0.868 247 0.850 28.20 0.228 45 0.450 0.509 0.689
United Kingdom 0.946 0.946 237 0.792 40.29 0.467 68 0.680 0.646 0.796
United States 0.951 0.951 247 0.850 28.83 0.241 83 0.830 0.640 0.796
Uruguay 0.852 0.852 210 0.636 49.31 0.646 74 0.740 0.674 0.763
Uzbekistan 0.702 0.702 213 0.653 49.22 0.644 47 0.470 0.589 0.646
Venezuela 0.792 0.792 247 0.850 57.55 0.808 57 0.570 0.743 0.767
Viet Nam 0.733 0.733 203 0.595 61.23 0.881 49 0.490 0.656 0.694
Yemen 0.508 0.508 207 0.618 55.00 0.758 31 0.310 0.562 0.535
Zambia 0.434 0.434 163 0.364 25.91 0.183 51 0.510 0.352 0.393
Zimbabwe 0.513 0.513 110 0.058 16.64 0.000 42 0.420 0.159 0.336
74
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATOR (GLOBAL RANKING IN DESCENDING ORDER)
Switzerland 0.888 Cyprus 0.778 Philippines 0.719 Iran 0.652 Armenia 0.567 Djibouti 0.430 Iceland 0.863 Mexico 0.777 Poland 0.718 Tadzhikistan 0.649 Bangladesh 0.559 Guinea 0.429 Austria 0.857 Chile 0.772 Guatemala 0.718 Bosnia Herzegovina 0.649 Belarus 0.557 Lesotho 0.425 Luxemburg 0.852 Bahamas 0.769 China 0.717 Lebanon 0.649 Russia 0.549 Uganda 0.417
Costa Rica 0.848 Saint Lucia 0.768 Fiji 0.714 Lithuania 0.648 East Timor 0.548 Eritrea 0.411 Netherlands 0.843 Venezuela 0.767 Hungary 0.711 Salomon Islands 0.647 Papua New Guinea 0.542 Swaziland 0.406 Denmark 0.841 Cuba 0.767 Bahrain 0.711 Uzbekistan 0.646 Cambodia 0.542 Guinea Bissau 0.401 Italy 0.830 Brunei 0.765 Grenada 0.711 Serbia 0.642 Madagascar 0.539 Mozambique 0.400
Canada 0.828 Israel 0.763 Jamaica 0.708 Turkey 0.640 Nepal 0.538 Mali 0.397 Malta 0.827 Uruguay 0.763 Paraguay 0.707 Macedonia 0.639 Yemen 0.535 Zambia 0.393 Germany 0.825 Malaysia 0.763 Oman 0.706 Albania 0.634 Ukraine 0.535 Malawi 0.389 New Zealand 0.825 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.754 Sri Lanka 0.703 Kazakhstan 0.632 Botswana 0.535 Angola 0.383 Belgium 0.824 Tonga 0.754 Saudi Arabia 0.703 Estonia 0.631 Myanmar 0.534 Rwanda 0.382
Norway 0.823 Dominican Republic 0.751 Nicaragua 0.697 Montenegro 0.631 Laos 0.527 Ethiopia 0.379 Sweden 0.819 Greece 0.748 Kuwait 0.697 Jordan 0.629 Moldavia 0.523 Ivory Coast 0.371 Spain 0.816 Singapore 0.747 Indonesia 0.696 Latvia 0.629 Congo 0.518 Sudan 0.370 Finland 0.814 Surinam 0.745 Viet Nam 0.694 Bolivia 0.628 Haiti 0.501 Iraq 0.366
Ireland 0.810 South Korea 0.742 Maldives 0.694 Morocco 0.626 Gambia 0.499 Burkina Faso 0.354 Panama 0.809 Trinidad and Tobago 0.742 Ecuador 0.692 Bulgaria 0.619 Senegal 0.496 Central Africa Rep. 0.353 Australia 0.808 Belize 0.738 United Arab Emirates 0.689 Namibia 0.613 Kenya 0.492 Liberia 0.339 Colombia 0.805 Czech Republic 0.737 Peru 0.687 Algeria 0.608 Mauritania 0.489 Niger 0.339
Dominica 0.805 Guyana 0.733 Slovakia 0.685 Syria 0.600 Turkmenistan 0.486 Zimbabwe 0.336 Barbados 0.804 Honduras 0.732 Kirghizstan 0.685 Azerbaijan 0.593 Equatorial Guinea 0.485 Chad 0.333 France 0.798 Portugal 0.731 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.675 Gabon 0.592 Gaza / West Bank 0.462 Sierra Leone 0.324 Argentina 0.797 Tunisia 0.729 Bhutan 0.673 Georgia 0.588 Pakistan 0.459 Afghanistan 0.296 United Kingdom 0.796 Mauritius 0.728 Qatar 0.673 Egypt 0.577 Togo 0.457 DRC 0.293
