world geography chapter 2 notes looking at the earth
TRANSCRIPT
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World Geography Chapter 2 Notes
Looking at the Earth
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Section 1
Planet Earth
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The Solar System
Earth is part of a solar system Sun is at center of solar system 1. Sun is a star 8 planets in the solar system 1. Earth is the 5th largest 2. Jupiter is the largest
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Earth’s measurements
93 million miles from Sun 3rd planet from Sun
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Water, Land , and Air
70% water 1. Hydrosphere – oceans, lakes, rivers Land 1. Lithosphere – Continents and ocean
basins (land beneath oceans) Air 1. Atmosphere – extends approximately
1,000 feet above Earth’s surface Biosphere – part of Earth where life is
found
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Earth’s heights and depths
Mt. Everest – highest point ( 29,028 ft.)
Mariana Trench – lowest point (35,000 ft)
Average height above sea level – 2,800 ft.
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Inside the Earth (composed of four layers)
Inner core – center of the Earth (4,000 miles. below the surface)
Outer core – made of iron and nickel (begins about 1800 miles below the surface)
Mantle – a thick layer of dense hot rock
Crust – a thin layer next to the surface (3 to 30 miles deep)
1. continents and ocean basins
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Earth’s changing structure
Constantly changing due to internal and external forces
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Internal Forces
Forces cause plates to move Plate spread apart – forms a ridge Plates bump together – forms a trench Internal forces build and break down
mountains Folds – bends in layers of rock Plates squeeze Earth’s surface until it
buckles Faults – breaks in the Earth’s surface occurs when surface can’t be bent any
further
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Internal Forces Continued Earthquakes and Volcanoes Can cause as much damage under the
ocean as ones on land tsunami – giant tidal waves Often occur where plates meet Many occur along the edge of plates under
the Pacific ocean 1. Called the Ring of Fire Continental Drift theory – geologist believe
that all the continents used to be joined together (Pangea)
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External Forces
Weathering – process that breaks down rocks
1.Chemical – water dissolves some of the chemicals in rocks. Causes them break apart
2. Physical – water seeps into the rocks freezes expands and causes the rocks to break apart
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External Forces Continued
Erosion – wearing away of the Earth’s surface
1. Wind – movement of dust, sand, and soil from one place to another
2. Water – runoff digs into ground and rocks forms valleys and gullies
Glaciers – destroy forest and land as they move across land
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Section 2
Earth’s Features
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Landforms
Natural features of the Earth’s surface
Classified by type to help people locate them
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Continents
7 large landmasses 1. Asia – largest 2. Australia – smallest Some people consider Europe and
Asia to be one continent (Eurasia) 1. divided by the Ural Mountains
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Major landforms Mountains – highest landform, steep slopes with a
peak or summit Hills - lower than mountains, more rounded Plateaus – higher than surrounding land, usually
has one steep side (table top) Plains – flat or gently rolling lands 1. Coastal plains have lower elevations 2. Interior plains have higher elevations Peninsula – piece of land surrounded by water on
3 sides (Florida) Archipelago – a group or chain of islands (Hawaii) Continental Shelf – underwater extension of a
continent
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Mountainshighest landform, steep slopes with a peak or summit
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Hillslower than mountains, more rounded
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Plateaushigher than surrounding land, usually has one steep side
(table top)
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PlainsFlat or gently rolling lands
1. Coastal plains have lower elevations 2. Interior plains have higher elevations
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Peninsula Piece of land surrounded by water on 3 sides (Florida)
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Archipelago A group or chain of islands (Hawaii)
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Valley
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Water Saltwater
Most of the Earth’s water is salty. Oceans
1. Pacific2. Atlantic3. Indian4. Arctic
Seas – bodies of salt water smaller than oceans
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Water Continued Freshwater
Lake – body of water surrounded by land Stream – body of water flowing through land
1. Combine to form rivers2. Rivers combine to form major waterways
Groundwater – freshwater that lies beneath the surface 1. main source comes from rain and melted snow
3% of world’s water is fresh 2% trapped in glaciers .5% is groundwater .5% rivers and lakes
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Glaciers
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Water Continued
Water cycle – regular movement of water from ocean to air to ground back to ocean
1. Begins with evaporation – changing of liquid water to gas
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Section 3
Earth’s Resources
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Natural resources
Elements from the Earth not made by people but used by people
1. oil, water, soil Minerals – things from the earth that
are not living or made from living things
Fossil Fuels – formed from the remains of plants and animals
1. coal, oil, gas
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Value of resources
Use, supply, and changes over time determine how valuable certain natural resources are
1. Gold 2. Rubber trees 3. Uranium
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Managing resources
Renewable resources – can replace themselves
1. plants and animals Nonrenewable – can’t be replaced 1. iron and fossil fuels Recycle – to reuse but can’t replace Protecting 1. crop rotation 2. conservation
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Distribution of resources
Not distributed evenly Influences how countries relate to
each other Scarcity has lead to trade 1. Japan – imports raw material
sells finished products Imports – what a country brings in Exports – what a country sends out