World energy economy at a glance

Uri BarenholzWeizmann institute of science

December, 2011

What do we mean when we talk about Energy?

Energy Units

• Joule [J]o 1[Newton]*1[meter]o Example - lifting a chocolate bar to a height of 1[m]

• (Kilo) Calorie [Cal]o Heating 1 Liter of water by 1 degree Centigradeo equals 4,185 [J]o Human at rest consumes 1[Cal] per kg per hour

So, how many calories do you burn (resting) per day?

So, how many calories do you burn (resting) per day?

70[kg]*1[Cal/kgh]*24[h/d]~=1700[Cal/d]

Power - Energy flux

• Watt [W] = 1[J/Sec]• Horse power [HP] ~= 740 [W]

o Average car has ~ 100[HP] = 74[kW] • kWh = the energy when providing 1[kW] for 1[Hour]

o 3,600,000 [J]

So, what is your power consumption?

So, what is your power consumption?

70[kg]*1[Cal/h]*4185[J/Cal]*1/3600[h/Sec]~=80[W]

Efficiency

• Muscle efficiency ~ 20%• Internal combustion engine ~ 20%• Turbines (Gas/steam) ~ 40% 

How many calories you burn when climbing one floor?

How many calories you burn when climbing one floor?

70[kg]*10[N/kg]*3[m]*5*1/4185[Cal/J]~=2.5[Cal]

Content and Cost

• Fuel ~ 9000[Cal/L] -> 0.1$ per kWh• Canola oil ~ 8000[Cal/L] -> 0.1$ per kWh• Electricity - 0.15$ per kWh

World energy consumption

• Consumed resources:o 474*1018[J]                    (As of 2008)o 15[TW]o 2200[W]                         (Per person)

Consumption by usage

• Agriculture and industrial use: 37%• Transportation: 20%• Residential: 11%• Commercial: 5%• Lost in generation and transmission: 27% 

How much does an average car account for?

Assuming 20,000 [km/year]

How much does your electricity bill account for?

Assuming 600 ILS bill

Side note - use air conditioning for heating

• Air conditioning transfers heat energy from outside indoors.• Has "efficiency" of more than 100%!

o modern air conditioners have ~ 350% efficiency.

World energy sources

• Oil - 33%• Coal - 27%• Gas - 21%• Nuclear - 6%• Hydroelectric - 2.5%• Other (mostly biomass for heating) ~ 10% 

Fossil and non-renewable fuels

• Oil reservoirs - 200 Billion [m3]o Assuming constant consumption will suffice till 2050

• Coal - 900 Billion [m3]o Assuming constant consumption will suffice till 2150

• Gas/Uranium - we have enough. 

Energy consumers (2008)

By country/region:• US - 18%• China - 17%• EU -  14%• India, Africa - 5% each 

Power per capita:• US/Canada ~ 10[kW]• EU/Israel ~ 4.5[kW]• Germany/Japan ~ 6[kW]• China ~ 1.5[kW]• India ~ 0.7[kW]• Bangladesh ~ 0.2[kW] 

The promise of renewable energy

Hydroelectricity

The dead sea canal potential

 

World hydroelectricity

• Installed capacity: 770[GW]o 90% of renewable energy electricity production.o 20% of world electricity production. 

Wind power

World wind power

• Installed capacity - 200[GW]o Actual production is ~ 20% due to intermittency.o 2.5% of world electricity production.

Solar energy

Geothermal

installed capacity of 10GW for electricity.about 28GW used for heating.considered sustainable.US Philippines and Indonesia are largest.

Thank you