United States 0.796 El Salvador 0.725 Mongolia 0.669 Comoros 0.577 Cameroon 0.457 Burundi 0.284 Seychelles 0.791 Brazil 0.725 Romania 0.658 India 0.574 Benin 0.455 North Korea 0.269 Japan 0.785 Thailand 0.724 Cape Verde 0.657 South Africa 0.569 Tanzania 0.451 Somalia 0.233 Slovenia 0.781 Croatia 0.721 Libya 0.652 Ghana 0.568 Nigeria 0.434 AVERAGE 0.627
75
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATOR (REGIONAL RANKING IN DESCENDING ORDER)
AFRICA EU OECD LATIN AMERICA AND THE
CARIBBEAN ASIA PACIFIC ARAB STATES CIS CENTRAL ASIA BALKANS
Seychelles 0.791 Switzerland 0.888 Costa Rica 0.848 Brunei 0.765 Tunisia 0.729 Croatia 0.721
Mauritius 0.728 Iceland 0.863 Panama 0.809 Malaysia 0.763 Bahrain 0.711 Kirghizstan 0.685 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.675 Austria 0.857 Colombia 0.805 Tonga 0.754 Oman 0.706 Tadzhikistan 0.649
Cape Verde 0.657 Luxemburg 0.852 Dominica 0.805 Singapore 0.747 Saudi Arabia 0.703 Bosnia Herzegovina 0.649
Namibia 0.613 Netherlands 0.843 Barbados 0.804 Thailand 0.724 Kuwait 0.697 Uzbekistan 0.646 Gabon 0.592 Denmark 0.841 Argentina 0.797 Philippines 0.719 United Arab Emirates 0.689 Serbia 0.642
Comoros 0.577 Italy 0.830 Chile 0.772 China 0.717 Qatar 0.673 Macedonia 0.639
South Africa 0.569 Canada 0.828 Bahamas 0.769 Fiji 0.714 Libya 0.652 Albania 0.634 Ghana 0.568 Malta 0.827 Saint Lucia 0.768 Sri Lanka 0.703 Lebanon 0.649 Kazakhstan 0.632
Madagascar 0.539 Germany 0.825 Venezuela 0.767 Indonesia 0.696 Jordan 0.629 Montenegro 0.631
Botswana 0.535 New Zealand 0.825 Cuba 0.767 Viet Nam 0.694 Morocco 0.626 Azerbaijan 0.593 Congo 0.518 Belgium 0.824 Uruguay 0.763 Maldives 0.694 Algeria 0.608 Georgia 0.588
Gambia 0.499 Norway 0.823 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.754 Bhutan 0.673 Syria 0.600 Armenia 0.567
Senegal 0.496 Sweden 0.819 Dominican Republic 0.751 Mongolia 0.669 Egypt 0.577 Belarus 0.557 Kenya 0.492 Spain 0.816 Surinam 0.745 Iran 0.652 Yemen 0.535 Russia 0.549
Mauritania 0.489 Finland 0.814 Trinidad and Tobago 0.742 Salomon Islands 0.647 Gaza / West Bank 0.462 Ukraine 0.535
Equatorial Guinea 0.485 Ireland 0.810 Belize 0.738 India 0.574 Djibouti 0.430 Moldavia 0.523 Togo 0.457 Australia 0.808 Guyana 0.733 Bangladesh 0.559 Sudan 0.370 Turkmenistan 0.486
Cameroon 0.457 France 0.798 Honduras 0.732 East Timor 0.548 Iraq 0.366
Benin 0.455 United Kingdom 0.796 El Salvador 0.725 Papua New Guinea 0.542 Somalia 0.233 Tanzania 0.451 United States 0.796 Brazil 0.725 Cambodia 0.542
Nigeria 0.434 Japan 0.785 Guatemala 0.718 Nepal 0.538
Guinea 0.429 Slovenia 0.781 Grenada 0.711 Myanmar 0.534 Lesotho 0.425 Cyprus 0.778 Jamaica 0.708 Laos 0.527
Uganda 0.417 Mexico 0.777 Paraguay 0.707 Pakistan 0.459
Eritrea 0.411 Israel 0.763 Nicaragua 0.697 Afghanistan 0.296 Swaziland 0.406 Greece 0.748 Ecuador 0.692 North Korea 0.269
Guinea Bissau 0.401 South Korea 0.742 Peru 0.687
