world geography december 2, 2014. today unit 9 (industry and service – economic geography)
TRANSCRIPT
WORLD GEOGRAPHY
December 2, 2014
Today
Unit 9 (Industry and Service – Economic Geography)
Unit 9 – Industry and Services
Aspects to be examined:
- Industrial Revolution (origins and diffusion)
- Location theories and industrialization
- Changes of industrial production
- Modern industrial belts
- Service economy
Flow of Capital into Europe, 1775
Industrial Revolution - Origins- Textiles: Liverpool,
Manchester
- Iron: Birmingham
- Coal mining: Newcastle
Diffusion of the Industrial RevolutionMainland Europe:
Early 1800s
Location criteria:
- Proximity to coal fields
- Connection via water to a port
- Flow of capital
Diffusion of the Industrial RevolutionLater:
Late 1800s
Some regions without coal
Location criteria:
- Access to railroad
- Flow of capital
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
Location Theories: Explaining Industrial Location
Weber’s ModelManufacturing plants will locate where costs of transportation, labor, and agglomeration are the least
Theory: Least Cost Theory
Hotelling’s ModelLocation of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind
Theory: Locational Interdependence
Losch’s ModelManufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit
Theory: Zone of Profitability
Location Theories: Weber’s Model
Least Cost Theory
Manufacturing plants will locate to places with lowest costs of:
- transportation
- labor
- agglomeration
Location Theories: Weber’s Model
Least Cost Theory
Transportation:
- the site chosen must ensure lowest possible cost of:
a) moving raw materials to the factory b) finished products from the site to the market
- Most important aspect, according to Weber
Location Theories: Weber’s Model
Least Cost Theory
Labor:
- higher labor costs reduce profits, thus, a factory may be better served located farther from raw materials and the marketplace is cheap labor is available.
(e.g. China, S-E Asia today)
Location Theories: Weber’s Model
Least Cost Theory
Agglomeration:
- When a large number of enterprises cluster (agglomerate) in the same area (often a city)
- Can provide assistance to each other through shared talents, services, facilities.
E.g. accounting
Location Theories: Hotelling’s Model
Locational Interdependence
Location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind.
E.g. ice cream salesmen on a beach
Location Theories: Losch’s Model
Zone of Profitability
Manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profits
Major World Industrial Regions
Before 1950
Main determinants:
- Near raw materials
- Transportation
Major World Industrial Regions
Before 1950
However, additional needs:
- Goods and capital
- Political circumstances
- Economic leadership
- Labor costs
- Levels of education and training
Flow of Capital into Europe, 1775
Major World Industrial Regions
- Western & Central Europe
- Eastern North America
- Russia and Ukraine
- Eastern Asia
Each region tends to have one or more core areas of industrial development
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
Western and Central Europe
50% of all goods entering Europe through Rotterdam and Amsterdam
Major deposits offossil fuels in North America
Major manufacturing regions of NA
In north east, U.S. industries located along the coast for iron import
agglomeration
Major manufacturing regions of NA
New York:
-break-of bulkpoint
Major manufacturing regions of NA
Today:
deindustrialization
“the rust belt”
Major manufacturing regions of Russia
Major Manufacturing Regions of E. Asia
Kanto Plain:
Japan’s main industrial region
- Almost 100% need for imported oil in Japan
How Industrial Production Has Changed
Fordist : Dominant mode of mass production during the twentieth century, with production of consumer goods at a single site
Major focus was on the assembly line
How Industrial Production Has Changed
Post-Fordist : Current mode of production with more flexible production practices.
- Goods not mass produced
- Production accelerated and dispersed around the globe
- Multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world
Global Division of Labor
Time-Space Compression
Improvements in transportation and communications technologies (distance is much less important)
Many places in the world more connected than ever before
Next Class
- Finish Unit 9 - Introduce Unit 10 (Human Environment)