world development report 2004
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world development report 2004. Making Services Work for Poor People. WDR 2004 Messages. Services are failing poor people. But they can work. How? By empowering poor people to Monitor and discipline service providers Raise their voice in policymaking - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
world development report 2004
Making Services Work for Poor People
WDR 2004 Messages
• Services are failing poor people.
• But they can work. How?
• By empowering poor people to– Monitor and discipline service providers– Raise their voice in policymaking
• By strengthening incentives for service providers to serve the poor
MDGs—Global aggregates
Eradicate poverty and hunger Universal primary education
Source: www.developmentgoals.org
Outcomes are worse for poor peoplePercent aged 15 to 19 completing each grade or higher
Source: Analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data
Similar changes in public spending can be associated with vastly different changes in
outcomes
Sources: Spending data from World Development Indicators database. School completion from Bruns, Mingat and Rakatomalala 2003
Poor people Providers
Policymakers
A framework of relationships of accountability
Poor people
Policymakers
A framework of relationships of accountability
Providers
PRONASOL expenditures according to party in municipal government
Source: Estevez, Magaloni and Diaz-Cayeros 2002
A framework of relationships of accountability
Providers
Policymakers
Poor people
Policymaker-provider:Contracting NGOs in Cambodia
• Contracting out (CO): NGO can hire and fire, transfer staff, set wages, procure drugs, etc.
• Contracting in (CI): NGO manages district, cannot hire and fire (but can transfer staff), $0.25 per capita budget supplement
• Control/Comparison (CC): Services run by government
12 districts randomly assigned to CC, CI or CO
Utilization of facilities by poor People sick in last month
Source: Bhushan, Keller and Schwartz 2002
A framework of relationships of accountability
Poor people Providers
Policymakers
Schools in Uganda received more of what they were due
Source: Reinikka and Svensson (2001), Reinikka and Svensson (2003a)
Client-provider:EDUCO Program in El Salvador
• Parents’ associations (ACEs)– Hire and fire teachers– Visit schools on regular basis– Contract with Ministry of Education to
deliver primary education
EDUCO promoted parental involvement…
Source: Adapted from Jimenez and Sawada 1999
…which boosts student performance
Eight sizes fit all?Difficult to monitor
Easy to monitor
Eight sizes fit all?Difficult to monitor
Easy to monitor
Heterogeneous clients
Homogeneous clients
Eight sizes fit all?Difficult to monitor
Easy to monitor
Heterogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics
Homogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics
Eight sizes fit all?Difficult to monitor
Easy to monitor
Heterogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics
Homogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics Government provision or contracting
Eight sizes fit all?Difficult to monitor
Easy to monitor
Heterogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics
Homogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics Central-government provision
Government provision or contracting
Eight sizes fit all?Difficult to monitor
Easy to monitor
Heterogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Demand-side subsidies, co-payments by households
Pro-poor politics Local-government provision
Local-government with contracting
Homogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics Central-government provision
Government provision or contracting
WDR messages to donors
• Harmonize policies and procedures around recipient’s systems
• Where possible, integrate aid in recipient’s budget
• Finance impact evaluation of service delivery innovations– $300 million a year in Bank projects
allocated for evaluation
Donor fragmentation on the rise
What are we up against when attempting to improve aid efficiency?