Mozambique 0.400 Czech Republic 0.737 Bolivia 0.628 Mali 0.397 Portugal 0.731 Haiti 0.501
Zambia 0.393 Poland 0.718
Malawi 0.389 Hungary 0.711 Angola 0.383 Slovakia 0.685
Rwanda 0.382 Romania 0.658 Ethiopia 0.379 Lithuania 0.648
Ivory Coast 0.371 Turkey 0.640
Burkina Faso 0.354 Estonia 0.631 Central Africa Republic 0.353 Latvia 0.629
Liberia 0.339 Bulgaria 0.619
Niger 0.339 Zimbabwe 0.336
Chad 0.333
Sierra Leone 0.324 DRC 0.293
Burundi 0.284
AVERAGE 0.458 AVERAGE 0.773 AVERAGE 0.739 AVERAGE 0.619 AVERAGE 0.582 AVERAGE 0.607
76
WORLD GOVERNANCE INDICATOR (GLOBAL RANKING IN DESCENDING ORDER)
Iceland 0.875 Uruguay 0.748 Macedonia 0.657 Ukraine 0.622 Comoros 0.585 Togo 0.529 Norway 0.871 Czech Republic 0.748 Mexico 0.656 Lesotho 0.621 Mali 0.582 Ethiopia 0.521 Sweden 0.870 Singapore 0.739 Fiji 0.656 Tonga 0.620 Russia 0.577 Djibouti 0.520 Finland 0.864 Estonia 0.735 Tunisia 0.653 Jordan 0.619 Mauritania 0.577 Cameroon 0.520
Denmark 0.856 Italy 0.731 Jamaica 0.652 Turkey 0.618 Gambia 0.577 Guinea Bissau 0.518 Luxemburg 0.846 Hungary 0.731 Nicaragua 0.651 Gabon 0.618 Sri Lanka 0.575 Equatorial Guinea 0.514 New Zealand 0.846 Saint Lucia 0.729 Qatar 0.648 Morocco 0.616 Azerbaijan 0.575 East Timor 0.512 Netherlands 0.845 Dominica 0.729 Albania 0.646 Kazakhstan 0.615 Algeria 0.571 Afghanistan 0.511
Austria 0.839 South Korea 0.728 Dominican Republic 0.645 Armenia 0.615 Uzbekistan 0.571 Turkmenistan 0.508 Australia 0.830 Grenada 0.728 Cuba 0.645 Indonesia 0.614 Malawi 0.570 Sierra Leone 0.506 Switzerland 0.829 Seychelles 0.721 Surinam 0.644 Viet Nam 0.613 Papua New Guinea 0.570 Burundi 0.501 Germany 0.824 Lithuania 0.718 Bahrain 0.644 Montenegro 0.612 Libya 0.570 Pakistan 0.495 Canada 0.818 Slovakia 0.716 Kirghizstan 0.644 Thailand 0.610 Cambodia 0.570 Nigeria 0.489
Ireland 0.807 Greece 0.715 El Salvador 0.643 Madagascar 0.610 Bhutan 0.567 Ivory Coast 0.489 Belgium 0.804 Poland 0.709 Ghana 0.642 Philippines 0.609 Zambia 0.561 Haiti 0.488 United Kingdom 0.793 Cape Verde 0.708 Brazil 0.642 Georgia 0.609 Laos 0.560 Angola 0.482 Spain 0.791 Argentina 0.706 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.640 Tadzhikistan 0.609 Congo 0.559 Uganda 0.475
Barbados 0.784 Belize 0.705 Moldavia 0.639 Brunei 0.603 Saudi Arabia 0.558 Eritrea 0.472 France 0.778 Latvia 0.702 Kuwait 0.638 Venezuela 0.602 Rwanda 0.556 Liberia 0.472 Japan 0.774 Panama 0.700 Botswana 0.637 Senegal 0.601 Burkina Faso 0.549 Central Africa Republic 0.461 Malta 0.767 Croatia 0.698 Serbia 0.632 Tanzania 0.595 Syria 0.548 Zimbabwe 0.461
Costa Rica 0.764 Israel 0.678 Honduras 0.632 Belarus 0.595 Guinea 0.546 Myanmar 0.446 United States 0.761 Bulgaria 0.676 Paraguay 0.632 Guatemala 0.595 India 0.543 Chad 0.436 Bahamas 0.761 Romania 0.668 United Arab Emirates 0.630 Benin 0.593 Kenya 0.541 North Korea 0.423 Portugal 0.760 Mongolia 0.665 Bolivia 0.628 Egypt 0.591 Nepal 0.540 Gaza / West Bank 0.421 Chile 0.758 Trinidad and Tobago 0.665 Bosnia Herzegovina 0.625 Lebanon 0.590 Bangladesh 0.537 DRC 0.419
Slovenia 0.755 Peru 0.660 Ecuador 0.625 Colombia 0.589 Swaziland 0.536 Sudan 0.417 Cyprus 0.752 Namibia 0.659 Salomon Islands 0.624 South Africa 0.589 Iran 0.536 Iraq 0.402 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.751 Guyana 0.659 Maldives 0.624 China 0.588 Yemen 0.536 Somalia 0.290 Mauritius 0.748 Malaysia 0.658 Oman 0.623 Mozambique 0.586 Niger 0.532 AVERAGE 0.632
77
WORLD GOVERNANCE INDICATOR (REGIONAL RANKING IN DESCENDING ORDER)
AFRICA EU OECD LATIN AMERICA AND THE
CARIBBEAN ASIA PACIFIC ARAB STATES CIS CENTRAL ASIA BALKANS
Mauritius 0.748 Iceland 0.875 Barbados 0.784 Singapore 0.739 Tunisia 0.653 Croatia 0.698
Seychelles 0.721 Norway 0.871 Costa Rica 0.764 Mongolia 0.665 Qatar 0.648 Macedonia 0.657 Cape Verde 0.708 Sweden 0.870 Bahamas 0.761 Malaysia 0.658 Bahrain 0.644 Albania 0.646
Namibia 0.659 Finland 0.864 Chile 0.758 Fiji 0.656 Kuwait 0.638 Kirghizstan 0.644
Ghana 0.642 Denmark 0.856 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.751 Salomon Islands 0.624 United Arab Emirates 0.630 Moldavia 0.639 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.640 Luxemburg 0.846 Uruguay 0.748 Maldives 0.624 Oman 0.623 Serbia 0.632
Botswana 0.637 New Zealand 0.846 Saint Lucia 0.729 Tonga 0.620 Jordan 0.619 Bosnia Herzegovina 0.625
Lesotho 0.621 Netherlands 0.845 Dominica 0.729 Indonesia 0.614 Morocco 0.616 Ukraine 0.622 Gabon 0.618 Austria 0.839 Grenada 0.728 Viet Nam 0.613 Egypt 0.591 Montenegro 0.618
Madagascar 0.610 Australia 0.830 Argentina 0.706 Thailand 0.610 Lebanon 0.590 Kazakhstan 0.615
Senegal 0.601 Switzerland 0.829 Belize 0.705 Philippines 0.609 Algeria 0.571 Armenia 0.615 Tanzania 0.595 Germany 0.824 Panama 0.700 Brunei 0.603 Libya 0.570 Georgia 0.609
Benin 0.593 Canada 0.818 Trinidad and Tobago 0.665 China 0.588 Saudi Arabia 0.558 Tadzhikistan 0.609
South Africa 0.589 Ireland 0.807 Peru 0.660 Sri Lanka 0.575 Syria 0.548 Belarus 0.595 Mozambique 0.586 Belgium 0.804 Guyana 0.659 Papua New Guinea 0.570 Yemen 0.536 Russia 0.577
Comoros 0.585 United Kingdom 0.793 Jamaica 0.652 Cambodia 0.570 Djibouti 0.520 Azerbaijan 0.575
Mali 0.582 Spain 0.791 Nicaragua 0.651 Bhutan 0.567 Gaza / West Bank 0.421 Uzbekistan 0.571 Mauritania 0.577 France 0.778 Dominican Republic 0.645 Laos 0.560 Sudan 0.417 Turkmenistan 0.508
Gambia 0.577 Japan 0.774 Cuba 0.645 India 0.543 Iraq 0.402
Malawi 0.570 Malta 0.767 Surinam 0.644 Nepal 0.540 Somalia 0.290 Zambia 0.561 United States 0.761 El Salvador 0.643 Bangladesh 0.537
Congo 0.559 Portugal 0.760 Brazil 0.642 Iran 0.536
Rwanda 0.556 Slovenia 0.755 Honduras 0.632 East Timor 0.512 Burkina Faso 0.549 Cyprus 0.752 Paraguay 0.632 Afghanistan 0.511
Guinea 0.546 Czech Republic 0.748 Bolivia 0.628 Pakistan 0.495
Kenya 0.541 Estonia 0.735 Ecuador 0.625 Myanmar 0.446 Swaziland 0.536 Italy 0.731 Venezuela 0.602 North Korea 0.423
Niger 0.532 Hungary 0.731 Guatemala 0.595
Togo 0.529 South Korea 0.728 Colombia 0.589 Ethiopia 0.521 Lithuania 0.718 Haiti 0.488
Cameroon 0.520 Slovakia 0.716
Guinea Bissau 0.518 Greece 0.715 Equatorial Guinea 0.514 Poland 0.709
Sierra Leone 0.506 Latvia 0.702 Burundi 0.501 Israel 0.678
Nigeria 0.489 Bulgaria 0.676
Ivory Coast 0.489 Romania 0.668 Angola 0.482 Mexico 0.656
Uganda 0.475 Turkey 0.618
Eritrea 0.472 Liberia 0.472
Central Africa Republic 0.461
Zimbabwe 0.461 Chad 0.436
DRC 0.419
AVERAGE 0.558 AVERAGE 0.771 AVERAGE 0.672 AVERAGE 0.578 AVERAGE 0.554 AVERAGE 0.614
78
RECAPITULATION TABLE PER INDICATOR
PEACE AND SECURITY RULE OF LAW HUMAN RIGHTS AND
PARTICIPATION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
80
CLASSIFICATION APPENDIX The classification used for the regional rankings is inspired from UNDP classification.
AFRICA ARAB STATES ASIA PACIFIC CIS
CENTRAL ASIA BALKANS
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
EU OECD
Angola Algeria Afghanistan Albania Argentina Australia
Benin Bahrain Bangladesh Armenia Bahamas Austria
Botswana Djibouti Bhutan Azerbaijan Barbados Belgium
Burkina Faso Egypt Brunei Belarus Belize Bulgaria
Burundi Gaza / West Bank Cambodia Bosnia Herzegovina Bolivia Canada
Cameroon Iraq China Croatia Brazil Cyprus
Cape Verde Jordan East Timor Georgia Chile Czech Republic
Central Africa Republic Kuwait Fiji Kazakhstan Colombia Denmark
Chad Lebanon India Kirghizstan Costa Rica Estonia
Comoros Libya Indonesia Macedonia Cuba Finland
Congo Morocco Iran Moldavia Dominica France
DRC Oman Laos Montenegro Dominican Republic Germany
Equatorial Guinea Qatar Malaysia Russia Ecuador Greece
Eritrea Saudi Arabia Maldives Serbia El Salvador Hungary
Ethiopia Somalia Mongolia Tadzhikistan Grenada Iceland
Gabon Sudan Myanmar Turkmenistan Guatemala Ireland
Gambia Syria Nepal Ukraine Guyana Israel
Ghana Tunisia North Korea Uzbekistan Haiti Italy
Guinea United Arab Emirates Pakistan Honduras Japan
Guinea Bissau Yemen Papua Jamaica Latvia
Ivory Coast Philippines Nicaragua Lithuania
Kenya Salomon Islands Panama Luxemburg
Lesotho Singapore Paraguay Malta
Liberia Sri Lanka Peru Mexico
Madagascar Thailand Saint Lucia Netherlands
Malawi Tonga Saint Vincent and the Grenadines New Zealand
Mali Viet Nam Surinam Norway
Mauritania Trinidad and Tobago Poland
Mauritius Uruguay Portugal
Mozambique Venezuela Romania
Namibia Slovakia
Niger Slovenia
Nigeria South Korea
Rwanda Spain
São Tomé and Príncipe Sweden
Senegal Switzerland
Seychelles Turkey
Sierra Leone United Kingdom
South Africa United States
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
81
COPYRIGHT APPENDIX
You are free:
to Share – to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work
to Remix – to make derivative works
Under the following conditions:
Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).
Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes.
Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.
• For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.
• Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.
• Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author's moral rights.
This is a human-readable summary of the Legal Code. See the full license (in French): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/fr/legalcode